Declaration by Judge Dillard (as appended immediately after the judgment)

Document Number
056-19740725-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
056-19740725-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

Judge DILLARDmakes the following declaration:

Iconcur in the findings of the Court indicated inthe first four subpara-
graphs of the dispositif. My reasons for concurrence are set out in my
separate opinion in the companion case of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland v. Iceland. 1consider these reasons applicable
mutatis mutandis to the present case.
While 1concurred in the finding in the fifth subparagraph that the Court

"is unable to accede to the fourth submission of the Federal Republic
of Germany", 1 am impelled to add the following reservation 1.

The Court has held, in paragraph 72, that it is competent to entertain
this particular submission. Although, for obvious reasons, the sub-

mission was not included in the Application filed on 5 June 1972 since
the acts of harassment and interference occurred thereafter, it was
included in the Memorial on the merits and in the final submissions. The
delay therefore should not be a bar. The Court's construction of the
nature and scope of the Exchange of Notes of 1961, revealed in its
analysis of the other submissions, is clearly consistent with its finding

that the compromissory clause is broad enough to cover this submission
as well. In my view the conclusion that the Court is competent to entertain
it, isthus amply justified.
The Court, however, has interpreted this submission as one asking the
Court to adjudicate with definitive effect that Iceland is under an obli-

gation to pay full compensation for al1 the damages suffered by the
Applicant as a consequence of the acts of interference specified in the
proceedings (para. 74). In keeping with this interpretation it considers
the submission to fall outside its province under Article 53 of its Statute
since it considers there is insufficient evidence to satisfy itself that each
concrete claim is well founded in fact and law (para. 76). If the Court's

interpretation of the submission were the only permissible one, Iwould
concur without reservation in its conclusion.
But, in my view, it is not the only permissible one and it may not be
the most desirable one. The Applicant both in its Memorial on the
merits and in the oral proceedings has stressed the point that it is not at

present submitting any claim for the payment of a certain amount of
money. The submission itself only requests that the Court should declare
that the acts of harassment and interference were unlawful and in
consequence Iceland, as a matter of principle, is under a duty to make
compensation. True the submission is couched in a form that is abstract
but the question is whether this should deter the Court from passing

upon it. 1 am not altogether persuaded that it is.
That Iceland's acts of harassment and interference (indicated in con-
siderable detail in the proceedings) were unlawful hardly admits of doubt.
- - --
' All of the Applicant's submissions are set out in para. 12 of the Judgment and the
fourth submission is also set out in para. 71.They were committed pendente lite despite the obligations assumed by
Iceland in the Exchange of Notes of 1961which the Court had declared

to be a treaty in force. That their unlawful character engaged the
international responsibility of Iceland is also clear. In theosphatesin
Morocco case (P.C.Z.J., SeriesAIB, No. 74, p. 28) the Court linked the
creation of international responsibility with the existence of an "act being
attributable to the State and described as contrary to the treaty right of
another State". It is hardly necessary to marshal authority for so
elementary a proposition. It follows that, in effect, the Court was merely
asked to indicate the unlawful character of the acts and to take note of
t.he consequential liability of Iceland to make reparation. It was not
asked to assess damages.

The Court recognized this point in paragraph 74 of the Judgment but
instead of stressing the limited nature of the submission it preferred to
attribute to it a more extensive character. As indicated above, its inter-
pretation led naturally to the conclusion that it could not accede to the
submission in the absence of detailed evidence bearing on each concrete

claim. While conceding the force of the Court's reasoning, 1would have
preferred the more restrictive interpretation.

1 wish to add that on this matter 1 associate myself with the views
expressed by Judge Sir Humphrey Waldock in his separate opinion.

Judge IGNACIO-PIN mTaO es the following declaration:

To my regret, 1have been obliged to vote against the Court's Judgment.
However, to my mind my negative vote does not, strictly speaking, signify
opposition, since in a different context I would certainly have voted in
favour of the process which the Court considered it should follow to

arrive at its decision. In my view that decision is devoted to fixing the
conditions for exercise of preferential rights, for conservation of fish
species,and historic rights, ratherhan to responding to the primary claim
of the Appiicant, which is for a statement of the law on a specificpoint.
1would have al1the more willinglyendorsed the concept of preferential
rightsinasmuch as the Court'has merely followed its own decision in the
Fisheriescase.
It should be observed that the Applicant has nowhere sought a decision
from the Court on a dispute between itself and Iceland on the subject of
the preferential rights of the coastal State, the conservation of fish
species, or historic rights-this is apparent throughout the elaborate
reasoning of the Judgment. It is obvious that considerations relating to
these various needs, dealt with at iength in the Judgment, are not subject
to any dispute between the Parties. There is no doubt that, after setting

37

Bilingual Content

Judge DILLARDmakes the following declaration:

Iconcur in the findings of the Court indicated inthe first four subpara-
graphs of the dispositif. My reasons for concurrence are set out in my
separate opinion in the companion case of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland v. Iceland. 1consider these reasons applicable
mutatis mutandis to the present case.
While 1concurred in the finding in the fifth subparagraph that the Court

"is unable to accede to the fourth submission of the Federal Republic
of Germany", 1 am impelled to add the following reservation 1.

The Court has held, in paragraph 72, that it is competent to entertain
this particular submission. Although, for obvious reasons, the sub-

mission was not included in the Application filed on 5 June 1972 since
the acts of harassment and interference occurred thereafter, it was
included in the Memorial on the merits and in the final submissions. The
delay therefore should not be a bar. The Court's construction of the
nature and scope of the Exchange of Notes of 1961, revealed in its
analysis of the other submissions, is clearly consistent with its finding

that the compromissory clause is broad enough to cover this submission
as well. In my view the conclusion that the Court is competent to entertain
it, isthus amply justified.
The Court, however, has interpreted this submission as one asking the
Court to adjudicate with definitive effect that Iceland is under an obli-

gation to pay full compensation for al1 the damages suffered by the
Applicant as a consequence of the acts of interference specified in the
proceedings (para. 74). In keeping with this interpretation it considers
the submission to fall outside its province under Article 53 of its Statute
since it considers there is insufficient evidence to satisfy itself that each
concrete claim is well founded in fact and law (para. 76). If the Court's

interpretation of the submission were the only permissible one, Iwould
concur without reservation in its conclusion.
But, in my view, it is not the only permissible one and it may not be
the most desirable one. The Applicant both in its Memorial on the
merits and in the oral proceedings has stressed the point that it is not at

present submitting any claim for the payment of a certain amount of
money. The submission itself only requests that the Court should declare
that the acts of harassment and interference were unlawful and in
consequence Iceland, as a matter of principle, is under a duty to make
compensation. True the submission is couched in a form that is abstract
but the question is whether this should deter the Court from passing

upon it. 1 am not altogether persuaded that it is.
That Iceland's acts of harassment and interference (indicated in con-
siderable detail in the proceedings) were unlawful hardly admits of doubt.
- - --
' All of the Applicant's submissions are set out in para. 12 of the Judgment and the
fourth submission is also set out in para. 71. M. DILLARDj,uge, fait la déclaration suivante:

Je m'associe aux décisions de la Cour consignées dans les quatre
premiers sous-paragraphesdu dispositif, pour les raisons que j'ai exposées
dans mon opinion individuelle en l'affaire parallèle Royaume-Uni de
Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord c. Islande, et que je considère
applicables mutatis mutandis à la présente affaire.

Si je souscris à la décision du cinquième sous-paragraphe, aux termes
duquel la Cour ((dit ne pas pouvoir donner suite àla quatrième conclusion
de la République fédérale d'Allemagne)), je me vois obligé d'ajouter la
réserve suivante 1.
La Cour a jugé, au paragraphe 72, qu'elle est compétente pour

connaître de cette conclusion particulière. Bien que, pour des raisons
évidentes, celle-ci n'ait pas figurédans la requête déposée le 5 juin 1972,
puisque les actes de harcèlement et d'ingérencese sont produits plus tard,
elle figure dans le mémoire sur le fond et lesconclusions finales. Leretard
ne devrait donc pas constituer un obstacle. La manière dont la Cour a

interprétéla nature et la portée del'échangede notes de 1961,telle qu'elle
ressort de l'analyse des autres conclusions, s'harmonise tout à fait avec la
constatation selon laquelle la clause juridictionnelle est assez vaste pour
englober aussi cette conclusion. La Cour est donc, à mon avis, pleine-
ment justifiée à se déclarer compétente pour en connaître.

La Cour a cependant interprétéla conclusion dont il s'agit comme
tendant à ce qu'elle dise, statuant définitivement, que l'Islande a l'obli-
gation de réparerentièrement le préjudice subi par le demandeur du fait
des entraves indiquées pendant l'instance (par. 74). Conformément à
cette interprétation, elle considère qu'une telle conclusion sort du cadre

de sa compétence en application de l'article 53 du Statut, car elle estime
ne pas disposer de preuves suffisantes pour s'assurer que chacune des
réclamations concrètes est fondée en fait et en droit (par. 76). Si cette
interprétation était la seule interprétation légitime,je m'inclinerais sans
réserve devant la décision.

Toutefois ce n'est pas, à mon avis, la seule interprétation légitimeet ce
n'est peut-être pas non plus la meilleure. Le demandeur, dans son
mémoire sur le fond et pendant la procédure orale, a insistésur le fait
qu'il ne formule pour le moment aucune demande tendant à obtenir le
paiement d'une indemnité déterminée.Dans sa conclusion même,il prie

seulement la Cour de déclarer que les actes de harcèlement et les entraves
apportées sont contraires audroit et que l'Islande, sur leplan des principes,
est tenue de réparer. Certes, cette conclusion est formulée de façon
abstraite, mais il reste à savoir si cela doit empêcher laCour de statuer à
son sujet. Je n'en suis pas tout à fait convaincu.

II n'est guère douteux que les actes de harcèlement et les entraves
apportées par l'Islande, et qui ont étéévoquésen grand détail au cours
- ---- .
1 Toutes les conclusions du demandeur sont reproduites au paragraphe 12de l'arrêt
et la quatrième conclusion figure aussi au paragraphe 71.They were committed pendente lite despite the obligations assumed by
Iceland in the Exchange of Notes of 1961which the Court had declared

to be a treaty in force. That their unlawful character engaged the
international responsibility of Iceland is also clear. In theosphatesin
Morocco case (P.C.Z.J., SeriesAIB, No. 74, p. 28) the Court linked the
creation of international responsibility with the existence of an "act being
attributable to the State and described as contrary to the treaty right of
another State". It is hardly necessary to marshal authority for so
elementary a proposition. It follows that, in effect, the Court was merely
asked to indicate the unlawful character of the acts and to take note of
t.he consequential liability of Iceland to make reparation. It was not
asked to assess damages.

The Court recognized this point in paragraph 74 of the Judgment but
instead of stressing the limited nature of the submission it preferred to
attribute to it a more extensive character. As indicated above, its inter-
pretation led naturally to the conclusion that it could not accede to the
submission in the absence of detailed evidence bearing on each concrete

claim. While conceding the force of the Court's reasoning, 1would have
preferred the more restrictive interpretation.

1 wish to add that on this matter 1 associate myself with the views
expressed by Judge Sir Humphrey Waldock in his separate opinion.

Judge IGNACIO-PIN mTaO es the following declaration:

To my regret, 1have been obliged to vote against the Court's Judgment.
However, to my mind my negative vote does not, strictly speaking, signify
opposition, since in a different context I would certainly have voted in
favour of the process which the Court considered it should follow to

arrive at its decision. In my view that decision is devoted to fixing the
conditions for exercise of preferential rights, for conservation of fish
species,and historic rights, ratherhan to responding to the primary claim
of the Appiicant, which is for a statement of the law on a specificpoint.
1would have al1the more willinglyendorsed the concept of preferential
rightsinasmuch as the Court'has merely followed its own decision in the
Fisheriescase.
It should be observed that the Applicant has nowhere sought a decision
from the Court on a dispute between itself and Iceland on the subject of
the preferential rights of the coastal State, the conservation of fish
species, or historic rights-this is apparent throughout the elaborate
reasoning of the Judgment. It is obvious that considerations relating to
these various needs, dealt with at iength in the Judgment, are not subject
to any dispute between the Parties. There is no doubt that, after setting

37du procès, étaient contraires au droit. Ils ont été commis pendant
l'instance au méprisdes obligations acceptéespar l'Islande dans l'échange

de notes de 1961, que la Cour a déclaréconstituer un traité en vigueur.
Il est également évident que, par leur caractère illicite, ils engagent la
responsabilité internationale de l'lslande. Dans l'affaire des Phosphates du
Maroc (C.P.J.I. série A/B no 74, p. 28), la Cour a rattaché l'apparition
d'une responsabilité internationale à l'existence d'un ((acte attribuable à

1'Etat et décrit conime contraire aux droits conventionnels d'un autre
Etat 1).IIn'est guère besoin de citer des autorités à l'appui d'une propo-
sition aussi élémentaire.Ainsi, en réalité, laCour étaitseulement invitée
à relever le caractère illicite des actes commis et à donner acte de
l'obligation de réparer qui en résultait pour l'Islande. II ne lui était pas
demandé de fixer le:montant de dommanes-intérêts.
.d
La Cour a reconnu cela au paragraphe 74 de I'arrêt,mais au lieu de
souligner que la conclusion envisagée est limitéepar sa nature, elle a
préféré lui attribuer un caractère élargi.Comme on l'a dit plus haut, son
interprétation l'a naturellement amenée à conclure qu'elle ne pouvait pas
donner suite à cette conclusion, faute d'élémentsde preuve relatifs à

chaque réclclmation prise en particulier. Tout en reconnaissant la force
du raisonnement de la Cour, j'aurais préférél'interprétation plus
restrictive.
Je tiens à ajouter- que, sur ce sujet, je fais miennes les idées exprimées
par sir Humphrey Waldock dans son opinion individuelle.

M. IGNACIO-PINTO ju,ge, fait la déclaration suivante:

J'ai dû voter à regret contre I'arrêtde la Cour. Toutefois dans mon

esprit mon vote négatif ne traduit pas à proprement parler une opposition
car, dans un autre contexte, j'a~rais sans doute votépour le processus que
la Cour a cru devoir suivre pour aboutir à sa décision. A mon sens celle-ci
fixe plutôt les conditions d'exercice des droits préférentiels,de la con-
servation des espèces halieutiques et des d~oits historiques qu'elle ne
répond à la demande principale du demandeur qui est de dire le droit sur

un point précis.
J'aurais d'autant plus volontiers souscrit à la conception des droits
préférentielsque IüCour ne fait que se conformer à sa propre décision
dans l'affaire des Pêcheries.
Il y a lieu de noter que le demandeur n'a nulle part sollicité laCour de

trancher entre l'lslande et lui un différend quiaurait pour objet les droits
préférentielsdu riverain, la conservation des espèces halieutiques ou les
droits historiques - cela ressort tout au long du très élaboréexposé des
motifs de I'arrêt.Il est manifeste que les considérations de ces différends
chefs abondamment développésdans I'arrêtne font l'objet d'aucune con-
testation de la part des Parties. II n'y a aucun doute qu'après avoir exposé

37

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Declaration by Judge Dillard (as appended immediately after the judgment)

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