Dissenting opinion of Judge Oda

Document Number
089-19980227-JUD-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
089-19980227-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE ODA

1.1regret that 1am unable to agree with any of the three points in the
operative part of the Judgrnent as 1 see the whole case from a different
viewpoint to that of the Court.

2. The crux of the case before us is simplein that, to use the expression
used by Libya in its Application, the United States "continues to adopt a
posture of pressuringLibya into surrenderingthe accused" and "is rather
intent on compelling the surrender of the accused".

The United States and Libya have adopted differentpositions concern-
ing the surrender (transfer) of the two Libyans who are accused of the
destruction of Pan Am flight 103over Lockerbie and who are located in
Libya. Those differing positions of the applicant State and the respon-
dent State did not, however, constitute a "dispute . . .concerning the
interpretation or application of the [1971 Montreal] Convention" to
which both are parties (Montreal Convention, Art. 14,para. 1).

It is my firm belief that the Application by which, on 3 March 1992,
Libya instituted proceedings against the United States pursuant to Ar-
ticle 14,paragraph 1, of the Montreal Convention should be dismissed
on the sole ground that the dispute, if one exists, between the two States
is not one that "concern[s] the interpretation or application of the
[Montreal]Convention".
In order to clarify this conclusion, 1 find it necessary to examine the
chain of events which have occurred since the United States outlined, on
13November 1991,its position on the Lockerbieincident and which led

to Libya filingits Application on 3 March 1992.

A. The United States and Libya's Respective Claims
3. The destruction of the American Pan Am flight 103 occurred on
21 December 1988 over Lockerbie, Scotland, in the territory of the
United Kingdom and involved the death of 11residents of Lockerbie,
259 passengers and crew, including 189 United States' nationals and at

least 29 United Kingdom nationals, and a number of citizens of another
19 States.The United States' demand that Libya surrender the suspects

4. After carefully conducting a scientificinvestigation of the crash evi-
dence for a period of over three years, the United States considered that
it had identified the two persons responsible for the explosion - then

located in Libya - who were said to have been acting as agents of the
Libyan Government. The United States position is set out in the "indict-
ment of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia"
dated 14November 1991, issued as United Nations document Ai461831
and Sl23317,Annex.

5. On 27November 1991,the United StatesGovernment issued ajoint
declaration of the United States and the United Kingdom, reading:

"The British and American Governments today declare that the
Government of Libya must:
- surrender for trial al1those charged with the crime; and accept
complete responsibility for the actions of Libyan officials;

- disclose al1 it knows of this crime, including the names of al1

those responsible, and allow full access to al1witnesses, docu-
ments and other material evidence, including al1the remaining
timers ;
- pay appropriate compensation.
We expect Libya to comply promptly and in full." (See United
Nations doc. Ai461827;Sl23308,Ann.)

The second point seemsto me to be contingent on the first point and the
third point is nothing but a subsidiary request which was apparently not
pursued by the United States.
6. On the same day, the United States and the United Kingdom,
together with France (which had also been the victim of the destruction
of an aircraft in flight,a UTA DC10, on 19September 1989,in an attack
allegedlycarried out by Libyan agents), issued a tripartite declaration on
terrorism. The declaration reads in part:

"following the investigation carried out into the bombing[s] of Pan
Am 103 . . the three States have presented specificdemands to the
Libyan authorities related to the judicial procedures that are under
way. They require that Libya comply with al1these demands, and, in
addition, that Libya commit itself concretely and definitively to
cease al1 forms of terrorist action and al1 assistance to terrorist

groups. Libya must promptly, by concrete actions, prove its renun-
ciation of terrorism." (See United Nations doc. Al461828;Sl23309,
Ann.)
The main thrust of the United States claim was the demand for the
surrender of the suspects. In demandingthe surrender of the suspects, the
United States took no further action other than issuing a statement ordeclaration in this respect which was conveyedto Libya through the Bel-
gium Government as the United States' protecting power.

Libya's response to the United States' demand

7. Libya responded to the accusation promptly on 15November 1991
by means of a Communiquéissued by the People's Committee for For-
eign Liaison and International Co-operation (hereinafter "the Libyan
People's Committee") in which it "categorically denie[d]that Libya had
any association with that incident" and "reaffirm[ed] its condemnation
of terrorism in al1its forms". The Communiquécontinued:

"When a small, developing country such as Libya finds itself
accused by super-Powers such as the United States [and the United
Kingdom], it reservesits full right to legitimate self-defencebefore a
fair and impartialjurisdiction, before the United Nations and before
the International Court of Justice and other bodies.
.............................
We urge the United States and the United Kingdom to be gov-
erned by the logic of the law, by wisdom and by reason and to seek

the judgement of impartial international commissions of inquiry or
of the International Court of Justice." (See United Nations doc.
Sl23221,Ann.)
8. The Libyan People's Cornmittee commented in its 28 November
1991Communiquéon the statements issued by the three States that:

"[al11the applications [of the three States] will receive everyatten-
tion,inasmuch as the competent Libyan authorities will investigate
it anddeal with the mafter very seriously, in a manner that accords
with the principles of international legitimacy,including the rights of
sovereignty and the importance of ensuring justice for accused and
victims"

and that

"Libya takes a positive view of international détenteand the atmos-
phere which it spreadsand which establishesinternational peace and
security and leads to the emergence of a new international order in
which al1States are equal, the freedom and options of peoples are
respected andthe principles ofhuman rights and the United Nations
Charter and the principles of international law are affirmed" (see
United Nations doc. Al461845;Sl23417,Ann.).

9. On 2 December 1991, the Libyan People's Committee issued a
further declaration refuting the United States accusation against Libyaand reiterating its readiness to see that justice was done in connection
with the Lockerbie incident.
10. These responses from Libya dated 15November 1991,28 Novem-
ber 1991 and 2 December 1991 (as referred to above), which al1three
dealt with more general issues relating to acts of terrorism, certainly
implied a categorical refusa1by that State to accede to the United States'
demand to surrender the suspects.

The rea2issuesexisting between the UnitedStates and Libya

11. Since making the announcement, on 14 November 1991, of the
indictment for a criminal act relating to the Lockerbie incident, the
United States has accused Libya in the strongest terms of having links
with international terrorism. Libya, on the other hand, contended that no
Libyan agent was linked to the Lockerbie incident but stated its willing-
ness to make every effort to eliminateinternational terrorism and to co-
operate with the United Nations for this purpose.

Despite the mutual accusations that were made in relation to the
respective positions of the two States on international terrorism, that
issue, however, is not in dispute between the two States in the present
case. Rather, Libya insisted on carrying out any criminal justice pro-
cedure on its own territory where the suspectswereto be found and made
clear that it had no intention of surrendering them to the United States,
although it later expressed its readiness to hand the two suspects over to
a third, neutral, State or to an international tribunal. Libya accused the
United States of attempting to cause difficultiesin demandingthe surren-
der of the suspects.
12. In fact, what occurred between the United States and Libya was
simply a demand by the United States for the surrender to it of the sus-
pects located in Libya and a refusa1 by Libya to comply with that
demand.
In demanding the surrender of the two suspects, the United States
made an attempt to justify that demand as an appeal that criminaljustice
be pursued. The United States did not claim that Libya would be legally
bound under any particular law to surrender the two suspects. In noneof
the documents that it issued did the United States make any mention of

the Montreal Convention nor did it accept that that Convention applied
to the incident,includingthe matter of the surrender of the suspects. Nor
did Libya, until January 1992,invoke the Montreal Convention as the
basis of itsrefusa1to surrender the two suspects to the United States.

Libya invokesthe Montreal Conventiononly on 18 January 1992
13. On 18 January 1992, the Secretary of the Libyan People's Com-

mittee addressed a letter to the United States Secretary of State and the
Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom through the Embassies of Bel-gium and Italy which were entrusted with looking after the interests of
those two countries in Libya. After pointing out that the United States,
the United Kingdom and Libya were States parties to the 1971Montreal
Convention, Libya's letter stated:

"out of respect for the principle of the ascendancy of the rule of law
and in implementation of the Libyan Code of Criminal Procedure
. .. as soon as the charges were made, Libya immediately exercised
itsjurisdiction over the two alleged offenders in accordance with its
obligation under article 5, paragraph 2, of the Montreal Convention
by adopting certain measures to ascertain their presence and taking
immediate steps to institute a preliminary enquiry. It notified the
States . . that the suspects were in custody .. .

As a Stateparty to the Convention and in accordance with para-
graph 2 of [article 51,we took such measures as might be necessary
to establish Ourjurisdiction over any of the offences ... because the
alleged offender in the case was present in Ourterritory.

Moreover, article 7 of the Convention stipulates that the Con-
tracting Party in the territory of which the alleged offender is found
shall, if itoes not extradite him, subrnit the case to its competent
authorities for the purpose of prosecution and that those authorities
shall take their decision in the same manner as in the case of any
ordinary offence of a serious nature under the law of that State."
(See United Nations doc. Sl23441,Ann.)

14. It was in Libya's letter of 18January 1992,as quoted above, that
the 1971 Montreal Convention was first mentioned. The United States
did not respond to that letter. The United States was then informed by
the Registrar of the Court on 3 March 1992 of Libya's Application in
which referencewas again made to the Montreal Convention. It isimpor-
tant that this point should not be overlooked in deciding whether there
did or did not exist, on the date of the Application (namely 3 March
1992), "any dispute .. .concerning the interpretation or application of
the [Montreal]Convention which cannot be settled through negotiation"
(Montreal Convention, Art. 14,para. 1).

B. The Relevant Issues of International Law

The issues in thepresent case

15. There is no doubt that the 1971 Montreal Convention for the
Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation is, in
general, applicable to the destruction of the American Pan Am aircraft
which occurred in December 1988 over Lockerbie in the United King-
dom, as long as both Libya and the United States are parties to it. Neither Party seemsever to have doubted that that destruction consti-

tuted a "crime" under the 1971Convention. That point, however, is not
in issue between the two States; nor is the prevention of international
terrorism at issue in this casesince proceedings were brought by Libya
and not by the United States.

Furthermore, the question of whether the United States can hold
Libya, as a State, responsible for the acts of Libyan nationals relating to
the destruction of the American Pan Am aircraft over United Kingdom
territory and of whether the explosion was caused by alleged Libyan
intelligence agents (which would make Libya responsible for the acts
committed by such persons), were not at issueeither in the present Appli-
cation which was instituted by Libya and not by the United States.

16. It would be wrong to consider that the present Application con-
cerns the destruction of Pan Am flight 103 or, more generally, the
Lockerbie incident as a whole which constituted an act of international
terrorism. An application of that nature could have been filed by the
United States but not by Libya.

The issues in the present case submitted by Libya to the Court relate
solely to the demand of the Respondent, the United States, that the
Applicant, Libya, surrender the two suspects identified by the indictment
of the Grand Jury in the District of Columbia as having caused the
destruction of the Pan Am aircraft (clearly a crime pursuant to the
Montreal Convention) and Libya7srefusa1to accede to the Respondent's
demand. Relations between those two States regarding the case went no
further than this.

Criminaljurisdiction

17. No State is prevented from exercisingits criminaljurisdiction over
a person or persons who have committed a crime on its territory, or a
person or persons who have committed serious damage to its interest or
againstit nationals, or who have committed a crime of universal jurisdic-
tion anywhere in the world. Accordingly, there is no doubt that in this
case the United States is competent to exercise its criminal jurisdiction

over the two suspects, whoever they may be and wherever they may be
located.
Conversely, nor isthere any doubt that any State is entitledto exercise
itscriminal jurisdiction over a serious crime committed by its nationals
anywhere, either on its own territory or abroad. Libya's rights in this
respect do not seem to have been challenged by the United States.

18. Thus, the right to prosecute or punish criminals does not fa11
within the exclusivejurisdiction of any particular State, either the State
whose interest has been damaged (in this instance, the United States) orthe State of which the criminal is a national (in this instance, Libya).The
Libyan suspects in this case are subject to the concurrent jurisdictions of
either the State where they have committed the crime or of the State

where they are located. The Montreal Convention adds nothing to this
general principle and does not deviate at al1from it.
There is no difference in the views of the Applicant and the Respon-
dent regarding the interpretation of those general rules of international
law. There exists, apparently, no dispute in this respect.
19. The issuesin this case arosenot in relation to a legal question gov-
erning the rights and obligations of either Party to prosecute or punish
the two suspectsbut are related rather to the fact that while the United
Statesdemanded that Libya transfer or surrender the two suspectslocated
on its territory with a viewto achieving criminaljustice, Libya refused to
accede to that demand, and, accordingly, the suspects have (so far)
avoided the criminal jurisdiction of the United States.

Law of extradition

20. States have not been under an obligation to extradite accused per-
sons under general international law but some specific treaties, either
multilateral or bilateral, have imposed the obligation on contracting

States to extradite accused persons to other contracting States. The
Montreal Convention is certainly one of those treaties.
An exception to that obligation to extradite criminals is made, how-
ever, in the event that the accused are of the nationality of the State
which is requested to extradite them. This rule of non-extradition of
nationals of the requested State may not seemto be quite appropriatefor
the purposes of criminal justice, as the accused may more adequately be
prosecuted in the country where the actual crime occurred. While no rule
of international law prohibits extradition of nationals of the requested
State, there is a long-standing international practice which recognizes
that there is no obligation to extradite one's own nationals. The
Montreal Convention isno exception as it does not provide for the extra-
dition of nationals of the requested State even for the punishment of these
universally recognized unlawful acts.
The rule of non-extradition of political criminals has long prevailed
but that rule does not apply in the case of some universal crimes, such as
genocide and acts of terrorism.

21. The Montreal Convention, however, goes one step further in the
event that States do not extradite the accused to other competent States,
by imposingthe duty upon the State where the accused islocated to bring
the case before its own competent authorities for prosecution. Under the
Montreal Convention, Libya would thus assume the responsibility to
prosecute the accused if it did not extradite them. Libya has not chal-
lenged this point at all. Libya has claimed that it was proceeding to the
prosecution of the suspects and it has also expressed its willingness to
extradite them to what it maintains are certain politically neutral States. C. Conclusion

22. Thus conceived,the question relatingto the United States' demand
that Libya surrender the two suspects and Libya's refusa1to accede to
that demand is not a matter of rights or legal obligation concerning the
extradition of accused persons between the United States and Libya
under international law nor is it a matter falling within the provisions of
the Montreal Convention. Or, at least, there is no legal dispute concern-

ing the interpretation or application of the Montreal Convention between
Libya and the United States which could have been brought to arbitra-
tion or to the Court.
If there is any difference between them on this matter, that could
simply be a difference between their respective policies towards criminal
justice in connection with the question of which State should properly
do justice on the matter. That issue does not fa11within the ambit of
the Montreal Convention.
From the outset, no disputehas existed between Libya and the United
States "concerning the interpretation or application of the [Montreal]
Convention" as far as the demand for the surrender of the susvects and
the refusa1to accede to that demand - the main issue in the present case
- are concerned. Libya neitherpresented any argument contrary to that
viewpoint nor proved the existence of such a legal dispute.

23. 1therefore conclude that no grounds exist on which the Court may

exercise its jurisdiction to hear the present Application instituted by
Libya.

II. THEQUESTION OF ADMISSIBILI -TYTHEEFFECT
OF THE SECURITC YOUNCIR LESOLUTIONS

24. As 1 have stated above, 1 am firmly of the view that the Court
lacks the jurisdiction to consider this Application filed by Libya. If the
Court's jurisdiction is denied, as 1 believe it should be, the issue of
whether the Application isor is not admissible does not arise. For me, at
least, it is meaningless to discuss the question of admissibility. However,
the Court, after it
"finds that it has jurisdiction on the basis of Article 14,paragraph 1,

of the Montreal Convention . . .to hear the disputes between
Libya and the United States as to the interpretation or application
of the provisions of that Convention" (Judgment, operative para-
graph 53 (1) (b)),
continues to deal with the question of admissibility and finds that
"the Application filed by Libya . . .is admissible" (para. 53 (2) (b))
by "reject[ing] the objection to admissibility derived by the UnitedStates from Security Council resolutions 748 (1992) and 883 (1993)"
(para. 53 (2) (a)). Despite the fact that 1 am of the view that the ques-
tion of admissibility should not arise since the Court should dismiss the
Application on the ground of lack of jurisdiction, 1 would now like to
comment upon the impact of these Security Council resolutions, which
is the only issue dealt with in the present Judgment in connection with

whether the Application is admissible or not.
25. Before doing so, 1also have to refer to another point in the Judg-
ment on which 1disagree. The Judgment states that the Court
"Declaresthat the objection raised by the United Statesaccording
to which the claims of Libya became moot because Security Council
resolutions 748 (1992)and 883 (1993)rendered them without object,
does not, in the circumstances of the case, have an exclusivelypre-

liminary character." (Operative paragraph 53 (3).)
By finding the Application admissible, the Court certainly indicates
that the objection of the United States that Libya's claims are without
object as a result of the adoption of the SecurityCouncil resolutions 748
(1992)and 883 (1993) does not have an exclusivelypreliminary character.
In my view,however, this point should not form any separate or distinct

issue from the question of admissibility but should be included in that
question.
1believethat if the adoption of SecurityCouncil resolutions 748(1992)
and 883 (1993) is to be dealt with in connection with the question of
admissibility of the Application, it should be dealt with at the present
(preliminary) stage irrespective of whether this question possesses or not
an exclusively preliminary character. 1 reiterate that the question of
whether Libya's claimsare without object because of the Security Coun-
cil resolutions is a matter concerning admissibility which the Court
should have dealt with at this stage.

A. Referral of the Incident to the UnitedNations - Particularly to the
Security Council - by the Parties and Their Subsequent Actions

26. It should be noted that the majority of the documents issued by the
United States and Libya were communicated to the United Nations with
the request that they be distributed as documents of both the General
Assembly and the Security Council or of the Security Council alone (see
paras. 4-7 above).

Referral of UnitedStates and Libyan documents to the UnitedNations

27. The United States only transmitted the relevant documents to the
United Nations as late as 20 December 1991 :(i) the Joint Declaration of
27 November 1991 was transmitted to the United Nations Secretary-
General on 20December 1991and distributedas document Al461828andSl23309; (ii) the indictment of the Grand Jury in the District of
Columbia was presented to the United Nations Secretary-General on
23 December 1991 and was distributed as document Al461831 and
SI23317.
28. It was, however, Libya that had already informed the United
Nations Secretary-General of the statements of the United States in
which the accusation that the two suspects were involved in the Locker-

bie incident was made. This occurred wellbefore the United Statestrans-
mitted its documents to the United Nations.
Three documents were transmitted by Libya to the United Nations:
(i) Libya'sfirst Communiquéwas transmitted on 15November 1991to the
Presidentofthe SecurityCounciland wasdistributed asdocument SI23221 ;
(ii)Libya'sCommuniquérespondingto the three States' (the United King-
dom, the United States and France) Joint Declaration of 27 November
1991was transmitted on 28 November 1991,and was distributed as docu-
ment Al461845and Sl23417;and (iii)a letter dated 18January 1992from
the Secretary of the Libyan People'sCommittee addressed to the United
States Secretaryof Stateand to the Foreign Secretaryof the United King-
dom was transmitted on that same day to the President of the Security
Council and was distributed as document Sl23441.

Libya's notiJicationof the events to the UnitedNations

29. The relevant documents were thus transmitted by Libya for distri-
bution to the delegates in the General Assembly and particularly to the
members of the SecurityCouncil. In addition, a fewdays after the United
Kingdom and the United States announced the indictment of the two
Libyan suspects, the Secretary of the Libyan People's Committee sent
letters addressed directly to the United Nations Secretary-General (as
indicated in paragraph 30below) in an effort to draw the attention of the
United Nations member States to the chain of events that had unfolded
since 13 November 1991, particularly in relation to the transfer of the
suspects. Libya seemsto have believedthat the matters involvedwerenot
legal issues but were concerned with international peace and security,
and, as such, were to be dealt with by the United Nations.

30. In (i)itsletter to the Security Council of 17November 1991,issued
as United Nations document Al461660and Sl23226, Libya requested a
dialogue between itself, on the one hand, and the United States and the
United Kingdom, on the other, and expressed its readiness to CO-operate

in the conduct of any neutral and honest enquiry. Libya affirmed its
beliefin the peaceful settlement of disputes,as provided for in Article 33,
paragraph 1, of the Charter, which lays down that the parties to any dis-
pute "shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, media-
tion, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement..";(ii) in its letter of
20 November 1991, issued as United Nations document Al461844and Sl23416,Libya stated its "unconditional readiness to CO-operatein order

to establishthe truth7'and declaredits "readiness to CO-operateto the full
with any impartial international judicial authority". This letter empha-
sized that the Charter "guarantees the equality of peoples and their right
to make their own political and social choices,a right that is enshrined in
religious lawsand is guaranteed by international law"; (iii)in its letter of
8 January 1992, issued as United Nations document Al461841 and
Sl23396,Libya stated:

"If it is a matter of political differences between the three coun-
tries and Libya, then the differences must be discussed on the basis
of the Charter of the United Nations, which does not endorse
aggression or the threat of aggression but rather calls for the resolu-
tion of differencesby peaceful means. Libya has expressed its readi-
ness to pursue any peaceful means that the three countries may
desire for the resolution of existing differences."

31. It isthus clear that the United States demand for surrender of the
two suspects, and Libya's immediate refusa1 to accede to that demand,
had already been notified by Libya to the United Nations on 17Novem-
ber 1991 - not apparently as legal issuesexisting solelybetween the two
States but as matters concerning international peace and security in
which the United Nations should be involved.

B. The Security CouncilResolutions

Security Council resolution 731 (1992) of 21 January 1992

32. On 20 January 1992 - that is to Saytwo days after the Libyan
letter of 18 January 1992 addressed to the United States and to the
United Kingdom was distributed as a SecurityCouncildocument SI23441
(as stated above in paragraph 28) - the United States and the United
Kingdom, together with France, presented a draft resolution for adop-
tion to the Security Council (United Nations doc. S/23762), the main
purpose of which wasto encourageLibya to provide "a full and effective

response to the requests" (emphasis added) made by the United States
and the United Kingdom.
It should be noted that, in fact, the surrender of the two suspectsto the
United States (or to the United Kingdom) was not mentioned explicitly
in this draft resolution except by a simple reference to letters reproduced
in Security Council documents Sl23306, S123307,Sl23308, SI23309and
SI23317(the letters addressed to the United Nations by the United King-
dom and the United States; SI23306was sent to the Security Council by
France).
33. On the following day, 21 January 1992,the Security Council was
convened and the agenda - letters dated 20 and 23 December 1991

(Sl23306; Sl23307; Sl23308; Sl23309; SI23317) :the lettersindicated inthe agenda consisted of the letters addressed to the United Nations
Secretary-General by France, the United Kingdom and the United
States, mentioned above - was adopted.
34. Most of the arguments presented were directed at rather general
questions relating to the condemnation or elimination of international
terrorism, on the tacit understanding that the destruction of Pan Am
flight 103 was caused by persons (allegedly Libyan intelligence agents)

now residing in Libya.

The surrender of the two suspects by Libya to either the United States
or the United Kingdom was barely addressed in the Security Council
debates. Support for the surrender of the two suspects was mentioned in
the debates in only the statements of the United Statesand of the United
Kingdom. The United States representative said:
"The resolution makes it clear that the Council is seeking to
ensure that those accused be tried promptly in accordance with the
tenets of international law. The resolution provides that the people
accused be simplyand directly turned over to the judicial authorities
of the Governments which are competent under international law to

try them." (United Nations doc. SlPV.3033,p. 79.)

The United Kingdom representative said:

"We very much hope that Libya will respond fully, positively and
promptly, and that the accused will be made available to the legal
aiithorities in Scotland or the United States . . The two accused of
bombing Pan Am flight 103 must face, and must receive a proper
trial.Since the crime occurred in Scotland and the aircraft was
American, and since the investigation has been carried out in Scot-
land and in the United States, the trial should clearly take place in
Scotland or in the United States. It has been suggested the men
might be tried in Libya. But in the particular circumstances there
can be no confidence in the impartiality of the Libyan courts."
(Ibid., p. 105.)

35. In the meeting that took place on 21 January 1992,the Security
Council unanimously adopted resolution 731 (1992) which includes the
following :
"The Security Council,

.............................
Deeply concerned over the result of investigations . . .which are
contained in Security Council documents that include the requests
addressed to the Libyan authorities by .. .the United Kingdom ...
and the United States . . .in connection with the legal procedures
related to the attac[k] carried out against Pan Am flight 103 . ..; Determined to eliminate international terrorism,
.............................

2. Strongly deploresthe fact that the Libyan Governmenthas not
yet responded effectivelyto the above requests to cooperate fully in
establishing responsibility for the terroristc[t] . . against Pan Am
flight 103 . ..;
3. Urges the Libyan Government immediately to provide a full
and effective response to those requests so as to contribute to the
elimination of international terrorism;
4. Requests the Secretary-General to seek the cooperation of the
Libyan Government to provide a full and effectiveresponse to those
requests" (emphasis added).

It should be noted that, although the surrender of the two suspects was
not specifically mentioned in the resolution, the "request" referred to
therein meant mainly the surrender of the suspects, and that the Security
Council referred to the request of the United States and of the United
Kingdom that Libya CO-operatein establishing responsibility for the ter-
rorist act, which request, as 1repeat, included a cal1for the surrender of
the two suspects.
36. The Secretary-General presented a report on 11 February 1992,
issued as United Nations document Sl23574,pursuant to paragraph 4 of
Security Council resolution 731 (1992) in which the Secretary-General
gave a report on the visit of his mission to Libya and transmitted Libya's
viewpoint. On 3 March 1992,the Secretary-General presented a further
report on the same issue as United Nations document SI23672 which
concluded that :

"it will be seen that while resolution 731 (1992) has not yet been
complied with, there has been a certain evolution in the position of
the Libyan authorities sincethe Secretary-General's earlierreport of
11February 1992".
It was on that very date, 3 March 1992,that Libya filed the Applica-
tion in the present case instituting proceedings against the United States

on "questions of interpretation and application of the [1971]Montreal
Convention arising from the aerial incident at Lockerbie".

The meaning of Security Council resolution 731(1992)
37. It appearsfrom thischain of events dating from November 1991to
the date of the Application, namely 3 March 1992,that what concerned
Libya was the fact that, on the basis of a proposa1 made by the United

States, the United Kingdom, as wellas France, the Security Councilhad
passed resolution 731on 21January 1992by which it "urge[d]the Libyan
Government immediately to provide a full and effectiveresponse to those
requests so as to contribute to the elimination of international terrorism"
(emphasis added) ("those requests" being mainly the requests of theUnited States and the United Kingdom for surrender of the suspects).

The United States and the United Kingdom did not at that time appear
to have considered that there was a "dispute" between themselves and
Libya within the meaning of Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter,
as is clear from the fact that the United States and the UnitedKingdom
participated in the voting on that SecurityCouncil resolution 731 (1992).

Libya appears to have considered that the United States and the United
Kingdom would have been well aware that their demand, now called a
"request", would have had to be made simply from the standpoint of a
political consideration that international terrorism should be condemned
and eliminated.
38. The United Statesand the United Kingdom were apparently of the
view, on 20-21 January 1992,that Libya's refusa1to surrender the two
suspects named in connection with the Lockerbie incident would have
consequences for the maintenance of international peace and security,
and should have been dealt with by the Security Council which has pri-
rnary responsibility for that object. It may be assumed that the United
States and the United Kingdom would have known that the demand
would not be a matter that could be dealt with from a legal point of view.

The fact that, on 21 January 1992,the Security Council dealt unani-
mously with the Lockerbie incident as a matter connected with interna-
tional peace and security had nothing to do with the issue of whether or
not the United States and the United Kingdom had legal competence to
require the surrender of the two suspects and of whether or not Libya

was obliged to surrender them under the provisions of the Montreal Con-
vention. These separate issues should be examined on their own merits.

Security Council resolutions 748 (1992) and 883 (1993)

39. The United States and the United Kingdom appear, after the filing
of Libya's Application in the present case, to have considered that
Libya's firmresistance to the surrender of the two suspects would consti-
tute "threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression"
(United Nations Charter, Chap. VII). In fact, the United States and the
United Kingdom, together with France, submitted another draft resolu-
tion to the Security Council on 30 March 1992 (United Nations doc.
Sl25058).This appeal by the United States and the United Kingdom (as
wellas France) to the SecurityCouncil to adopt a draft resolution under
Chapter VI1of the UnitedNations Charter was not directlyrelated to the
present Application filedby Libya on 3 March 1992and had been under
negotiation in the Security Council before that date.

40. On 31 March 1992, the Security Council, "acting under Chap-
terVI1of the Charter", adopted resolution 748(1992).The United Statesand the United Kingdom, as sponsoring States,ensured that the proposa1
before the Security Council stated that it was "deeply concerned that the
Libyan Government has stillnot provided a full and effectiveresponse to
the requests in its resolution 731" (emphasis added).

During the meeting in the Security Council, the United States repre-
sentative said:

"We have called upon Libya to . . turn over the two suspectsin
the bombing of Pan Am 103for trial in either the United States or
the United Kingdom ... This resolution also makes clear the Coun-
cil'sdecisionthat Libya should complywith those demands." (United
Nations doc. SlPV.3063,p. 66.)
The United Kingdom representative stated:

"We were especiallygrateful to the Arab Ministers who went to
Tripoli last week to seek to persuade the Libyan leader to comply
and hand over the accused so that they could stand trial. The three
CO-sponsorsof the resolution have taken the greatest care to allow
time for these efforts to bear fruit." (Ibid., p. 69.)

In fact the demand for the surrender of the suspects was inserted impli-

citly into that resolution, although its main purpose was to condemn the
Lockerbie incident itself totally and also, more generally, acts of terror-
ism in whichLibya was allegedlyinvolved.The Security Council decided
to impose economic sanctionsupon Libya.

41. Having obtained no positive result from Security Council resolu-
tion 748 (1992), the United States and the United Kingdom (together
with France) again took the initiative in proposing a renewed resolution
to the Security Council (United Nations doc. Sl26701) which, on
11 November 1993, adopted Security Council resolution 883 (1993),
along similar lines to resolution 748 (1992).In that meeting the United
States representative said "[wle await the turnover of those indicted for
the bombing of Pan Am 103" (United Nations doc. SlPV.3312, p. 41)
and the United Kingdom representative stated:

"if the Secretary-General reports to the Council that the Libyan
Government has ensured the appearance of those charged with the
Lockerbiebombing before the appropriate United States or Scottish
court . . then the Security Council will review the sanctions with a
view to suspendingthem immediately" (ibid., p. 45).

C. Conclusion

42. The question remains whether these Security Council resolutions,
particularly resolutions 748 (1992) and 883 (1993), which were adoptedafter the filing of the Application in this case, bear on the present case
brought by Libya. In other words, the question of whether Libya's
3 March 1992Application has become without object after the adoption

of these 31 March 1992and 11November 1993SecurityCouncil resolu-
tions, is distinct from the case as presented by Libya. If there is any dis-
pute in this respect, it could be a dispute between Libya and the Security
Council or between Libya and the United Nations, or both, but not
between Libya and the United States.

The effect of the Security Council resolutions (adopted for the aim of
maintaining international peace and security) upon the member States is
a matter quite irrelevant to this case and the question of whether the
Application of Libya is without object in the light of those resolutions
hardly arises.

43. Even though 1found that Libya'sApplication should be dismissed
owing to the Court's lack ofjurisdiction, 1nonetheless wanted to express
my view that these Security Council resolutions, which have a political
connotation in dealing with broader aspects of threats to the peace or
breaches of the peace, have nothing to do with the present case, which,
had there been jurisdiction, could have been submitted to the Court as
a legal issue which existed between the United States and Libya, and
between the United Kingdom and Libya, before the resolutions were
adopted by the Security Council.

(Signed) Shigeru ODA.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE ODA

1.1regret that 1am unable to agree with any of the three points in the
operative part of the Judgrnent as 1 see the whole case from a different
viewpoint to that of the Court.

2. The crux of the case before us is simplein that, to use the expression
used by Libya in its Application, the United States "continues to adopt a
posture of pressuringLibya into surrenderingthe accused" and "is rather
intent on compelling the surrender of the accused".

The United States and Libya have adopted differentpositions concern-
ing the surrender (transfer) of the two Libyans who are accused of the
destruction of Pan Am flight 103over Lockerbie and who are located in
Libya. Those differing positions of the applicant State and the respon-
dent State did not, however, constitute a "dispute . . .concerning the
interpretation or application of the [1971 Montreal] Convention" to
which both are parties (Montreal Convention, Art. 14,para. 1).

It is my firm belief that the Application by which, on 3 March 1992,
Libya instituted proceedings against the United States pursuant to Ar-
ticle 14,paragraph 1, of the Montreal Convention should be dismissed
on the sole ground that the dispute, if one exists, between the two States
is not one that "concern[s] the interpretation or application of the
[Montreal]Convention".
In order to clarify this conclusion, 1 find it necessary to examine the
chain of events which have occurred since the United States outlined, on
13November 1991,its position on the Lockerbieincident and which led

to Libya filingits Application on 3 March 1992.

A. The United States and Libya's Respective Claims
3. The destruction of the American Pan Am flight 103 occurred on
21 December 1988 over Lockerbie, Scotland, in the territory of the
United Kingdom and involved the death of 11residents of Lockerbie,
259 passengers and crew, including 189 United States' nationals and at

least 29 United Kingdom nationals, and a number of citizens of another
19 States. OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. ODA

[Traduction]

1. Je regrette de ne pouvoir souscrireà aucun des trois points du dis-
positif de l'arrêt cajr'ai sur toute cette affaire un point de vue différentde
celui de la Cour.

2. Le problèmeessentielque soulèvel'affairedont nous sommessaisis
est simple dèslors que, pour reprendre l'expression utiliséepar la Libye
dans sa requête,lesEtats-Unis((persistentdans une attitude visant à faire
pression sur la Libye pour qu'elleremette les accusés))et((entendent ...
obtenir par la force que les accuséslui soient remis».
Les Etats-Unis et la Libyeont adoptédes positions différentesau sujet
de la remise (du transfert) des deux Libyens qui sont accusésd'avoir
détruit l'appareil assurantle vol 103de la Pan Am au-dessus de Locker-
bie, et qui se trouvent en Libye. Toutefois, ces positions divergentes de
1'Etatdemandeur et de 1'Etatdéfendeurne constituaient pas un ((diffé-
rend ..concernant l'interprétation ou l'application de la ...convention
[de Montréal de 19711)) àlaquelle ils sont tous deux parties (convention
de Montréal,art. 14,par. 1).
Je suis fermement convaincu que la requêtepar laquelle la Libye, le
3 mars 1992,a introduit une instance contre les Etats-Unis en vertu du
paragraphe 1 de l'article 14 de la convention de Montréal devrait être
rejetéepour le seulmotif que le différend,s'ilexiste,entre les deux Etats,
ne concerne pas ((l'interprétation ou l'application de la.convention [de

Montréal] D.
Afin d'expliciter cette conclusion,il me paraît nécessairede rappelerla
suite des événements qui se sont produits depuis que les Etats-Unis ont
exposé,le 13novembre 1991,leur position au sujet de l'incidentde Loc-
kerbie et qui ont conduit la Libyeà introduire sa requête le3 mars 1992.

A. Les demandes respectivesdes Etats-Unis et de la Libye

3. La destruction de l'appareil assurant le vol 103de la Pan Am a eu
lieu le 21 décembre1988au-dessus de Lockerbie, en Ecosse, sur le ter-
ritoire du Royaume-Uni et elle a causéla mort de onze habitants de Loc-
kerbie, de deux cent cinquante-neuf passagers et membres d'équipage,
dont cent quatre-vingt-ne.uf ressortissants des Etats-Unis et au moins
vingt-neuf du Royaume-Uni, ainsi que d'un certain nombre de citoyens
de dix-neuf autres Etats.The United States' demand that Libya surrender the suspects

4. After carefully conducting a scientificinvestigation of the crash evi-
dence for a period of over three years, the United States considered that
it had identified the two persons responsible for the explosion - then

located in Libya - who were said to have been acting as agents of the
Libyan Government. The United States position is set out in the "indict-
ment of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia"
dated 14November 1991, issued as United Nations document Ai461831
and Sl23317,Annex.

5. On 27November 1991,the United StatesGovernment issued ajoint
declaration of the United States and the United Kingdom, reading:

"The British and American Governments today declare that the
Government of Libya must:
- surrender for trial al1those charged with the crime; and accept
complete responsibility for the actions of Libyan officials;

- disclose al1 it knows of this crime, including the names of al1

those responsible, and allow full access to al1witnesses, docu-
ments and other material evidence, including al1the remaining
timers ;
- pay appropriate compensation.
We expect Libya to comply promptly and in full." (See United
Nations doc. Ai461827;Sl23308,Ann.)

The second point seemsto me to be contingent on the first point and the
third point is nothing but a subsidiary request which was apparently not
pursued by the United States.
6. On the same day, the United States and the United Kingdom,
together with France (which had also been the victim of the destruction
of an aircraft in flight,a UTA DC10, on 19September 1989,in an attack
allegedlycarried out by Libyan agents), issued a tripartite declaration on
terrorism. The declaration reads in part:

"following the investigation carried out into the bombing[s] of Pan
Am 103 . . the three States have presented specificdemands to the
Libyan authorities related to the judicial procedures that are under
way. They require that Libya comply with al1these demands, and, in
addition, that Libya commit itself concretely and definitively to
cease al1 forms of terrorist action and al1 assistance to terrorist

groups. Libya must promptly, by concrete actions, prove its renun-
ciation of terrorism." (See United Nations doc. Al461828;Sl23309,
Ann.)
The main thrust of the United States claim was the demand for the
surrender of the suspects. In demandingthe surrender of the suspects, the
United States took no further action other than issuing a statement orLes Etats-Unis exigent que la Libye livre les suspects
4. Après avoirmenépendant plus de trois ans une enquêtescientifique

méticuleusepour recueillir des éléments de preuve concernant la destruc-
tion de l'appareil, les Etats-Unis ont considéré qu'ilavaient identifiéles
deux personnes responsables de l'explosion - qui se trouvaient alors en
Libye - qui auraient agi en tant qu'agents du Gouvernement libyen. La
position des Etats-Unis est exposéedans «l'acte de mise en accusation
établipar le tribunal fédéralde district des Etats-Unis pour le district de
Columbia» daté du 14 novembre 1991, publié comme document des
Nations Unies, sous les cotes Al461831et Sl23317,annexe.
5. Le 27novembre 1991,leGouvernement des Etats-Unis a publiéune
déclaration communedes Etats-Unis et du Royaume-Uni, dans laquelle:

«Les Gouvernements britannique et américain déclarent ce jour
que le Gouvernement libyen doit:
- livrer, afin qu'ils soient traduits en justice, tous ceux qui sont
accusés dece crime et assumer l'entière responsabilitédes agis-
sements des agents libyens;

- divulguer tous lesrenseignementsen sa possessionsur cecrime, y
compris les noms de tous les responsables, et permettre le libre
accèsà tous lestémoins,documentset autres preuves matérielles,
y compris tous les dispositifs d'horlogerie restants;
- verser des indemnités appropriées.
Nous comptons que la Libye y fera droit promptement et sans
aucune réserve.» (Nations Unies, doc. Al461827;Sl23308,annexe.)

Le deuxièmepoint me semble subordonné au premier, et le troisième
n'est qu'une demande subsidiairesur laquelle les Etats-Unis n'ont appa-
remment pas insisté.
6. Le mêmejour, les Etats-Unis et le Royaume-Uni, ainsi que la
France (qui avait été aussivictime de la destruction d'un aéronefen vol,
un DC 10 d'UTA, le 19 septembre 1989, à la suite d'un attentat qui
aurait étécommis par des agents libyens), ont publiéune déclaration tri-

partite sur le terrorisme. Cette déclaration comportait le passage suivant:
«à la suite des enquêteseffectuéessur les attentats relatifs [au vol]
Pan Am 103 ...lestrois pays ont adresséaux autoritéslibyennesdes
demandes spécifiques liéea sux procéduresen cours. Ils exigent que
la Libye accède à toutes ces demandes, et en outre qu'elle s'engage
de façon concrèteet définitiveàrenoncer àtoute forme d'action ter-

roriste età tout soutien apporté à des groupements terroristes. La
Libye devra apporter sans délaipar des actes concrets les preuves
d'une telle renonciation.)) (Nations Unies, doc. Al461828;Sl23309,
annexe.)
L'essentiel dece que réclamaientles Etats-Unis était que les suspects
leur soient livrés.Pour exiger la remise des suspects, les Etats-Unis n'ont

pris aucune autre mesure que de publier une déclaration à ce sujet, qui adeclaration in this respect which was conveyedto Libya through the Bel-
gium Government as the United States' protecting power.

Libya's response to the United States' demand

7. Libya responded to the accusation promptly on 15November 1991
by means of a Communiquéissued by the People's Committee for For-
eign Liaison and International Co-operation (hereinafter "the Libyan
People's Committee") in which it "categorically denie[d]that Libya had
any association with that incident" and "reaffirm[ed] its condemnation
of terrorism in al1its forms". The Communiquécontinued:

"When a small, developing country such as Libya finds itself
accused by super-Powers such as the United States [and the United
Kingdom], it reservesits full right to legitimate self-defencebefore a
fair and impartialjurisdiction, before the United Nations and before
the International Court of Justice and other bodies.
.............................
We urge the United States and the United Kingdom to be gov-
erned by the logic of the law, by wisdom and by reason and to seek

the judgement of impartial international commissions of inquiry or
of the International Court of Justice." (See United Nations doc.
Sl23221,Ann.)
8. The Libyan People's Cornmittee commented in its 28 November
1991Communiquéon the statements issued by the three States that:

"[al11the applications [of the three States] will receive everyatten-
tion,inasmuch as the competent Libyan authorities will investigate
it anddeal with the mafter very seriously, in a manner that accords
with the principles of international legitimacy,including the rights of
sovereignty and the importance of ensuring justice for accused and
victims"

and that

"Libya takes a positive view of international détenteand the atmos-
phere which it spreadsand which establishesinternational peace and
security and leads to the emergence of a new international order in
which al1States are equal, the freedom and options of peoples are
respected andthe principles ofhuman rights and the United Nations
Charter and the principles of international law are affirmed" (see
United Nations doc. Al461845;Sl23417,Ann.).

9. On 2 December 1991, the Libyan People's Committee issued a
further declaration refuting the United States accusation against Libyaété transmise à la Libye par l'intermédiairedu Gouvernement belge,
chargédes intérêts des Etats-Unis.

La réponse de laLibye à l'exigence desEtats-Unis

7. La Libye a répondu rapidement à l'accusation, le 15 novembre
1991,sous la forme d'un communiquépubliépar le comitépopulaire de
liaisonavecl'étrangeret decoopérationinternationale (ci-aprèsdénommé
«le comitépopulaire libyen») dans lequel il «dément[ait]catégorique-
ment que la Libye ait [eu]quelque lien que ce soit avec cet accident» et
«réitér[ait]sa condamnation du terrorisme sous toutes ses formes». Le
communiquéajoutait :

((Lorsqu'un petit pays en développement comme la Libye est
accusépar des superpuissances comme les Etats-Unis [et le Royau-
me-Uni], il est normal qu'il se réservele droit de se défendredevant
unejuridiction juste et impartiale, comme l'Organisation desNations
Unies, la Cour internationale de Justice et d'autres organes.
.............................

Nous demandonsinstammentaux Etats-Unis et au Royaume-Uni
de s'enremettre àla logique de la loiàla sagesseet à la raison et de
faire appel au jugement de commissions d'enquêteinternationales
impartialesou dela Cour internationale de Justice.(Nations Unies,
doc. Sl23221,annexe.)

8. Quant à la déclaration tripartite, elle a suscitéde la part du comité
populaire libyen un communiqué du 28 novembre 1991,contenant le
commentairesuivant :

((toutes les demandes présentées[par les trois Etats] bénéficierted
toute l'attention voulue, et les autorités compétenteslibyennes les
examineront avec tout le sérieuxrequis, dans le respect desprincipes
du droit international, notamment le droit à la souveraineté et la
nécessitéd'êtrejuste envers l'accusé comme enversla victime)),

et:
«La Libye juge positive la détente internationale et sa possible
contribution au renforcement de la paix et de la sécuritinternatio-
nales etàl'émergenced'un nouvel ordre international, où toutes les
nations seraient égales,où le respect de la libertéet des choix des

peuples serait assuré etoù seraient confirmésles principes relatifs
aux droits de l'homme, les principes énoncésdans la Charte des
Nations Unies et les principes du droit international.)) (Nations
Unies, doc. Al461845;Sl23417,annexe.)

9. Le 2 décembre1991,le comitépopulaire libyen a publié uneautre
déclaration réfutant l'accusation des Etats-Unis contre la Libye et seand reiterating its readiness to see that justice was done in connection
with the Lockerbie incident.
10. These responses from Libya dated 15November 1991,28 Novem-
ber 1991 and 2 December 1991 (as referred to above), which al1three
dealt with more general issues relating to acts of terrorism, certainly
implied a categorical refusa1by that State to accede to the United States'
demand to surrender the suspects.

The rea2issuesexisting between the UnitedStates and Libya

11. Since making the announcement, on 14 November 1991, of the
indictment for a criminal act relating to the Lockerbie incident, the
United States has accused Libya in the strongest terms of having links
with international terrorism. Libya, on the other hand, contended that no
Libyan agent was linked to the Lockerbie incident but stated its willing-
ness to make every effort to eliminateinternational terrorism and to co-
operate with the United Nations for this purpose.

Despite the mutual accusations that were made in relation to the
respective positions of the two States on international terrorism, that
issue, however, is not in dispute between the two States in the present
case. Rather, Libya insisted on carrying out any criminal justice pro-
cedure on its own territory where the suspectswereto be found and made
clear that it had no intention of surrendering them to the United States,
although it later expressed its readiness to hand the two suspects over to
a third, neutral, State or to an international tribunal. Libya accused the
United States of attempting to cause difficultiesin demandingthe surren-
der of the suspects.
12. In fact, what occurred between the United States and Libya was
simply a demand by the United States for the surrender to it of the sus-
pects located in Libya and a refusa1 by Libya to comply with that
demand.
In demanding the surrender of the two suspects, the United States
made an attempt to justify that demand as an appeal that criminaljustice
be pursued. The United States did not claim that Libya would be legally
bound under any particular law to surrender the two suspects. In noneof
the documents that it issued did the United States make any mention of

the Montreal Convention nor did it accept that that Convention applied
to the incident,includingthe matter of the surrender of the suspects. Nor
did Libya, until January 1992,invoke the Montreal Convention as the
basis of itsrefusa1to surrender the two suspects to the United States.

Libya invokesthe Montreal Conventiononly on 18 January 1992
13. On 18 January 1992, the Secretary of the Libyan People's Com-

mittee addressed a letter to the United States Secretary of State and the
Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom through the Embassies of Bel-disant de nouveau prêt à veiller à ce que justice soit faità l'égardde
l'incident de Lockerbie.
10. Ces réponses de la Libye, datées du 15 novembre 1991, du
28 novembre 1991et du 2 décembre1991(évoquées ci-dessus)q ,ui trai-

taient toutes les trois de questions plus générales relatàvdes actes de
terrorisme, attestaient certainement d'un refus catégorique de la part de
cet Etat d'accéderà l'exigencedes Etats-Unis tendantà ce qu'il leur livre
les suspects.

Les véritablesproblèmes quise posent entre les Etats-Unis et la Libye

11. Depuisqu'ils ont rendu public, le 14novembre 1991,leur acte d'ac-
cusation pour une infraction pénaleayant traità l'incidentde Lockerbie,
les Etats-Unis ont accuséla Libye, dans les termes les plus énergiques,
d'avoir des liens avecle terrorismeinternational. La Libye, de son côté,a
affirméqu'aucun agent libyen n'étaitimpliquédans l'incident de Locker-
bie mais s'est déclarée disposée ne ménageraucun effort pour éliminer
le terrorisme international et coopérer avec les Nations Uniescette fin.
En dépitdes accusations que les deux Etats ont échangées à propos de
leurs positions respectives sur le terrorisme international, ce problème
constitue toutefois pas un différendqui oppose les deux Etats en la pré-
sente affaire. En réalité, laLibye insistait pour que toute procédure
pénaleait lieu sur son propre territoire, où se trouvaient les suspects, et
indiquait clairement qu'ellen'avait nullementl'intention de livrer ceux-ci

aux Etats-Unis, même si,par la suite, elle s'est déclarée disposéeà les
remettre à un Etat tiers, neutre, oàun tribunal international. La Libye
accusait les Etats-Unis de tenter de créer des difficultla sommant de
leur remettre les suspects.
12. En fait, ce qui s'estpasséentre les Etats-Unis et la Libye, c'est sim-
plement que les Etats-Unis ont exigéque les suspects se trouvant en
Libyeleur soient livrés,et que la Libyea refuséd'accédercettedemande.

En réclamant la remise des deux suspects, les Etats-Unis se sont
efforcés de justifier leurexigenceen la présentantcomme un appel àce
que la justice pénalesoit rendue. Ils n'ont pas prétendu que la Libye
seraitjuridiquement tenue, en vertu de tel ou tel droit, de leur remettre les
deux suspects. Dans aucun des documents qu'il a publiésles Etats-Unis
n'ont mentionnéla conventionde Montréal,pas plus qu'ilsn'ont reconnu

que la convention s'appliquaità l'incident, y comprisàla question de la
remise des suspects. La Libye n'a pasnonplus invoqué la conventionde
Montréalavant janvier 1992,pour motiver son refus de remettre lesdeux
suspects aux Etats-Unis.

La Libye n'invoque laconvention de Montréalque le 18janvier 1992

13. Le 18 janvier 1992, le secrétairedu comité populaire libyen a
adresséune lettre au secrétaired'Etat des Etats-Unis et au ministre des
affaires étrangères du Royaume-Uni par l'intermédiaire des ambas-gium and Italy which were entrusted with looking after the interests of
those two countries in Libya. After pointing out that the United States,
the United Kingdom and Libya were States parties to the 1971Montreal
Convention, Libya's letter stated:

"out of respect for the principle of the ascendancy of the rule of law
and in implementation of the Libyan Code of Criminal Procedure
. .. as soon as the charges were made, Libya immediately exercised
itsjurisdiction over the two alleged offenders in accordance with its
obligation under article 5, paragraph 2, of the Montreal Convention
by adopting certain measures to ascertain their presence and taking
immediate steps to institute a preliminary enquiry. It notified the
States . . that the suspects were in custody .. .

As a Stateparty to the Convention and in accordance with para-
graph 2 of [article 51,we took such measures as might be necessary
to establish Ourjurisdiction over any of the offences ... because the
alleged offender in the case was present in Ourterritory.

Moreover, article 7 of the Convention stipulates that the Con-
tracting Party in the territory of which the alleged offender is found
shall, if itoes not extradite him, subrnit the case to its competent
authorities for the purpose of prosecution and that those authorities
shall take their decision in the same manner as in the case of any
ordinary offence of a serious nature under the law of that State."
(See United Nations doc. Sl23441,Ann.)

14. It was in Libya's letter of 18January 1992,as quoted above, that
the 1971 Montreal Convention was first mentioned. The United States
did not respond to that letter. The United States was then informed by
the Registrar of the Court on 3 March 1992 of Libya's Application in
which referencewas again made to the Montreal Convention. It isimpor-
tant that this point should not be overlooked in deciding whether there
did or did not exist, on the date of the Application (namely 3 March
1992), "any dispute .. .concerning the interpretation or application of
the [Montreal]Convention which cannot be settled through negotiation"
(Montreal Convention, Art. 14,para. 1).

B. The Relevant Issues of International Law

The issues in thepresent case

15. There is no doubt that the 1971 Montreal Convention for the
Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation is, in
general, applicable to the destruction of the American Pan Am aircraft
which occurred in December 1988 over Lockerbie in the United King-
dom, as long as both Libya and the United States are parties to it.sades de Belgique et d'Italie, qui étaientchargéesde veiller aux intérêts

de ces deux Etats en Libye. Après avoir rappelé que les Etats-Unis, le
Royaume-Uni et la Libye étaient parties à la convention de Montréal
de 1971,la lettre de la Libye se poursuivait en ces termes:
«par respect pour le principe de la primauté du droit et en applica-
tion du code libyen de procédurepénale ...dèsque les accusations
eurent été portéesl,a Libye a exercésa compétence à l'égarddes
deux auteurs présumés conformément à l'obligation qui lui incombe
en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l'article 5 de la convention de Montréal

en prenant certaines mesures pour assurer leur présenceet en pre-
nant immédiatementdes dispositionspour ouvrir une enquêtepréli-
minaire. Elle a notifiéaux Etats ..que les suspects étaienten état
d'arrestation..
En notre qualitéd'Etat partie à la convention et conformémentau
paragraphe 2 [de l'article 51,nous avons pris les mesures nécessaires
pour établirnotre compétenceaux finsde connaître de toutes infrac-
tions ..étantdonné que l'auteurprésuméen l'espècese trouvait sur
notre territoire.
De surcroît, l'article de la conventionstipuleque 1'Etatcontrac-
tant sur le territoire duquel l'auteur de l'infraction est découvert,s'il
n'extrade pasce dernier,soumet l'affaire à sesautoritéscompétentes
pour l'exercicede l'action pénale, etque ces autorités prennent leur
décisiondans les mêmesconditions que pour toute infraction de
droit commun de caractère grave conformément aux lois de cet
Etat.» (Nations Unies, doc. Sl23441,annexe.)

14. C'est dans la lettre de la Libye datée du 18janvier 1992,citée ci-
dessus, que la convention de Montréal de 1971est mentionnéepour la
première fois. Les Etats-Unis n'ont pas répondu à cette lettre. Par la
suite, le 3mars 1992,ils ont étéinforméspar le greffierde la Cour que la
Libye avait déposéunerequêtequiseréféraitde nouveau àla convention
de Montréal. Il importe de ne pas perdre de vue ce point pour déterminer
s'ilexistait ou non,à la date de la requête(c'est-à-dire le3 mars 1992)'
«[un] différend ..concernant l'interprétation ou l'application de la ...
convention [de Montréal] quine peut pas êtreréglé par voie de négocia-

tion» (convention de Montréal,art. 14,par. 1).

B. Les questionspertinentes de droit international

Les questions qui se posent en l'espèce

15. Il ne fait aucun doute que la convention de Montréal de 1971pour
la répression d'actesillicites dirigéscontre la sécuritéde l'aviation civile
s'applique, de manière générale, à la destruction de l'aéronef desEtats-
Unis assurant le vol de la Pan Am qui s'est produite en décembre 1988
au-dessus de Lockerbie, au Royaume-Uni, dès lors que la Libye aussi
bien que les Etats-Unis y sont parties. Neither Party seemsever to have doubted that that destruction consti-

tuted a "crime" under the 1971Convention. That point, however, is not
in issue between the two States; nor is the prevention of international
terrorism at issue in this casesince proceedings were brought by Libya
and not by the United States.

Furthermore, the question of whether the United States can hold
Libya, as a State, responsible for the acts of Libyan nationals relating to
the destruction of the American Pan Am aircraft over United Kingdom
territory and of whether the explosion was caused by alleged Libyan
intelligence agents (which would make Libya responsible for the acts
committed by such persons), were not at issueeither in the present Appli-
cation which was instituted by Libya and not by the United States.

16. It would be wrong to consider that the present Application con-
cerns the destruction of Pan Am flight 103 or, more generally, the
Lockerbie incident as a whole which constituted an act of international
terrorism. An application of that nature could have been filed by the
United States but not by Libya.

The issues in the present case submitted by Libya to the Court relate
solely to the demand of the Respondent, the United States, that the
Applicant, Libya, surrender the two suspects identified by the indictment
of the Grand Jury in the District of Columbia as having caused the
destruction of the Pan Am aircraft (clearly a crime pursuant to the
Montreal Convention) and Libya7srefusa1to accede to the Respondent's
demand. Relations between those two States regarding the case went no
further than this.

Criminaljurisdiction

17. No State is prevented from exercisingits criminaljurisdiction over
a person or persons who have committed a crime on its territory, or a
person or persons who have committed serious damage to its interest or
againstit nationals, or who have committed a crime of universal jurisdic-
tion anywhere in the world. Accordingly, there is no doubt that in this
case the United States is competent to exercise its criminal jurisdiction

over the two suspects, whoever they may be and wherever they may be
located.
Conversely, nor isthere any doubt that any State is entitledto exercise
itscriminal jurisdiction over a serious crime committed by its nationals
anywhere, either on its own territory or abroad. Libya's rights in this
respect do not seem to have been challenged by the United States.

18. Thus, the right to prosecute or punish criminals does not fa11
within the exclusivejurisdiction of any particular State, either the State
whose interest has been damaged (in this instance, the United States) or Aucune des deux Parties ne semblejamais avoir douté que cette des-
truction constituait une ((infractionpénale))au sens de la convention de
1971.Toutefois, ce point n'estpas en litige entre les deux Etats; la pré-
vention du terrorisme international n'estpas non plus en cause dans la
présente affaire puisquela procédure aété introduite par la Libye et non
par les Etats-Unis.
De surcroît, la question de savoir si les Etats-Unis peuvent tenir la
Libye, en tant quYEtat,responsable des agissements de ressortissants
libyensen liaison avecla destruction de l'aéronefdesEtats-Unis assurant
le vol de la Pan Am au-dessus du territoire du Royaume-Uni et cellede
savoir si l'explosion a été causépear des personnes présuméesêtredes
agents de renseignementlibyens(cequi rendrait la Libyeresponsable des

actes qu'ils auraient commis) ne sont pas non plus en litige dans la pré-
sente requête, qui aétéintroduite par la Libye et non par les Etats-Unis.
16.Il serait erroné deconsidérerque la présenterequêteconcerne la
destruction de l'appareil assurant le vol Pan Am103ou, de manière plus
générale, l'incident e Lockerbie dans son ensemble qui constituait un
acte de terrorisme international. Une requête de cette nature aurait pu
êtredéposée par les Etats-Unis mais non par la Libye.
Les questionsqui se posent dans la présenteaffaire soumise à la Cour
par la Libyeconcernent exclusivementl'exigencedu défendeur,les Etats-
Unis, que le demandeur, la Libye, livreles deux suspects identifiésdans
l'acte d'accusation établi par le jury de mise en accusation du district
de Columbia comme étantles auteurs de la destruction de l'aéronefde
la Pan Am (ce qui constitue manifestement une infraction pénaleaux
termes de la convention de Montréal) et le refus opposé par la Libye

d'accéder à l'exigencedu défendeur.Les relations entre ces deux Etatsà
l'égardde cette affaire n'allaient pas plus loin.

Compétencepénale

17. Aucun Etat n'estempêché d'exerce sr compétencepénale à l'égard
d'une ou plusieurs personnesayant commisune infraction pénalesur son
territoire, causéun préjudice graveaux intérêtsde cet Etat ouà ceux de
ses ressortissants,ou commis une infraction pénalequi relèvede la juri-
diction universelleoù que ce soitdans lemonde.Par conséquent,ilne fait
aucun doute qu'en la présenteespèce lesEtats-Unis sont compétents
pour exercer leur juridiction pénale à l'égarddes deux suspects, quels
qu'ils soient, et où qu'ilsse trouvent.
Inversement, il ne fait aucun doute non plus que tout Etat a le droit

d'exercer sa compétence pénale lorsqu'une infraction pénale gravea été
commisepar sesressortissantsoù que ce soit, sur son propre territoire ou
à l'étranger.Les droits de la Libye à ce titre ne semblent pas avoir été
contestéspar les Etats-Unis.
18. Ainsi, ledroit de poursuivreou de punir descriminelsne relèvepas
de la compétenceexclusived'unEtat donné,soitceluidans lequell'infrac-
tion a étécommise (en l'espèce, leEtats-Unis) soit celuidont le criminelthe State of which the criminal is a national (in this instance, Libya).The
Libyan suspects in this case are subject to the concurrent jurisdictions of
either the State where they have committed the crime or of the State

where they are located. The Montreal Convention adds nothing to this
general principle and does not deviate at al1from it.
There is no difference in the views of the Applicant and the Respon-
dent regarding the interpretation of those general rules of international
law. There exists, apparently, no dispute in this respect.
19. The issuesin this case arosenot in relation to a legal question gov-
erning the rights and obligations of either Party to prosecute or punish
the two suspectsbut are related rather to the fact that while the United
Statesdemanded that Libya transfer or surrender the two suspectslocated
on its territory with a viewto achieving criminaljustice, Libya refused to
accede to that demand, and, accordingly, the suspects have (so far)
avoided the criminal jurisdiction of the United States.

Law of extradition

20. States have not been under an obligation to extradite accused per-
sons under general international law but some specific treaties, either
multilateral or bilateral, have imposed the obligation on contracting

States to extradite accused persons to other contracting States. The
Montreal Convention is certainly one of those treaties.
An exception to that obligation to extradite criminals is made, how-
ever, in the event that the accused are of the nationality of the State
which is requested to extradite them. This rule of non-extradition of
nationals of the requested State may not seemto be quite appropriatefor
the purposes of criminal justice, as the accused may more adequately be
prosecuted in the country where the actual crime occurred. While no rule
of international law prohibits extradition of nationals of the requested
State, there is a long-standing international practice which recognizes
that there is no obligation to extradite one's own nationals. The
Montreal Convention isno exception as it does not provide for the extra-
dition of nationals of the requested State even for the punishment of these
universally recognized unlawful acts.
The rule of non-extradition of political criminals has long prevailed
but that rule does not apply in the case of some universal crimes, such as
genocide and acts of terrorism.

21. The Montreal Convention, however, goes one step further in the
event that States do not extradite the accused to other competent States,
by imposingthe duty upon the State where the accused islocated to bring
the case before its own competent authorities for prosecution. Under the
Montreal Convention, Libya would thus assume the responsibility to
prosecute the accused if it did not extradite them. Libya has not chal-
lenged this point at all. Libya has claimed that it was proceeding to the
prosecution of the suspects and it has also expressed its willingness to
extradite them to what it maintains are certain politically neutral States.est ressortissant (en l'espèce,la Libye). Les suspects libyens, en l'espèce,

relèventdesjuridictions concurrentes,soit de 1'Etatoù ils ont commis le
crime, soit de 1'Etat où ils se trouvent. La convention de Montréal
n'ajoute rienà ce principe général etne s'enécarte absolumentpas.

Il n'existepas de divergencede vues entre le demandeur et le défendeur
au sujet de l'interprétation deces règlesgénéralede droit international.
Aucun différendn'existeapparemment à cet égard.
19. Lesquestionsquiseposaientenlaprésenteaffaire neportaientpas sur
une questionjuridiquerelative auxdroits et obligationsde l'uneou l'autre
Partiedepoursuivreou depunirlesdeuxsuspects,maisplutôt surlefait que,
alorsquelesEtats-Unisexigeaient que laLibyeremetteou livrelesdeuxsus-
pectsquisetrouvaient surleterritoirede celle-ci aque lajustice pénaeoit
rendue,la Libye s'est refusée accéderà cette exigence,si bien que les sus-
pectsont (jusqu'àprésent) évité la compétep nécnale deEtats-Unis.

Le droit en matière d'extradition

20. En droit international générall,es Etats ne sont pas tenus d'extra-
der des accusés,mais certains traitésspécifiques,multilatérauxou bilaté-
raux, ont imposé à leurs Etats contractants l'obligation d'extrader des
accusés versd'autres Etats contractants. La convention de Montréalest
certainement l'un de ces traités.
Toutefois, il est prévu une exceptionà cette obligation d'extrader des
criminelslorsque les accusésont la nationalitéde 1'Etatauquel l'extradi-
tion est demandée.Cette règlede la non-extradition des ressortissantsde
1'Etatrequispeut ne pas semblertout àfait appropriéepour servirlesfins
de lajustice pénale,car l'accusépeut mieuxêtrepoursuivi dans lepays où
le crime a effectivementétécommis. Bien qu'aucune règlede droit inter-
national n'interdise l'extradition de ressortissants de1'Etat requis, il

existe de longue date une pratique internationale qui reconnaît qu'un
Etat n'estpas obligéd'extrader sespropres ressortissants. La convention
de Montréalne fait pas exception à cette pratique, puisqu'ellene prévoit
pas l'extradition de ressortissants de'Etatrequis mêmepour réprimer
des actes universellementreconnus comme illicites.
La règlede la non-extradition de criminels politiques est appliquée
depuis longtemps, mais ellene s'applique pasà certains crimes universels,
tels que le génocideet les actes de terrorisme.
21. La convention de Montréal, pourtant, va un peu plus loin dans le
cas où lesEtats n'extradentpas lesaccusésversd'autres Etats compétents,
enimposant à 1'Etatoù setrouve l'accusl'obligationde soumettrel'affaire
à sespropres autoritéscompétentespour l'exercicede l'actionpénale.Aux
termes dela convention de Montréal,la Libye assumeraitdonc la respon-
sabilitédepoursuivrelesaccusés sielle ne lesextradepas. La Libyen'apas

du tout contestéce point. Elle a affirméqu'elleallait engager des pour-
suites contre les suspectset s'est également déclarée disposéeles extra-
der vers ce qu'ellequalifie decertains Etats politiquement neutres. C. Conclusion

22. Thus conceived,the question relatingto the United States' demand
that Libya surrender the two suspects and Libya's refusa1to accede to
that demand is not a matter of rights or legal obligation concerning the
extradition of accused persons between the United States and Libya
under international law nor is it a matter falling within the provisions of
the Montreal Convention. Or, at least, there is no legal dispute concern-

ing the interpretation or application of the Montreal Convention between
Libya and the United States which could have been brought to arbitra-
tion or to the Court.
If there is any difference between them on this matter, that could
simply be a difference between their respective policies towards criminal
justice in connection with the question of which State should properly
do justice on the matter. That issue does not fa11within the ambit of
the Montreal Convention.
From the outset, no disputehas existed between Libya and the United
States "concerning the interpretation or application of the [Montreal]
Convention" as far as the demand for the surrender of the susvects and
the refusa1to accede to that demand - the main issue in the present case
- are concerned. Libya neitherpresented any argument contrary to that
viewpoint nor proved the existence of such a legal dispute.

23. 1therefore conclude that no grounds exist on which the Court may

exercise its jurisdiction to hear the present Application instituted by
Libya.

II. THEQUESTION OF ADMISSIBILI -TYTHEEFFECT
OF THE SECURITC YOUNCIR LESOLUTIONS

24. As 1 have stated above, 1 am firmly of the view that the Court
lacks the jurisdiction to consider this Application filed by Libya. If the
Court's jurisdiction is denied, as 1 believe it should be, the issue of
whether the Application isor is not admissible does not arise. For me, at
least, it is meaningless to discuss the question of admissibility. However,
the Court, after it
"finds that it has jurisdiction on the basis of Article 14,paragraph 1,

of the Montreal Convention . . .to hear the disputes between
Libya and the United States as to the interpretation or application
of the provisions of that Convention" (Judgment, operative para-
graph 53 (1) (b)),
continues to deal with the question of admissibility and finds that
"the Application filed by Libya . . .is admissible" (para. 53 (2) (b))
by "reject[ing] the objection to admissibility derived by the United C. Conclusion

22. Ainsi conçue, la question relative àl'exigencedes Etats-Unis que la
Libye livre les deux suspects et au refus par la Libye d'accéder à cette

demande n'estpas une affairededroits ou d'obligationsjuridiquesd'extra-
der des accusésentre les Etats-Unis et la Libye en vertu du droit inter-
national, ni une affaire qui entre dans les prévisionsde la convention de
Montréal. Ou, du moins, il n'existe pas de différendjuridique entre la
Libye et les Etats-Unis concernant l'interprétation ou l'application de
la convention de Montréal qui aurait pu être soumis à l'arbitrage ouàla
Cour.
Si un différend existeentre eux à ce sujet, il pourrait êtresimplement
une divergence entre leurs politiques respectivesà l'égardde la justice

pénale, portant sur le point de savoir quel Etat devrait légitimement
rendre la justice en l'espèce.Cette question n'entre pas dans le cadre
de la convention de Montréal.
Dèsle départ,il n'existaitpas de différendentre la Libye et les Etats-
Unis ((concernant l'interprétation ou l'application de la convention [de
Montréal] »au sujet de l'exigencede livrer les suspectset du refus d'accé-
der àcette exigence- la question principale en l'espèce.La Libye n'apas
présenté d'argument contraire àcepoint de vue ni prouvél'existenced'un
tel différendjuridique.

23. Je conclus donc qu'il n'existepas de fondement à l'exercicede sa
compétencepar la Cour pour connaître de la présente requête introduite
par la Libye.

II. LA QUESTION DE LA RECEVABILITÉ - L'EFFET DES RÉSOLUTIONS
DU CONSEI LE SÉCURITÉ

24. Ainsi que je l'ai exposé ci-dessus,je suis fermementconvaincu que
la Cour n'est pas compétentepour connaître de cetterequêtedéposée par
la Libye. Sila Cour dit qu'ellen'est pas compétente,ce qui mon avis est
le cas en l'espèce,la question de savoir si la requêteest recevable ou non
ne sepose pas. Selon moi, au moins, il est dénuéde sens d'examiner la
question de la recevabilité.Pourtant, la Cour, après avoir dit

((qu'ellea compétence,sur la base du paragraphe 1de l'article 14de
la convention de Montréal ...pour connaître des différendsqui
opposent la Libye aux Etats-Unis en ce qui concernel'interprétation
ou l'application des dispositions de cette convention)) (dispositif de
l'arrêt,par. 1, al.),

traite ensuite de la question de la recevabilitéet dit que «la requête
déposée par la Libye ..est recevable))(ibid.,par. 2, al. b)) en «rejet[ant]
l'exception d'irrecevabilité tirear les Etats-Unis des résolutions 748States from Security Council resolutions 748 (1992) and 883 (1993)"
(para. 53 (2) (a)). Despite the fact that 1 am of the view that the ques-
tion of admissibility should not arise since the Court should dismiss the
Application on the ground of lack of jurisdiction, 1 would now like to
comment upon the impact of these Security Council resolutions, which
is the only issue dealt with in the present Judgment in connection with

whether the Application is admissible or not.
25. Before doing so, 1also have to refer to another point in the Judg-
ment on which 1disagree. The Judgment states that the Court
"Declaresthat the objection raised by the United Statesaccording
to which the claims of Libya became moot because Security Council
resolutions 748 (1992)and 883 (1993)rendered them without object,
does not, in the circumstances of the case, have an exclusivelypre-

liminary character." (Operative paragraph 53 (3).)
By finding the Application admissible, the Court certainly indicates
that the objection of the United States that Libya's claims are without
object as a result of the adoption of the SecurityCouncil resolutions 748
(1992)and 883 (1993) does not have an exclusivelypreliminary character.
In my view,however, this point should not form any separate or distinct

issue from the question of admissibility but should be included in that
question.
1believethat if the adoption of SecurityCouncil resolutions 748(1992)
and 883 (1993) is to be dealt with in connection with the question of
admissibility of the Application, it should be dealt with at the present
(preliminary) stage irrespective of whether this question possesses or not
an exclusively preliminary character. 1 reiterate that the question of
whether Libya's claimsare without object because of the Security Coun-
cil resolutions is a matter concerning admissibility which the Court
should have dealt with at this stage.

A. Referral of the Incident to the UnitedNations - Particularly to the
Security Council - by the Parties and Their Subsequent Actions

26. It should be noted that the majority of the documents issued by the
United States and Libya were communicated to the United Nations with
the request that they be distributed as documents of both the General
Assembly and the Security Council or of the Security Council alone (see
paras. 4-7 above).

Referral of UnitedStates and Libyan documents to the UnitedNations

27. The United States only transmitted the relevant documents to the
United Nations as late as 20 December 1991 :(i) the Joint Declaration of
27 November 1991 was transmitted to the United Nations Secretary-
General on 20December 1991and distributedas document Al461828and(1992) et 883 (1993)du Conseil de sécurité))(dispositif, par. 2, al. a)).
Tout en considérant que la question de la recevabiliténe devrait pas se

poser puisque la Cour devrait rejeter la requêteau motif qu'elle n'est
pas compétente, je voudrais maintenant faire quelques observations
au sujet de l'incidence deces résolutionsdu Conseil de sécurité,qui est
le seul problème dont traite le présentarrêts'agissant de la question de
savoir si la requête estrecevable ou non.
25. Auparavant, je dois aussi évoquer un autre point de l'arrêt sur
lequel je ne suis pas d'accord. L'arrêt dit que laCour:

((Déclareque l'exception desEtats-Unis, selon laquelle les résolu-
tions 748 (1992) et 883 (1993)du Conseil de sécuritéauraient privé
les demandes de la Libye de tout objet, n'a pas, dans les circons-
tances de l'espèce,un caractère exclusivement préliminaire)) (ibid.,
par. 3).
En jugeant la requêterecevable, la Cour a certes indiqué quel'exception

des Etats-Unis, selon laquelle les demandes de la Libye sont privéesde
tout objet du fait de l'adoption des résolutions748 (1992) et 883 (1993)
des Conseil de sécuritén, 'a pas un caractèreexclusivement préliminaire.
J'estime cependant que ce point ne devrait pas constituer une question
séparéeou distinctede cellede la recevabilitémais devraitfaire partie de
celle-ci.
Je considèreque si l'adoption des résolutions748 (1992)et 883 (1993)
du Conseil de sécurité doit êtreexaminéedans le contextede la question
de recevabilitéde la requête,elle devrait l'êtreau stade (préliminaire)
actuel,quecettequestion possèdeou non un caractère exclusivement pré-
liminaire. Je répèteque le point de savoir silesdemandes de la Libye sont
privéesd'objet en raison des résolutionsdu Conseil de sécurité est une
question qui concerne la recevabilité,dont la Cour aurait dû traiter à ce

stade.

A. Les Parties ont porté l'incident devant l'Organisation desNations
Unies - en particulier leConseil de sécurité - et ce qu'elles ont fait
par lasuite
26. Il convient d'observer que la majorité des documents publiéspar

les Etats-Unis et la Libye ont été communiqués à l'organisation des
Nations Unies, qui a étépriée deles diffuser comme documents de
l'Assembléegénéraleetdu Conseil de sécurité ou seulementdu Conseilde
sécurité (voirles paragrahes 4 à 7 ci-dessus).

Communication des documents desEtats-Unis et de la Libye à I'Orga-
nisation desNations Unies

27. Les Etats-Unis n'ont transmis les documents pertinents à I'Orga-
nisation des Nations Unies que le 20 décembre 1991:i) la déclaration
commune du 27 novembre 1991a été transmise au Secrétaire générdael
l'Organisation des Nations Unies le 20 décembre1991et distribuéesousSl23309; (ii) the indictment of the Grand Jury in the District of
Columbia was presented to the United Nations Secretary-General on
23 December 1991 and was distributed as document Al461831 and
SI23317.
28. It was, however, Libya that had already informed the United
Nations Secretary-General of the statements of the United States in
which the accusation that the two suspects were involved in the Locker-

bie incident was made. This occurred wellbefore the United Statestrans-
mitted its documents to the United Nations.
Three documents were transmitted by Libya to the United Nations:
(i) Libya'sfirst Communiquéwas transmitted on 15November 1991to the
Presidentofthe SecurityCounciland wasdistributed asdocument SI23221 ;
(ii)Libya'sCommuniquérespondingto the three States' (the United King-
dom, the United States and France) Joint Declaration of 27 November
1991was transmitted on 28 November 1991,and was distributed as docu-
ment Al461845and Sl23417;and (iii)a letter dated 18January 1992from
the Secretary of the Libyan People'sCommittee addressed to the United
States Secretaryof Stateand to the Foreign Secretaryof the United King-
dom was transmitted on that same day to the President of the Security
Council and was distributed as document Sl23441.

Libya's notiJicationof the events to the UnitedNations

29. The relevant documents were thus transmitted by Libya for distri-
bution to the delegates in the General Assembly and particularly to the
members of the SecurityCouncil. In addition, a fewdays after the United
Kingdom and the United States announced the indictment of the two
Libyan suspects, the Secretary of the Libyan People's Committee sent
letters addressed directly to the United Nations Secretary-General (as
indicated in paragraph 30below) in an effort to draw the attention of the
United Nations member States to the chain of events that had unfolded
since 13 November 1991, particularly in relation to the transfer of the
suspects. Libya seemsto have believedthat the matters involvedwerenot
legal issues but were concerned with international peace and security,
and, as such, were to be dealt with by the United Nations.

30. In (i)itsletter to the Security Council of 17November 1991,issued
as United Nations document Al461660and Sl23226, Libya requested a
dialogue between itself, on the one hand, and the United States and the
United Kingdom, on the other, and expressed its readiness to CO-operate

in the conduct of any neutral and honest enquiry. Libya affirmed its
beliefin the peaceful settlement of disputes,as provided for in Article 33,
paragraph 1, of the Charter, which lays down that the parties to any dis-
pute "shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, media-
tion, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement..";(ii) in its letter of
20 November 1991, issued as United Nations document Al461844andles cotes Al461828et Sl23309; ii) l'acte d'accusation établipar le jury de

mise en accusation du district de Columbia a été transmis au Secrétaire
générad l e l'Organisation des Nations Unies le 23 décembre1991et a été
publiésous les cotes Al461831et Sl23317.
28. C'estpourtant la Libye qui avait déjà informéle Secrétairegénéral
de l'Organisation des Nations Unies des déclarationsdes Etats-Unis dans
lesquelles les deux suspects étaientaccusésd'êtreimpliquésdans l'inci-
dent de Lockerbie. Cela se passait bien avant que les Etats-Unis n'aient
transmis ses documents à l'organisation des Nations Unies.
Trois documents ont été transmispar la Libye à l'organisation des
Nations Unies: i) le premier communiquéde la Libye a ététransmis le
15novembre 1991au présidentdu Conseil de sécuritéet a été distribué
sous la coteSI23221 ;ii) lecommuniquédela Libye répondant à la décla-
ration commune des trois Etats (Royaume-Uni, Etats-Unis et France) du
27 novembre 1991a été transmisle 28 novembre 1991et a été distribué

sous les cotes Al461845etSl23417;et iii)une lettre du 18janvier 1992du
secrétairedu comité populaire libyen adresséeau secrétaire d'Etat des
Etats-Unis et au ministre des affaires étrangèresdu Royaume-Uni a été
transmise le mêmejour au présidentdu Conseil de sécuritéet a étédis-
tribuée sousla cote Sl23441.

NotiJication des événementspar la Libye à l'organisation des ATations
Unies

29. Les documents pertinents ont étédonc transmis par la Libye pour
être distribuéasux délégués à l'Assembléegénérale eten particulier aux
membres du Conseil de sécurité.En outre, quelques jours après que le
Royaume-Uni et les Etats-Unis eurent rendu public l'acte d'accusation
contre les deux suspects libyens,le secrétaire ducomitépopulaire libyen a

envoyédes lettres directement au Secrétaire générdale l'organisation des
Nations Unies (commeil est indiquéau paragraphe 30 ci-après)pour ten-
ter d'appelerl'attention des Etats Membres de l'Organisationdes Nations
Unies sur l'enchaînementdes événements survenus depuis le 1n3ovembre
1991,en particulier au sujet de la remise dessuspects. La Libye semble
avoir considéréque lesquestionsdont il s'agissaitn'étaient pasd'ordrejuri-
dique mais concernaient la paix et lasécurité internationales et, titre,
devaient êtreexaminéespar l'organisation des Nations Unies.
30. i) Dans la lettre du 17 novembre 1991 au Conseil de sécurité,
publiéecomme document des Nations Unies sous les cotes Al461660et
S123226,la Libye demandait qu'un dialogue s'instaure entre elle-même,
d'une part, et le Royaume-Uni et les Etats-Unis, d'autre part, et se décla-
rait disposéeà coopérerà toute enquête impartiale et honnête.La Libye
sedisaitattachéeau règlement pacifique desdifférendsconformémena tux

dispositionsdu paragraphe 1 de l'article 33 de la Charte, qui stipule que
lespartiesà tout différend((doiventen rechercher la solution, avant tout,
par voie de négociation,d'enquête, de médiation,de conciliation,d'arbi-
trage, de règlementjudiciaire...)); ii) dans sa lettre du 20 novembre 1991, Sl23416,Libya stated its "unconditional readiness to CO-operatein order

to establishthe truth7'and declaredits "readiness to CO-operateto the full
with any impartial international judicial authority". This letter empha-
sized that the Charter "guarantees the equality of peoples and their right
to make their own political and social choices,a right that is enshrined in
religious lawsand is guaranteed by international law"; (iii)in its letter of
8 January 1992, issued as United Nations document Al461841 and
Sl23396,Libya stated:

"If it is a matter of political differences between the three coun-
tries and Libya, then the differences must be discussed on the basis
of the Charter of the United Nations, which does not endorse
aggression or the threat of aggression but rather calls for the resolu-
tion of differencesby peaceful means. Libya has expressed its readi-
ness to pursue any peaceful means that the three countries may
desire for the resolution of existing differences."

31. It isthus clear that the United States demand for surrender of the
two suspects, and Libya's immediate refusa1 to accede to that demand,
had already been notified by Libya to the United Nations on 17Novem-
ber 1991 - not apparently as legal issuesexisting solelybetween the two
States but as matters concerning international peace and security in
which the United Nations should be involved.

B. The Security CouncilResolutions

Security Council resolution 731 (1992) of 21 January 1992

32. On 20 January 1992 - that is to Saytwo days after the Libyan
letter of 18 January 1992 addressed to the United States and to the
United Kingdom was distributed as a SecurityCouncildocument SI23441
(as stated above in paragraph 28) - the United States and the United
Kingdom, together with France, presented a draft resolution for adop-
tion to the Security Council (United Nations doc. S/23762), the main
purpose of which wasto encourageLibya to provide "a full and effective

response to the requests" (emphasis added) made by the United States
and the United Kingdom.
It should be noted that, in fact, the surrender of the two suspectsto the
United States (or to the United Kingdom) was not mentioned explicitly
in this draft resolution except by a simple reference to letters reproduced
in Security Council documents Sl23306, S123307,Sl23308, SI23309and
SI23317(the letters addressed to the United Nations by the United King-
dom and the United States; SI23306was sent to the Security Council by
France).
33. On the following day, 21 January 1992,the Security Council was
convened and the agenda - letters dated 20 and 23 December 1991

(Sl23306; Sl23307; Sl23308; Sl23309; SI23317) :the lettersindicated inpubliéecomme document des Nations Unies sous les cotes N46/844
et S123416,la Libye déclarait son ((entièredisposition à coopérerpour
[fairela vérité]))t se disait ((entièrementdisposéeà coopéreravec toute
instance juridique internationale impartiale)). Cette lettre soulignait
que la Charte ((garantit l'égalitentre les peuples et leur droità choisir
librement leurs options politiques et sociales, droit inscrit dans les pré-
ceptes divins [et]dans le droit international));i) dans sa lettre du 8jan-
vier 1992,publiéesous les cotes N461841et Sl23396,la Libye a déclaré:

«S'ils'agitde différendspolitiquesentre cestrois pays et la Libye,
ces différends devraient êtreexaminéssur la base de la Charte des
Nations Unies, qui, loin de sanctionner l'agression ou la menace
d'agression, prône le règlement des différendspar des moyens paci-
fiques. Or la Libye s'est déclarée disposée à accepter tout moyen
pacifique souhaitépar les trois pays pour résoudreles différends
existants.

31. Il est donc clair que l'exigenceexpriméepar les Etats-Unis que les
deux suspects leur soient livrésainsi que le refus immédiat opposépar la
Libye d'accéder à cette exigenceavaient déjà été notifiéspar la Libye à
l'Organisationdes Nations Unies le 17novembre 1991 - non pas, appa-
remment, comme des questionsjuridiques se posant exclusivemententre
les deux Etats, mais comme des problèmesconcernant la paix et la sécu-

ritéinternationalesdanslesquelsl'Organisation desNations Uniesdevrait
intervenir.

B. Les résolutionsdu Conseil de sécurité
La résolution731 (1992) du Conseil de sécurité du 21janvier 1992

32. Le 20 janvier 1992 - c'est-à-dire deuxjours après que la lettre
du 18janvier 1992adresséepar la Libye aux Etats-Unis et au Royaume-
Uni eut étédistribuéecomme document du Conseil de sécurité sous la

cote SI23441(voir ci-dessuspar. 28) - le Royaume-Uni et les Etats-Unis
ainsi que la France ont présentéau Conseil de sécurité, envue de son
adoption, un projet de résolution (Nations Unies, doc. S123762),dont
le principal objet était d'encouragerla Libye«à répondre de façon com-
plèteet effectiveaux demandes))(les italiques sont de moi) faites par le
Royaume-Uni et les Etats-Unis.
Il convient de noter qu'en fait la remise des deux suspects aux Etats-
Unis (ou au Royaume-Uni) n'était pas mentionnée explicitementdans ce
projet de résolution, sauf par un simple renvoi aux lettres reproduites
dans les documents du Conseil de sécuritép ,ubliéssous lescotes Sl23306,
Sl23307,Sl23308,SI23309et SI23317(les lettres adressées à l'organisa-
tion des Nations Unies par le Royaume-Uni et les Etats-Unis; la lettre

adresséeau Conseil de sécurité par la France portait la coteS123306).
33. Le lendemain, le 21janvier 1992,leConseil de sécurité s'estréuni
et a adoptéson ordre dujour - lettres datées des20 et 23 décembre1991
(Sl23306; Sl23307; Sl23308; SI23309et Sl23317) :les lettres figuranàthe agenda consisted of the letters addressed to the United Nations
Secretary-General by France, the United Kingdom and the United
States, mentioned above - was adopted.
34. Most of the arguments presented were directed at rather general
questions relating to the condemnation or elimination of international
terrorism, on the tacit understanding that the destruction of Pan Am
flight 103 was caused by persons (allegedly Libyan intelligence agents)

now residing in Libya.

The surrender of the two suspects by Libya to either the United States
or the United Kingdom was barely addressed in the Security Council
debates. Support for the surrender of the two suspects was mentioned in
the debates in only the statements of the United Statesand of the United
Kingdom. The United States representative said:
"The resolution makes it clear that the Council is seeking to
ensure that those accused be tried promptly in accordance with the
tenets of international law. The resolution provides that the people
accused be simplyand directly turned over to the judicial authorities
of the Governments which are competent under international law to

try them." (United Nations doc. SlPV.3033,p. 79.)

The United Kingdom representative said:

"We very much hope that Libya will respond fully, positively and
promptly, and that the accused will be made available to the legal
aiithorities in Scotland or the United States . . The two accused of
bombing Pan Am flight 103 must face, and must receive a proper
trial.Since the crime occurred in Scotland and the aircraft was
American, and since the investigation has been carried out in Scot-
land and in the United States, the trial should clearly take place in
Scotland or in the United States. It has been suggested the men
might be tried in Libya. But in the particular circumstances there
can be no confidence in the impartiality of the Libyan courts."
(Ibid., p. 105.)

35. In the meeting that took place on 21 January 1992,the Security
Council unanimously adopted resolution 731 (1992) which includes the
following :
"The Security Council,

.............................
Deeply concerned over the result of investigations . . .which are
contained in Security Council documents that include the requests
addressed to the Libyan authorities by .. .the United Kingdom ...
and the United States . . .in connection with the legal procedures
related to the attac[k] carried out against Pan Am flight 103 . ..;l'ordre du jour étaient celles, mentionnées ci-dessus,que la France, le
Royaume-Uni et lesEtats-Unis avaient adresséesau Secrétairegénéral de
l'organisation des Nations Unies.
34. La plupart des arguments présentésportaient sur des questions
assez générales relativesa la condamnation ou à l'éliminationdu terro-
risme international, et il était tacitement entendu que la destruction de
l'appareil assurant le vol 103de la Pan Am avait étécauséepar des per-

sonnes (présuméesêtre des agents derenseignement libyens) qui rési-
daient alors en Libye.
Durant les débatsau Conseil de sécuritéla question de la remise des
deux suspects par la Libye, soit au Royaume-Uni, soit aux Etats-Unis, a
été à peine abordée.Dans leurs déclarations devant le Conseil seuls le
Royaume-Uni et lesEtats-Unis se sont déclarés favorables à la remisedes
suspects. Le représentantdes Etats-Unis a déclaré:
«11ressort clairementde la résolution quel'objectif recherchépar
le Conseil est de faire en sorte que les accuséssoientjugésprompte-

ment conformément aux principes du droit international. La résolu-
tion stipule que les personnes accuséessoient simplement et directe-
ment remises aux autorités judiciaires des gouvernements qui, en
droit international, sont compétents pour lesjuger.(Nations Unies,
doc. SIPV.3033,p. 78-79.)
Et le représentantdu Royaume-Uni a dit:

«Nous espéronsvivement que la Libye répondra complètement,
positivement et promptement, et que les accusésseront livrésaux
autoritésjudiciaires en Ecosse ou aux Etats-Unis ...Les deux per-
sonnes accuséesd'avoir détruitl'avion assurant le vol 103de la Pan
Am doivent se présenter devantla justice et être dûmentjugées. Le
crime ayant eu lieu en Ecosse, l'avion étantaméricain, etl'enquête
ayant été conduiteen Ecosse et aux Etats-Unis, le procèsdevrait de
toute évidencese dérouleren Ecosse ou aux Etats-Unis. Il a été sug-
géréque ces hommes pourraient êtrejugésen Libye. Mais, dans ces
circonstancesparticulières,on ne peut avoir confiance dans l'impar-
tialité des tribunaux libyens.))(Ibid., p. 104.)

35. Lors de sa séancedu 21 janvier 1992, le Conseil de sécurité a
adoptéà l'unanimité la résolution731 (1992),qui comporte les passages
suivants:

«Le Conseilde sécurité,
.............................
Profondémentpréoccupépar ce qui résulte desenquêtes ...et qui
est mentionnédans les documents du Conseil de sécuritéqui font
état des demandes adresséesaux autorités libyennes par les Etats-
Unis d'Amérique ..et le Royaume-Uni ..liéesaux procéduresjudi-
ciaires concernant [l']attentat perpétré contrel[e]vol 103de la Pan
Am ...; Determined to eliminate international terrorism,
.............................

2. Strongly deploresthe fact that the Libyan Governmenthas not
yet responded effectivelyto the above requests to cooperate fully in
establishing responsibility for the terroristc[t] . . against Pan Am
flight 103 . ..;
3. Urges the Libyan Government immediately to provide a full
and effective response to those requests so as to contribute to the
elimination of international terrorism;
4. Requests the Secretary-General to seek the cooperation of the
Libyan Government to provide a full and effectiveresponse to those
requests" (emphasis added).

It should be noted that, although the surrender of the two suspects was
not specifically mentioned in the resolution, the "request" referred to
therein meant mainly the surrender of the suspects, and that the Security
Council referred to the request of the United States and of the United
Kingdom that Libya CO-operatein establishing responsibility for the ter-
rorist act, which request, as 1repeat, included a cal1for the surrender of
the two suspects.
36. The Secretary-General presented a report on 11 February 1992,
issued as United Nations document Sl23574,pursuant to paragraph 4 of
Security Council resolution 731 (1992) in which the Secretary-General
gave a report on the visit of his mission to Libya and transmitted Libya's
viewpoint. On 3 March 1992,the Secretary-General presented a further
report on the same issue as United Nations document SI23672 which
concluded that :

"it will be seen that while resolution 731 (1992) has not yet been
complied with, there has been a certain evolution in the position of
the Libyan authorities sincethe Secretary-General's earlierreport of
11February 1992".
It was on that very date, 3 March 1992,that Libya filed the Applica-
tion in the present case instituting proceedings against the United States

on "questions of interpretation and application of the [1971]Montreal
Convention arising from the aerial incident at Lockerbie".

The meaning of Security Council resolution 731(1992)
37. It appearsfrom thischain of events dating from November 1991to
the date of the Application, namely 3 March 1992,that what concerned
Libya was the fact that, on the basis of a proposa1 made by the United

States, the United Kingdom, as wellas France, the Security Councilhad
passed resolution 731on 21January 1992by which it "urge[d]the Libyan
Government immediately to provide a full and effectiveresponse to those
requests so as to contribute to the elimination of international terrorism"
(emphasis added) ("those requests" being mainly the requests of the Résolu à éliminerle terrorisme international,
.............................

2. Déplorevivement le fait que le Gouvernement libyen n'ait pas
répondueffectivement à cejour aux demandes ci-dessus de coopérer
pleinement pour l'établissementdes responsabilitésdans [l']acteter-
roriste..contre l[e]vol 103de la Pan Am ..;
3. Demande instamment aux autoritéslibyennesd'apporter immé-
diatement une réponse complèteet effective à ces demandes afin de
contribuer àl'éliminationdu terrorisme international;
4. Prie le Secrétairegénéradle rechercher la coopération du Gou-
vernement libyen en vue d'apporter une réponse complèteet effec-
tiveà ces demandes» (les italiques sont de moi).

Il convient d'observer que mêmesi la résolutionne fait pas explicitement
mention d'une remise des deux suspects, la «demande» qui y est men-
tionnéevise surtout à l'obtenir, et que le Conseil de sécurité évoque la
demande adresséepar les Etats-Unis et le Royaume-Uni à la Libye de
coopérer à l'établissement des responsabilités dans l'acte terroriste,
demande qui, je le répète,comporte un appel à livrer les deux suspects.

36. Le 11 février 1992, le Secrétaire généraal présentéun rapport
publié comme document des Nations Unies sous la cote Sl23574, en

application du paragraphe 4 de la résolution 731 (1992) du Conseil de
sécuritéd, ans lequel il rendait compte de sa mission en Libye et faisait
connaître le point de vue de la Libye. Le 3mars 1992, leSecrétairegéné-
ral a présentéun rapport supplémentaire sur la mêmequestion publié
comme document des Nations Unies sous la cote Sl23672,qui concluait
que :
((11résultede ce qui précèdeque si les autoritéslibyennes ne se
sont pas encore conformées aux dispositions de la résolution 731

(1992),ellesont infléchileur position depuis le rapport précédentdu
Secrétaire généraeln date du 11février1992. »
C'est à cette mêmedate, le 3 mars 1992, que la Libye a déposé sa
requête introductived'instance contre les Etats-Unis sur des ((questions
d'interprétationet d'application de la convention de Montréal [de 19711
résultant del'incident aériende Lockerbie)).

La signiJicationde la résolution 731(1992) du Conseil de sécurité

37. Il ressort de cette suite d'événements survenusentre novembre
1991et la date du dépôt de la requête,àsavoir le 3mars 1992,que ce qui
préoccupaitla Libye étaitle fait que, sur la base d'une proposition pré-

sentéepar le Royaume-Uni et les Etats-Unis, ainsi que par la France, le
Conseil de sécuritéavait adopté la résolution731 le 21janvier 1992,aux
termesdelaquelleil «demand[ait]instamment auxautoritéslibyennesd'ap-
porter immédiatementune réponse complèteet effective àces demandes
afin de contribuer à l'éliminationdu terrorisme international)) (les ita-United States and the United Kingdom for surrender of the suspects).

The United States and the United Kingdom did not at that time appear
to have considered that there was a "dispute" between themselves and
Libya within the meaning of Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter,
as is clear from the fact that the United States and the UnitedKingdom
participated in the voting on that SecurityCouncil resolution 731 (1992).

Libya appears to have considered that the United States and the United
Kingdom would have been well aware that their demand, now called a
"request", would have had to be made simply from the standpoint of a
political consideration that international terrorism should be condemned
and eliminated.
38. The United Statesand the United Kingdom were apparently of the
view, on 20-21 January 1992,that Libya's refusa1to surrender the two
suspects named in connection with the Lockerbie incident would have
consequences for the maintenance of international peace and security,
and should have been dealt with by the Security Council which has pri-
rnary responsibility for that object. It may be assumed that the United
States and the United Kingdom would have known that the demand
would not be a matter that could be dealt with from a legal point of view.

The fact that, on 21 January 1992,the Security Council dealt unani-
mously with the Lockerbie incident as a matter connected with interna-
tional peace and security had nothing to do with the issue of whether or
not the United States and the United Kingdom had legal competence to
require the surrender of the two suspects and of whether or not Libya

was obliged to surrender them under the provisions of the Montreal Con-
vention. These separate issues should be examined on their own merits.

Security Council resolutions 748 (1992) and 883 (1993)

39. The United States and the United Kingdom appear, after the filing
of Libya's Application in the present case, to have considered that
Libya's firmresistance to the surrender of the two suspects would consti-
tute "threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression"
(United Nations Charter, Chap. VII). In fact, the United States and the
United Kingdom, together with France, submitted another draft resolu-
tion to the Security Council on 30 March 1992 (United Nations doc.
Sl25058).This appeal by the United States and the United Kingdom (as
wellas France) to the SecurityCouncil to adopt a draft resolution under
Chapter VI1of the UnitedNations Charter was not directlyrelated to the
present Application filedby Libya on 3 March 1992and had been under
negotiation in the Security Council before that date.

40. On 31 March 1992, the Security Council, "acting under Chap-
terVI1of the Charter", adopted resolution 748(1992).The United Statesliques sont de moi) (((cesdemandes)) étantessentiellementles demandes
des Etats-Unis et du Royaume-Uni que les suspects soient livrés).
Les Etats-Unis et le Royaume-Uni ne semblaientpas avoir considéréà
l'époquequ'ilexistaitun ((différend»,au sensdu chapitre VI de la Charte

des Nations Unies, entre eux-mêmeset la Libye, comme le montre clais
rement le fait que lesEtats-Unis et le Royaume-Uni ont participéau vote
sur cette résolution 731 (1992) du Conseil de sécurité.La Libye paraît
avoir penséque lesEtats-Unis et le Royaume-Uni devaient bien serendre
compte qu'ils devraient formuler leur exigence, désormaisqualifiée de
«demande», simplement sous l'angle d'une considération politique, qui
était de faire condamner et d'éliminerle terrorisme international.

38. LesEtats-Unis et le Royaume-Uni considéraientapparemment, les
20 et 21janvier 1992,que le refus de la Libye de livrer les deux suspects
dont les noms avaient été mentionnés dans le cadre de l'incident deLoc-
kerbie aurait des conséquencessur le maintien de la paix et de la sécurité
internationales et qu'il y avait lieu d'en saisir le Conseil de sécurité, qui
exerce la responsabilité principale dans ce domaine. On peut supposer

que les Etats-Unis et le Royaume-Uni devaient savoir que leur exigence
n'était pas une question qui pouvait êtreexaminéed'un point de vuejuri-
dique.
Le fait que, le 21 janvier 1992, le Conseil de sécuritéa été unanime
pour considérer l'incidentde Lockerbie comme une question liée àla paix
et àla sécuritéinternationales n'a rieà voir avec le point de savoir si les
Etats-Unis et le Royaume-Uni avaient ou non compétence, endroit, pour
exiger la remise des deux suspects, et si la Libye était ou non obligéede
les livrer en application des dispositions de la convention de Montréal.
Ces questions séparées devraient êtreexaminéesenfonction des éléments
qui leur sont propres.

Les résolutions 748(1992) et 883 (1993) du Conseilde sécurité

39. Les Etats-Unis et le Royaume-Uni semblent avoir considéré,après
le dépôt dela requête dela Libye en la présente affaire, que l'opposition
fermemanifestéepar la Libye à la remisedes deux suspectsconstituait un
cas de ((menacecontre la paix, de rupture de la paix et d'acte d'agres-
sion)) (chapitreVI1 de la Charte des Nations Unies). En fait, les Etats-
Unis et le Royaume-Uni, ainsi que la France, ont proposéun autre pro-
jet de résolutionau Conseil de sécurité le 30 mars 1992(Nations Unies,
doc. Sl25058). L'appel lancé à cette occasion par les Etats-Unis et le
Royaume-Uni (ainsi que par la France) au Conseil de sécurité pour que
celui-ci adopte un projet de résolution en vertu du chapitre VI1 de la
Charte des Nations Unies n'était pas directementlié à la requêtedéposée
en la présente instancepar la Libye le 3 mars 1992et avait fait l'objet de

négociationsau Conseil de sécuritéavant cette date.
40. Le 31mars 1992,le Conseil de sécurité(,(agissanten vertu du cha-
pitreVI1de la Charte)), a adoptéla résolution748(1992).Les Etats-Unisand the United Kingdom, as sponsoring States,ensured that the proposa1
before the Security Council stated that it was "deeply concerned that the
Libyan Government has stillnot provided a full and effectiveresponse to
the requests in its resolution 731" (emphasis added).

During the meeting in the Security Council, the United States repre-
sentative said:

"We have called upon Libya to . . turn over the two suspectsin
the bombing of Pan Am 103for trial in either the United States or
the United Kingdom ... This resolution also makes clear the Coun-
cil'sdecisionthat Libya should complywith those demands." (United
Nations doc. SlPV.3063,p. 66.)
The United Kingdom representative stated:

"We were especiallygrateful to the Arab Ministers who went to
Tripoli last week to seek to persuade the Libyan leader to comply
and hand over the accused so that they could stand trial. The three
CO-sponsorsof the resolution have taken the greatest care to allow
time for these efforts to bear fruit." (Ibid., p. 69.)

In fact the demand for the surrender of the suspects was inserted impli-

citly into that resolution, although its main purpose was to condemn the
Lockerbie incident itself totally and also, more generally, acts of terror-
ism in whichLibya was allegedlyinvolved.The Security Council decided
to impose economic sanctionsupon Libya.

41. Having obtained no positive result from Security Council resolu-
tion 748 (1992), the United States and the United Kingdom (together
with France) again took the initiative in proposing a renewed resolution
to the Security Council (United Nations doc. Sl26701) which, on
11 November 1993, adopted Security Council resolution 883 (1993),
along similar lines to resolution 748 (1992).In that meeting the United
States representative said "[wle await the turnover of those indicted for
the bombing of Pan Am 103" (United Nations doc. SlPV.3312, p. 41)
and the United Kingdom representative stated:

"if the Secretary-General reports to the Council that the Libyan
Government has ensured the appearance of those charged with the
Lockerbiebombing before the appropriate United States or Scottish
court . . then the Security Council will review the sanctions with a
view to suspendingthem immediately" (ibid., p. 45).

C. Conclusion

42. The question remains whether these Security Council resolutions,
particularly resolutions 748 (1992) and 883 (1993), which were adoptedet le Royaume-Uni, comme coauteurs, ont veillé à ce que la proposition
soumise au Conseil de sécuritéindique que celui-ci était ((gravement
préoccupéde ce que le Gouvernement libyen n'ait pas encore donnéune
réponsecomplète et effective aux demandes contenues dans sa résolu-
tion 731» (les italiques sont de moi).
Au cours du débat au Conseil de sécurité,le représentant des Etats-

Unis a déclaré:
«Nous avons demandé à la Libye ..qu'elle ..livre les deux sus-
pects dans l'explosion du vol Pan Am 103, afin qu'ils soient jugés
soit aux Etats-Unis soit au Royaume-Uni ...Cette résolution sou-
ligne clairement que le Conseil a décidéque la Libye devait se con-
former à ces exigences.» (Nations Unies, doc. SlPV.3063,p. 66.)

Et le représentantdu Royaume-Uni s'estexprimé ences termes:
«Nous sommes en particulier reconnaissants aux ministresarabes
qui se sont rendus la semaine dernièreàTripoli pour essayer de per-
suader le dirigeant libyen de se conformerà la résolutionen livrant
les accusésafin qu'ils puissentêtrejugés. Lestrois auteurs de la réso-

lution se sont efforcés minutieusement defaire en sorte que le temps
permette à ces efforts de porter fruit.» (Ibid., p. 68-69.)
En fait, l'exigenceque lessuspectssoient livrésa étinséréeimplicitement
dans cette résolution, bien que le principal objet de celle-ci ait étéde
condamner l'incident de Lockerbie lui-mêmedans sa totalitéet aussi, de
manière plus générale,les actes de terrorisme dans lesquels la Libye
aurait étéimpliquée.Le Conseil de sécurité a décidéd'imposer des sanc-
tions économiques à la Libye.
41. N'ayant pas obtenu de résultats positifs à la suite de l'adoption

de la résolution 748 (1992)du Conseil de sécurité,les Etats-Unis et le
Royaume-Uni (ainsi que la France) ont pris de nouveau l'initiative de
proposer une nouvelle résolutionau Conseil de sécurité (NationsUnies,
doc. Sl26701)qui a adopté,le 11novembre 1993,la résolution883 (1993)
du Conseil, qui allait dans le mêmesens que la résolution 748 (1992).
Lors de cette séance,le représentant des Etats-Unis a déclaré:«Nous
attendons que les accusésde l'attentat contre le vol Pan Am 103nous
soient remis» (Nations Unies, doc. SlPV.3312,p. 51) et le représentant
du Royaume-Uni a déclaréque:

«si le Secrétaire générailnformait le Conseil que le Gouverne-
ment libyen s'engageà fairecomparaître devant letribunal américain
ou écossaisappropriéceux qui sont accusésde l'attentat de Locker-
bie...le Conseil de sécurité réexamineraiatlors les sanctions en vue
de les suspendre immédiatement))(ibid., p. 58).

C. Conclusion

42. Il reste la question de savoir si ces résolutionsdu Conseil de sécu-
rité,en particulier les résolutions748 (1992)et 883(1993),adoptées aprèsafter the filing of the Application in this case, bear on the present case
brought by Libya. In other words, the question of whether Libya's
3 March 1992Application has become without object after the adoption

of these 31 March 1992and 11November 1993SecurityCouncil resolu-
tions, is distinct from the case as presented by Libya. If there is any dis-
pute in this respect, it could be a dispute between Libya and the Security
Council or between Libya and the United Nations, or both, but not
between Libya and the United States.

The effect of the Security Council resolutions (adopted for the aim of
maintaining international peace and security) upon the member States is
a matter quite irrelevant to this case and the question of whether the
Application of Libya is without object in the light of those resolutions
hardly arises.

43. Even though 1found that Libya'sApplication should be dismissed
owing to the Court's lack ofjurisdiction, 1nonetheless wanted to express
my view that these Security Council resolutions, which have a political
connotation in dealing with broader aspects of threats to the peace or
breaches of the peace, have nothing to do with the present case, which,
had there been jurisdiction, could have been submitted to the Court as
a legal issue which existed between the United States and Libya, and
between the United Kingdom and Libya, before the resolutions were
adopted by the Security Council.

(Signed) Shigeru ODA.le dépôt de la requêteen l'espèce,ont des incidences sur la présente
affaire telle qu'elle a été soumisepar la Libye. En fait, la question de

savoir si la requêteintroduite le 3 mars 1992par la Libye est devenue
sans objet après l'adoption de ces résolutions du Conseil de sécuritédu
31 mars 1992et du 11novembre 1993a un caractère distinct de l'affaire
quela Libye a soumise àla Cour. Siun différendexiste à ce sujet, il pour-
rait s'agird'un différendentre la Libye et le Conseil de sécuri, u entre
la Libye et l'organisation des Nations Unies, ou les deux, mais non pas
entre la Libye et les Etats-Unis.
L'effet desrésolutionsdu Conseil de sécurité(adoptéesdans le but de
maintenir la paix et la sécuriinternationales)sur les Etats Membres est
une question qui est tout à fait dénuéede pertinence dans la présente
affaire, et la question de savoir si la requêtede la Libye est devenue sans
objet après l'adoption de ces résolutionsne se pose guère.

43. Tout en estimant que la requête dela Libye devrait êtrerejetéeau
motif que la Cour n'est pas compétente,je tenais néanmoins à exprimer
l'avisque ces résolutionsdu Conseil de sécuritéq,ui ont une connotation
politique concernant les aspects plus générauxdes menaces à la paix ou
des ruptures de la paix, n'ont aucun rapport avec la présente affaire,qui,
si la Cour était compétente,auraitpu lui êtresoumisecomme un point de
droit opposant les Etats-Unis et la Libye, et le Royaume-Uniet la Libye,
avant que les résolutionsne soient adoptées par le Conseil de sécurité.

(SignéS )higeru ODA.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion of Judge Oda

Links