Dissenting opinion of Judge Morozov

Document Number
064-19800524-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
064-19800524-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE MOROZOV

1voted against paragraphs 1,2, 5 and 6 and in favour of paragraphs 3
and 4 of the operative part of the Judgment.Furthermore. there were some
points in the reasoning which 1 could not accept. and 1 would like to

explain the reasons for this.
1. 1consider that the long-established rules of generalinternational law
relating to the privileges, inviolabilities and immunities of diplornatic and

consular personnel areamong those which are particularly important for
theimplementation of such basicprinciples of contemporary international
law as the peaceful coexistence of countries with different political. social
and economic structures. These rules are reflected in the Vienna Conven-
tion of 18April 1961on Diplomatic Relations and the Vienna Convention
of 24 Apnl 1963 on Consular Relations.

The obligations laid on the parties to the Conventions should be strictly

observed and any violation of their provisions by any country should be
immediately terminated.
2. But the Court will be competent to deal with the question of such
violations at therequest of one party to thedispute only if the otherparty in
one or another of theforms provided by Article 36 or 37of the Statute has
expressed its agreement to refer the case to the Court. For the purposes of

this dispute, which has been referred to the Court only by one party. it is
necessary to notice that the two Optional Protocols to the two Vienna
Conventions provide in Article 1 that :

"Disputes arising out of the interpretation or application of the
Convention shall lie within the compulsory jurisdiction of the Inter-
national Court of Justice and may accordingly be brought before the

Court ban applicationmade hyanypary to thedisputeheinga Pur!,,to
rhepresent Protocol." (Emphasis added.)

The Optional Protocols were duly ratified by the United States and
Iran.
3. It would therefore not have been necessary to undertake any further
examination of the question of jurisdiction if the Court in operative
paragraph 1 had limited itself to recognition of the fact that the Islamic
Republic of Iran had violated several obligations owed by it under the
C'iennuConventions of 1961 and 1963.

Instead. the Court qualified the actions of Iran as violations of itsobligations "underinternationalconventions in force between thetwo coun-
tries" (emphasis added).
The formula adopted by the Court, read in combination with para-
graphs 50,5 1,52,53 and 54of theJudgment, signifiesrecognition that the
Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights between the
United States and Iran of 1955is an additional source forjurisdiction of
the Court in the current case.
If one comparesthe text ofArticle 1of the twoOptional Protocols tothe
ViennaConventionswith thetext of Article XXI (2)of theTreaty of 1955,
one finds without difficulty that the latter text (unlike the Optional Pro-
tocols) does not provide for unconditionaljurisdiction of the Court at the
request of on&oneparty to the dispute.

In its Memorial (p. 41) the Applicant concedes : "It is, of course, tme
that the textofArticle XXI (2)doesnot provide inexpresstermsthat either
party to a dispute may bring the case to the Court by unilateral applica-
tion."

Following passages of the Memorial contain references to the under-
standing allegedly reached between the United States of America and
other countries on some bilateral treaties of the same type. According to
the Agent of the United States of America, a number of countries under-
stand that aformula analogousto Article XXI(2)of theTreaty givestoany
party the right to submit a dispute to the Court by unilateral applica-
tion.
But asiscorrectly said onpage42of the sarneMemorial :"Iran isnot,of
course, bound by any understanding between the United States and third
countries." Thus theApplicant itself recognized that, legallyspeaking, the
Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights of 1955could
not be used as a source of the Court'sjurisdiction.

In the light of the actions taken by theGovernment of the United States
of America in November 1979and further during the period from Decem-
ber 1979to April 1980 - military invasion of the territory of Iran, a series
of economic sanctions and other coercivemeasures which are, to Saythe
least, incompatible with suchnotions asamity -, it isclear that theUnited
States of America, according to comrnonly recognized principles of inter-
national law, has now deprived itself of any right to refer to the Treaty of
1955 in its relations with the Islarnic Republic of Iran.
In an endeavour to show that provisions of the Treaty of 1955may be
considered as a source ofjurisdiction in this case, the Court, in someof its
reasoning, goes so far as to consider the actions of the United States of

America as some kind of normal counter-measures, and overlooks the fact
that they are incompatible not only with the Treaty of 1955 but with
the provisions of general international law, including the Charter of the
United Nations.
4. On the other hand, the formula used by the Court in paragraph 1 of
theoperative part of theJudgment, read incombination withparagraph 55 53 DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR STAFF (DISSO. P.MOROZOV)

of the reasoning and operativeparagraphs 5and 6,implies that the Court
only in the present Judgment has decided not to enter into the question
whether, in the particular circumstances of the case, Article 13 of the
Convention of 1973on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against
Internationally Protected Persons including Diplomatic Agents "provides
a basis for the exercise of the Court's jurisdiction with respect" to the
claims of the United States of America.
Taking into account the fact that in operative paragraph 6 the Court
provides fora possiblecontinuation of thecaseon aquestion ofreparation,
this implies that the Court does not excludethe possibility that the claimof
the United States ofAmerica to foundjurisdictionon the 1973Convention

might in future be re-examined. Therefore 1am obliged toobserve that the
Convention of 1973 does not provide for the unconditional right of one
party to a dispute to present an application to the Court. This right arises,
according to Article 13of the Convention, only if the other party in the
course of sixmonthshas not accepted arequest to organize an arbitration.
The Memorial of the United States, as well as additional explanations
given by Counsel for the United States at the public meeting of the Court
on 20 March 1980, provide evidence that the United States Government
never suggested to the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran the
organization ofanyarbitrationasprovided for by theConvention of 1973.
It is also necessary to take note that the 1973 Convention is not a

substitute for either of the Vienna Conventions of 1961and 1963 ;it was
drawn up for the purpose of ensuring CO-operationamong States in their
efforts to fight international terrorism.
The formula employed by the Court in operative paragraph 1, when
read in combination with paragraph 91, serves also to level at Iran the
unfounded allegation that ithasviolated theCharter of theUnited Nations
and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
5. Paragraphs 2,5 and 6of the operative part of theJudgment relate to
the question of the responsibility of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards
the United States ofAmerica and theobligation of Iran tomakereparation
to the United States.

It is well known that, in accordance with the provisions of general
international law, some violations of freelyaccepted international obliga-
tions may be followed by a duty to make compensation for the resultant
damag".
But taking into accounttheextraordinary circumstances whichoccurred
during the period ofjudicial deliberation on the case, when the Applicant
itself committed many actions which caused enormous damage to the
Islamic Republic of Iran, theApplicant has forfeited the legalright as well
as the moral right to expect the Court to uphold any claim for repara-
tion.
Thesituation in whichthe Court has carriedon itsjudicial deliberationsin
the currentcase has noprecedent in the wholehistory of the administrationof

international justice either before this Court, or before any international
judicial institution. While declaring its intention to settle the dispute between the United
States ofAmerica andthe Islamic Republic of Iran exclusivelybypeaceful
means, and presenting its Application to the Court, the Applicant in fact
simultaneously acted contrary to its own declaration, and committed a
seriesof graveviolations of the provisions of general international lawand
the Charter of the United Nations. Pending the Judgment of the Court
these violations included unilateral economic sanctions and many other
coercivemeasures against Iran, and culminated in a military attack on the
territory of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
One element of these violations was the decision to freezeIranian assets
in the United States, which, according to press and broadcast reports,
amount to some 12 billion dollars. On 7 April 1980new measures were
taken by the President of the United States with the future disposa1of the
frozen assets by the American authorities in view. In the letter from the
Deputy Agent of the United States of 15April 1980, these actions of the

President were explained particularly by the necessity to make an inven-
tory and by the idea that the calculation might "well be useful in further
proceedings before the Court as to the amount of reparations owed by
Iran". But in thisletter the Deputy Agent failed to comment on the crucial
point of the statement of the President of the United States on 7 April
1980,which undoubtedly shows that the real purpose of his order relating
to Iranian frozen assets is to use them in accordance with decisions which
would be taken in a domestic framework by the United States itself.
In the statement of the President of the United States of 7 April1980 we
read :

"3. The Secretary of the Treasury will make a forma1inventory of
the assets of the Iranian Government which were frozen by my pre-
vious order and also make a census or inventory of the outstanding
claims ofAmerican citizens and corporations against the Government
of Iran.Thisaccountingofclaimswillaidindesigningaprogramagainst
Iranfor thehostages,thehostagefamilies andother USclaimants. We
arenowpreparing legislation whichwill be introduced intheCongressto
facilirateprocessingandpaying of theseclaims. " (Emphasis added.)

In the context of the statement, this implies that the United States is
acting as a 'tjudge"in its owncause. It should be noted that, according to a
communication published in the International Herald Tribune on 19-
20 April 1980,the above-mentioned request to the United States Congress
included a provision to "reimburse theUnited States for rnilitarycosts
becauseof the hostagecrisis"(emphasis added).
6. Furthermore, despite the fact that the SecurityCouncil did not adopt
the suggestion of the United States to order sanctions against the Islamic
Republic of Iran, the Government of the United States decided not only to
undertake unilaterally al1these sanctions but also to take some additional
coercive measures.
In these completely unusual circumstances, it is not possible to include55 DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR STAFF (DISSO. P.MOROZOV)

in the Judgment any provisions establishing the responsibility of the
Islamic Republic of Iran towards the United States ofAmenca and a duty
to makereparation, as isdone inparagraphs 2,5 and 6ofthe operative part
of the Judgment. The Court has disregarded the unlawfulness of the
above-mentioned actions of the United States of America and has conse-
quently said nothing about the Applicant'sresponsibility for those actions
to the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Operative paragraph 6 of the Judgment, which provides that the "form
and amount of such reparation, failing agreement between the Parties,
shallbe settled bytheCourt" and "reservesfor this purpose the subsequent
procedure in the case", does not affect my objection. Even if these pro-
visions are detached from operative paragraph 5, and read only with
operative paragraph 2,it is still apparent that theCourthas recognized an

imperative duty on the part of Iran to make reparation tn the United
States.
It has been mentioned that the absence of Iran from thejudicial pro-
ceedings allegedly created an obstacle to considering its possible counter-
claims against the United States of America. But the wholly unilateral
actions committed by the United States of Amenca against Iran simulta-
neously with the judicial proceedings were clearly proved by documents
presented at the request of the Court by the Applicant itself,and there was
no legal obstacle to the Court's taking this evidence into account proprio
motuunder Article 53of the Statute, at leastwhenconsidering thequestion
of responsibility.
7. ~ome parts of the reasoningof the Judgment described the circum-
stances of the case in what 1find to be an incorrect or one-sided way.
It is not my intention to refer tol1those paragraphs in the reasoning
which 1could not accept. Accordingly 1confine myself to the inclusion in

this opinion of the points which, it seems to me, are the most impor-
tant.
8. I was unable to accept paragraphs 32,93 and 94.The language used
by the Court in those paragraphs does not givea full and correct descrip-
tion of the actions of theUnited States whichtook place on the territory of
the Islamic Republic of Iran on 24-25 April 1980.Some of the wording
used by the Court for its description of the events followsuncritically the
terminology used in the statement made by the President of the United
States on 25 Apnl 1980,in which vanous attempts were made tojustify,
from the point of viewof international law,the so-calledrescueoperation.
But even when the President's statement is quoted, some parts thereof,
which are important for a correct assessrnent of those events, are omit-
ted.
What happened in reality ?During the night of 24-25Apnl 1980armed
units of the military forces of the United States committed an invasion of
the territory of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In accordance with the

statement of the President of the United States of 25April 1980, the
planning of this invasion "beganshortlyafter OurEmbassy wasseized. ..
thiscomplexoperationhadtobetheproductofintensive trainingandrepeatedrehearsal"(emphasisadded).This means, first, that almost simultaneously
with its filing of the Application with a view to settling the dispute by
peaceful means, the United States started preparing for settlement of the
dispute by the use of armed force, and, secondly, that itproceeded to carry
out its plan wtule the Judgment of the Court was still pending.

It is a well-known fact that in the course of the period preceding the
military invasion, the United States concentrated naval forces near the
shore of Iran, including an aircraft-carrier,the Nimitz. And in the state-

ment of the United States Secretary of Defense on 25 April 1980weread :
"Thesecond helicopter[whichparticipated in the invasion] had difficulties,
reversed course,and landed aboardthe carrierNimitz in theArabian Sea."
(Emphasis added.)
The Court requested the United States Agent to present documents
related to the events of 24-25April, and they wereofficially transmitted to
it. Among them is the text of a report made by the United States to the
Security Council on 25April "pursuant to Article 51of the Charter of the
United Nations". In that report the United States maintained that the
"mission" had been carried out "in exercise of its inherent right of self-
defense".

The question of a rniiitary invasion committed by one Member of the
United Nations against another should of course be considered on every
occasion by the Security Council of the United Nations, in accordance
with its exclusive competence as provided by the Charter of the United
Nat~~--.
But, as has been observed, the invasion of the territory of Iran was
cornmitted by the United States in a period ofjudicial deliberation, and
was directed (at least according to the explanation given by the United
States) not toward the settlement of the dispute in a peaceful way, for
example, by negotiations or similar means (which could take place in
parallel with judicial proceedings), but byforce.

In my view, the Court should not, in this completely unusual situation,
have limited itself to stating that "an operation undertaken in those
circumstances, from whatever motive, isof akind calculated to undermine
respect for the judicial process in international relations" and to "re-
call[ingJ that in paragraph 47, 1B, of its Order of 15December 1979the
Court had indicated that no action was to be taken by either party which
might aggravate the tension between the two countries" (par. 93). At the
same time the Court said that "the question of the legalityof theoperation
of 24 April 1980, under the Charter of the United Nations and under
general international law", is not "before the Court" and that "It follows
that the findings reached by the Court in ttusJudgment arenot affected by
that operation" (par. 94).

1consider that, without any prejudice tothe above-mentioned exclusive
competence ofthe SecurityCouncil, the Court, from apurely legal point of
view, could have drawn attention to the undeniable legal fact that Arti-
cle 51of the Charter, estabiishing the right of self-defence,maybe invokedonly "if an armed attack occurs against aMember of the United Nations".
It should have added that in thedocumentation officiallypresented by the
United States to the Court in response to its request relating to the events
of 24-25 April 1980 there is no evidence that any armed attack had
occurred against the United States.

Furthermore, some indication should have been included in the Judg-
ment that the Court considers that settlement of the dispute between the
United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran should be reached exclu-
sively by peaceful means.
9. Among the paragraphf of the reasoning which 1described in point 7
above as incorrect or one-sided is paragraph 88, which deals with the
authorization extended to the former Shah to come to New York. This
authorization was extended to him even though the United States Gov-
ernment was well aware that he was considered by the Government and
people of the Islamic Republic of Iran asaperson whomthe United States
had restored to thethrone after overthrowing thelegitimategovernment of
Dr. Mossadegh, and as a man who had committed the gravest crimes
having been responsible for the torture and execution of thousands of
Iranians. His admission tothe United States, and thesubsequent refusa1to
extradite him, were thus real provocations and not, as the Judgrnent
suggests,merelyordinary actswhichjust happened to give risetoa "feeling
of offence".

(Signed) P. Mo~ozov.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE MOROZOV

1voted against paragraphs 1,2, 5 and 6 and in favour of paragraphs 3
and 4 of the operative part of the Judgment.Furthermore. there were some
points in the reasoning which 1 could not accept. and 1 would like to

explain the reasons for this.
1. 1consider that the long-established rules of generalinternational law
relating to the privileges, inviolabilities and immunities of diplornatic and

consular personnel areamong those which are particularly important for
theimplementation of such basicprinciples of contemporary international
law as the peaceful coexistence of countries with different political. social
and economic structures. These rules are reflected in the Vienna Conven-
tion of 18April 1961on Diplomatic Relations and the Vienna Convention
of 24 Apnl 1963 on Consular Relations.

The obligations laid on the parties to the Conventions should be strictly

observed and any violation of their provisions by any country should be
immediately terminated.
2. But the Court will be competent to deal with the question of such
violations at therequest of one party to thedispute only if the otherparty in
one or another of theforms provided by Article 36 or 37of the Statute has
expressed its agreement to refer the case to the Court. For the purposes of

this dispute, which has been referred to the Court only by one party. it is
necessary to notice that the two Optional Protocols to the two Vienna
Conventions provide in Article 1 that :

"Disputes arising out of the interpretation or application of the
Convention shall lie within the compulsory jurisdiction of the Inter-
national Court of Justice and may accordingly be brought before the

Court ban applicationmade hyanypary to thedisputeheinga Pur!,,to
rhepresent Protocol." (Emphasis added.)

The Optional Protocols were duly ratified by the United States and
Iran.
3. It would therefore not have been necessary to undertake any further
examination of the question of jurisdiction if the Court in operative
paragraph 1 had limited itself to recognition of the fact that the Islamic
Republic of Iran had violated several obligations owed by it under the
C'iennuConventions of 1961 and 1963.

Instead. the Court qualified the actions of Iran as violations of its OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. MOROZOV

[Traduction]

J'aivotécontre lesparagraphes 1,2,5 et 6et pour lesparagraphes 3et 4
du dispositif de l'arrêt. n outre je n'ai pu accepter certains passages des
motifs et je voudrais dire pourquoi.

1. J'estime que les règlesdu droit international général relatives aux
privilèges,inviolabilitks etimmunitésdu personnel diplomatique etconsu-
laire, règlesconsacréespar une longue pratique, sont des plus importantes
pour la mise en Œuvrede principes fondamentaux du droit international
contemporain tels que celui de la coexistence pacifique entre pays à
structures politiques, sociales et économiquesdifférentes.Ces règlessont
incorporéesdans laconvention de Viennedu 18avril 1961sur lesrelations
diplomatiques et dan:; la convention de Vienne du 24 avril 1963 sur les

relations consulaires.
Les obligations imposéesaux parties par ces conventions doivent être
strictement respectéeset il doit êtremis fin sans delaiàtoute violation de
leurs dispositions par quelque pays que se soit.
2. Toutefois la Coiir n'a compétence pour connaître d'une question
relative à de telles violations, à la requêted'une seule des parties au
différend,que si l'autrepartie a exprimé,sous l'une ou l'autre des formes
prévues auxarticles 36,ou 37du Statut, sonconsentement à ceque l'affaire
soit portéedevantla Cour. Encequiconcerne leprésentdifférend,quiaété
soumis à la Courpar uneseule partie, ily a lieu de noter que lesprotocoles
de signaturefacultative aux deux conventions de Vienne disposent en leur
article1 :

(<Les différends relatifsà l'interprétation ou à l'application de la
convention relèventde la compétenceobligatoire de la Cour interna-
tionale de Justice, quià ce titre, pourra êtresaisipar unerequêtede
toute partie au dijfférendqui sera elle-même Partie auprésent Proto-
cole.))(Les italiques sont de moi.)

Ces protocoles de signature facultative ont étédûment ratifiés par les
Etats-Unis et par l'Iran.
3. Il n'aurait donc pas éténécessaired'entreprendre ce nouvel examen
de la question de corripétencesi, au paragraphe 1 du dispositif, la Cour
s'étaitbornée à reconnaître que la République islamique d'Iran a violé
plusieurs obligations diontelleest tenue en vertudes conventionsde Vienne
de 1961 et de 1963.
Mais laCoura qualifiélesactes de l'Iran de violations de sesobligationsobligations "underinternationalconventions in force between thetwo coun-
tries" (emphasis added).
The formula adopted by the Court, read in combination with para-
graphs 50,5 1,52,53 and 54of theJudgment, signifiesrecognition that the
Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights between the
United States and Iran of 1955is an additional source forjurisdiction of
the Court in the current case.
If one comparesthe text ofArticle 1of the twoOptional Protocols tothe
ViennaConventionswith thetext of Article XXI (2)of theTreaty of 1955,
one finds without difficulty that the latter text (unlike the Optional Pro-
tocols) does not provide for unconditionaljurisdiction of the Court at the
request of on&oneparty to the dispute.

In its Memorial (p. 41) the Applicant concedes : "It is, of course, tme
that the textofArticle XXI (2)doesnot provide inexpresstermsthat either
party to a dispute may bring the case to the Court by unilateral applica-
tion."

Following passages of the Memorial contain references to the under-
standing allegedly reached between the United States of America and
other countries on some bilateral treaties of the same type. According to
the Agent of the United States of America, a number of countries under-
stand that aformula analogousto Article XXI(2)of theTreaty givestoany
party the right to submit a dispute to the Court by unilateral applica-
tion.
But asiscorrectly said onpage42of the sarneMemorial :"Iran isnot,of
course, bound by any understanding between the United States and third
countries." Thus theApplicant itself recognized that, legallyspeaking, the
Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights of 1955could
not be used as a source of the Court'sjurisdiction.

In the light of the actions taken by theGovernment of the United States
of America in November 1979and further during the period from Decem-
ber 1979to April 1980 - military invasion of the territory of Iran, a series
of economic sanctions and other coercivemeasures which are, to Saythe
least, incompatible with suchnotions asamity -, it isclear that theUnited
States of America, according to comrnonly recognized principles of inter-
national law, has now deprived itself of any right to refer to the Treaty of
1955 in its relations with the Islarnic Republic of Iran.
In an endeavour to show that provisions of the Treaty of 1955may be
considered as a source ofjurisdiction in this case, the Court, in someof its
reasoning, goes so far as to consider the actions of the United States of

America as some kind of normal counter-measures, and overlooks the fact
that they are incompatible not only with the Treaty of 1955 but with
the provisions of general international law, including the Charter of the
United Nations.
4. On the other hand, the formula used by the Court in paragraph 1 of
theoperative part of theJudgment, read incombination withparagraph 55« envertude conventi,onsinternationales en vigueurentre lesdeux pays »(les
italiques sont de moi.)
La formule adopté:epar la Cour, rapprochée desparagraphes 50,5 1,52,
53, 54 de l'arrêt,revient à dire que le traité d'amitié,de commerce et de
droits consulaires de 1955entre lesEtats-Unis et l'Iranest uneautre source
de compétencede la Cour en l'espèce.

Si l'on compare le texte de l'article 1des deux protocoles de signature
facultative aux conventions de Vienne au texte de l'article XXI, para-
graphe 2,du traitéde 1955,on voit aisémentque cedernierinstrument - à
la différence des protocoles de signature facultative - ne prévoitpas la
compétence inconditionnelle de la Cour sur requête d'une seulepartie au
diffërend.
Dansson mémoire(p. 4l), ledemandeur aconcédé :<(Certes iln'estpas
expressément prévu à l'article XXI, paragraphe 2, que l'une ou l'autre
partie à un différendpuisse porter celui-ci devant la Cour par requête

unilatérale.
La suite du mémoirecontient des références à l'interprétation de cer-
tains traitésbilatérauxdu même typedonnée,dit-on,d'un communaccord
par les Etats-Unis d'l4mériqueet d'autres pays. D'après l'agentdes Etats-
Unis, divers pays estimeraient qu'une formule analogue à celle de l'arti-
cle XXI, paragraphe 2, du traitédonne à toute partie le droit de saisir la
Cour d'un différendpar requête unilatérale.

Or,comme il est ditjustement à la page 42du mémoire : (<Certes l'Iran

n'est pas liépar une interprétation sur laquelle les Etats-Unis et des pays
tiers sont tombésd'accord. ))Ledemandeur adonc reconnului-mêmeque,
du point de vue juridique, le traitéd'amitié,de commerce et de droits
consulaires de 1955niepouvait servir de fondement à la compétencede la
Cour.
Compte tenu des actes accomplis par le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis
d'Amériqueen novembre 1979et de décembre 1979 à avril 1980 - l'in-
vasion militaire du territoire de l'Iran et une sériede sanctions écono-
miques et d'autres miesurescoercitives qui sont pour le moins incompa-
tibles avec des notions telles que l'amitié -, il est évidentque, selon les

principescommunément reconnusdu droit international, lesEtats-Unis se
sont désormaisprivésde tout droit d'invoquer le traitéde 1955dans leurs
relations avec la Républiqueislamique d'Iran.
En s'efforçant de prouver que lesdispositions du traitéde 1955peuvent
êtreconsidérées comme une sourcede compétenceen l'espèce,la Cour,
dans certainsde ses rnotifs, vajusqu'à considérerles actes des Etats-Unis
d'Amériquecommeétantenquelquesorte descontre-mesuresnormales et
méconnaîtqu'ils sont.incompatibles non seulement avecle traitéde 1955,
maisaussi aveclesdispositions du droit international généraly , compris la

Charte des Nations 1Jnies.
4. Par ailleurs la f~ormuleutiliséepar la Cour au paragraphe 1 du dis-
positif, rapprochéediuparagraphe 55 des motifs et des paragraphes 5 et 6 53 DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR STAFF (DISSO. P.MOROZOV)

of the reasoning and operativeparagraphs 5and 6,implies that the Court
only in the present Judgment has decided not to enter into the question
whether, in the particular circumstances of the case, Article 13 of the
Convention of 1973on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against
Internationally Protected Persons including Diplomatic Agents "provides
a basis for the exercise of the Court's jurisdiction with respect" to the
claims of the United States of America.
Taking into account the fact that in operative paragraph 6 the Court
provides fora possiblecontinuation of thecaseon aquestion ofreparation,
this implies that the Court does not excludethe possibility that the claimof
the United States ofAmerica to foundjurisdictionon the 1973Convention

might in future be re-examined. Therefore 1am obliged toobserve that the
Convention of 1973 does not provide for the unconditional right of one
party to a dispute to present an application to the Court. This right arises,
according to Article 13of the Convention, only if the other party in the
course of sixmonthshas not accepted arequest to organize an arbitration.
The Memorial of the United States, as well as additional explanations
given by Counsel for the United States at the public meeting of the Court
on 20 March 1980, provide evidence that the United States Government
never suggested to the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran the
organization ofanyarbitrationasprovided for by theConvention of 1973.
It is also necessary to take note that the 1973 Convention is not a

substitute for either of the Vienna Conventions of 1961and 1963 ;it was
drawn up for the purpose of ensuring CO-operationamong States in their
efforts to fight international terrorism.
The formula employed by the Court in operative paragraph 1, when
read in combination with paragraph 91, serves also to level at Iran the
unfounded allegation that ithasviolated theCharter of theUnited Nations
and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
5. Paragraphs 2,5 and 6of the operative part of theJudgment relate to
the question of the responsibility of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards
the United States ofAmerica and theobligation of Iran tomakereparation
to the United States.

It is well known that, in accordance with the provisions of general
international law, some violations of freelyaccepted international obliga-
tions may be followed by a duty to make compensation for the resultant
damag".
But taking into accounttheextraordinary circumstances whichoccurred
during the period ofjudicial deliberation on the case, when the Applicant
itself committed many actions which caused enormous damage to the
Islamic Republic of Iran, theApplicant has forfeited the legalright as well
as the moral right to expect the Court to uphold any claim for repara-
tion.
Thesituation in whichthe Court has carriedon itsjudicial deliberationsin
the currentcase has noprecedent in the wholehistory of the administrationof

international justice either before this Court, or before any international
judicial institution. PERSONNEL DIE'LOMATIQ EUEONSULAIRE (OP.DISSM. OROZOV) 53

du dispositif,implique que c'esseulement dansleprésentarrêt que la Cour
a décidéde ne pas rechercher si, dans les circonstances de l'espèce,'ar-
ticle 13 de la convention de 1973 sur la prévention et la répressiondes
infractions contre lespersonnes jouissant d'une protection internationale,
ycompris lesagents dliplomatiques,t<peut servirdefondement à l'exercice

de sa compétencepour connaître )desdemandesdes Etats-Unis d'Amé-
rique.
La Cour prévoyantau paragraphe 6 du dispositif une reprise éventuelle
de l'affaire sur une question de réparation,cela implique qu'elle n'exclut
pas que la prétention des Etats-Unis de fonder la compétence sur la
convention de 1973 puisse êtreréexaminée a l'avenir. Je me vois donc
obligéde faire observer que la convention de 1973ne prévoitpas le droit
inconditionnel d'unepartie a un différendde saisir la Cour d'une requête.
En vertude l'article 1de laconvention, cedroit ne prend naissance que si,
dans un délaide six mois, l'autre partie n'a pas accepté une demande
tendant à organiser un arbitrage. LemémoiredesEtats-Unis, de mêmeque
les explications complémentaires fournies par le conseil des Etats-Unis

l'audiencedu 20 mars 1980,attestent que leGouvernement des Etats-Unis
n'ajamais suggéréau Gouvernement de la Républiqueislamique d'Iran
l'organisation d'un arbitrage comme le prévoit la convention de 1973.

Il convient aussi de noter que la convention de 1973n'estpas destinéà
se substituerà l'une ou l'autre des conventions de Vienne de 1961et de
1963 ; elle a été élaborée afn'assurer lacoopération entreEtats dans la
lutte contre leterroriiçmeinternational.
Enfin la formule utiliséepar la Cour au paragraphe 1 du dispositif,
rapprochéedu paragraphe 91desmotifs, aboutit àaccusersansfondement
l'Irand'avoir viollaCharte desNations Uniesetladéclarationuniverselle
des droits de I'hommi:.

5. Lesparagraphes 2,5 et6du dispositif de l'arrêtont traiàlaquestion
de la responsabilitéde la Républiqueislamique d'Iran envers les Etats-
Unis d'Amériqueet de l'obligation de 1'Irande faireréparation aux Etats-
Unis.
Il est bien connu que, selon ledroit international génér,es violations
d'obligations internationales librement souscrites peuvent entraîner une
obligation de dédommagerde leurs conséquences.

Mais étant donnéles événementsextraordinaires survenus pendant le
délibéréjudiciairea,u coursduquel on a vu le demandeur lui-mêmecom-
mettre de nombreux actes causant de graves dommages a la République

islamique d'Iran, ledemandeur aperdu, surleplanjuridique comme surle
plan moral, le droit d'attendre de la Cour qu'elle donne suiteà aucune
demande de réparation.
La situation dans la,quellela Cour a procédéà son délibéré judiciaene
l'espèceest sansprécédendtanstoutei'histoirede l'administrationde lajustice
internationale, aussi bien devantla présente Courque devant toute autre
instancejudiciaire inte,rnationale. While declaring its intention to settle the dispute between the United
States ofAmerica andthe Islamic Republic of Iran exclusivelybypeaceful
means, and presenting its Application to the Court, the Applicant in fact
simultaneously acted contrary to its own declaration, and committed a
seriesof graveviolations of the provisions of general international lawand
the Charter of the United Nations. Pending the Judgment of the Court
these violations included unilateral economic sanctions and many other
coercivemeasures against Iran, and culminated in a military attack on the
territory of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
One element of these violations was the decision to freezeIranian assets
in the United States, which, according to press and broadcast reports,
amount to some 12 billion dollars. On 7 April 1980new measures were
taken by the President of the United States with the future disposa1of the
frozen assets by the American authorities in view. In the letter from the
Deputy Agent of the United States of 15April 1980, these actions of the

President were explained particularly by the necessity to make an inven-
tory and by the idea that the calculation might "well be useful in further
proceedings before the Court as to the amount of reparations owed by
Iran". But in thisletter the Deputy Agent failed to comment on the crucial
point of the statement of the President of the United States on 7 April
1980,which undoubtedly shows that the real purpose of his order relating
to Iranian frozen assets is to use them in accordance with decisions which
would be taken in a domestic framework by the United States itself.
In the statement of the President of the United States of 7 April1980 we
read :

"3. The Secretary of the Treasury will make a forma1inventory of
the assets of the Iranian Government which were frozen by my pre-
vious order and also make a census or inventory of the outstanding
claims ofAmerican citizens and corporations against the Government
of Iran.Thisaccountingofclaimswillaidindesigningaprogramagainst
Iranfor thehostages,thehostagefamilies andother USclaimants. We
arenowpreparing legislation whichwill be introduced intheCongressto
facilirateprocessingandpaying of theseclaims. " (Emphasis added.)

In the context of the statement, this implies that the United States is
acting as a 'tjudge"in its owncause. It should be noted that, according to a
communication published in the International Herald Tribune on 19-
20 April 1980,the above-mentioned request to the United States Congress
included a provision to "reimburse theUnited States for rnilitarycosts
becauseof the hostagecrisis"(emphasis added).
6. Furthermore, despite the fact that the SecurityCouncil did not adopt
the suggestion of the United States to order sanctions against the Islamic
Republic of Iran, the Government of the United States decided not only to
undertake unilaterally al1these sanctions but also to take some additional
coercive measures.
In these completely unusual circumstances, it is not possible to include PERSONNEL DIPLOMATIQUE ET CONSULAIRE (OP.DISS . OROZOV) 54

En même tempsqu'ilproclamait son intention de régler exclusivement
par des moyens pacifiques le différend entre les deux Etats, et qu'il sai-
sissait la Cour d'une requête,ledemandeur aen fait agi à l'encontre de ses

propres déclarations et commis une sériede violations graves des dispo-
sitions du droit international généralet de la Charte des Nations Unies.
Pendant la périoded'attente de la décisionde la Cour, ces violations ont
consisté en sanctioris économiques unilatérales et en nombre d'autres
mesures coercitives contre l'Iran et elles ont eu pour couronnement une
attaque militaire contre le territoire de la République islamique d'Iran.
Il y a eu entre autres la décision de bloquer les avoirs iraniens aux
Etats-Unis qui, d'après la presse et la radiodiffusion, représenteraient

quelque 12milliards de dollars. Le 7 avril 1980leprésident desEtats-Unis
a adoptédes mesures additionnellesen vue de permettre aux autorités des
Etats-Unis de disposer ultérieurementdes avoirsbloqués.Dans lalettre de
l'agent adjoint des Etats-Unis en date du 15 avril 1980, ces actes du
Présidentont étéexpliquésnotamment par la nécessitéde procéder à un
inventaire età ((un calculqui serévélerontsansdoute utilesdans la suitede
la procédure devant laCour en cequi concerne lemontantde laréparation
due par l'Irano. Mais la lettre de l'agent adjoint ne touche pas le point

crucialdela déclarat.ionfaite le7 avril 1980par leprésidentdesEtats-Unis,
laquelle montre sansconteste que lebut réeldu blocagedesavoirs iraniens
est de les utiliser conformément à des décisions à prendre par les Etats-
Unis eux-mêmessuirle plan interne.
Dans la déclaration du présidentdesEtats-Unis en date du 7 avril 1980,
on peut lire :

<(3. Le secrétaireau Trésorferaun inventaire officieldes avoirs du
Gouvernement iranien bloquésen vertu de mon ordre antérieuret il
procédera également au recensement ou à l'inventaire des réclama-
tions de citoyens ou de sociétés américainec sontre le Gouvernement
de l'IranCerelevéaideraà mettre aupoint unplan d'action contreI'lran

auprofit desotages,de leursfamilles etdesautres réclamantsaméricains.
Nous sommes errtrain de préparerune législationqui sera soumise au
Congrèspour faciliter l'examen etle règlementde ces réclamations. ))
(Les italiques sont de moi.)

Dans le contexte, cela implique que les Etats-Unis agissent commejuge
et partie.Onnotera que, d'après un articleparu dans l'international Herald
Tribune des 19-20avril 1980,la proposition soumiseau CongrèsdesEtats-
Unis prévoitune disposition visant à <(rembourser lesEtats-Unis de leurs
dépensesmilitaires e,atraînéesparla crisedes otages )>(les italiques sont de
moi).
6. Au surplus, b:ien que le Conseil de sécurité n'ait pasadopté les

sanctions suggéréespar les Etats-Unis contre la République islamique
d'Iran, le Gouverneimentdes Etats-Unis a décidén , on seulement d'appli-
quer unilatéra1emen.ttoutes ces sanctions, mais de prendre en outre cer-
taines mesures de ooercition.
Dans ces circonsi.ances tout à fait insolites, rien n'autorisaià inclure55 DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR STAFF (DISSO. P.MOROZOV)

in the Judgment any provisions establishing the responsibility of the
Islamic Republic of Iran towards the United States ofAmenca and a duty
to makereparation, as isdone inparagraphs 2,5 and 6ofthe operative part
of the Judgment. The Court has disregarded the unlawfulness of the
above-mentioned actions of the United States of America and has conse-
quently said nothing about the Applicant'sresponsibility for those actions
to the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Operative paragraph 6 of the Judgment, which provides that the "form
and amount of such reparation, failing agreement between the Parties,
shallbe settled bytheCourt" and "reservesfor this purpose the subsequent
procedure in the case", does not affect my objection. Even if these pro-
visions are detached from operative paragraph 5, and read only with
operative paragraph 2,it is still apparent that theCourthas recognized an

imperative duty on the part of Iran to make reparation tn the United
States.
It has been mentioned that the absence of Iran from thejudicial pro-
ceedings allegedly created an obstacle to considering its possible counter-
claims against the United States of America. But the wholly unilateral
actions committed by the United States of Amenca against Iran simulta-
neously with the judicial proceedings were clearly proved by documents
presented at the request of the Court by the Applicant itself,and there was
no legal obstacle to the Court's taking this evidence into account proprio
motuunder Article 53of the Statute, at leastwhenconsidering thequestion
of responsibility.
7. ~ome parts of the reasoningof the Judgment described the circum-
stances of the case in what 1find to be an incorrect or one-sided way.
It is not my intention to refer tol1those paragraphs in the reasoning
which 1could not accept. Accordingly 1confine myself to the inclusion in

this opinion of the points which, it seems to me, are the most impor-
tant.
8. I was unable to accept paragraphs 32,93 and 94.The language used
by the Court in those paragraphs does not givea full and correct descrip-
tion of the actions of theUnited States whichtook place on the territory of
the Islamic Republic of Iran on 24-25 April 1980.Some of the wording
used by the Court for its description of the events followsuncritically the
terminology used in the statement made by the President of the United
States on 25 Apnl 1980,in which vanous attempts were made tojustify,
from the point of viewof international law,the so-calledrescueoperation.
But even when the President's statement is quoted, some parts thereof,
which are important for a correct assessrnent of those events, are omit-
ted.
What happened in reality ?During the night of 24-25Apnl 1980armed
units of the military forces of the United States committed an invasion of
the territory of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In accordance with the

statement of the President of the United States of 25April 1980, the
planning of this invasion "beganshortlyafter OurEmbassy wasseized. ..
thiscomplexoperationhadtobetheproductofintensive trainingandrepeateddans l'arrêtdes dispositions relatives a la responsabilitéde la République
islamique d'Iran envers les Etats-Unis d'Amérique eta l'obligation de
réparer,comme on 'entrouve aux paragraphes 2, 5 et 6 du dispositif. La
Cour, ne tenant pas compte du caractèreillicite des actes susmentionnés
des Etats-Unis d'Amériquene dit rien de la responsabilitédu demandeur
envers la Républiquieislamique d'Iran découlantde ces actes.

Leparagraphe 6du dispositif del'arrêt, quiénoncq eue (lesformes etle
montant de cette réparation seront réglép sar la Cour, au cas où lesparties
nepourraient semettre d'accordacesujet,etréserveaceteffetlasuite dela
procédure :)ne chaingerien à mes objections. Mêmesi on le détachedu
paragraphe 5 et si on le rapproche uniquement du paragraphe 2, il reste

évidentque la Cour reconnaît l'obligation impérativede l'Iran de faire
réparation aux Etat,s-Unis.

Il a étéprétendu que l'absence de l'Iran à l'instance empêchaitde
prendre en considération ses éventuellesdemandes reconventionnelles
contre les Etats-Unis. Mais les actes parfaitement unilatéraux des Etats-
Unis contre l'Iran ~lendantla procéduresont clairement établis par des
documents présentés :ur requêtede la Cour par ledemandeur lui-même ;
au moins dans son examen de la question dela responsabilité, rienendroit
n'interdisaita la Cour de tenir compte de ces élémentsde preuve sur sa
propre initiative en vertu de l'article3 de son Statut.

7. Certaines parties des motifs décriventles circonstances de l'affaire

d'une manièreque j'estime inexacte ou tendancieuse.
Je n'ai pas 1'intent.ionde citer tous lesparagraphes des motifs queje ne
puis accepter. Je me bornerai à faire étatdes points qui me paraissent les
plus importants.

8. Jen'aipu accepter lesparagraphes 32,93 et94.Lafaçon dontla Cour
lesa rédigés ne donnepas une descriptioncomplèteetcorrectedesactions
menéespar les Etats-Unis sur le territoire de la République islamique
d'Iran les 24-25avril 1980.Certains des termes utiliséspar la Cour pour
décrireces événementsempruntent sans critique à la terminologie de la
déclaration du 25 avril 1980dans laquelle le président des Etats-Unis a
essayédejustifier de:diverses façons, sur leplan du droit international, la

prétendue opérationde sauvetage. Mais, mêmelorsque la déclaration du
président est citée,certains passages trèsimportants pour l'appréciation
correcte des événements en sontomis.

Que s'est-ilpasséen réalité ? Dans la nuit du 24 au 25 avril 1980,des
unitésarméesdesforcesmilitaires desEtats-Unis ont envahileterritoire de
la Républiqueis1am:iqued'Iran. Selon la déclaration faitele 25 avril 1980
par le président dei; Etats-Unis, les préparatifs de cette invasion ((ont
commencépeu de temps après laprise de notre ambassade ... cette opération
complexe devait être,précédd é'unepréparation etd'unentraînement inten-rehearsal"(emphasisadded).This means, first, that almost simultaneously
with its filing of the Application with a view to settling the dispute by
peaceful means, the United States started preparing for settlement of the
dispute by the use of armed force, and, secondly, that itproceeded to carry
out its plan wtule the Judgment of the Court was still pending.

It is a well-known fact that in the course of the period preceding the
military invasion, the United States concentrated naval forces near the
shore of Iran, including an aircraft-carrier,the Nimitz. And in the state-

ment of the United States Secretary of Defense on 25 April 1980weread :
"Thesecond helicopter[whichparticipated in the invasion] had difficulties,
reversed course,and landed aboardthe carrierNimitz in theArabian Sea."
(Emphasis added.)
The Court requested the United States Agent to present documents
related to the events of 24-25April, and they wereofficially transmitted to
it. Among them is the text of a report made by the United States to the
Security Council on 25April "pursuant to Article 51of the Charter of the
United Nations". In that report the United States maintained that the
"mission" had been carried out "in exercise of its inherent right of self-
defense".

The question of a rniiitary invasion committed by one Member of the
United Nations against another should of course be considered on every
occasion by the Security Council of the United Nations, in accordance
with its exclusive competence as provided by the Charter of the United
Nat~~--.
But, as has been observed, the invasion of the territory of Iran was
cornmitted by the United States in a period ofjudicial deliberation, and
was directed (at least according to the explanation given by the United
States) not toward the settlement of the dispute in a peaceful way, for
example, by negotiations or similar means (which could take place in
parallel with judicial proceedings), but byforce.

In my view, the Court should not, in this completely unusual situation,
have limited itself to stating that "an operation undertaken in those
circumstances, from whatever motive, isof akind calculated to undermine
respect for the judicial process in international relations" and to "re-
call[ingJ that in paragraph 47, 1B, of its Order of 15December 1979the
Court had indicated that no action was to be taken by either party which
might aggravate the tension between the two countries" (par. 93). At the
same time the Court said that "the question of the legalityof theoperation
of 24 April 1980, under the Charter of the United Nations and under
general international law", is not "before the Court" and that "It follows
that the findings reached by the Court in ttusJudgment arenot affected by
that operation" (par. 94).

1consider that, without any prejudice tothe above-mentioned exclusive
competence ofthe SecurityCouncil, the Court, from apurely legal point of
view, could have drawn attention to the undeniable legal fact that Arti-
cle 51of the Charter, estabiishing the right of self-defence,maybe invokedsifs et de plusieurs rtkétitions (les italiques sont de moi). Cela signifie,
premièrement, que,presqueen même temps qu'ilsdéposaientleur requête
visant à régler ledifférend par des voies pacifiques, les Etats-Unis ont
entamédes préparatifs pour le trancher par la force armée et,deuxième-
ment, qu'ils sont pasisésà l'exécutionalors que la décisionde la Cour était

en sumens.
C'estun fait bien connu que, pendant lapériodequiaprécédé 1"invasion
militaire, les Etats-Unis ont concentréprèsdes côtes de l'Iran des forces
navales, ycompris le,porte-avion~imitz. On lit dans la déclarationfaite le
25 avril 1980par le secrétaire à la Défense desEtats-Unis : «Le deuxième
hélicoptère [qui participait à l'invasion] a eu des difficultés,a rebroussé
chemin et s'est posé sur leporte-avions Nimitz en mer Arabique. ))(Les
italiques sont de moi.)

La Cour ayant demandé à l'agent des Etats-Unis de lui communiquer
des documents sur les événementsdes 24-25avril, ces documents lui ont
été officiellement transmis. Parmi eux setrouve un rapport adressépar les
Etats-Unis au Conse1.1 de sécuritéle25 avril <<en application de l'article 51
de la Charte des Nations Unies D.Dans ce rapport les Etats-Unis soutien-
nent que, s'ilsont entrepris la <mission ))c'était<<dans l'exercicede leur
droit naturel de légitime défense o.
Certes la question (d'uneinvasion militaire commise par un Membredes

Nations Unies contire un autre doit êtreexaniinée chaque fois par le
Conseil de sécurité dans l'exercicede la compétenceexclusivequ'il tient de
la Charte.

Cependant. comrrie je l'ai dit, l'invasion du territoire iranien a été
commise par les Etats-Unis alors que ledélibéré judiciaire étaitencours et
elleavaitpour but - au moins selonl'explication donnéeparlesEtats-Unis
- de régler le différend non par des moyens pacifiques tels que des

négociations ou autires méthodes de ce genre pouvant êtreemployées
parallèlement à la procédurejudiciaire, mais par la force.
A mon avis, dans cette situation tout à fait inhabituelle, la Cour ne
saurait se contenter de faire observer q- . quels qu'en soient les motifs,
une opération entreprise dans ces circonstances est de nature ànuire au
respect du règlementjudiciaire dans les relations internationales ))et de
<(rappeler qu'au parapraphe 47, 1 B,de son ordonnance du 15décembre
1979elle avait indiquéqu'aucune mesure de nature àaggraver la tension

entre les deux pays ne devait êtreprise (par. 93). Elle déclare aussi
(<qu'elle n'est pas saisie de la question du caractère licite ou illicite de
l'opération du24 avril 1980auregard de laChartedes Nations Unies et du
droit international général et qu'((il s'ensuit que les conclusions aux-
quelles la Courestparvenue dans leprésentarrêtne sont pas modifiéesdu
fait de cette opération O(par. 94).
J'estime que, sans préjudicede la compétenceexclusive du Conseil de
sécurité rappeléeci-dessus, la Cour, d'un point de vue strictement juri-
dique, aurait pu attirer l'attention sur le faitjuridique incontestable que

l'article 1 de la Charte prévoyantle droit de légitime défense nesauraitonly "if an armed attack occurs against aMember of the United Nations".
It should have added that in thedocumentation officiallypresented by the
United States to the Court in response to its request relating to the events
of 24-25 April 1980 there is no evidence that any armed attack had
occurred against the United States.

Furthermore, some indication should have been included in the Judg-
ment that the Court considers that settlement of the dispute between the
United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran should be reached exclu-
sively by peaceful means.
9. Among the paragraphf of the reasoning which 1described in point 7
above as incorrect or one-sided is paragraph 88, which deals with the
authorization extended to the former Shah to come to New York. This
authorization was extended to him even though the United States Gov-
ernment was well aware that he was considered by the Government and
people of the Islamic Republic of Iran asaperson whomthe United States
had restored to thethrone after overthrowing thelegitimategovernment of
Dr. Mossadegh, and as a man who had committed the gravest crimes
having been responsible for the torture and execution of thousands of
Iranians. His admission tothe United States, and thesubsequent refusa1to
extradite him, were thus real provocations and not, as the Judgrnent
suggests,merelyordinary actswhichjust happened to give risetoa "feeling
of offence".

(Signed) P. Mo~ozov.êtreinvoquéque << dans lecasoù un Membre desNations Unies est l'objet
d'une agression armée r)Elle aurait dû ajouter que, dans les documents
que les Etats-Unislui ont officiellement communiquéssur sademande au
suiet des événement:d;es 24-25avril 1980.rien n'établitaue les Etats-Unis
aient étél'objetd'une agression armée.
En outre la Cour aurait dû indiquer d'une manièreou d'une autredans
son arrêtqu'elle conisidèreque le règlementdu différendentre les Etats-
Uniset la Républiqueislamique d'Iran doitêtreobtenu exclusivementpar
des moyens pacifiques.
9. Parmi les passages des motifs de l'arrêtque j'ai qualifiésau para-

graphe 7 ci-dessus d'inexacts ou de tendancieux il y a ce qui est dit au
paragraphe 88quant à l'autorisation donnéeàl'ancienChahde serendre à
New York. Cette autorisation lui été accordéebien que leGouvernement
des Etats-Unissût parfaitement qu'ilétaitconsidérépar leGouvernement
et lepeuple delaRépubliqueislamiqued'Irancommeayant été remissurle
trône par les Etats-Unis après qu'ils eurent renversé le gouvernement
légitimede M. Mossadegh et comme ayant commis les crimes les plus
graves, s'étant rendu responsablede la torture et de l'exécutionde milliers
d'Iraniens. Son admission aux Etats-Unis et le refus de l'extrader cons-
tituaient donc devéritables provocations etnon point seulement,commele
suggère l'arrêt,des actes ordinaires ayant simplement donné lieu à un
<(sentiment d'offense o.

(Signé P. Mo~ozov.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion of Judge Morozov

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