Dissenting Opinion of Judge Armand-Ugon (translation)

Document Number
034-19590321-JUD-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
034-19590321-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE ARMAND-UGON
[Translation]

Being to my regret unable to concur in the Court's decision on
Objections Nos. 3 and 4 (a),1 think it is my duty to set forth the
reasons for my dissenting opinion.

I.The Third Objection is founded upon the rule of the exhaus-
tion of local remedies. It is not included as a qualification of the
American declaration accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court; it is invoked as a general principle of international law.
The plea is an objection to the admissibility of the Application;

it contests that admissibility only and is not directed against the
Court's jurisdiction. The rule of the exhaustion of local remedies
does not affect the jurisdiction of the Court, which may be compe-
tent, even if interna1 remedies have not been exhausted. Accord-
ingly, the question of the admissibility of the Application lies out-
side the field of jurisdiction. In its Judgment in the Corfu Channel
case this Court admitted the distinction between admissibility and
jurisdiction (I.CJ. Reports 1947-1948, pp. 26-27); in other cases it
has said that the exhaustion of the remedies is an argument in
defence directed to the admissibility of ;the claim (I.C. J. Reports
1952, p. 114, and 1953, p. 23). The present judgment reaches the
same conclusion. The Permanent Court had upheld the same con-
tention. Therefore the Court cannot adjudicate on the admissibility
of the Application until it has established its jurisdiction (Series
A/B, NO. 67, p. 24).

2. On October znd, 1957,the day on which the Swiss Application
was filed, the local remedies were, in the opinion of the United
States Government, exhausted. The Aide-Mémoireto the Note of
the Department of State dated January th, 1957, says that "the
(Interhandel) case now stands dismissed without any qualifica-
tion". "Interhandel has hadthe benefits of both remedies (adminis-
trative and judicial). Both its claim and suit have been dismissed."
"Interhandel has received due process of law. The claim of Inter-
handel to the shares in question has thus been defeated." When the
Application was filed, the United States Government was about to
proceed with the sale of 70% of the shares of GAF.
Those are the circumstances in which Switzerland filed its Appli-
cation. On October 3rd, 1957, the Swiss Government submitted a
request for the indication of interim measures of protection.

83 At the public hearing on October ~ath, 1957, dealing with interim
measures, Mr. Dallas S. Townsend, Co-Agent of the United States

of America, made the following statement :

"Chemie unsuccessfully exhausted its appellate remedies to the
Supreme Court, and when the six months period of grace had
expired,without Chemiemaking the production, the District Court
entered the order and in 1956 held that Chernie'scornplaint stood
dismissed. Again Chemie appealed unsuccessfully to the Court of
Appeals and in this way attempted to get back into the case.
The Court of Appeals affinned and now Chemie, in its second trip
to the Supreme Court, is making another effort to get back into
the case by petitioning the Supreme Court to review the decision
of the Court of Appeals. This petition is now pending before the
Supreme Court of the UnitedStates." (I.C.J. Re9orts1957p ,p. 108-
109, cited in the Memorial, paragraph 79.)

While the Court on October 3rd, 1957, was examining the Swiss
Application for the indication of interim measures, the Supreme
Court of the United States, on October ~qth, 1957, received a peti-
tion for a writ of certiorarifiled by Interhandel on August 6th, 1957,
in whichcounsel for the Parties were asked to discuss the question

whether the United States District Court for the District of Colum-
bia was justified in dismissing Interhandel's claim by application
of a rule of procedure on the grounds that it had not obeyed an
order for the production of the documents.

Do declarations by the representatives of the American Govern-
ment express that Government's officia1opinion? 1s the effect of an
application for a writ of certiorari, by its mere presentment, to

reopen a case which had been closed since August 6th, 1957, the
date of the judgment given by the Court of Appeals? Were the
Parties in agreement that local remedies were exhausted at the
time when the Swiss Application was filed? Was that point in
dispute at the time of its filing? In view of these circumstances, was
the Application admissible and was the Swiss Government acting in
good faith? A definite answer to all these questions presupposes
information which the documents in the case do not at this stage

of the proceedings furnish. Was it only on the date of the decision
by the Supreme Court to grant the request for a writ of ce~tiorari
that the case was reopened l?

june 16th, 1958, by which the judgmenof the Court of Appeals was reversed.rt

The last part of the judgment of the Supreme Cosays:
"On remand, the DistrictCourt possesses wide discretion to proceed in
whatever manner it deems most effective. It may desire to afford the Govern-
ment additional opportunitto challenge petitioner's good faith. It may wish
to explore plans looking towards fuller complianceit may decide to com-
84 3. Theprinciple of the exhaustion of localremedies is not absolute
and rigid; it has to be applied flexibly according to the case. Some
situations or facts may entitle the Court to accede to a request,
even if the remedies have not been completely exhausted.

A limit is placed upon the rule of exhaustion if the period within

which the remedies will be exhausted is not known. The Permanent
Court acknowledged this limitation in its Order of February 4th,
1933, in the Prince vonPless case, on the grounds of an unwarrant-
able delay by the Polish tribunal, and the Court decided not to
adjudicate upon the applicability of the principle of exhausting
local remedies (Series A/B, No. 52, p. 16).

The Interhandel case, first brought before the American courts
on October 27th, 1948, passed through various stages and was still
not settled by June 16th, 1958 (nearly ten years later). A further
unknown period will therefore have to elapse before the remedies
are exhausted. That being so, are such slow remedies "adequate"
and "effective", as is required by the arbitral award in the case

of the Finnish vessels? (Refiorts of International Arbitral Awards,
vol. 111, p. 1495.)
4. The substance of the Interhandel claim is to obtain from the
American courts the restitution and the taking immediate posses-
sion of the vested shares and the handing over by the defendants
to the claimant of al1 dividends and interest pertaining thereto.

This claim is founded in law on the fifth amendment to the Con-
stitution of the United States and the amended law ofOctober 6th,
1917, relating to trading with the enemy. The Application of the
Swiss Government in its final submission A, requests the Court to
adjudge and declare that the Govemment of the United States
of America is under an obligation to restore the assets of Interhandel;

it takes its stand upon Article IV of the Washington Accord and
on the principle of international law which forbids the confiscation
of neutral property. The two claims, that of Interhandel and that
of the Swiss Govemment, are based upon different legal grounds 1.

mence at once trial on the merits. We decide only that on this record dismissal
of the complaint with prejudicwas not justified.

The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversand the case is remanded
to the District Court fofurther proceedings in conformity with this Opinion.
It is so ordered."
It is seen therefore that the District Coumay select alternativeor different
expedients.
l The Swiss Govemment is not acting in the present dispute as the represent-
ative of its nationathe reparationclaimed is not of the same legal charactas
that asked for by its national and the damage suffered by Switzerland is not iden-
tical with that incurredby Interhandel. The Permanent Court examined these
questionsvery carefully in its Judgment(Series A, No17, pp. 27-28), as follows:

"It is a principle of internatilaw that the reparationof a wrong may
consist in an indemnitycorresponding to thedamage which the nationals of
85 The Interhandel claim seeks to obtain by methods of local redress
a decision by the American courts that the (in Interhandel's opinion)
unlawful act of vesting is a violation of domestic law, whilst the
Application of the Swiss Government is based upon damage caused

by the breach of an international agreement and of the law of na-
tions. It is not known whether, at this stage of the proceedings,
Interhandel could or could not pursue its claim before the American
courts and introduce there the legal grounds relied upon by the
Swiss Government with a view to the claim being decided by the
American courts. That would be a modification of Interhandel's

claim and it would have to be ascertained whether Arnerican proce-
dure permits such action. The Supreme Court of the United States,
in its decision of June 16th, 1958, reversing the earlier decision in
the Interhandel case, makes no allusion in its directives to the
District Court to the questions of international law which, accord-
ing to the Application of the Swiss Government, constitute the

subject-matter of the dispute. According to the American Agent,
the courts could examine that case. On the other hand, the Swiss
Agent says that it would be impossible. This difference of opinion
turns mainly upon the question of the application by the national
courts of the Washington Accord in its character of Executive
Agreement, a treaty which, not having been approved by Congress,
is not incorporated in United States domestic law.

5. Even if such action proved to be possible, it would still have
to be borne in mind that the Swiss Government isnot a party to the
dispute before the American courts. It would therefore seem that
the local remedies sought in those courts might not afford a final
redress to satisfy the case put forward by the Suriss Government.
Where a question of international law is involved, only an inter-

national court can give a final decision.

The purpose of the local remedies rule is simply to allow the
national tribunals in the first stage of the case to examine the
international responsibility of the defendant State as presented in

internationallaw. This is evethe most usual form of reparatioit is the form
selected by Germany in this case and the admissibilitofithas not been dis-
puted. The reparation due by one State to another does not however change
its character by reason of the fact thattakes the form of an indemnity for
the calculation of which themage suffered by a private person is taken as the
measure. The rules of law governing the reparatiothe rules of international
law in force between the two States concerned, and not the law governing
relationsbetween the State which has committed a wrongful act and the
individual who has suffered damage. Rights or interests of an individual the
violationof which rights causes damage are always in a different plane to
rights belonging to a State, which rights may also be infringby the same
act. The damage suffered by an individual is never therefore identin kind
with that which will be suffered by a State; it can only afford a convenient
scale for the calculation of the reparatdue to the State." INTERHANDEL (DISS.OPIN. OF JUDGE ARMAND-UGON) 89

the Application; that examination would of course have to be made
by a national court. If that court is not competent to make a com-
plete examination of the Swiss case from the point of view of its
own law, the purpose of the rule of exhaustion would not be ful-
filled.
For the moment, however, and without further information the
Court cannot enter the field of hypotheses; it must abide by the
terms of the Interhandel claim. The Application of the Swiss Gov-
ernment seeks (rightly or wrongly) reparation for direct damage
caused to a State.

The unlawful act really derives from the failure of the American
Government (according to Switzerland) to execute the decision of
the Swiss Authority of Review, which is to be regarded as a
judgment by an international arbitral tribunal, within the frame-
work of the Washington Accord, and therefore binding upon the
Parties to the dispute.
The examination of the Third Objection means prejudging a
point which can only be dealt with along with the merits. The
rule of the exhaustion of local remedies does not apply to a case
in which the act complained of directly injures a State. 1s that
act or is it not a breach of international law?

6. The Permanent Court was very cautious in upholding an
objection based upon the local remedies rule and was in no hurry
to relinquish its jurisdiction. In three cases it joined the objection
to the merits (Series A/B, No. 54, Series A/B, No. 67, and Series
A/B, No. 75); it upheld the objection in one case (Series A/B,
No. 76) as a defence on the merits; in another case (Seî-iesA/B,

No. 77)the Court accepted it on the basis of a treaty clause. The
same objection was dismissed in two cases (Series A, No. 6, and
Series A, No. 9). The present Court also dismissed it in the Amba-
tielos case. (I.C.J. Reports1953, pp. 18, 22 and 23.)
This is therefore the first time that the Court is upholding,
without joining it to the merits, a preliminary objection based
upon the rule of exhaustion of local remedies and not included
in the Declaration accepting the jurisdiction of the Court. The
judicial precedents mentioned should not have been abandoned.

7. In its examination of the preliminary objections the Court
has to avoid prejudging matters relating to the merits of the
dispute, particularly when the questions raised, whether of fact
or of law, show that the parties are in disagreement and when these
questions are closely linked to the merits. Any such encroachment
upon the merits ofthe dispute deprives the parties of the right given
them bythe Statute and Rules of Court to submitwrittenpleadings
and make oral statements on the merits of the dispute (Series A/B,

No. 67,p. 24). 8. The Permanent Court laid down wise directives when the
objection on grounds of non-exhaustion of local remedies touches

upon the merits. In its decision (Series AIB, No. 75, p. 55) it
said :
"Whereas, at the present stage of the proceedings, a decision
cannot be taken either as to the preliminary character of the
objections or on the question whether they areLwel1founded, and
any such decision would raise questions of fact and law in regard
to which the Parties are in several respects in disagreement and
which are too closelylinked to the merits for the Court to adjudicate
upon them at the present stage;
Whereas, in view of the said disagreement between the Parties,
the Court must have exact information as to the legal contentions
respectively adduced by the Parties and the arguments in support
of these contentions;
Whereas the Court may order the joinder of preliminary ob-
jections to the merits, whenever the interests of the good admin-
istration of justice require it."

For these reasons, at the present stage of the proceedings, it
seems that the Third Objection to the Swiss principal submission
should rightly and reasonably have been joined to the merits.

I. The United States Government submitted to the Court a
Fourth Preliminary Objection, as follows :

"(a) That there is no junsdiction in this Court to hear or
determine any issues raised by the Swiss Application or Memorial
concerning the sale or disposition of the vested shares of General
Aniline and Film Corporation (including the passing of good and
clear title to any person or'entity) for the reason that such sale
or disposition has been determined by the United States of America,
pursuant to paragraph (6) of the Conditions attached to this
country's acceptance of this Court's jurisdiction, to be a matter
essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of this country."

Andit adds,further, that the decision of the United States "applies
to al1 the issues raised in the Swiss Application and Memorial,
including, but not limited to, the Swiss-United States Treaty of
Arbitration and Conciliation of 1931 andthe Washington Accord of
1946". 2. That objection has not been abandoned or withdrawn by the
Government of the United States at this stage of the proceedings.
The Swiss Government also asks the Court to adjudicate upon this
form of the Fourth Objection.
Article 62, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court provides that
"after hearing the parties the Court shall give its decision on the

objection or shall join the objection to the merits". To give a
decision on an objection means either to uphold or to dismiss it,
or to join it to the merits. When it admits an objection which puts
a definite end to the Application, the Court may refrain from
examining other objections. In the present case it has upheld an
objection founded upon the rule of exhaustion of local remedies,
which has a delaying character. The Swiss Government might be
entitled to submit its Application afresh, if the local remedies
have not exhausted the facts and legal arguments upon which its
claim is based. The admission of the Third Objection by the Court
does not have the effect of finally and fully dismissing the Swiss
Application; the Court ought therefore to have decided on Objec-
tion 4(a)-which would have that effect.
There is another reason why the Court ought to have done this.
Examination of its jurisdiction was necessary in order that it might
duly consider the Third Objection, which belongs to the class of
objections to admissibility. But that objection could only be con-
sidered by the Court after it had established that it had jurisdic-

tion.

3. The Declaration of the United States made under Article 36,
paragraph 2,of the Statute of the Court provides that the Declara-
tion shall not apply to: "(b) disputes with regard to matters which
are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of the United States
of America as determined by the United States of America".
This Declaration consists of two parts, acceptance of the Court's
jurisdiction and reservations to that acceptance. Those two ele-
ments of a single juridical act are separable. Nothing justifies us,
when reading thetext, in considering them as an indivisible whole.

4. A declaration accepting compulsory jurisdiction is a secondary
act, one which can be linked to the application of paragraphs 2, 3
and 6 of Article 36 of the Statute. These clauses provide it with a
legal substratum. The declaration has the character of a secondary
act dependent upon a primary one. The Court, whose duty it is to

safeguard its Statute, is certainly empowered to determine whether
the secondary part of the declaration is in accord with the primary
text; in doing so, it may appraise the legality of the different parts
of the declaration in order to determine whether the relevant
clauses of the Statute have been correctly applied. The declaration
cannot run counter to the Statute. There can be no doubt of that.
89 The last part of paragraph (b) of the United States reservation
lays down that the United States of America will determine whether
a dispute submitted to the Court relates to questions which lie
within the domestic jurisdiction of the United States of America.
The clause "as determined by the United States of America", as
applied in the present case, is incompatible with paragraph 6 of
Article 36 of the Statute, which says: "In the event of a dispute as
to whether the Court has jurisdiction, the matter shall be settled
by the decision of the Court."

5. Statesmay make reservations when accepting the jurisdiction
of the Court under paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 36, but those reser-
vations cannot limit the right conferred upon the Court by the
Statute to determine the question of its jurisdiction. No reservation
is admissible in regard to paragraph 6. The Court is sole judge of its
jurisdiction.
"Paragraph 6 of Article 36-the Court has maintained-merely
adopted a rule consistently accepted by general international law
in the matter of international arbitration."(Nottebohmcase, Prelimi-
nary Objection, I.C. J. Refiorts1953 ,. 119. )nd a little later the
Court further emphasizes: "But even if this were not the case, the
Court, 'whose function is to decide in accordancewith international
law such disputes as are subrnitted to it' (Article 38, paragraph 1,
of the Statute), should follow in this connection what is laid down
by general international law. The judicial character of the Court
and the rule of general international law referred to above are
sufficient to establish that the Courtis competent to adjudicate on
its own jurisdiction in the present case." (Ibid p.,120.)
In thismatter no country which has announced its accession to

the Optional Clause can reserve for itself the right to make its
opinion prevail over the jurisdiction of the Court, once the Court
has been seised of a case. From that moment the powers of the
Court cannot be curtailed; they must be exercised as established by
the Statute. It lies exclusively with the Court to settle any dispute
about jurisdiction. No government can impose its view upon the
Court in this matter. The question of the Court's jurisdiction is one
which only the Court can finally settle. That intention is clearly set
out in paragraph 6 of Article 36, which is binding upon all States
acceding to the Statute of the Court.

Judge Kellogg rightly argued this when he said: "Every Special
Agreement submitting a case to this Court must be considered to
have, as tacitly appended clauses thereto, al1the pertinent articles
of'the Court'sStatute, and must, in case of doubt as to its meaning,
be interpreted in the light of such provisions of the Statute of the
Court" (Series A, No. 24, p. 33). The same is true of any declaration
founded upon paragraph 2 of Article 36. 6. The Parties to a dispute cannot depart from the Statute of the
Court unilaterally or by agreement between themselves. The Per-
manent Court had occasion to adjudicate on this latter point. In
the Free Zones case the parties had agreed in their Special Agree-
ment to request the Court to let them know unofficially the content
of its deliberations before delivering judgment. That request was
refused as contrary to Articles 54, paragraph 3 (Secrecy of Deliber-
ations), and 58 (Reading of Judgment in open Court) of the Statute.
The same Court declared in its Order of August ~gth, 1929: "In
contradistinction to that which is permitted by the Rules (Arti-
cle y), the Court cannot, on the proposa1 of the parties, depart
from the terms of the Statute."

Another instance may be given: a declaration of the parties
whereby they do not consider themselves bound by the Court's
judgment, cannot be allowed, being contrary to Article 59 of the
Statute (Series A/B, No. 46, p. 161). The rules of substance and
procedure fixed by the Statute must be regarded as immutable:
neither the Court nor the parties can break them.

7. Since the reservation in regard to paragraph 6 of Article 36
contained in (b) of the American Declaration ("as determined",
etc.) is obviously contrary to that paragraph, and cannot be linked
to the application of any text in the Statute, the Court should
regard it as unwritten and inoperative in the present case. That is
to Say, the respondent Government cannot rely upon it in support
of its Objection 4(a). The clause in question, not being provided for
in any part of the Statute, should be declared without effect vis-à-
vis the Court.
That conclusion does not imply that the acceptance of the Court's
jurisdiction, given in the American Declaration, is altogether with-
out value and to be considered as nul1and void in its entirety. Such

a view would run counter to the clear intention of the respondent
State, which has submitted cases to the Court's decision both as
claimant and respondent. The way in which this Declaration was
employed by the Government of the United States in those cases
shows that the reservation in paragraph (b) was not a determining
factor at the time of its formulation and submission. The United
States Government even stated in the present case, when objecting
to the jurisdiction of the Court, during the hearings on the indica-
tion of interim measures of protection, that it did not "intend to
imply that it envisages use of paragraph (b) ...with respect to all
aspects of the Interhandel controversy which may be involved in
the (Swiss) submission. The United States Government will in due
course, upon further study, disclose its position in these respects in
further detail." Indeed, in the United States objections to the
Swiss Application, paragraph (b) is restricted to the "matter of the
sale or disposition of such shares (GAF), including the passing of
good and clear title to any person or entity". In the view of theUnited States Government, paragraph (b) of its reservation can be
separated from the rest of the acceptance and even from the other
reservations. The Declaration as a whole is not linked to the clause
mentioned in paragraph (b), which is an accessory stipulation.
Consequently, this objection4 (a) should be dismissed and the
jurisdiction of the Court upheld.

(Signed) ARMAND-UGON.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. ARMAND-GGOK

N'ayant, à mon regret, pu me rallier à la décisionde la Cour sur
la troisième exception et la quatrième exception, lettre a), je crois

de mon devoir d'exposer les motifs de mon opinion dissidente.

I. La troisième exception se fonde sur la règle de l'épuisement
des recours internes. Elle n'est pas inséréecomme une réserveàla
déclaration américaine de l'acceptation obligatoire de la juridiction
de la Cour; on l'invoque comme un principe général du droit inter-

national. Ce moyen est une condition d'irrecevabilité de la requête;
la recevabilité seule est contestée et cette contestation ne vise pas
la compétencede la Cour. La condition de l'épuisementpréalabledes
voies de recours internes est sans incidence sur la compétence de la
Cour: celle-ci peut êtrecompétente, mêmesi les recours internes
ne sont pas épuisés.La question de la recevabilité de la requête
reste donc en dehors du domaine de la compétence. Dans son arrêt
sur l'affaire de Corfou notre Cour a admis la distinction entre la
recevabilité et la compétence (C.I. J.Recueil 1947-1948, pp. 26.27) ;
elle a dit dans d'autres affaires que l'épuisement des recours est
un moyen de défense qui vise la recevabilité de la demande (C. 1.J.
Recueils 1952, p. 114, et 1953, p. 23). Le présent arrêtarrive à la
même conclusion. La Cour permanente avait soutenu la même
thèse. La Cour ne peut donc statuer surla recevabilité de la requête
qu'après avoir établi sa compétence (Série A/B, no 67, p. 24).

2.Le jour du dépôt de la requêtesuisse, le 2 octobre 1957, les
recours internes étaient épuisés, del'avis du Gouvernement améri-
cain. Dans l'aide-mémoire dela note du II janvier 1957du Départe-
ment d'État, il est dit que « la demande (de 1'Interhandel) est
maintenant rejetée sans aucune réserve ». «LIInterhandel a été
admise au bénéficedes deux recours (administratif et judiciaire).
Sa demande et son action ont été toutesdeux rejetées. » ((L'Inter-
handel a dûment eu la facultéde recourir aux tribunaux. La reven-
dication par 1'Interhandel des titres dont il s'agit a donc étérejetée.))
Au moment du dépôt de la requêtele Gouvernement américain se
disposait à la vente de 70% des actions de la GAF.

C'est dans ces circonstances que la requête suisse fut déposée.
Le 3 octobre 1957 une demande en indication de mesures conser-
vatoires était introduite par le Gouvernement suisse.
83 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE ARMAND-UGON
[Translation]

Being to my regret unable to concur in the Court's decision on
Objections Nos. 3 and 4 (a),1 think it is my duty to set forth the
reasons for my dissenting opinion.

I.The Third Objection is founded upon the rule of the exhaus-
tion of local remedies. It is not included as a qualification of the
American declaration accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court; it is invoked as a general principle of international law.
The plea is an objection to the admissibility of the Application;

it contests that admissibility only and is not directed against the
Court's jurisdiction. The rule of the exhaustion of local remedies
does not affect the jurisdiction of the Court, which may be compe-
tent, even if interna1 remedies have not been exhausted. Accord-
ingly, the question of the admissibility of the Application lies out-
side the field of jurisdiction. In its Judgment in the Corfu Channel
case this Court admitted the distinction between admissibility and
jurisdiction (I.CJ. Reports 1947-1948, pp. 26-27); in other cases it
has said that the exhaustion of the remedies is an argument in
defence directed to the admissibility of ;the claim (I.C. J. Reports
1952, p. 114, and 1953, p. 23). The present judgment reaches the
same conclusion. The Permanent Court had upheld the same con-
tention. Therefore the Court cannot adjudicate on the admissibility
of the Application until it has established its jurisdiction (Series
A/B, NO. 67, p. 24).

2. On October znd, 1957,the day on which the Swiss Application
was filed, the local remedies were, in the opinion of the United
States Government, exhausted. The Aide-Mémoireto the Note of
the Department of State dated January th, 1957, says that "the
(Interhandel) case now stands dismissed without any qualifica-
tion". "Interhandel has hadthe benefits of both remedies (adminis-
trative and judicial). Both its claim and suit have been dismissed."
"Interhandel has received due process of law. The claim of Inter-
handel to the shares in question has thus been defeated." When the
Application was filed, the United States Government was about to
proceed with the sale of 70% of the shares of GAF.
Those are the circumstances in which Switzerland filed its Appli-
cation. On October 3rd, 1957, the Swiss Government submitted a
request for the indication of interim measures of protection.

83 A l'audience publique du 12 octobre 1957, à propos des mesures
conservatoires, le CO-agentdes Etats-Unis d'Amérique, Dallas S.

Townsend, a déclaréce qui suit:

(L'I. G. Chemie a épuisésans succèstous ses moyens de recours
devant la Cour suprêmeet, après expiration des six mois de grâce
accordés sans que la sociétéen cause ait fourni les documents.
demandés, la District Courta enregistrél'ordonnance et, en 1956,
a déclarétenir 1'1.G. Chemie pour déboutéede son action. Cette
société introduisit sanssuccèsun nouveau recours devant la Court
of Appeal, essayant de rouvrir la procédure. La Court of Ap@eal
a confirmé lejugement et 1'1.G. Chemiefait maintenant un nouvel
effort pour rouvrir l'instance en la soumettant à la Cour suprême
devant laquelle elle se présente une seconde fois en demandant la.
revision de la décisionde la Court of Appeal. Cette demande est
actuellement pendante devant la Cour suprême. ))(C.I. J. Recueil
1957, pp. 108-109, cité dans le mémoire,paragraphe 79.)

Alors que la Cour examinait, le 3 octobre 1957, la demande de la
Suisse en indication de mesures conservatoires, la Cour suprême

des États-unis accueillait, le 14 octobre 1957, une pétition pour
obtenir un writ of certioraridéposéele 6 août 1957 par l'Interhande1,
dans laquelle les conseils des Parties sont invités à discuter la
question de savoir si la United States District Court for the District
of Columbia était fondée à débouter 1'Interhandel de sa réclamation
par application d'une règle de procédure, pour le motif qu'elle
n'avait pas obéi à une ordonnance relative à la production des

documents.
Les déclarations faites par les représentants du Gouvernement
américain procèdent-elles de l'opinion officielle de celui-ci? Une
demande pour l'obtention d'un writ of certiorari a-t-elle pour effet,
par sa simple présentation, de renouveler une instance épuisée
depuis le 6 août 1957, date de l'arrêtde la Cour d'appel? Les Parties.
étaient-elles d'accord sur le fait de l'épuisement des recours au

moment du dépôt de la requête suisse? Ce point était-il un fait
controversé au moment du dépôt de la requête? Vu ces circonstan-
ces, la requête était-elle recevable et le Gouvernement suisse agis-
sait-il de bonne foi? Autant de questions dont la réponse précise
suppose des éclaircissements que le dossier n'a pas présentés à ce
stade de la procédure. Est-ce seulement à la date de la décisionde
la Cour suprêmedonnant suite à la demande d'un writ of certiorari

que la procédure a de nouveau étédéclenchée l?

1 L'examen de cette demande conduisiàla décision d16 juin1958 de la Cour
suprême, infirmant l'arrêt de la Cour d'appel.

La partie finale de l'arrêt de la Cour suprême est ainsi conçue:
(Sur renvoi, la Distrcotuvta un large pouvoir discrétionnaire pourprocéder
de la manière qu'elle jugera leplus efficace. Elle peut vouloir donner au Gouver-
Elle peut vouloir examiner des plans en vue d'une exécution plus complète... At the public hearing on October ~ath, 1957, dealing with interim
measures, Mr. Dallas S. Townsend, Co-Agent of the United States

of America, made the following statement :

"Chemie unsuccessfully exhausted its appellate remedies to the
Supreme Court, and when the six months period of grace had
expired,without Chemiemaking the production, the District Court
entered the order and in 1956 held that Chernie'scornplaint stood
dismissed. Again Chemie appealed unsuccessfully to the Court of
Appeals and in this way attempted to get back into the case.
The Court of Appeals affinned and now Chemie, in its second trip
to the Supreme Court, is making another effort to get back into
the case by petitioning the Supreme Court to review the decision
of the Court of Appeals. This petition is now pending before the
Supreme Court of the UnitedStates." (I.C.J. Re9orts1957p ,p. 108-
109, cited in the Memorial, paragraph 79.)

While the Court on October 3rd, 1957, was examining the Swiss
Application for the indication of interim measures, the Supreme
Court of the United States, on October ~qth, 1957, received a peti-
tion for a writ of certiorarifiled by Interhandel on August 6th, 1957,
in whichcounsel for the Parties were asked to discuss the question

whether the United States District Court for the District of Colum-
bia was justified in dismissing Interhandel's claim by application
of a rule of procedure on the grounds that it had not obeyed an
order for the production of the documents.

Do declarations by the representatives of the American Govern-
ment express that Government's officia1opinion? 1s the effect of an
application for a writ of certiorari, by its mere presentment, to

reopen a case which had been closed since August 6th, 1957, the
date of the judgment given by the Court of Appeals? Were the
Parties in agreement that local remedies were exhausted at the
time when the Swiss Application was filed? Was that point in
dispute at the time of its filing? In view of these circumstances, was
the Application admissible and was the Swiss Government acting in
good faith? A definite answer to all these questions presupposes
information which the documents in the case do not at this stage

of the proceedings furnish. Was it only on the date of the decision
by the Supreme Court to grant the request for a writ of ce~tiorari
that the case was reopened l?

june 16th, 1958, by which the judgmenof the Court of Appeals was reversed.rt

The last part of the judgment of the Supreme Cosays:
"On remand, the DistrictCourt possesses wide discretion to proceed in
whatever manner it deems most effective. It may desire to afford the Govern-
ment additional opportunitto challenge petitioner's good faith. It may wish
to explore plans looking towards fuller complianceit may decide to com-
84 INTERHANDEL (OPIN. DIS. DE M. ARMAND-UGON)
$7
3. Le principede I'épuisement desrecoursinternes n'est pas absolu
etkgide; il doit recevoir des assouplissements dans son application

selonles cas d'espèce. Certaines situations ou faits peuvent autoriser
la Cour à donner suite à une requête,mêmesi les recours n'ont pas
étécomplètement épuisés.
Il y a une limitation à la règle de l'épuisement quand on ignore
le délai dans lequel les recours seront épuisés.La Cour permanente
a reconnu cette limitation dans son ordonnance du 4 février 1933,

affaire du Prince von Pless, sur l'allégation d'un retard injustifié du
tribunal interne, et la Cour décida de ne pas se prononcer sur
l'applicabilité du principe de l'épuisement des recours internes
(Série A/B, no 52, p. 16).
Le procès de lJInterhandel, dans une première phase devant les

tribunaux américains commencé le 27 octobre 1948 a traversé
diverses étapes et n'avait pas encore ététranché le 16 juin 1958
(après presque dix années).II faudra donc attendre encore un délai
inconnu avant que les recours soient épuisés. En pareil cas, de si
longs recours sont-ils ((adéquats ))et (efficaces D, comme l'exige la
sentence de l'arbitre dans l'affaire des Navires finlandais? (Recueil

des Sentences arbitrales,volume III, p. 1495.)
4. La demande de I'Interhandel a pour objet de réclamer aux
tribunaux américains la restitution et la mise en possession immé-
diate des actions séquestrées et de condamner les défendeurs à
remettre au demandeur tous les dividendes et intérêtsy afférents.

Cette requête se fqnde en droit sur le cinquieme amendement de la
Constitution des Etats-Unis et la loi amendée du 6 octobre 1917
relative au commerce avecl'ennemi. La demande du Gouvernement
suisse, dans sa conclusion finale A, prie la Cour de dire et juger
que le Gouvernement des États-unis est tenu de restituer les avoirs
de I'Interhandel; elle se fonde sur l'article IV de l'Accord de Wash-

ington et le principe du droit des gens qui interdit la confiscation
des biens neutres. Les deux requêtes,celle de 1'Interhandel et celle
du Gouvernement suisse, ont des bases juridiques différentes l.

Ou bien elle peut décider de commencer immédiatement l'examen du fond.
Pour ce quiestde nous, nous décidons simplement que d'après le dossier actuel,
le débouté de la demande avec préjudicn'était pas justifié.
L'arrêt de la Cour d'appel est infirmé et l'affaire reàla District Court
pour être procédé conformément à cette opinion. Il en est ainsi ordo»né.
On voit donc que la District Court peut choisir des alternativou des voies
différentes.

1 Le Gouvernement suisse n'agit pas danle présent différend comme un re-
présentant de son ressortissaLa réparation qu'il réclame n'a pas le même carac-
tère juridique que celle demandée par son ressortissaLe dommage subi par la
Suisse n'est pas identiqueà celui subi par 1'Interhandel. La Cour permanente a
très soigneusement examiné ces questions dans son arrêt (Série 17, pp27-28),
dans les termes suivant:
(iIl est un principe de droit internatique la réparation d'un tort peut
consister en une indemnité correspondanau dommage que les ressortissants 3. Theprinciple of the exhaustion of localremedies is not absolute
and rigid; it has to be applied flexibly according to the case. Some
situations or facts may entitle the Court to accede to a request,
even if the remedies have not been completely exhausted.

A limit is placed upon the rule of exhaustion if the period within

which the remedies will be exhausted is not known. The Permanent
Court acknowledged this limitation in its Order of February 4th,
1933, in the Prince vonPless case, on the grounds of an unwarrant-
able delay by the Polish tribunal, and the Court decided not to
adjudicate upon the applicability of the principle of exhausting
local remedies (Series A/B, No. 52, p. 16).

The Interhandel case, first brought before the American courts
on October 27th, 1948, passed through various stages and was still
not settled by June 16th, 1958 (nearly ten years later). A further
unknown period will therefore have to elapse before the remedies
are exhausted. That being so, are such slow remedies "adequate"
and "effective", as is required by the arbitral award in the case

of the Finnish vessels? (Refiorts of International Arbitral Awards,
vol. 111, p. 1495.)
4. The substance of the Interhandel claim is to obtain from the
American courts the restitution and the taking immediate posses-
sion of the vested shares and the handing over by the defendants
to the claimant of al1 dividends and interest pertaining thereto.

This claim is founded in law on the fifth amendment to the Con-
stitution of the United States and the amended law ofOctober 6th,
1917, relating to trading with the enemy. The Application of the
Swiss Government in its final submission A, requests the Court to
adjudge and declare that the Govemment of the United States
of America is under an obligation to restore the assets of Interhandel;

it takes its stand upon Article IV of the Washington Accord and
on the principle of international law which forbids the confiscation
of neutral property. The two claims, that of Interhandel and that
of the Swiss Govemment, are based upon different legal grounds 1.

mence at once trial on the merits. We decide only that on this record dismissal
of the complaint with prejudicwas not justified.

The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversand the case is remanded
to the District Court fofurther proceedings in conformity with this Opinion.
It is so ordered."
It is seen therefore that the District Coumay select alternativeor different
expedients.
l The Swiss Govemment is not acting in the present dispute as the represent-
ative of its nationathe reparationclaimed is not of the same legal charactas
that asked for by its national and the damage suffered by Switzerland is not iden-
tical with that incurredby Interhandel. The Permanent Court examined these
questionsvery carefully in its Judgment(Series A, No17, pp. 27-28), as follows:

"It is a principle of internatilaw that the reparationof a wrong may
consist in an indemnitycorresponding to thedamage which the nationals of
85 La requêtede 1'Interhandel tend à obtenir, par des recours inter-

nes, que l'acte (selonelle)illicite de mise sous séquestre soit reconnu
par les tribunaux américains comme une violation d'une loi interne,
tandis que la requêtedu Gouvernement suisse se fonde sur un acte
dommageable provenant de la violation d'un accord international
etdu droit des gens. Onignore si, à ce stade de la procéduredevant
les tribunaux américains, lJInterhandel pourrait ou non compléter

sa requête,pour y introduire le fondement juridique du Gouverne-
ment suisse, pour qu'il en soit ainsi décidépar les recours internes.
II s'agirait là d'une modification de la requête deI'Interhandel et
il faudrait vérifier si la procédure américaine l'admet. Dans sa
décisiondu 16juin 1958 de renvoi du procès Interhandel, la Cour
suprême des Etats-Unis, dans les directives qu'elle donne à la

District Court, ne fait pas allusion aux questions de droit internatio-
nal qui constituent l'objet du différend selon la requêtedu Gouver-
nement suisse. Selon l'agent américain, les tribunaux pourraient
examiner cette thèse. Selon l'agent suisse, au contraire, cet examen
serait impossible. Cette divergence porte surtout sur la question de
l'application par les tribunaux nationaux de l'Accord de Washing-

ton, en sa qualité d'Executive Agreement, traité qui, du fait de
n'avoir pas reçu 1:approbation du Congrès, n'est pas incorporé au
droit interne des Etats-Unis.

5. Mêmesi une telle intervention s'avérait possible, il faudrait
toutefois retenir que le Gouvernement suisse n'est pas partie au

différenddont connaissent les tribunaux américains. Il semble donc
que les recours internes introduits devant les tribunaux américains
pourraient ne pas apporter un remède définitifen vue de satisfaire
la thèse avancéepar le Gouvernement suisse. Lorsqu'il s'agit d'une
question de droit international, seul un tribunal international peut
la trancher définitivement.
Le but de la règlede I'itpuisement des recours internes n'est autre

que de permettre aux tribunaux internes d'examiner, dans, un
premier stade judiciaire, la responsabilité internationale de 1'Etat

de l'État léséont subi par suite de l'acte contraidroit internationalC'est
mêmela forme de réparation la plus usitée; l'Allemagne l'a choisie en "espèce,
et son admissibilité n'epas contestée. Mais la réparation duà un Etat par
un autre État ne change pas de nature par le fait qu'elle prend la forme d'une
indemnité pour le montant de laquelle le dommage subi par un particulier
fournira la mesure. Les règlede droit quidéterminent la réparation sontles
règles de droitinternationen vigueur entre les deux États en question, et non
pas le droit quirégit les rapports entre'Etat qui aurait commis un tort et
tion cause un dommageitàun particulier se trouvent toujours sun autre plana-
que les droits de l'Etat auxquels le mêmeacte peuégalement porter atteinte.
Le dommage subi par le particulier n'est donc jamais identiquesubstance
avec celui que 1'Etat subira; il ne peut que fournir mesure convenable de
la réparationileà 1'Etat.» The Interhandel claim seeks to obtain by methods of local redress
a decision by the American courts that the (in Interhandel's opinion)
unlawful act of vesting is a violation of domestic law, whilst the
Application of the Swiss Government is based upon damage caused

by the breach of an international agreement and of the law of na-
tions. It is not known whether, at this stage of the proceedings,
Interhandel could or could not pursue its claim before the American
courts and introduce there the legal grounds relied upon by the
Swiss Government with a view to the claim being decided by the
American courts. That would be a modification of Interhandel's

claim and it would have to be ascertained whether Arnerican proce-
dure permits such action. The Supreme Court of the United States,
in its decision of June 16th, 1958, reversing the earlier decision in
the Interhandel case, makes no allusion in its directives to the
District Court to the questions of international law which, accord-
ing to the Application of the Swiss Government, constitute the

subject-matter of the dispute. According to the American Agent,
the courts could examine that case. On the other hand, the Swiss
Agent says that it would be impossible. This difference of opinion
turns mainly upon the question of the application by the national
courts of the Washington Accord in its character of Executive
Agreement, a treaty which, not having been approved by Congress,
is not incorporated in United States domestic law.

5. Even if such action proved to be possible, it would still have
to be borne in mind that the Swiss Government isnot a party to the
dispute before the American courts. It would therefore seem that
the local remedies sought in those courts might not afford a final
redress to satisfy the case put forward by the Suriss Government.
Where a question of international law is involved, only an inter-

national court can give a final decision.

The purpose of the local remedies rule is simply to allow the
national tribunals in the first stage of the case to examine the
international responsibility of the defendant State as presented in

internationallaw. This is evethe most usual form of reparatioit is the form
selected by Germany in this case and the admissibilitofithas not been dis-
puted. The reparation due by one State to another does not however change
its character by reason of the fact thattakes the form of an indemnity for
the calculation of which themage suffered by a private person is taken as the
measure. The rules of law governing the reparatiothe rules of international
law in force between the two States concerned, and not the law governing
relationsbetween the State which has committed a wrongful act and the
individual who has suffered damage. Rights or interests of an individual the
violationof which rights causes damage are always in a different plane to
rights belonging to a State, which rights may also be infringby the same
act. The damage suffered by an individual is never therefore identin kind
with that which will be suffered by a State; it can only afford a convenient
scale for the calculation of the reparatdue to the State."défendeur,telle qu'elle est présentéedans la requête;naturellement,
cet examen devrait se faire par un tribunal national. Si ce tribunal
n'est pas compétent pour l'examen complet de la thèse suisse, du
point de vue du droit national, le but poursuivi par la règle de
l'épuisement ne serait pas satisfait.
Cependant, la Cour, pour le moment et sans autres informations,
ne doit pas entrer sur le terrain des hypothèses; elle doit s'en tenir
aux termes de la requêtede lJInterhandel. La requêtedu Gouverne-
ment suisse vise (à tort pu à raison) la réparation d'un dommage
directement causé à un Etat.
En effet, l'acte illicite provient de l'inexécution par le Gouverne-
ment américain (selon la thèse suisse) de la décision de l'Autorité
suisse de recours, laquelle doit êtreconsidérée commeun jugement
d'un tribunal arbitral international,dans le cadre de l'Accord de
Washington, donc obligatoire pour les Parties en litige.

L'examen de la troisième exception suppose le préjugéd'un point
qui ne peut êtreabordéqu'avec le fond. La règlede l'épuisementdes
recours internes ne s'applique pas au cas où l'acte incriminéatteint
directement un Etat. Et cet acte est-il ou non une violation du droit
international ?

6. La Cour permanente a ététrès prudente pour accepter une
exception fondéesur la règlede l'épuisement des recours internes et
peu empressée à se dessaisir de sa juridiction. Dans trois cas, ellel'a
jointe au fond (Série A/B, no 54, Série A/B, no 67, et SérieA/B,
no 75); elle l'a admise dans une affaire (SérieA/B, no 76) comme
défense au fond; dans une autre affaire (Série A/B, no 77) elle l'a
accueillie sur la base d'une disposition conventionnelle et, finale-
ment, cette exception a étérejetée dans deux affaires (Série A,
no 6, SérieA, no 9). Notre Cour, dans l'affaire Ambatielos, l'a aussi
rejetée (C. I.J. Recueil 1953, pp. 18, 22 et 23).
C'est donc la première fois que la Cour retient comme exception
préliminaire, sans la joindre au fond, une exception fondéesur la

règle de lJ6puisement des recours internes, non inséréedans la
déclaration d'acceptation de la juridiction de la Cour. Les précé-
dents judiciaires mentionnés n'auraient pas dû êtreabandonnés.

7. Au cours de l'examen des exceptions préliminaires, la Cour
doit éviter de préjuger des points touchant au fond du différend
surtout quand les questions soulevées, soit de fait, soit de droit,
démontrent le désaccord des parties et sont étroitement liées au
fond. Une telle intervention sur le fond du différend prive les
parties du droit que leur concèdent le Statut et le Règlement de
déposer des pièces écriteset de présenter leurs exposésoraux sur le
fond (Série A/B, no 67, p. 23). INTERHANDEL (DISS.OPIN. OF JUDGE ARMAND-UGON) 89

the Application; that examination would of course have to be made
by a national court. If that court is not competent to make a com-
plete examination of the Swiss case from the point of view of its
own law, the purpose of the rule of exhaustion would not be ful-
filled.
For the moment, however, and without further information the
Court cannot enter the field of hypotheses; it must abide by the
terms of the Interhandel claim. The Application of the Swiss Gov-
ernment seeks (rightly or wrongly) reparation for direct damage
caused to a State.

The unlawful act really derives from the failure of the American
Government (according to Switzerland) to execute the decision of
the Swiss Authority of Review, which is to be regarded as a
judgment by an international arbitral tribunal, within the frame-
work of the Washington Accord, and therefore binding upon the
Parties to the dispute.
The examination of the Third Objection means prejudging a
point which can only be dealt with along with the merits. The
rule of the exhaustion of local remedies does not apply to a case
in which the act complained of directly injures a State. 1s that
act or is it not a breach of international law?

6. The Permanent Court was very cautious in upholding an
objection based upon the local remedies rule and was in no hurry
to relinquish its jurisdiction. In three cases it joined the objection
to the merits (Series A/B, No. 54, Series A/B, No. 67, and Series
A/B, No. 75); it upheld the objection in one case (Series A/B,
No. 76) as a defence on the merits; in another case (Seî-iesA/B,

No. 77)the Court accepted it on the basis of a treaty clause. The
same objection was dismissed in two cases (Series A, No. 6, and
Series A, No. 9). The present Court also dismissed it in the Amba-
tielos case. (I.C.J. Reports1953, pp. 18, 22 and 23.)
This is therefore the first time that the Court is upholding,
without joining it to the merits, a preliminary objection based
upon the rule of exhaustion of local remedies and not included
in the Declaration accepting the jurisdiction of the Court. The
judicial precedents mentioned should not have been abandoned.

7. In its examination of the preliminary objections the Court
has to avoid prejudging matters relating to the merits of the
dispute, particularly when the questions raised, whether of fact
or of law, show that the parties are in disagreement and when these
questions are closely linked to the merits. Any such encroachment
upon the merits ofthe dispute deprives the parties of the right given
them bythe Statute and Rules of Court to submitwrittenpleadings
and make oral statements on the merits of the dispute (Series A/B,

No. 67,p. 24).90 INTERHANDEL (OPIN. DISS. DE M. ARMAND-UGON)

La Cour permanente a établi de sages directives quand l'excep-
tion de l'épuisement des recours internes touche à des points de
fond. Dans sa décision (Série A/B, no 75,p. jj), elle a dit:

«Considérant que, dans la phase actuelle de la procédure, une
décision ne peut être prise ni sur le caractère préliminaire des
exceptions, ni sur le bien-fondé de ces mêmesexceptions; qu'en
effet, une telle décision soulèverait des questions de fait et des
points de droit sur lesquels les Parties sonà plusieurs égards en
désaccord et qui sont trop étroitement liésau fond, pour que la
Cour puisse se prononcer, dès à présent, à leur sujet;
Considérant que, en raison dudit désaccord entre les Parties,
la Cour a besoin des informations les plus précisesconcernant les
thèses juridiques énoncéespar les Parties et les motifs à l'appui
de ces thèses;
Considérant que la Cour peut toujours ordonner la jonction des
exceptions préliminaires au fond, lorsque les intérêtsde la bonne
administration de la justice lui en font un devoir.))

Pour ces motifs, dans l'état actuel de la procédure, il paraît que
la troisième exceptionrelative àla conclusion principale suisse aurait
dû, raiscnnablement, êtrejointe au fond.

I. Le Gouvernement américain a saisi la Cour d'une quatrième
exception préliminaire, lettre A, ainsi libellée:
((Qu'elle [la Cour] est incompétente pour connaître ou décider
de toutes les questions soulevées par la requête ou le mémoire
du Gouvernement suisse, concernant la vente ou la disposition
des actions sous séquestre de la General Aniline and Film Cor-
poratian (y compris la transmission d'un titre valable et incon-
testable à toute personne physique ou morale)-pour le motif que
cette vente ou disposition a étédéfiniepar les Etats-Unis d'Amé-
rique, conformément au paragraphe b)des réserves attachées par
les Etats-Unis à l'acceptation de la compétencede la Cour, comme
relevant essentiellement de la compétence nationale des Etats-
Unis. ))

II est encore ajouté que la décision des États-unis « s'applique à
toutes les questions soulevées dans la requête et le mémoire du
Gouvernement de la Confédération suisse y compris, sans j7 être
toutefois limités, le Tr?ité d'arbitrage et de conciliation de 1931
entre la Suisse et les Etats-Unis et l'Accord de Washington de
1946 ».
88 8. The Permanent Court laid down wise directives when the
objection on grounds of non-exhaustion of local remedies touches

upon the merits. In its decision (Series AIB, No. 75, p. 55) it
said :
"Whereas, at the present stage of the proceedings, a decision
cannot be taken either as to the preliminary character of the
objections or on the question whether they areLwel1founded, and
any such decision would raise questions of fact and law in regard
to which the Parties are in several respects in disagreement and
which are too closelylinked to the merits for the Court to adjudicate
upon them at the present stage;
Whereas, in view of the said disagreement between the Parties,
the Court must have exact information as to the legal contentions
respectively adduced by the Parties and the arguments in support
of these contentions;
Whereas the Court may order the joinder of preliminary ob-
jections to the merits, whenever the interests of the good admin-
istration of justice require it."

For these reasons, at the present stage of the proceedings, it
seems that the Third Objection to the Swiss principal submission
should rightly and reasonably have been joined to the merits.

I. The United States Government submitted to the Court a
Fourth Preliminary Objection, as follows :

"(a) That there is no junsdiction in this Court to hear or
determine any issues raised by the Swiss Application or Memorial
concerning the sale or disposition of the vested shares of General
Aniline and Film Corporation (including the passing of good and
clear title to any person or'entity) for the reason that such sale
or disposition has been determined by the United States of America,
pursuant to paragraph (6) of the Conditions attached to this
country's acceptance of this Court's jurisdiction, to be a matter
essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of this country."

Andit adds,further, that the decision of the United States "applies
to al1 the issues raised in the Swiss Application and Memorial,
including, but not limited to, the Swiss-United States Treaty of
Arbitration and Conciliation of 1931 andthe Washington Accord of
1946". 2. Cette exception n'a pas étéabandonpée ni retirée à ce stade
de la procédure par le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis. Le Gouverne-
ment suisse demande aussi à la Cour de se prononcer sur cette

modalité de la quatrième exception.
L'article 62, alinéa 5, du Règlement de la Cour dispose que celle-
ci, ccaprès avoir entendu les parties, statue sur l'exception ou la
joint au fond ».Statuer sur une exception veut dire, ou la retenir,
ou la rejeter, ou la joindre au fond. La Cour peut, quand elle accepte
une exce~tion aui met définitivement fin à la reauêteA ,e dis~enser
d'examiner d'autres exceptions. Dans le cas présent, elle a retenu
une exception fondée sur la règle de l'épuisement des recours
internes, qui a un caractère dilatoire. Le Gouvernement suisse pour-
rait êtreen droit de présenter de nouveau sa requêtesi les recours

internes n'ont pas épuisé lesfaits et les arguments juridiques qui
servent de fondement à sa réclamation. L'acceptation de la troi-
sièmeexception par la Cour ne produit pas l'effet d'un rejet définitif
et complet de la requête suisse - la Cour devait donc se prononcer
sur l'exception 4 a) - qui aurait pu avoir cet effet.

Pour une autre raison, la Cour aurait dû procéder ainsi. La
recherche de sa compétence était nécessaire afin de pouvoir réguliè-
rement examiner la troisième exception qui appartient à la caté-
gorie des exceptions d'irrecevabilité; or, une telle exception ne

pouvait être prise en considération par la Cour qu'après avoir
établisa compétence.

3. La déclaration des États-unis, faite conformément à l'article
36, alinéa 2, du Statut de la Cour, dispose que la déclaration ne
s'applique pas: (b) aux différends relatifs à de? questions relevant
essentiellement de la compétencenationale des Etats-Unis d'Améri-
que, telle qu'elle est fixéepar les Etats-Unis d'Amérique ».
Cette déclaration se compose de deux parties: l'acceptation de la

juridiction de la Cour et les réserves faites à cette acceptation. Ces
deux élémentsd'un mêmeacte juridique sont séparables. Rien ne
nous autorise, à la lecture du texte, à les considérer comme un tout
indivisible.

4. Une déclaration d'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire est
un acte dérivé, susceptible d'êtrerattaché à l'application des ali-
néas 2, 3 et 6 de l'article 36 du Statut. Ces dispositions lui serviront
de szibstratum juridique. La déclaration se caractérise comme un
acte secondaire conditionné par un acte primaire. La Cour, qui doit

veiller à la sauvegarde de son Statut, a certainement la faculté de
vérifier si l'acte secondaire de la déclaration correspond au texte
primaire; elle pourra ainsi apprécier la légalité des divers éléments
de la déclaration afin de vérifiers'il a été faitexacte application des
dispositions pertinentes du Statut. La déclaration ne peut pas
contrarier le Statut. Le doute sur ce point n'est pas permis.

89 2. That objection has not been abandoned or withdrawn by the
Government of the United States at this stage of the proceedings.
The Swiss Government also asks the Court to adjudicate upon this
form of the Fourth Objection.
Article 62, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court provides that
"after hearing the parties the Court shall give its decision on the

objection or shall join the objection to the merits". To give a
decision on an objection means either to uphold or to dismiss it,
or to join it to the merits. When it admits an objection which puts
a definite end to the Application, the Court may refrain from
examining other objections. In the present case it has upheld an
objection founded upon the rule of exhaustion of local remedies,
which has a delaying character. The Swiss Government might be
entitled to submit its Application afresh, if the local remedies
have not exhausted the facts and legal arguments upon which its
claim is based. The admission of the Third Objection by the Court
does not have the effect of finally and fully dismissing the Swiss
Application; the Court ought therefore to have decided on Objec-
tion 4(a)-which would have that effect.
There is another reason why the Court ought to have done this.
Examination of its jurisdiction was necessary in order that it might
duly consider the Third Objection, which belongs to the class of
objections to admissibility. But that objection could only be con-
sidered by the Court after it had established that it had jurisdic-

tion.

3. The Declaration of the United States made under Article 36,
paragraph 2,of the Statute of the Court provides that the Declara-
tion shall not apply to: "(b) disputes with regard to matters which
are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of the United States
of America as determined by the United States of America".
This Declaration consists of two parts, acceptance of the Court's
jurisdiction and reservations to that acceptance. Those two ele-
ments of a single juridical act are separable. Nothing justifies us,
when reading thetext, in considering them as an indivisible whole.

4. A declaration accepting compulsory jurisdiction is a secondary
act, one which can be linked to the application of paragraphs 2, 3
and 6 of Article 36 of the Statute. These clauses provide it with a
legal substratum. The declaration has the character of a secondary
act dependent upon a primary one. The Court, whose duty it is to

safeguard its Statute, is certainly empowered to determine whether
the secondary part of the declaration is in accord with the primary
text; in doing so, it may appraise the legality of the different parts
of the declaration in order to determine whether the relevant
clauses of the Statute have been correctly applied. The declaration
cannot run counter to the Statute. There can be no doubt of that.
89 La dernière partie du paragraphe b) de la réserve américaine

établit que les États-unis d'Amériquefixeront si un différenddont
la Cour est saisie est relatif des questions qui relèvent de la compé-
tence nationale de? Etats-Unis d'Amérique. La clause ((telle qu'elle
est fixéepar les Etats-Unis d'Amérique », de la manière dont elle
est appliquée dans la présente affaire, est incompatible avec I'ali-
néa6 de l'article 36 du Statut, lequel dispose: «En cas de contesta-
tion sur le point de savoirsi la Cour est compétente, la Cour décide. ))

5. Les États peuvent faire des réserves à leur acceptation de la
juridiction dela Cour conformément aux alinéas 2 et 3 de l'article 36,
mais ces réserves ne peuvent limiter la faculté que le Statut confère
à la Cour de décider sur la compétence. Il n'est pas admissible de
faire des réserves sur l'alinéa 6. La Cour est seule juge de sa com-
pétence.
«Le paragraphe. 6 de l'article 36 - a soutenu la Cour - ne fait

que reprendre pour la Cour une règle que le droit international
commun a consacrée en matière d'arbitrage international a (affaire
Nottebohm, Exception préliminaire, C. I.J. Recueil 1953 ,. 119). Et
plus loin, la Cour insiste encore: « Mêmesi ce n'était pas le cas, la
Cour, (dont la mission est de régler conformément au droit inter-
((national les différends qui lui sont soumis ))(article 38, paragra-
phe 1,du Statut) devrait suivre à cet égard ce que prescrit le droit
international commun. Or, le caractère judiciaire de la Cour et la

règle de droit international commun qui a étéprécédemment
rappelée suffisent à établir que la Cour est compétente pour statuer
sur sapropre compétenceen la présenteaffaire. 1)(Ibid p.,119.)
En cette matière, tout Etat qui a proclamé son adhésion à
la disposition facultative ne peut se réserver la faculté de faire
prévaloir son opinion sur la compétence de la Cour une fois que
celle-ci a étésaisie d'une affaire. Dès ce moment, les pouvoirs
de la Cour ne peuvent êtrelimités; ils doivent s'exercer comme le
Statut les a établis. Toute contestation sur la compétence relève

exclusivement de la Cour. A cet égard, aucun gouvernement ne peut
imposer son point de vue à la Cour. La question de la compétence
de la Cour est une question que celle-ci seule peut trancher de façon
définitive. Une telle volonté s'affiqe clairement dans le paragra-
phe 6 de l'article 36, qui lie tous les Etats qui ont adhéréau Statut
de la Cour.
C'est ce que F. B. Kellogg a soutenu à juste titre:((Tout compro-
mis qui soumet une affaireà la Cour doit êtreconsidérécomme

contenant, en guise d'annexe tacitement ajoutée, tous les articles
pertinents du Statut de la Cour et doit, en cas de doute sur sa
signification, être interprété à la lumière de ces dispositions du
Statut de la Cour » (SérieA, no 24, p. 33). Il en est de mêmede toute
déclaration fondéesur l'alinéa 2 de l'article 36. The last part of paragraph (b) of the United States reservation
lays down that the United States of America will determine whether
a dispute submitted to the Court relates to questions which lie
within the domestic jurisdiction of the United States of America.
The clause "as determined by the United States of America", as
applied in the present case, is incompatible with paragraph 6 of
Article 36 of the Statute, which says: "In the event of a dispute as
to whether the Court has jurisdiction, the matter shall be settled
by the decision of the Court."

5. Statesmay make reservations when accepting the jurisdiction
of the Court under paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 36, but those reser-
vations cannot limit the right conferred upon the Court by the
Statute to determine the question of its jurisdiction. No reservation
is admissible in regard to paragraph 6. The Court is sole judge of its
jurisdiction.
"Paragraph 6 of Article 36-the Court has maintained-merely
adopted a rule consistently accepted by general international law
in the matter of international arbitration."(Nottebohmcase, Prelimi-
nary Objection, I.C. J. Refiorts1953 ,. 119. )nd a little later the
Court further emphasizes: "But even if this were not the case, the
Court, 'whose function is to decide in accordancewith international
law such disputes as are subrnitted to it' (Article 38, paragraph 1,
of the Statute), should follow in this connection what is laid down
by general international law. The judicial character of the Court
and the rule of general international law referred to above are
sufficient to establish that the Courtis competent to adjudicate on
its own jurisdiction in the present case." (Ibid p.,120.)
In thismatter no country which has announced its accession to

the Optional Clause can reserve for itself the right to make its
opinion prevail over the jurisdiction of the Court, once the Court
has been seised of a case. From that moment the powers of the
Court cannot be curtailed; they must be exercised as established by
the Statute. It lies exclusively with the Court to settle any dispute
about jurisdiction. No government can impose its view upon the
Court in this matter. The question of the Court's jurisdiction is one
which only the Court can finally settle. That intention is clearly set
out in paragraph 6 of Article 36, which is binding upon all States
acceding to the Statute of the Court.

Judge Kellogg rightly argued this when he said: "Every Special
Agreement submitting a case to this Court must be considered to
have, as tacitly appended clauses thereto, al1the pertinent articles
of'the Court'sStatute, and must, in case of doubt as to its meaning,
be interpreted in the light of such provisions of the Statute of the
Court" (Series A, No. 24, p. 33). The same is true of any declaration
founded upon paragraph 2 of Article 36. 6. Les Parties en litige ne peuvent déroger unilatéralement ni de
commun accord au Statut de la Cour. Sur ce dernier point, la Cour
permanente a eu l'occasion de se prononcer. Dans l'affaire des
Zones franches, les parties étaient tombées d'accord dans leur com-
promis afin de solliciter la Cour de leur faireconnaître officieusement

le contenu de ses délibérés avant le prononcé de l'arrêt.Une telle
demande fut repoussée comme contraire aux articles 54, alinéa 3
(secret des délibérations), et 58 (lecture publique) du Statut. La
mêmeCour déclaradans son ordonnance du 19août 1929 :((Contrai-
rement à ce qui est permis par le Règlement (article 3z), il ne lui
appartient pas, sur la proposition des parties, de déroger aux
dispositions du Statut. ))
Un autre cas peut être rapporté: on ne pourrait tolérer, comme
contraire à l'article 59 du Statut, la déclaration des parties par
laquelle elles ne se considèrent pas liées obligatoirement par le

jugement de la Cour (Série A/B, no46, p. 161). Les règles de fond et
de procédure fixéespar le Statut doivent êtreconsidéréescomme
immuables: ni la Cour ni les parties ne peuvent y porter atteinte.

7. La réserveparagraphe b) de la déclaration américaine à I'ali-
néa 6 de l'article 36 (((telle qu'elle est fixée 1)étant évidemment
contraire à cet alinéaet ne pouvant se rattacher àl'application d'un
texte du Statut, la Cour doit la considérer comme non écrite et
inopérante dans la présente affaire. C'est-à-dire que le Gouverne-

ment défendeur ne peut s'appuyer sur elle pour soutenir l'excep-
tion 4 a). La clause en question n'étant pas prévue par une disposi-
tion du Statut, il y a lieu de la déclarersans efficacitépar rapport
à la Cour.
Cette conclusion ne suppose pas que l'acceptation de la juridic-
tion de la Cour faite dans la déclaration américaine est sans valeur
dans son ensemble et doit êtreconsidéréeintégralement comme
entachée de nullité. Une telle manière de voir irait à l'encontre
mêmede la volonté manifeste de l'État défendeur qui a soumis,soit
comme demandeur, soit comme défendeur, des affaires à la décision

de la Cour. La manière dont il a étéfait application de cette décla-
ration par le Gouvernement des États-unis dans ces cas indique
que la réserve paragraphe b) n'a pas étédéterminante lors de sa
formulation et de sa présentation. Dans la présente affaire, lors de
son opposition à la compétence de la Cour, le Gouvernement amé-
ricain avait mêmeindiqué dans la procédure orale en indication de
mesures conservatoires (qu'il n'envisagerait pas de se servir du
paragraphe b) pour tous les aspects du litige relatif à 1'Interhandel
qui peuvent êtresoulevéspar la requête(suisse). Le Gouvernement
des États-unis exposera, le moment venu, après un examen plus

approfondi, sa position d'une manière détaillée. 1En effet, dans les
exceptions américaines à la requête suisse, le paragraphe b) se
limite à ((la question de la vente ou de la disposition de ces actions
(GAF), y compris la transmission de titre valable et incontestable à
91 6. The Parties to a dispute cannot depart from the Statute of the
Court unilaterally or by agreement between themselves. The Per-
manent Court had occasion to adjudicate on this latter point. In
the Free Zones case the parties had agreed in their Special Agree-
ment to request the Court to let them know unofficially the content
of its deliberations before delivering judgment. That request was
refused as contrary to Articles 54, paragraph 3 (Secrecy of Deliber-
ations), and 58 (Reading of Judgment in open Court) of the Statute.
The same Court declared in its Order of August ~gth, 1929: "In
contradistinction to that which is permitted by the Rules (Arti-
cle y), the Court cannot, on the proposa1 of the parties, depart
from the terms of the Statute."

Another instance may be given: a declaration of the parties
whereby they do not consider themselves bound by the Court's
judgment, cannot be allowed, being contrary to Article 59 of the
Statute (Series A/B, No. 46, p. 161). The rules of substance and
procedure fixed by the Statute must be regarded as immutable:
neither the Court nor the parties can break them.

7. Since the reservation in regard to paragraph 6 of Article 36
contained in (b) of the American Declaration ("as determined",
etc.) is obviously contrary to that paragraph, and cannot be linked
to the application of any text in the Statute, the Court should
regard it as unwritten and inoperative in the present case. That is
to Say, the respondent Government cannot rely upon it in support
of its Objection 4(a). The clause in question, not being provided for
in any part of the Statute, should be declared without effect vis-à-
vis the Court.
That conclusion does not imply that the acceptance of the Court's
jurisdiction, given in the American Declaration, is altogether with-
out value and to be considered as nul1and void in its entirety. Such

a view would run counter to the clear intention of the respondent
State, which has submitted cases to the Court's decision both as
claimant and respondent. The way in which this Declaration was
employed by the Government of the United States in those cases
shows that the reservation in paragraph (b) was not a determining
factor at the time of its formulation and submission. The United
States Government even stated in the present case, when objecting
to the jurisdiction of the Court, during the hearings on the indica-
tion of interim measures of protection, that it did not "intend to
imply that it envisages use of paragraph (b) ...with respect to all
aspects of the Interhandel controversy which may be involved in
the (Swiss) submission. The United States Government will in due
course, upon further study, disclose its position in these respects in
further detail." Indeed, in the United States objections to the
Swiss Application, paragraph (b) is restricted to the "matter of the
sale or disposition of such shares (GAF), including the passing of
good and clear title to any person or entity". In the view of thetoute personne physique ou morale».Pour le Gouvernement amé-
ricain, le paragraphe de sa réserveest séparable du reste de l'ac-
ceptation et même desautres réserves. La déclaration, dans son

ensemble, n'est pas liée la clause mentionnée du paragraphe b),
qui est une stipulation accessoire.
En conséquence, le rejet de cette quatrième exception'impose
et la compétence de la Cour doit êtreadmise.

(Signé ARMAND-UGON.United States Government, paragraph (b) of its reservation can be
separated from the rest of the acceptance and even from the other
reservations. The Declaration as a whole is not linked to the clause
mentioned in paragraph (b), which is an accessory stipulation.
Consequently, this objection4 (a) should be dismissed and the
jurisdiction of the Court upheld.

(Signed) ARMAND-UGON.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Armand-Ugon (translation)

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