Dissenting Opinion of Judge Winiarski (translation)

Document Number
034-19590321-JUD-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
034-19590321-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE WINIARSKI

[Translation]
In its final alternative submission, the Swiss Government asks
the Court to declare itself competent to decide whether the United
States of America are under an obligation to submit the dispute
regarding the validity of the Swiss claim either to arbitration or
to conciliation. In the event of the Court declaring itself competent,
the Swiss Government puts forward a number of submissions on
the merits, presenting the claim formulated in its Application in
various forms, but these do not affect the question here examined.

In upholding the Third Objection of the United States Govern-
ment, so far as it concerns this alternative request, the Court
declares that the procedure on the merits is inadmissible, although
it might have led to a settlement of the dispnte on that point. 1

cannot concur in that decision.
The United States Government argues that the alternative sub-
missions are directed towards the same end as the principal sub-
mission, namely, the restitution to Interhandel of the assets it is
claiming in the United States. "Although they avoid the use of
the word restitution, the alternative submissions are only alter-
native ways in which the intended recovery is sought to be
accomplished."
The Court is not required to consider what was the purpose of
the Swiss Governmentin formulating its alternative claim regarding
arbitration and conciliation. That claim is presented as distinct
from the principal claim and must be examined as such. Its
subject-matter is clearly defined. It originated with the refusa1
of the United States Government to submit the dispute concerning
Interhandel to arbitration and, in the view of the Swiss Govern-
ment, the dispute is one that is fit to be settled on the basis of
the Washington Accord and the Treaty of 1931. Here there is

no question of the protection of the rights and interests of the
national whose cause its Government is espousing; the rights and
interests at stake derive directly from international instruments
which the States have signed, and to that kind of dispute the rule
of the exhaustion of local remedies does not apply.
As the Judgment says, the reason for the rule is to enable a
State in which the rights of a foreign national are alleged to have
been injured in breach of international law to provide a remedy
by its own means within the framework of its own laws. But where
the rights and obligations of the two States flow directly from
their treaties and agreements there can be no question of settling
such dispute by recourse to local remedies. The American courts

8Iare competent to adjudicate on the rights of a Swiss national;
they have no competence to adjudicate on the existence of an
obligation on the part of the United States to submit to arbitration
or conciliation. The legal problems are here on different planes and
their solution must be different. In my opinion, the Third Pre-
liminary Objection should be dismissed. If the Court holds that
it is not possible at this stage of the proceedings to dismiss the
objection without prejudging a question of merits, or, at the least,
if it thinks that it is impossible to determine with certainty that
the consequences of dismissal would not affect the merits, it could
follow precedents and join the objection to the merits. That would
enable it to resume the proceedings and to settle the dispute by
a single judgment.
In support of the decision two reasons are given in which 1
cannot concur.
First, the Judgment says that one interest, and one alone, that
of Interhandel, underlies both the proceedings resumed by that

Company in the United States courts and the present international
proceedings, and that that interest should determine the scope of
the action brought by the Swiss Government in both its sub-
missions. Assuming that one and the same interest is the basis
of both actions, it is difficult to agree that this consideration-
the existence of one, and only one, interest-should prevail over
the reasons which limit the local remedies rule to claims by indi-
viduals. In the case now under consideration the claim put forward
in the alternative submission aims at obtaining a recognition that
the United States are under an obligation to submit to arbitration
or conciliation, and the Swiss Government may have a strong
interest in seeing the Court offer it a legal remedy that has been
denied it.
Furthermore, a decision by the Court dismissing the Third
Objection of the United States so far as concerns the alternative
submission would in no way affect the right of the arbitral tribunal,
should one be set up, to apply the local remedies rule quite inde-

pendently, should the occasion arise, while conciliation proceedings
are not required to observe that de.
For al1 these reasons, 1 am unable to concur in the decision of
the Court which declares the claim formulated by the Swiss Gov-
ernment in its alternative submission to be inadmissible.

(Signed) B. WINIARSKI.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. WINIARSKI

Dans sa conclusion subsidiaire finale, le Gouvernement suisse
demande à la Cour de se déclarer compétente pour décider si les
Etats-Unis d'Amérique sont tenus de soumettre le différend relatif
à la validité de la réclamation suisse, soit à l'arbitrage, soit à la
procédure de conciliation. Pour le cas où la Cour accepterait de se
déclarer compétente, le Gouvernement suisse formule une série de
conclusions de fond présentant différentesmodalités de la demande
formulée dans la requête, modalités qui sont sans intérêtpour la

question ici examinée.
En retenant la troisième exception du Gouvernement des États-
Unis en ce qui concerne cette demande subsidiaire, la Cour déclare
inadmissible la procédure de fond qui pourtant aurait pu conduire
au règlement du différendsur ce point. Je ne peux me rallierà cette
décision.

L'argument du Gouvernement des États-unis est que les deman-
des subsidiaires visent le mêmebut que la demande principale, à
savoir la restitution à 1'Interhandel des avoirs se trouvant aux
Etats-Unis et par lui réclamés. «Bien qu'elles évitent d'employer
le mot restitution, les conclusions subsidiaires ne sont que des
moyens accessoires de chercher à obtenir la restitution souhaitée.))
La Cour n'a pas à apprécier le but qu'a pu se proposer le Gouver-
nement suisse en formulant sa demande subsidiaire relative à

l'arbitrage et à la conciliation. Cette demande se présente comme
distincte de lademande principale et doit êtreexaminéecommetelle.
Son objet est nettement défini. Elle est néedu refus du Gouveme-
ment des Etats-Unis de soumettre à l'arbitrage le différend relatif
à I'Interhandel et, selon le Gouvernement suisse, ce différend est
susceptible d'êtreréglésurla base de l'Accord de Washington et du
Traité de 1931. Ici, il ne s'agit pas de la protection des droits et des
intérêtsdu ressortissant dont son gouvernement épouse la cause;
il s'agit des droits et des obligations qui découlent directement pour
les Etats des instruments internationaux qu'ils ont signéset pour
ce genre de différend la règle relative à l'épuisement des recours
internes ne s'applique pas.
Comme l'arrêtl'indique, la raison de la règle est de permettre à
l'État où les droits d'un ressortissant étranger auraient étélésésen
violation du droit international, d'y remédier par ses propres

moyens dans le cadre de son ordre juridique interne. Or, quand il
s:agit des droits et obligations découlant directement pour les deux
Etats de leurs traités et accords, il ne peut êtrequestion de régler
un tel différend par la voie de recours internes. Les tribunaux des
SI DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE WINIARSKI

[Translation]
In its final alternative submission, the Swiss Government asks
the Court to declare itself competent to decide whether the United
States of America are under an obligation to submit the dispute
regarding the validity of the Swiss claim either to arbitration or
to conciliation. In the event of the Court declaring itself competent,
the Swiss Government puts forward a number of submissions on
the merits, presenting the claim formulated in its Application in
various forms, but these do not affect the question here examined.

In upholding the Third Objection of the United States Govern-
ment, so far as it concerns this alternative request, the Court
declares that the procedure on the merits is inadmissible, although
it might have led to a settlement of the dispnte on that point. 1

cannot concur in that decision.
The United States Government argues that the alternative sub-
missions are directed towards the same end as the principal sub-
mission, namely, the restitution to Interhandel of the assets it is
claiming in the United States. "Although they avoid the use of
the word restitution, the alternative submissions are only alter-
native ways in which the intended recovery is sought to be
accomplished."
The Court is not required to consider what was the purpose of
the Swiss Governmentin formulating its alternative claim regarding
arbitration and conciliation. That claim is presented as distinct
from the principal claim and must be examined as such. Its
subject-matter is clearly defined. It originated with the refusa1
of the United States Government to submit the dispute concerning
Interhandel to arbitration and, in the view of the Swiss Govern-
ment, the dispute is one that is fit to be settled on the basis of
the Washington Accord and the Treaty of 1931. Here there is

no question of the protection of the rights and interests of the
national whose cause its Government is espousing; the rights and
interests at stake derive directly from international instruments
which the States have signed, and to that kind of dispute the rule
of the exhaustion of local remedies does not apply.
As the Judgment says, the reason for the rule is to enable a
State in which the rights of a foreign national are alleged to have
been injured in breach of international law to provide a remedy
by its own means within the framework of its own laws. But where
the rights and obligations of the two States flow directly from
their treaties and agreements there can be no question of settling
such dispute by recourse to local remedies. The American courts

8IÉtats-~nis sont compétents pour statuer sur les droits d'un res-
sortissant suisse; ils n'ont aucune compétence pour statuer sur
l'existence d'une obligation pour les Etats-Unis de se soumettre à
l'arbitrage ou à la conciliation. Les problèmes de droit se posent ici
sur des plans différents; leur solution doit êtredifférente. mon
avis, la troisième exception préliminaire devrait êtrerejetée. Si la

Cour était d'avis qu'il n'est pas possible, au stade actuel de la
procédure, de rejeter l'exception sans préjuger une question de
fond, ou au moins si elle estimait qu'il n'est pas possible d'établir
avec certitude que les conséquences du rejet n'affecteraient pas le
fond, elle pourrait suivre des précédents et joindre l'exception au
fond, ce qui permettrait de reprendre la procédure et de réglerle
différendpar un seul et mêmearrêt.
Pour motiver la décision,deux raisons sont avancées, que je ne
peux pas partager.
Tout d'abord, l'arrêt dit qu'un seul et mêmeintérêt,celui de
IJInterhandel, est à la base de la procédure reprise par cette société
devant les tribunaux des Etats-Unis et de la présente procédure
internationale; cet intérêt devrait déterminer la portée de l'action
intentée par le Gouvernement suisse dans ses deux conclusions. A
supposer qu'un seul et mêmeintérêtsoit à la base des deux actions,
il est difficile d'admettre que cette considération, comme celle d'un
seul et mêmebut, puisse l'emporter sur les raisons qui limitent la
règle de l'épuisement des recours internes aux cas de réclamations
des particuliers. Dans le cas ici envisagé l'action formulée dans

la conclusion subsidiaire tend à obtenir la reconnaissance de
l'obligation des États-Unis à se soumettre à l'arbitrage ou à la
conciliation, et le Gouvernement suisse peut avoir un intérêttrès
important à voir la Cour ouvrir devant lui la voie du droit qui lui
a étédéniée.
D'autre part, une décisionde la Cour rejetant la troisième excep-
tion des États-unis en ce qui concerne la demande subsidiaire
n'affecterait en rien le droit du tribunal arbitras'il venaià être
constitué, d'appliquer, le cas échéant, en toute indépendance la
règle de l'épuisement des recours internes, tandis que la procédure
de conciliation n'a pas à se conformer à cette règle.
Pour toutes ces raisons, je ne peux pas me rallier à la décision
de la Cour déclarant irrecevable la requêtedu Gouvernement suisse
formulée dans la conclusion subsidiaire.

(Signé B).WIXIARSKI.are competent to adjudicate on the rights of a Swiss national;
they have no competence to adjudicate on the existence of an
obligation on the part of the United States to submit to arbitration
or conciliation. The legal problems are here on different planes and
their solution must be different. In my opinion, the Third Pre-
liminary Objection should be dismissed. If the Court holds that
it is not possible at this stage of the proceedings to dismiss the
objection without prejudging a question of merits, or, at the least,
if it thinks that it is impossible to determine with certainty that
the consequences of dismissal would not affect the merits, it could
follow precedents and join the objection to the merits. That would
enable it to resume the proceedings and to settle the dispute by
a single judgment.
In support of the decision two reasons are given in which 1
cannot concur.
First, the Judgment says that one interest, and one alone, that
of Interhandel, underlies both the proceedings resumed by that

Company in the United States courts and the present international
proceedings, and that that interest should determine the scope of
the action brought by the Swiss Government in both its sub-
missions. Assuming that one and the same interest is the basis
of both actions, it is difficult to agree that this consideration-
the existence of one, and only one, interest-should prevail over
the reasons which limit the local remedies rule to claims by indi-
viduals. In the case now under consideration the claim put forward
in the alternative submission aims at obtaining a recognition that
the United States are under an obligation to submit to arbitration
or conciliation, and the Swiss Government may have a strong
interest in seeing the Court offer it a legal remedy that has been
denied it.
Furthermore, a decision by the Court dismissing the Third
Objection of the United States so far as concerns the alternative
submission would in no way affect the right of the arbitral tribunal,
should one be set up, to apply the local remedies rule quite inde-

pendently, should the occasion arise, while conciliation proceedings
are not required to observe that de.
For al1 these reasons, 1 am unable to concur in the decision of
the Court which declares the claim formulated by the Swiss Gov-
ernment in its alternative submission to be inadmissible.

(Signed) B. WINIARSKI.

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Dissenting Opinion of Judge Winiarski (translation)

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