Dissenting Opinion of Judge Read

Document Number
016-19520722-JUD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
016-19520722-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

DZSSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

1 regret that1 am unable to concur in the judgment of the Court
in this case, and that it has become necessary for me to state the
reasons which have led me to the conclusion that the objections
to the jurisdiction of this Court, raised by Iran, should be overruled.
Before examining the Persian Declaration, it is necessary to
decide upon the method of approach to the problem of interpreta-
tion. There are no specific rules of international law which bear
directly on the issues which the Court must decide. There are,
however, important general principles, which need to be taken
into account in the circumstances of this case.
The first principle was applied by this Court in its Opinion-
Admission to the United Nations, I.C. J. Reports 1950, page 8-and

stated in the following words :
"The Court considers it necessary to Say that the first duty of
a tribunal which is called upon to interpret and apply the provi-
sions of a treaty, is to endeavour to give effect to them in their
natural and ordinary meaning in the context in which they occur.
If the relevant words in their natural and ordinary meaning make
sense in their context, that is an end of the matter. If, on the other
hand, the words in their natural and ordinary meaning are ambi-
guous or lead to an unreasonable result, then, and then only, must
the Court, by resort to other methods of interpretation, seek to
ascertain what the parties really did mean when they used these
words."

The second principle is, in reality, a special aspect of the first.
It was applied by this Court in its Opinion-Peace Treaties II,
I.C.J. Reports 1950, page 229-and statedin the following words :

"It is the duty of the Court to interpret the Treaties, not to
revise them."

1 am unable to accept the contention that the principles of
international law which govern the interpretation of treatiescannot
be applied to the Persian Declaration, because it is unilateral.
Admittedly it was drafted unilaterally. On the other hand, it was
related, in express terms, to Article 36 of the Statute, and to the
declarations of other States which had already deposited, or which
might in the future deposit, reciprocal declarations. It was intended
to establish legal relationships with such States, consensual in
their character, within the regime established by the provisions of
Article 36.

53I43 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

There is an additional consideration which, strictly speaking, is
not a principle, but a rejection of a fallacious theory.
It has been contended that the Court should apply a restrictive
construction to the provisions of the Declaration, because it is a
treaty provision or clause conferring jurisdiction on the Court.
Further, it has been suggested that a jurisdictional clause is a
limitation upon the sovereignty of a State, and that, therefore, it
should be strictly construed.
The making of a declaration is an exercise of State sovereignty,
and not, in any sense, a limitation. It should therefore be construed
in such a manner as to give effect to the intention of the State, as
indicated by the words used ;and not by a restrictive interpreta-
tion, designed to frustrate the intention of the State in exercising

this sovereign power.
In support of the contention that a restrictive interpretation
should be applied, it is possible to cite certain obiterdicta of the
Permanent Court ; and, particularly, statements made in two
cases-the Free Zones Case, Series A/B, No. 46, page 138, and in the
Phosphates of Morocco Case, SeriesA/B, No. 74, page 23. It should,
however, be observed that in neither of these cases did the Court
rely upon restrictive interpretation as the basis of its decision.
Article 38 of the Statute is mandatory, and not discretionary.
It requires the Court to apply judicial decisions as a subsidiary
means for the determination of rules of law. The expression "judi-
cial decisions" certainly includes the jurisprudence of this Court
and of the Permanent Court. I have no doubt that it includes the
principles applied by the Court as the basis of its decisions. It is,
however, equally clear that it cannot possibly be construed as
requiring this Court to apply obiter dicta.

It would take too long to review the jurisprudence of the Per-
manent Court and of this Court. 1 have been unable to find any
case in which either Court relied upon a restrictive interpretation
to a jurisdictional clause as a basis for its judgment. 1 am satisfied
that both Courts have decided jurisdictional questions in con-
formity with the principles, as stated above. Indeed, both Courts
have, within the limitations established by those principles, given
liberal interpretations to jurisdictional clauses, designed to give
full effect to the intentions of the parties concerned. Tt is sufficient
to refer to one decision of this Court. In the Ambatielos Case-
I.C.J. Reports 1952, page 28-this Court upheld its jurisdiction,
notwithstanding that a restrictive construction of the jurisdictional
clause would have led, inevitably, to an opposite result.

These is a further and compelling reason for rejecting the theory
of restrictive interpretation of jurisdictional clauses. This Court is
in a different position from that which was occupied by the Perma-
nent Court. This Court is directly bound by the provisions of the

54I44 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

Charter, and it is "the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations". It cannot ignore the Preamble of the Charter, and its
statement of Purposes and Principles. It cannot overlook the fact
that the acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court is
one of the most effective means whereby Members of the United
Nations have sought to give practical effect to the Preamble and to
the Purposes and Principles. 1 should be failing in my duty, as a
judge, if 1 applied a rule of interpretation, designed to frustrate
the efforts of the Members to achieve this object.

In the light of these considerations, it becomes necessary to
consider whether Iran, by virtue of the Declaration of 1932, has
consented to the exercise of jurisdiction by this Court in the sort
of case which has been brought by the United Kingdom.
It will be convenient to begin with the question whether the
United Kingdom is entitled to rely upon the application of the
provisions of treaties concluded, after the ratification of thecla-
ration, between Iran and third States, and invoked by virtue of
most-favoured-nation clauses contained in older British treaties.
The United Kingdom has invoked the provisions of the most-
favoured-nation clause of the Treaty of 1857, Article IX, which

provides "that the treatment of their respective subjects, and their
trade, shall also, in every respect, be placed on the footing of the
treatment of the subjects and commerce of the most-favoured
nation". It will be observed that this clause was fully reciprocal,
conferring rights and privileges on both parties. On the abandon-
ment of the regime of capitulations in 1928, these provisions were
maintained, by exchange of notes.
The United Kingdom Government thus bases its case on the
provisions of three treaties concluded by Persia with Denmark and
Switzerland in 1934 and by Iran with Turkey in 1937. For the
purpose of this opinion it will be sufficient to consider the provisions
of the treaty with Denmark, which was accepted by Persia after
the ratification of the Declaration.
The Danish treaty, in Article IV, contained the following
provision :
"The nationals of each of the High Contracting Parties shall,
in the territory of the other, be received and treated, as regards
their persons and property, in accordance with the principles and
practice of ordinary international law. They shall enjoy therein
the most constant protection of the laws and authorities of the
territory for their persons, property, rights and inter...."
There can be no doubt that legally, by virtue of the invocation
of the provisions of the Denmark treaty, Iran is under a treaty
obligation to treat British nationals "in accordance with the prin-

ciples and practice of ordinary internationallaw".
55I45 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

The mere existence of a case based upon the Danish treaty invoked
by virtue of a most-favoured-nation clause would not justify the
Court in finding that it had jurisdiction. It is necessary that it
should be a case coming within the scope of the Persian Declaration.
For this purpose it is necessary to proceed upon the assumption that
the Court has decided that the Declaration must be interpreted as
applying only to treaties or conventions accepted by Persia after
the ratification of the Declaration.
In dealing with this aspect of the case it is possible to concentrate
upon a few words in the Declaratiori. 1 do not mean that we should
ignore the context ; but, for the moment, we should examine
closely the following words :

"...with regard to situations or facts relating directly or indirectly
to the application of treaties or conventions accepted by Persia".

Our problem is to determine whether the Anglo-Iranian Oil Com-
pany dispute relates directly or indirectly to the application of the
Danish treaty, one which admittedly was accepted by Persia after
the ratification of the Declaration.
There is no doubt that the dispute and the facts relate directly to
the application of the Treaty of 1857. It is, however, equally clear
that they relate indirectly to the application of the provisions of the
Danish treaty which have been invoked by virtue of the most-
favoured-nation clauses.
Here it is necessary to go back to the principles to which 1
referred in the earlier part of this opinion.

The fact that jurisdiction depends on the wiil of the parties
makes it necessary to consider what the will of the Persian Govern-
ment was at the time when it made the Declaration. That will was
expressed in the words used, and in order to determine it, the first
principle must be applied. It is necessary to give effect to the
words used in their natural and ordinary meaning in the context in
which they occur. The second principle is equally important. It is
my duty to interpret the Declaration and not to revise it. In other
words, 1 cannot, in seeking to find the meaning of these words,
disregard the wordç as actually used, give to them a meaning
different from their ordinary and natural meaning, or add words
or ideas which were not iised in the making of the Declaration.
If the words "directly or indirectly" had been omitted from the
Declaratiori, itwould have been possible to assume that the juris-
diction was restricted to situations or facts which related directiy

to treaties or conventions accepted by Persia. But the words
"directly or indirectly" were not omitted from the Declaration ;
and any attempt to construe it by ignoring this expression would
amount to revision which a judge cannot do. Further, to give
the words "directly or indirectly" some different and artificial
meaning would again amount to a revision and would be beyond
5614~ DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

my powers as a judge. Similarly, any attempt to suggest that there
is to be found in the Declaration, considered as a whole. a positive
intention to exclude disputes on the ground that they may be to
some extent based upon the provirions of earlier treaties woiild
again be an attempt to revise the DecIaration by the incorporation
of words that are not thcre.

There are two considerations that strongly support the inter-
pretation which is based on the natural and ordinary meaning of
the words used. The first is that the Persian Government was
certainly aware, at the time of the Declaration, of the existence of
the most-favoured-nation clause referred to above. There were
doubtless others. It must have had under consideration the possibi-
lity, or even the probability, of disputes arising whicli would relate
directly to the application of such clauses and indirectly to the
application of subsequent treaties or conventions. In drafting the

Declaration, deliberate use was made of the disjunctive "or",
wtiich has an unequivocal meaning. There can be no doubt that
the Persian Government envisaged a system of compulsory juris-
diction which would be broad enough to include disputes arising
in this way. Assuming such an intention, 1 do not know of any
way in which it could have been more clearly indicated than by
using this expression "directly or indirectly".
It is, of course, true that the drafting of the Declaration was
imperfect ;and that it is possible, by purely grammatical argument,
to attribute a different and Gnreaiistic meaning to this expression.
But 1 cannot rely on purely grammatical interpretation. While the
grammatical construction may be open to criticism, there can be
no real doubt as to what the draftsman had in mind when he delib-
erately interpolated the expression "directly or indirectly" in the
middle of the text. He certainly meant to ensure that the scope of
the Declaration should be broadened so as to cover disputes and
facts having an indirect relationshipwith the treaties or conventions
in question.

The second consideration is that the arguments which have been
advanced as leading the Persian Government to exclude the older
treaties from the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court could have
no conceivable application to compulsory jurisdiction relating to
those modern treaty provisions which had nothing to do with the
regime of capitulations which were applicable indirectly through
the medium of most-favoured-nation clauses. Here it must be borne
in mind that, at the date of the Declaration, Article IX of the
Treaty of 1857 no longer had the character of a provision of an old
treaty of the regime of capitulations. Originally, it possessed that
character ; but in 1928 the United Kingdom concurred in a denun-
ciation of the objectionable provisions of the Treaty. The two
States agreed, by exchange of notes, to maintain the most-favoured-
nation clause, Article IX, pending the negotiation and conclusion

57I47 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

of a new treaty of commerce and navigation. In reality, the most-
favoured-nation clause relied upon by the Applicant is founded upon
a new agreement, accepted by Persia before the ratification, but
after the disappearance of the regime of capitulations.
Further, the most-favoured-nation clauses were reciprocal in
character, and entirely consistent with the new and independent
status which was resulting from the denunciation of capitulations.
They furnished the keys which unlocked the doors for Persian
merchants in the four corners of the earth, and protected them
while engaged in their far-flung trading enterprises. They were
essential to the national economy. The fact that their provisions
were kept alive, by special stipulations,aftethe ending of capitula-
tions in 1928, is proof that the Persian Government, far from group-
ing them with the treaties of the old regime, regarded them in an
entirely different light.
There is nothing in the context which could justify the rejection
of the natural and ordinary meaning to the words under consider-

ation. Certain arguments have, however, been presented in the
course of the oral proceedings. It has been contended that this
claim is based upon the most-favoured-nation clause. Of course it
is. This claim has a directbasis in the most-favoured-nation clauses
and an indirect basis in the Danish treaty invoked by virtue of their
provisions. The argument is completely irrelevant because the task
of the Court is the very simple one of deciding whether Persia by
this Declaration consented to the exercise of jurisdiction in disputes
relating directlyor indirectly to the application of treaties accepted
bv Persia.
In view of these considerations, 1 have reached the conclusion
that the United Kingdom is entitled to invoke the provisions
of the Danish treaty as a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court.
It must however be understood that, in reaching this conclusion,
1 do not want to prejudge the merits. 1 cannot consider, in a
preliminary proceeding, whether the subject-matter of the dispute
comes within the scope of these provisions, because this question
has not been discussed by counsel and because it is essentially

a part of the merits. Accordingly, and subject to this reservation,
1 have concluded that the present claim is one which is based
indirectly on the application of the Danish treaty, which was
accepted by Persia after the date of the Declaration. Accordingly,
the Iranian Objection to the Jurisdiction, as regards this part
of the case, should be overruled, or at most joined to the merits.

In view of the foregoing conclusion, it is unnecessary for me
to discuss that part of the judgment of the Court which upholds
the Iranian objection on the ground that the Declaration limits
the jurisdiction of the Court to disputes relating to treaties or
conventions accepted by Persia after the date of the Declaration.

5814~ DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

It is, however, necessary for me to discuss the part of the
judgment which relates to the 1933 Agreement.
This agreement was referred to in clause (c) of the United
Kingdom Submission No. 4 as follows :

"The treaty stipulation arising out of the settlement in 1933,
of the international dispute between the United Kingdom andns,
Persia, the conditions of which settlement are contained in the
Concession Convention concluded by the Imperia1Government of
Persia with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in tliat year."

The United Kingdom claim on the merits, as set forth in the
Application and in the Memorial, relates, in an important part,
to breaches of this "treaty stipulation". In this part of the case
on the merits, the United Kingdom contended, in the Memorial,
that the 1933 C~ncession embodied "the substance of an implied
agreement beb een the Government of the United Kingdom and
t6e Iranian Government because there was an implied agreement
between these two Governments (fully operative as creating an
obligation in international law) to the effect that the Iranian
Government undertook to observe the provisions of its conces-
sionary conventiorl with the Company".

To my mind, the merits of a dispute consist of the issues of
fact and law which give rise to a cause of action, and which an
npplicant State must establish in order to be entitled to the
relief claimed. In every dispute which is founded upon the breach
of a treaty obligation, the applicant must establish the existence
.and scope of the treaty, as well as the facts which constitute the
breach, in order to justify a tribunal in according the relief which
it has requested.
It is, therefore, clear that the question as to whether such an
implied agreement arose between the two Governments in 1933,
one fully operative as creating an obligation in international law,
is an essential element of the United Kingdom claim on the merits.
It is a question partly of fact and partly of mixed fact and law.

It is equally clear that this question goes to the jurisdiction as
well asto the merits.

Itdoes not follow, however, that, because it goes to the jurisdic-
tion, it can be decided on Preliminary Objection.

The Statute provides, in Article 36 (6) :
"In the event of a dispute as to whether the Court has juris-
diction, the matter shall be settled by the decision of the Court."

59I49 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

There is nothing in the Statute providing for summary pro-
cedure by way of preliminary objection. There can be no doubt
that the normal course, contemplated by this article, is that "the
decision of the Court", in disputes as to jurisdiction, should be in
accordance with the course of procedure prescribed by Chapter III
of the Statute. The exceptional provisions of Rule 62 can only be
construed as enabling the Court to deal summarily with those
questions of jurisdiction which can be settled without prejudging
matters which are a part of the merits. They cannot possibly be
construed as authorizing the Court to decide, in preliminary
proceedings, issues of law or fact which are essential elements of
both jurisdiction and merits, or which are inextricably linked with
the merits of the case. This is undoubtedly the basis of the rule in
the Losinger Case-Series A/B, No. 67, at pages 23, +-and it is

confirmed by the instances in which the Permanent Court refused
to deal, in preliminary proceedings, with questions of jurisdiction
which concerned or were closely related to issues of law or fact that
formed part of the merits. Without attempting an exhaustive
reference to the jurisprudence of the Permanent Court, reference
can be made to three cases in which this course was adopted as a
basis for decision :Prince von Pless, Series A/B, No. 52, at page 16 ;
Pajzs, CsAky, Esterhazy Case, Series A/B, No. 66, at page g ;
The Railway Line Panevezys-Saldutiskis, Series A/B, No. 75, at
Pages 55, 56.
It is impossible to overlook the grave injustice which would be
done to an applicant State, by a judgment upholding an objection
to the jurisdiction and refusing to permit adjudication on the merits,
and which, at the same time, decided an important issue of fact

or law, forming part of the merits, against the applicant State. The
effect of refusal to permit adjudication of the dispute would be
to remit the applicant and respondent States to other measures,
Iegal or political, for the settlement of the dispute. Neither the
applicant nor the respondent should be prejudiced, in seeking an
alternative solution of the dispute, by the decision of any issue of
fact or law that pertains to the merits.
Tt is.for these reasons that 1have reached the conclusion that the
Court is not competent, in preliminary proceedings and under the
relevant provisions of the Statute and Rules, to decide whether or
not an international agreement arose between the two Governments
in 1933, one fully operative as creating an obligation in international
law. 1 have reached the conclusion that the cornpetence of the
Court, at this stage,is limited to deciding whether the alleged inter-
national agreement, assuming that the United Kingdom's conten-

tions as regards its nature and scope are well founded, is a treaty or
converition within the meaning of the Declaration.150 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

Accordingly, 1 am compelled to conclude that the aspect of this
Objection which relates to the existence and scope of the alleged
international agreement should be joined to the merits.
In view of the decision of the Court as regards the Iranian
Objection No. 3, it is unnecessary for me to give my reasons for
rejecting the other Iranian Objections, Nos. 1,z, 4,5 and 6.

(Signed) J. E. READ.

Bilingual Content

DZSSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

1 regret that1 am unable to concur in the judgment of the Court
in this case, and that it has become necessary for me to state the
reasons which have led me to the conclusion that the objections
to the jurisdiction of this Court, raised by Iran, should be overruled.
Before examining the Persian Declaration, it is necessary to
decide upon the method of approach to the problem of interpreta-
tion. There are no specific rules of international law which bear
directly on the issues which the Court must decide. There are,
however, important general principles, which need to be taken
into account in the circumstances of this case.
The first principle was applied by this Court in its Opinion-
Admission to the United Nations, I.C. J. Reports 1950, page 8-and

stated in the following words :
"The Court considers it necessary to Say that the first duty of
a tribunal which is called upon to interpret and apply the provi-
sions of a treaty, is to endeavour to give effect to them in their
natural and ordinary meaning in the context in which they occur.
If the relevant words in their natural and ordinary meaning make
sense in their context, that is an end of the matter. If, on the other
hand, the words in their natural and ordinary meaning are ambi-
guous or lead to an unreasonable result, then, and then only, must
the Court, by resort to other methods of interpretation, seek to
ascertain what the parties really did mean when they used these
words."

The second principle is, in reality, a special aspect of the first.
It was applied by this Court in its Opinion-Peace Treaties II,
I.C.J. Reports 1950, page 229-and statedin the following words :

"It is the duty of the Court to interpret the Treaties, not to
revise them."

1 am unable to accept the contention that the principles of
international law which govern the interpretation of treatiescannot
be applied to the Persian Declaration, because it is unilateral.
Admittedly it was drafted unilaterally. On the other hand, it was
related, in express terms, to Article 36 of the Statute, and to the
declarations of other States which had already deposited, or which
might in the future deposit, reciprocal declarations. It was intended
to establish legal relationships with such States, consensual in
their character, within the regime established by the provisions of
Article 36.

53 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. READ

[Traduction]
A mon regret, je ne puis me rallier à l'arrêt rendu par la Cour
en cette affaire et je dois énoncer les motifs pour lesquels j'arrive
à la conclusion que les exceptions soulevées par l'Iran contre la

compétence de la Cour doivent être rejetées.
Avant d'examiner la déclaration persane, il faut choisir la
manière d'envisager le problème d'interprétation. Le droit inter-
national ne contient pas de règles précises portant directement
sur la question que la Cour doit trancher. 11 y a toutefois des
principes généraux importants qu'il convient de prendre en
considération dans les circonstances de l'espèce.
Le premier principe a été appJiqué par la Cour dans son avis
consultatif sur l'admission d'un Etat aux Nations Unies (C. 1.J.
Recueil 1950, p. 8). Il a étéénoncédans les termes suivants :

«La Cour croit nécessairede dire que le premier devoir d'un
tribunal, appeléà interpréter età appliquer les dispositions d'un
traité, est de s'efforcer dedonner effet, selon leur sens naturel et
ordinaire,à ces dispositions prises dans leur contexte. Si les mots
pertinents, lorsqu'on leur attribue leur signification naturelle et
ordinaire, ont un sens dans leur contexte, l'examen doit s'arrêter
làEn revanche, si lesmots, lorsqu'onleur attribue leur signification
naturelle et ordinaire, sont équivoquesou conduisentàdes résultats
déraisonnables, c'est alors- et alors seulement - que la Cour
doit rechercher par d'autres méthodesd'interprétation ce que les
parties avaient en réalité dans l'esprit quandelles se sont servies
des mots dont il s'agit.»
Le deuxième principe est en réalité un aspect particulier du

premier. Il a étéappliqué par la Cour dans son avis consultatif
sur l'interprétation des traités de paix, deuxième phase (C. 1. J.
Recueil 1950, p. 229), où il est énoncéce qui suit :
(La Courest appelée àinterpréterlestraités,non à lesreviser»

Je ne puis accepter la théorie d'après laquelle les principes du
droit international régissant l'interprétation des traités ne sau-
raient s'appliquer à la déclaration persane parce qu'elle est unila-
térale. Sans doute a-t-elle étérédigéeunilatéralement. En revanche,

elle se rapporte en termes exprès à l'article 36 du Statut et aux
déclarations d'autres Etats qui avaient déjà déposé, ou qui
pourraient déposer dans l'avenir, des déclarations réciproques.
L'intention était d'établir avec ces Etats des relations juridiques
de caractère consensuel, dans le cadre du régime institué par les
dispositions de l'article 36.
53I43 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

There is an additional consideration which, strictly speaking, is
not a principle, but a rejection of a fallacious theory.
It has been contended that the Court should apply a restrictive
construction to the provisions of the Declaration, because it is a
treaty provision or clause conferring jurisdiction on the Court.
Further, it has been suggested that a jurisdictional clause is a
limitation upon the sovereignty of a State, and that, therefore, it
should be strictly construed.
The making of a declaration is an exercise of State sovereignty,
and not, in any sense, a limitation. It should therefore be construed
in such a manner as to give effect to the intention of the State, as
indicated by the words used ;and not by a restrictive interpreta-
tion, designed to frustrate the intention of the State in exercising

this sovereign power.
In support of the contention that a restrictive interpretation
should be applied, it is possible to cite certain obiterdicta of the
Permanent Court ; and, particularly, statements made in two
cases-the Free Zones Case, Series A/B, No. 46, page 138, and in the
Phosphates of Morocco Case, SeriesA/B, No. 74, page 23. It should,
however, be observed that in neither of these cases did the Court
rely upon restrictive interpretation as the basis of its decision.
Article 38 of the Statute is mandatory, and not discretionary.
It requires the Court to apply judicial decisions as a subsidiary
means for the determination of rules of law. The expression "judi-
cial decisions" certainly includes the jurisprudence of this Court
and of the Permanent Court. I have no doubt that it includes the
principles applied by the Court as the basis of its decisions. It is,
however, equally clear that it cannot possibly be construed as
requiring this Court to apply obiter dicta.

It would take too long to review the jurisprudence of the Per-
manent Court and of this Court. 1 have been unable to find any
case in which either Court relied upon a restrictive interpretation
to a jurisdictional clause as a basis for its judgment. 1 am satisfied
that both Courts have decided jurisdictional questions in con-
formity with the principles, as stated above. Indeed, both Courts
have, within the limitations established by those principles, given
liberal interpretations to jurisdictional clauses, designed to give
full effect to the intentions of the parties concerned. Tt is sufficient
to refer to one decision of this Court. In the Ambatielos Case-
I.C.J. Reports 1952, page 28-this Court upheld its jurisdiction,
notwithstanding that a restrictive construction of the jurisdictional
clause would have led, inevitably, to an opposite result.

These is a further and compelling reason for rejecting the theory
of restrictive interpretation of jurisdictional clauses. This Court is
in a different position from that which was occupied by the Perma-
nent Court. This Court is directly bound by the provisions of the

54 OPINION DISSIDENTE I)E M. READ
143
Il existe une autre considération qui, à proprement dire, n'est
pas un principe, mais la réfutation d'une théorie erronée.
On a soutenu que la Cour devrait appliquer une interprétation
restrictive aux dispositions de la déclaration, parce que c'est une
disposition ou clause conventionnelle conférant compétence à la

Cour. En outre, on a prétendu qu'une clause attributive de
juridiction est une restriction à la souveraineté de 1'Etat et que,
par conséquent, on doit l'interpréter restrictivement.
L'énoncéd'une déclaration est l'exercice de la souveraineté de
l'État ; il n'en est, en aucun sens, une limitation. En conséquence,
on doit l'interpréter de manière à donner effet à l'intention de
1'Etat telle qu'elle se dégage, des termes employés et non par
une méthode reçtrictive, ayant pour objet de mettre à néant
l'intention de 1'Etat qui a exercé ce pouvoir souverain.
A l'appui de la thèse suivant laquelle une interprétation restric-

tive s'in~poserait, on peut citer diverses opinions incidentes (obiter
dicta) de la Cour permanente et, notamment, les déclarations
faites dans deux affaires - celle des Zones franches, Série A/B,
no 46, page 138, et celle des Phosphates du Maroc, Série A/B,
no 74, page 23. On doit observer cependant que, dans aucun de
ces cas, la Cour n'a fondésa décisionsur l'interprétation restrictive.
L'article 38 du Statut est impératif et non discrétionnaire. Il
enjoint à la Cour d'appliquer les décisionsjudiciaires comme moyen
auxiliaire de déterminer les rèeles de droit. L'ex~ression ((décisions
judiciaires )comprend certainement la jurisprudence de la présente

Cour et de la Cour permanente. Je suis convaincu qu'elle comprend
les principes appliqués par la Cour à la base de ses décisions.
Il est toutefois non moins clair que cette expression ne peut
s'interpréter de manière à forcer la Cour à appliquer les opinions
incidentes (obiter dicta).
Il serait trop long de passer en revue la jurisprudence de la Cour
permanente et de la présente Cour. Je n'ai pu trouver aucune affaire
dans laquelle l'une ou l'autre de ces juridictions ait appliqué une
interwétation restrictive à une clause attributive de com~étence

pour' fonder sa décision. Il est établi pour moi que les deu; Cours
ont, dans tous les cas, tranché les questions de compétence confor-
mément aux principes indiqués ci-dessus. A vrai dire, les deux
Cours ont, dans le cadre de ces principes, donné des interprétations
libérales aux clauses de juridiction, de manière à faire sortir tous
leurs effets aux intentions des parties intéressées. Il siiffit de se
référer à l'une des décisions de la Cour. Dans l'affaire Ambatielos
(C. 1. J. Recueil 1952, p. 28), elle a reconnu sa compétence, nonob-
stant le fait que l'interprétation restrictive de la clause de juridic-
tion aurait conduit inévitablement au résultat onnosé.
I I
Il est une autre raison déterminante pour rejeter la théorie de
l'interwétation restrictive des clauses de com~étence. La Cour est
dans ;ne situation différente de celle où se trobvait la Cour perma-
nente. Elle est liéedirectement par les dispositions de la Charte etI44 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

Charter, and it is "the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations". It cannot ignore the Preamble of the Charter, and its
statement of Purposes and Principles. It cannot overlook the fact
that the acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court is
one of the most effective means whereby Members of the United
Nations have sought to give practical effect to the Preamble and to
the Purposes and Principles. 1 should be failing in my duty, as a
judge, if 1 applied a rule of interpretation, designed to frustrate
the efforts of the Members to achieve this object.

In the light of these considerations, it becomes necessary to
consider whether Iran, by virtue of the Declaration of 1932, has
consented to the exercise of jurisdiction by this Court in the sort
of case which has been brought by the United Kingdom.
It will be convenient to begin with the question whether the
United Kingdom is entitled to rely upon the application of the
provisions of treaties concluded, after the ratification of thecla-
ration, between Iran and third States, and invoked by virtue of
most-favoured-nation clauses contained in older British treaties.
The United Kingdom has invoked the provisions of the most-
favoured-nation clause of the Treaty of 1857, Article IX, which

provides "that the treatment of their respective subjects, and their
trade, shall also, in every respect, be placed on the footing of the
treatment of the subjects and commerce of the most-favoured
nation". It will be observed that this clause was fully reciprocal,
conferring rights and privileges on both parties. On the abandon-
ment of the regime of capitulations in 1928, these provisions were
maintained, by exchange of notes.
The United Kingdom Government thus bases its case on the
provisions of three treaties concluded by Persia with Denmark and
Switzerland in 1934 and by Iran with Turkey in 1937. For the
purpose of this opinion it will be sufficient to consider the provisions
of the treaty with Denmark, which was accepted by Persia after
the ratification of the Declaration.
The Danish treaty, in Article IV, contained the following
provision :
"The nationals of each of the High Contracting Parties shall,
in the territory of the other, be received and treated, as regards
their persons and property, in accordance with the principles and
practice of ordinary international law. They shall enjoy therein
the most constant protection of the laws and authorities of the
territory for their persons, property, rights and inter...."
There can be no doubt that legally, by virtue of the invocation
of the provisions of the Denmark treaty, Iran is under a treaty
obligation to treat British nationals "in accordance with the prin-

ciples and practice of ordinary internationallaw".
55 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. READ 144

elle est «l'organe judiciaire principal des Nations Unies ».Elle ne
saurait ignorer le Préambule de la Charte et l'énoncéde ses Buts et
Principes. Elle doit tenir compte du fait que l'acceptation de la
juridiction obligatoire de la Cour est un des moyens les plus efficaces
par lesquels les Membres des Nations Unies ont essayi: de donner
effet pratique au Préambule et aux Buts et Principes. Je manque-

rais à mon devoir de juge en appliquant une règle d'interprétation
destinée à mettre en échec les efforts des Membres pour atteindre
ce but.

A la lumière de ces considérations, il devient nécessaire d'exa-
miner si l'Iran, en vertu de la déclaration de 1932, a accepté que
la Cour exerce sa compétence dans une affaire de la nature de celle
qui a été introduite par le Gouvernement du Royaumt:-Uni.

Il convient d'examiner tout d'abord si le Royaume-Uni a le droit
de se fonder sur l'application des dispositions de traités entre
l'Iran et les États tiers- traités conclus après la ratification de la
déclaration et invoqués en vertu des clauses de la nation la plus
favorisée figurant dans les anciens traités britanniques.
Le Royaume-Uni a invoqué les dispositions de la nation la plus
favorisée du traité de 1857, article 9, lequel énonce ((que le traite-
ment appliqué à leurs sujets respectifs età leur commerce sera à
tous égards placé sur la base du traitement appliqué aux ressortis-
sants et au commerce de la nation la plus favorisée )).Il convient

d'observer que cette clause était de nature pleinement réciproque,
en ce qu'elle conférait des droits et des privilèges aux deux parties.
Lorsque le régime des capitulationsprit fin en 1928, ces dispositions
furent maintenues sur la base d'un échange de notes.
Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni fonde ainsi sa thèse sur
les dispositions de trois traités conclus par la Perse avec le Dane-
mark et la Suisse en 1934, et par l'Iran avec la Turquie en 1937.
11 me suffira ici d'examiner les dispositions du traité avec le
Danemark qui a étéaccepté par la Perse après la ratification de
la déclaration.

Le traité conclu avec le Danemark contient, dans son article IV,
les dispositions suivantes :
«Les ressortissants de chacune des Hautes Parties contractantes
seront, sur le territoire de l'autre, reçus et traités relativemànt
leur personne et à leurs biens, conformément aux principes et à
la pratique du droit commun international. Ils y jouiront de la plus
constante protection des lois et des autorités territoriales pour
leur personne et pour leurs biens, droits et intérê...))
Il ne fait aucun doute que, juridiquement, en vertu des dispo-
sitions du traité danois, l'Iran a l'obligation conventionnelle de

traiter les sujets britanniques «conformément aux principes et à
la pratique du droit commun international ».I45 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

The mere existence of a case based upon the Danish treaty invoked
by virtue of a most-favoured-nation clause would not justify the
Court in finding that it had jurisdiction. It is necessary that it
should be a case coming within the scope of the Persian Declaration.
For this purpose it is necessary to proceed upon the assumption that
the Court has decided that the Declaration must be interpreted as
applying only to treaties or conventions accepted by Persia after
the ratification of the Declaration.
In dealing with this aspect of the case it is possible to concentrate
upon a few words in the Declaratiori. 1 do not mean that we should
ignore the context ; but, for the moment, we should examine
closely the following words :

"...with regard to situations or facts relating directly or indirectly
to the application of treaties or conventions accepted by Persia".

Our problem is to determine whether the Anglo-Iranian Oil Com-
pany dispute relates directly or indirectly to the application of the
Danish treaty, one which admittedly was accepted by Persia after
the ratification of the Declaration.
There is no doubt that the dispute and the facts relate directly to
the application of the Treaty of 1857. It is, however, equally clear
that they relate indirectly to the application of the provisions of the
Danish treaty which have been invoked by virtue of the most-
favoured-nation clauses.
Here it is necessary to go back to the principles to which 1
referred in the earlier part of this opinion.

The fact that jurisdiction depends on the wiil of the parties
makes it necessary to consider what the will of the Persian Govern-
ment was at the time when it made the Declaration. That will was
expressed in the words used, and in order to determine it, the first
principle must be applied. It is necessary to give effect to the
words used in their natural and ordinary meaning in the context in
which they occur. The second principle is equally important. It is
my duty to interpret the Declaration and not to revise it. In other
words, 1 cannot, in seeking to find the meaning of these words,
disregard the wordç as actually used, give to them a meaning
different from their ordinary and natural meaning, or add words
or ideas which were not iised in the making of the Declaration.
If the words "directly or indirectly" had been omitted from the
Declaratiori, itwould have been possible to assume that the juris-
diction was restricted to situations or facts which related directiy

to treaties or conventions accepted by Persia. But the words
"directly or indirectly" were not omitted from the Declaration ;
and any attempt to construe it by ignoring this expression would
amount to revision which a judge cannot do. Further, to give
the words "directly or indirectly" some different and artificial
meaning would again amount to a revision and would be beyond
56 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. READ '45

Le seul fait de l'existence d'une action fondée sur le traité
danois, invoqué en vertu de la clause de la nation la plus favorisée,
ne permettrait pas à la Cour de se déclarer compétente. Il faut
que l'action rentre dans le cadre de la déclaration persane. A
cette fin, il faut présumer que la Cour a décidéque la déclaration
doit s'interpréter comme s'appliquant uniquement aux traités ou

conventions acceptés par la Perse après la ratification de cette
déclaration.
En traitant de cet aspect de la question, on peut réduire les
termes de la déclaration à quelques mots. Je ne prétends pas
qu'il faille en ignorer le contexte, mais, pour le moment, il nous
suffira d'examiner le passage .suivant :

« ...au sujet de situations ou de faits ayant directement ou indirec-
tement trait à l'application des traitésou conventions acceptépar
la Perse P.

Il s'agit de déterminer si le différend relatifà 1'Anglo-Iranian Oil
Company se rattache directement ou indirectement à l'application
du traité danois, traité certainement accepté par la Perse après
la ratification de la déclaration.
Il n'y a pas de doute que le'différend et les faits se rattachent
directemznt à l'application du traité de 1857. Il est toutefois non
moins clair qu'ils se rattachent indirectement à l'application des
dispositions du traité danois, invoquées en vertu des clauses de
la nation la plus favorisée.
Il est à cet égard nécessaire de revenir sur les principes que

j'ai énoncésdans la première partie de la présente opinion.
Le fait que la compétence dépend de la volonté des parties
oblige à examiner quelle était la volonté du Gouvernement persan
lorsqu'il a fait sa déclaration. Cette volonté s'est exprimée dans
les termes emplciyés, et, pour la rechercher, il faut appliquer le
premier principe. Il faut donner effet aux mots employés dans
leur sens naturel et ordinaire dans le contexte où ils apparaissent.
Le deuxième principe est tout aussi important. J'ai le devoir
d'interpréter la déclaration et non de la reviser. En d'autres

termes, en essayant de rechercher le sens de ces mots, je ne saurais
négliger les mots dont on s'est effectivement servi, leur donner
un sens différent de leur sens naturel et ordinaire, ni ajouter
des mots ou idées qui ne figurent pas dans la déclaration.
Si les mots cdirectement ou indirectement » avaient été omis
de la déclaration, on aurait pu présumer que la compétence était
limitée aux situations ou faits ayant trait directement aux traités
ou conventions acceptés par la Perse. Mais les mots cdirectement
ou indirectement )n'ont pas étéomis de la déclaration et toute
tentative de l'interpréter en laissant de côté cette expression,
équivaudrait à une revision, ce qu'un juge n'a pas le droit de

faire. En outre, le fait d'attribuer aux mots cdirectement ou
indirectement » un sens différent et artificiel équivaudrait égale-
5614~ DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

my powers as a judge. Similarly, any attempt to suggest that there
is to be found in the Declaration, considered as a whole. a positive
intention to exclude disputes on the ground that they may be to
some extent based upon the provirions of earlier treaties woiild
again be an attempt to revise the DecIaration by the incorporation
of words that are not thcre.

There are two considerations that strongly support the inter-
pretation which is based on the natural and ordinary meaning of
the words used. The first is that the Persian Government was
certainly aware, at the time of the Declaration, of the existence of
the most-favoured-nation clause referred to above. There were
doubtless others. It must have had under consideration the possibi-
lity, or even the probability, of disputes arising whicli would relate
directly to the application of such clauses and indirectly to the
application of subsequent treaties or conventions. In drafting the

Declaration, deliberate use was made of the disjunctive "or",
wtiich has an unequivocal meaning. There can be no doubt that
the Persian Government envisaged a system of compulsory juris-
diction which would be broad enough to include disputes arising
in this way. Assuming such an intention, 1 do not know of any
way in which it could have been more clearly indicated than by
using this expression "directly or indirectly".
It is, of course, true that the drafting of the Declaration was
imperfect ;and that it is possible, by purely grammatical argument,
to attribute a different and Gnreaiistic meaning to this expression.
But 1 cannot rely on purely grammatical interpretation. While the
grammatical construction may be open to criticism, there can be
no real doubt as to what the draftsman had in mind when he delib-
erately interpolated the expression "directly or indirectly" in the
middle of the text. He certainly meant to ensure that the scope of
the Declaration should be broadened so as to cover disputes and
facts having an indirect relationshipwith the treaties or conventions
in question.

The second consideration is that the arguments which have been
advanced as leading the Persian Government to exclude the older
treaties from the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court could have
no conceivable application to compulsory jurisdiction relating to
those modern treaty provisions which had nothing to do with the
regime of capitulations which were applicable indirectly through
the medium of most-favoured-nation clauses. Here it must be borne
in mind that, at the date of the Declaration, Article IX of the
Treaty of 1857 no longer had the character of a provision of an old
treaty of the regime of capitulations. Originally, it possessed that
character ; but in 1928 the United Kingdom concurred in a denun-
ciation of the objectionable provisions of the Treaty. The two
States agreed, by exchange of notes, to maintain the most-favoured-
nation clause, Article IX, pending the negotiation and conclusion

57 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. READ
146
ment à une revision, dépassant mes pouvoirs de juge. De même,
toute tentative de suggérer qu'on peut trouver dans la déclaration,
prise dans son ensemble, une intention positive d'écarter les
différends pour le motif qu'ils peuvent, dans une certaine mesure,
se fonder sur les dispositions de traités antérieurs, équivaudrait
également à reviser la déclaration par l'incorporation de termes

qui n'y figurent pas.
Deux considérations viennent renforcer solidement l'interpré-
tation fondée sur le sens naturel et ordinaire des mots employés.
La première est que le Gouvernement persan connaissait certaine-
ment, en faisant la déclaration, l'existence de la clause de la
nation la plus favorisée mentionnée ci-dessus. Il y en avait ccr-
tainement d'autres. Il a dû envisager la possibilité ou même la
probabilité de différends ayant directement trait à l!application
de telles clauses et indirectement à l'application de traités ou
conventions ultérieurs. En rédigeant la déclaration, il s'est délibé-

rément servi de la conjonction disjonctive ((ou », dont le sens
n'est pas équivoque. Il ne saurait y avoir de doute que lc Gouver-
nement persan a envisagé un système de compétence obligatoire
assez large pour comprendre les différends nés de cette manière.
Cette intention étant présumée,je ne connais aucun moyen par
lequel elle aurait pu êtreplus clairement traduite que par l'emploi
des mots ((directement ou indirectement D.
Assurément, la rédaction de la déclaration était imparfaite, en
sorte qu'il est possible, en se servant d'un raisonnement purement
grammatical, d'attribuer à cette expression un sens différent et

dépourvu de réalité.Mais je ne puis me fonder sur une interpréta-
tion purement grammaticale. Si l'interprhtion grammaticale peut
prêter à critique, il ne saurait y avoir de doute sur l'intention du
rédacteur lorsqu'il a, de propos délibéré,interpolé dans son texte
l'expression ((directement ou indirectement 1)Il entendait certaine-
ment élargir la portée de la déclaration de manière à lui faire viser
les différends et les faits ayant un rapport indirect avec les traités
ou conventions dont il s'agissait.
La seconde considération est qu'aucun des arguments invoqués
pour amener le Gouvernement persan à exclure les traités anté-

rieurs de la compétence obligatoire de la Cour ne pourrait s'appli-
quer en aucune façon à la compétence obligatoire à propos des
dispositions de traités modernes sans rapport avec le régime des
capitulations et applicables indirectement par la voie des clauses
de la nation la plus favorisée. 11faut se souvenir qu'à la date de
la déclaration, l'article IX du traité de857 n'avait plus le caractère
d'une disposition d'un ancien traité du régime des capitulations.
Primitivement, il possédait ce caractère, mais en 1928 le Royaume-
Uni a participé àyne dénonciation des dispositions contestables du
traité. Les deux Etats sont convenus, par un échange de notes, de

maintenir la clause de la nation la plus favorisée,article IX, pendant
les négociations et jusqu'à la conclusion d'un nouveau traité de
57I47 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

of a new treaty of commerce and navigation. In reality, the most-
favoured-nation clause relied upon by the Applicant is founded upon
a new agreement, accepted by Persia before the ratification, but
after the disappearance of the regime of capitulations.
Further, the most-favoured-nation clauses were reciprocal in
character, and entirely consistent with the new and independent
status which was resulting from the denunciation of capitulations.
They furnished the keys which unlocked the doors for Persian
merchants in the four corners of the earth, and protected them
while engaged in their far-flung trading enterprises. They were
essential to the national economy. The fact that their provisions
were kept alive, by special stipulations,aftethe ending of capitula-
tions in 1928, is proof that the Persian Government, far from group-
ing them with the treaties of the old regime, regarded them in an
entirely different light.
There is nothing in the context which could justify the rejection
of the natural and ordinary meaning to the words under consider-

ation. Certain arguments have, however, been presented in the
course of the oral proceedings. It has been contended that this
claim is based upon the most-favoured-nation clause. Of course it
is. This claim has a directbasis in the most-favoured-nation clauses
and an indirect basis in the Danish treaty invoked by virtue of their
provisions. The argument is completely irrelevant because the task
of the Court is the very simple one of deciding whether Persia by
this Declaration consented to the exercise of jurisdiction in disputes
relating directlyor indirectly to the application of treaties accepted
bv Persia.
In view of these considerations, 1 have reached the conclusion
that the United Kingdom is entitled to invoke the provisions
of the Danish treaty as a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court.
It must however be understood that, in reaching this conclusion,
1 do not want to prejudge the merits. 1 cannot consider, in a
preliminary proceeding, whether the subject-matter of the dispute
comes within the scope of these provisions, because this question
has not been discussed by counsel and because it is essentially

a part of the merits. Accordingly, and subject to this reservation,
1 have concluded that the present claim is one which is based
indirectly on the application of the Danish treaty, which was
accepted by Persia after the date of the Declaration. Accordingly,
the Iranian Objection to the Jurisdiction, as regards this part
of the case, should be overruled, or at most joined to the merits.

In view of the foregoing conclusion, it is unnecessary for me
to discuss that part of the judgment of the Court which upholds
the Iranian objection on the ground that the Declaration limits
the jurisdiction of the Court to disputes relating to treaties or
conventions accepted by Persia after the date of the Declaration.

58 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. READ I47

commerce et de navigation. En réalité,la clause de la nation la plus
favorisée invoquée par le demandeur se fonde sur un accord nou-
veau, accepté par la Perse avant la ratification, mais après la
disparition du régime des capitulations.
En outre, les clauses de la nation la plus favorisée étaient de
nature réciproque ; elles s'harmonisaient pleinement avec le statut
nouveau et indépendant qui résultait de la dénonciation des capitu-
lations. Elles étaient les clefs qui ouvraient aux marchands persans
les portes des quatre coins du monde, et les protégaient lorsqu'ils
se livraient à leurs vastes opérations commerciales. Elles étaient
essentielles à l'économie nationale. Le maintien en vigueur, par

stipulation spéciale, de ces dispositions après la fin du régime
capitulaire, en 1928, apporte la preuve que le Gouvernement
persan, loin de les classer avec les traités de l'ancien régime, les
considérait sous un jour tout à fait différent.
Rien dans le contexte ne permet de rejeter le sens naturel et
ordinaire des termes envisagés. Certains arguments ont cependant
étéprésentés en plaidoirie. On a soutenu que la réclamation se
fondait surla clause de la nation la plus favorisée. Cela est naturel-
lement vrai. Cette réclamation se fonde directement sur les clauses
de la nation la plus favorisée et indirectement sur le traité danois,
invoqué en vertu de ces dispositions. L'argument est absolument
sans portée, parce que la tâche de la Cour est simplement de décider
si la Perse, par cette déclaration, a consenti à l'exercice de la

compétence sur des différends ayant trait directement ou indirecte-
ment à l'application de traités acceptés par la Perse.

Vu ces considérations, j'arrive à la conclusion que le Royaume-
Uni a le droit de se prévaloir des dispositions du traité danois
pour fonder la compétence de la Cour. Il est cependant indis-
pensable de préciser qu'en arrivant à cette conclusion, je n'entends
pas préjuger le fond de la question. Je ne saurais examiner dans
une procédure préliminaire si l'objet du différend rentre dans la
sphère d'application de ces dispositions, cette question n'ayant
pas étédébattue par les avocats et appartenant essentiellement
au fond du différend. C'est pourquoi je conclus sous cette réserve
que la présente demande est fondée indirectement sur l'application
du traité danois, accepté par la Perse postérieurement à la date

de la déclaration. Par conséquent, l'exception soulevée par l'Iran
contre la juridiction devrait êtrerejetée en ce qui concerne cette
partie de l'affaire, ou, tout au plus, jointe au fond.

Vu la conclusion qui précède, il m'est inutile de discuter la
partie de l'arrêt de la Cour qui admet l'exception iranienne, motif
pris du fait que la déclaration limiterait la compétence de la
Cour à des différends ayant trait à des traités ou conventions
acceptés par l'Iran après la date de la déclaration.14~ DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

It is, however, necessary for me to discuss the part of the
judgment which relates to the 1933 Agreement.
This agreement was referred to in clause (c) of the United
Kingdom Submission No. 4 as follows :

"The treaty stipulation arising out of the settlement in 1933,
of the international dispute between the United Kingdom andns,
Persia, the conditions of which settlement are contained in the
Concession Convention concluded by the Imperia1Government of
Persia with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in tliat year."

The United Kingdom claim on the merits, as set forth in the
Application and in the Memorial, relates, in an important part,
to breaches of this "treaty stipulation". In this part of the case
on the merits, the United Kingdom contended, in the Memorial,
that the 1933 C~ncession embodied "the substance of an implied
agreement beb een the Government of the United Kingdom and
t6e Iranian Government because there was an implied agreement
between these two Governments (fully operative as creating an
obligation in international law) to the effect that the Iranian
Government undertook to observe the provisions of its conces-
sionary conventiorl with the Company".

To my mind, the merits of a dispute consist of the issues of
fact and law which give rise to a cause of action, and which an
npplicant State must establish in order to be entitled to the
relief claimed. In every dispute which is founded upon the breach
of a treaty obligation, the applicant must establish the existence
.and scope of the treaty, as well as the facts which constitute the
breach, in order to justify a tribunal in according the relief which
it has requested.
It is, therefore, clear that the question as to whether such an
implied agreement arose between the two Governments in 1933,
one fully operative as creating an obligation in international law,
is an essential element of the United Kingdom claim on the merits.
It is a question partly of fact and partly of mixed fact and law.

It is equally clear that this question goes to the jurisdiction as
well asto the merits.

Itdoes not follow, however, that, because it goes to the jurisdic-
tion, it can be decided on Preliminary Objection.

The Statute provides, in Article 36 (6) :
"In the event of a dispute as to whether the Court has juris-
diction, the matter shall be settled by the decision of the Court."

59 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. READ 14~

Il est cependant nécessaire que j'examine la partie de l'arrêt
qui se rattache à l'accord de 1933.
Cet accord a fait l'objet de l'alinéa c) de la conclusion no 4 du

Royaume-Uni dont voici le texte :
«La clause conventionnelle provenant du règlement, effectué
en 1933grâce à la médiationdu Conseilde la Société desNations,
du différendinternational entre le Royaume-Uni et la Perse ; les
conditions de ce règlement sont énoncéed sans lecontrat de conces-
sion conclu, au cours de la mêmeannée,par le Gouvernement
impérial de Perse avec 1'Anglo-PersianOil Company. ))

La demande que le Royaume~Uni présente sur le fond, telle
qu'elle est énoncéedans la requête et dans le mémoire, vise pour
une importante partie les manquements à cette clause conven-
tionnelle ((treaty stipulation 1))Dans cette partie de sa thèse sur
le fond, le Royaume-Uni a soutenu, dans son mémoire, que la
concession de 1933 comprenait (la substance d'un accord implicite
entre le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni et le Gouvernement de

l'Iran parce qu'il y a eu accord implicite entre ces deux gouver-
nements (accord déployant plein effet comme générateur d'une
obligdion de droit international) en ce sens que le Gouvernement
iranien s'est engagé à observer les dispositions de la convention
de concession qu'il avait conclue avec la Compagnie )).
A mon avis, le fond d'un différend comprend les points de
fait et de droit qui donnent lieu à une cause d'action et qu'un
Etat demandeur doit établir pour avoir droit à la réparation
demandée. Dans tout différend fondé sur un manquement à une
obligation conventionnelle, le demandeur doit établir l'existence

et la portée d'un traité, de mêmeque les faits qui en constituent
la violation, pour qu'un tribunal puisse accorder la réparation
demandée.
Il me parait donc clair que le point de savoir si un accord
implicite de cette nature est intervenu entre les deux gouver-
nements en 1933 - accord déployant plein effet comme générateur
d'une obligation de droit international - constitue un élément
essentiel de la demande du Royaume-Uni au fond. Il s'agit là
d'une question qui porte partiellement sur le fait et partiellement
sur une combinaison du fait et du droit.

Il est non moins clair que cette question vise tant la compétence
que le fond.
Il ne s'ensuit cependant pas que, parce qu'elle vise la compé-
tence, la question peut êtretranchée dans le cadre d'une exception
préliminai;e.
L'article36 (6) du Statut de la Cour énonce ce qui suit :

«En cas de contestation sur le point de savoir si la Cour est
compétente,la Cour décide. ))I49 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

There is nothing in the Statute providing for summary pro-
cedure by way of preliminary objection. There can be no doubt
that the normal course, contemplated by this article, is that "the
decision of the Court", in disputes as to jurisdiction, should be in
accordance with the course of procedure prescribed by Chapter III
of the Statute. The exceptional provisions of Rule 62 can only be
construed as enabling the Court to deal summarily with those
questions of jurisdiction which can be settled without prejudging
matters which are a part of the merits. They cannot possibly be
construed as authorizing the Court to decide, in preliminary
proceedings, issues of law or fact which are essential elements of
both jurisdiction and merits, or which are inextricably linked with
the merits of the case. This is undoubtedly the basis of the rule in
the Losinger Case-Series A/B, No. 67, at pages 23, +-and it is

confirmed by the instances in which the Permanent Court refused
to deal, in preliminary proceedings, with questions of jurisdiction
which concerned or were closely related to issues of law or fact that
formed part of the merits. Without attempting an exhaustive
reference to the jurisprudence of the Permanent Court, reference
can be made to three cases in which this course was adopted as a
basis for decision :Prince von Pless, Series A/B, No. 52, at page 16 ;
Pajzs, CsAky, Esterhazy Case, Series A/B, No. 66, at page g ;
The Railway Line Panevezys-Saldutiskis, Series A/B, No. 75, at
Pages 55, 56.
It is impossible to overlook the grave injustice which would be
done to an applicant State, by a judgment upholding an objection
to the jurisdiction and refusing to permit adjudication on the merits,
and which, at the same time, decided an important issue of fact

or law, forming part of the merits, against the applicant State. The
effect of refusal to permit adjudication of the dispute would be
to remit the applicant and respondent States to other measures,
Iegal or political, for the settlement of the dispute. Neither the
applicant nor the respondent should be prejudiced, in seeking an
alternative solution of the dispute, by the decision of any issue of
fact or law that pertains to the merits.
Tt is.for these reasons that 1have reached the conclusion that the
Court is not competent, in preliminary proceedings and under the
relevant provisions of the Statute and Rules, to decide whether or
not an international agreement arose between the two Governments
in 1933, one fully operative as creating an obligation in international
law. 1 have reached the conclusion that the cornpetence of the
Court, at this stage,is limited to deciding whether the alleged inter-
national agreement, assuming that the United Kingdom's conten-

tions as regards its nature and scope are well founded, is a treaty or
converition within the meaning of the Declaration. OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. READ I49

Le Statut ne prévoit nulle part une procédure sommaire en
matière d'exception préliminaire. Il n'est pas douteux que la
méthode normale envisagée par ledit article exige que la décision
de la Cour, en cas de contestation sur la compétence, soit conforme
aux voies procédurales prévues au chapitre III du Statut. On peut
seulement interpréter les dispositions exceptionelles de l'article 62
du Règlement comme autorisant la Cour à trancher sommairement
les points de juridiction qui peuvent se régler sans préjuger les
questions appartenant au fond. Ces dispositions ne peuvent nulle-
ment s'interpréter comme autorisant la Cour à trancher au cours
d'une procédure préliminaire des points de droit ou de fait qui sont

des élémentsessentiels tant de la compétence que du fond, ou qui
sont liésde manière indissoluble au fond de l'espèce. Tel est incon-
testablement le fondement de la règle poséedans l'affaire Losinger
(Série A/B, no 67, pp. 23-24)>ce que confirment d'ailleurs les exem-
ples dans lesquel la Cour permanente a refusé de connaître, dans
le cadre d'une procédure préliminaire, de questions de juridiction
qui se rattachaient ou étaient étroitement liées à des questions de
droit ou de fait faisant partie du fond. Sans tenter de citer toute la
jurisprudence de la Cour permanente, on peut se référerici à trois
affaires dans lesquelles cette méthode a servi de base de décision :
Prince von Pless, Série A/B, no52, page 16 ; affaire Pajzs, CsAky,
Esterhazy, Série A/B, no 66, page 9 ; affaire du chemin de fer
Panevezys-Saldutiskis, Série A/B, no 75, pages 55, 56.
II m'est jmpossible de méconnaître la grave injustice que cause-

rait à un Etat demandeur un arrêt qui admettrait une exception
d'incompétence et refuserait d'autoriser un prononcé sur le fond,
tout en tranchant en mêmetemps, à l'encontre de l'État demandeur,
un important point de fait ou de droit faisant partie du fond.
Le refus d'autoriser un jugement du différend aurait pour effet de
renvoyer 1'Etat demandeur et 1'Etat défendeur à d'autres mesures
juridiques ou politiques, en vue de régler le différend.Au moment
de rechercher une autre solution au différend, ni le demandeur ni
le défendeur ne devraient êtreplacés dans un état d'infériorité à la
suited'une décisionsur un point de fait ou de droit touchant le fond.
C'est pour ces motifs que j'arrive à la conclusion que la Cour
n'est pas compétente, au cours d'une procédure préliminaire et en
vertu des dispositions pertinentes du Statut et du Règlement, pour

décider si un accord international est intervenu ou non, en 1933,
entre les deux gouvernements, accord déployant plein effet comme
générateur d'une obligation de droit international. J'arrive à la
conclusion que la compétence de la Cour, à ce stade du débat, est
limitée au point de décider si le prétendu accord international, dans
l'hypothèse où seraient fondées les thèses du Royaume-Uni concer-
nant la nature et la portée de cet accord, est un traité ou une
convention au sens de la déclaration.150 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE READ

Accordingly, 1 am compelled to conclude that the aspect of this
Objection which relates to the existence and scope of the alleged
international agreement should be joined to the merits.
In view of the decision of the Court as regards the Iranian
Objection No. 3, it is unnecessary for me to give my reasons for
rejecting the other Iranian Objections, Nos. 1,z, 4,5 and 6.

(Signed) J. E. READ. OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M.' READ I50

C'est pourquoi je me vois obligéde conclure que, dans son aspect
qui se rattache à l'existence et à la portée d'un prétendu accord
international, cette exception devrait être jointe au fond.
Vu la décision de la Cour concernant l'exception no 3 soulevée
par l'Iran, il est inutile que j'énonce les motifs qui m'obligent à
rejeter les autres exceptions de l'Iran (no", 2, 4, 5 et 6).

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Dissenting Opinion of Judge Read

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