Dissenting Opinion of Judge Cordova

Document Number
033-19581128-JUD-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
033-19581128-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE CORDOVA

Much to my regret, 1 have to disagree with both the reasoning
and the conclusion reached by the Court in this case.
The judicial authorities of Sweden set up the guardianship of
Marie Elisabeth Boll, a minor living in Sweden but of Dutch
nationality, on March 18th, 1954. This guardianship, according
to Swedish law, only refers to the administration of the interests

of the infant, but does not include the custody and control of her
person. The same authorities put an end to this guardianship on
July znd, 1955, when the Supreme Court of Sweden discharged
finally the god man appointed by the inferior judicial authorities.
The Swedish administrative authorities, on April z6th, 1954,
applying Article 22 (a) of the Swedish Law for the Protection of
Children and Young Persons (ChildWelfare Law) of June 6th, 1924,
put Marie Elisabeth Boll under the system called skyddsu$$fostran,
which, according to both Agencies, should be translated into English
as "protective upbringing", and as "éducation$rotectricel'into
French.
This protective measure-which the Swedish authorities still
maintain after four and a half years-according to the Swedish Law
gives the custody and control of the infant to the Swedish Infants'
Bureau.

On their side, the judicial authorities in Holland, applying the
Dutch laws, set up the guardianship of the same infant, and on Au-
gust 5th, 1954, appointed Mrs. Catharina Postema as herguardian.
According to Dutch law, the guardian has the right, as well as the
duty, to take custody and control of the infant.
Neither the judicial authorities of Sweden which first set up and
afterwards terminated the guardianship, nor the administrative
ones which instituted the protective upbringing, in the whole of
their proceedings, made the slightest reference to the Convention
goveming the Guardianship of Infants, signed by their country
and Holland on June ~zth, 1902, notwithstanding the fact that this
Convention was called to their attention (para.5, Swedish Counter-
Memorial).
In putting an end to their own guardianship, the Swedish
authorities applied their own law of 1904 (Counter-Memorial,

Annex D a). They have, therefore, recognized the Dutch guardian,
Mrs. Catharina Postema, with full rights to the administration of
the infant's interests,but in fact made it impossible for her to
exercise her right of custody and control of the infant's person
on account of the infant being subject to the protective upbringing.
Counsel for Sweden tried to justify this disregard of the Conven-
tion-among others of lesser importance with which 1 do not
88consider it necessary to deal here-on the main contention that
the Convention of 1902 should not be considered as applicable,
because the Swedish Law of Protective Upbringing of 1924, being
a public law and relating to the public order of the State, may
be applied to all infants, Swedish and foreign alike, notwithstanding
the provisions of the Convention.
The decision of the Court, although based on different grounds,
reaches the same conclusion that the Convention of 1902 is not

applicable to the present case.
Without rejecting expressly the ordre public theory relied upon
by Sweden, the Decision is predicated upon the theory that the Law
for the Protection of Children and Young Perçons of 1924-under
the authority of which the "protective upbringing" was instituted
and is still maintained-having a different aim and scope than that
of the Convention does not violate the provisions of the latter, even
though, in fact, it makes it impossible for the Dutch guardian to
fully exercise her rights and fulfil her duties as derived from the
Dutch laws and the Convention itself, in so far as it denies her the
custody and control of the person of Marie Elisabeth Boll.
The two theories, that of ordre public and public law and that
of the different aim and scope, have the same effect with regard to
a Convention; they both make it possible for the State, party to
the Treaty, to avoid the fulfilment of its obligations as prescribed
in the international contract by relying on its own laws. The theory

upheld by the Court is nothing less than the same theory of ordre
public under a different guise; but perhaps still more dangerous in
its implications. It is true that the decision does not require of
the national law to be a public law or one related to public order,
but, as far as giving to a State signatory of a Convention the
possibility of infringing its provisions and its natural, logical and
expected legal consequences, it opens the door still wider than
the theory of ordrepublic to the possibility of raising the national
laws as exception against the binding force of treaties.
In my opinion there is no national law, whatever its classification
might be, either common or public or with different aim and scope,
which in the face of a treaty dealing with the same subject-matter
can juridically claim priority in its application. Laws of procedure,
substantive criminal law, political or fiscal legislation, passport
regulations, and even laws related to the sovereignty of a State
over its own territory, are sometimes put aside and suspended by

treaty provisions and, what is more-in some cases-by internation-
al law and by international courtesy alone, even inthe absence of
any treaty stipulation. Such is the case of theregime ofcapitulations,
of diplomatic criminal immunities and fiscal exemptions, and of
transfer of territory by treaty provisions. In al1 these cases the
stipulations of a treaty or convention are binding upon the parties,
notwithstanding the public character of their affected national
legislations. Therefore, in my opinion, there is not much juridical

89value in the proposition that ordrepublic, or a law with a scopeand
aim digerent from that of a treaty; can, by themselves alone, be
opposed to the application of a convention or treaty, thus making
negatory its intended juridical and practical effects. It seems clear
to me that the legislation of a State party to a treaty dealing speci-
fically with a subject-matter othenvise normally regulated by its
own laws has to yield before the provisions of such treaty.

It has been said that treaties and conventions cannot be set
up as a barrier to the power to legislate in the future of a State

party to such international contract. The argument is not valid,
because treaties and conventionsusually may be denounced, leaving
the parties in complete liberty to change again their legislative
principles and laws; and, even when, asin certain cases of transfer
of territory, a treaty may not be considered as subject to denuncia-
tion, this restriction upon the legislative power which results for
a State party to such treaty should be deemed as a consequence
agreed upon of its own will by such State. It has also been argued
that there is a well-known principle of interpretation of treaties
dealing with conflicts of national laws, the so-called Convention of
Private International Law, which gives to the parties to such
treaties the right to disregard its provisions relying on their own
public laws or on their laws relating to publicorder. 1do not believe
that there is such principle of Public International Law-the only
law between nations; on the contrary, 1 have always known the

time-honoured and basic principle of pacta sunt servanda, which
makes it impossible for the States to be released by their own uni-
lateral decision from their obligations according to a treaty which
they have signed.

The place to be given to the national laws of ordre public and
to those with a different scope and aim, whatever their classifi-
cation might be, depends upon the interpretation of the treaty;
but when such interpretation clearly includes within its provisions
a subject-matter otherwise normally regulated by those kinds of
national laws, the provisions of the treaty should be considered
as having priority over them. To decide differently would mean
complete anarchy in the relations of States, would leave the binding
force of treaties in the unilateral hands of the legislative, judicial
and administrative authorities of the States parties to such treaties
and, finally, would completely destroy the indispensable hierarchy

of the laws of the States and that of the international legislation.
An international jurisdiction, in the interpretation of a treaty
or convention, must detennine the extent of the consent of the
parties to such instrument. In so doing it must take into consider-
ation the real will of the signatory States as determined by the text
of the treaty itself, by the antecedents of the international contract,
or by any other means at its disposal. 1 agree with the Court in that the parties to the Convention of
1902had mainlyin mind questions of the conflict of laws with regard
to guardianship; and also that they implicitly excluded generally
al1 national laws, either public or common, dealing with subject-
matters different from that of guardianship, like criminal laws,
those organizing the judiciary and the political structure of the
government, passports, and even perhaps the correction of delin-
quent infants. But 1 do believe that al1 matters relating to the
guardianship of infants, including al1 the legal as well as practical
effects of guardianship, such as the custody and control of minors,
measures relating to the protection and welfare of infants, should

be considered asfallingwithin the terms ofthe Convention, although
they might be dealt with by national public laws, laws relating to
the public order of the State or by laws with a different aim and
scopefrom that of guardianship. The decision of the Court, although
putting aside the theory of ordre pztblic, and basing its reasoning
on the theory of theaim and scopedifferingfrom that of thetreaty,
nevertheless tries to interpret the Convention of 1902, stating that
it was only intended to regulate the conflicts of national legislations
regarding guardianship, a subject-matter alien and completely
different from the protection of children and young persons, which
is the only aim and scope of the Swedish Law of June 6th, 1924.
With this basic proposition, 1 cannot agree.

In my way of thinking, the 1924 Swedish Law-at least as far as
its Article22 (a) is concerned-is far from having an aim and scope
different from that of the Convention.

In substance, guardianship and the laws for the protection of
children are remarkably the same, and their means of realizing
their purpose is identical: the custody and control of the person of
the minor. As far as the intention of both is concerned, the guard-
ianship dealt with in the Convention and the "protective up-
bringing" have one and the same objective: the protection of
infants. Guardianship fulfils its purpose by giving the custody and
control of the child to the individual parent or guardian, and only
when this method of protection fails does this system of State
protection intervene by means of the "protective upbringing"
and other similar measures, taking away from the parent or guard-
ian such custody and control.
In spite of the Netherlands' own admission and Sweden's
allegation to the contrary, it is my understanding that Article 7
of the Convention clearly comprehends the protective measures
included in Article 22 (a) of the Swedish Law of 1924, when it
refers to the possibility of the local authorities to take "in all

cases of urgency" measures "required for the protection of the
person" of the infant. In order to prove the contrary, it has been
argued that the national laws of all parties to the Convention,
dealing with the protection of infants, were enacted a long time
91 after the signing of the Convention, but that is not the case,
at least with regard to the two States before the Court, the
Netherlands and Sweden. 1 believe that the reference to pro-
tective measures included in Article 7 was not accidental and
meaningless. Its inclusion strongly suggests that the necessity to
introduce a provision making it possible for the States of residence
to apply measures of protection to the foreign infant, according to
their present or future legislations, in "cases of urgency", was
clearly present in the minds of the framers of the Convention. This
is the natural and, perhaps, the only reasonable interpretation of
Article 7. Moreover, although the Dutch law introducing the system
of protection of infants was enacted after the year 1902, such legis-
lation was already contemplated and prepared since 1901, and
Sweden enacted its own law regarding protective upbringing in the

year 1902,which makes it evident that the Netherlands and Sweden
had alreadyin mind the application of protective measures. Itseems
to me that the framers of the 1902 Convention, seeking only the
good of the infants, although mainly referring to guardianship,
tried to organize the adequate application of the different protective
methods of the signatory States, guardianship as well as any other
protective measures. They tried to make compatible the institution
of national guardianship with the local protective legislations and
measures by giving priority to the former (Articles I and 6) over
the latter (Article7).
1 hold the above view in spite of the position of both Parties
to the litigation before the Court which, as 1 have pointed out,
believe that Article 7 of the Convention is not applicable. If
the 1902 Convention had been a bilateral treaty, their coinmon
interpretation with regard to one of its Articles-Article 7-would

have been enough for me to consider such a construction as final;
but the 1902 Convention being a multilateral treaty, it is possible,
1 believe, to hold a different opinion from that of the two Parties
before the Court with reference to the applicability of its Articles.
Since according to the laws of the Netherlands, this right of
custody and control belongs to the guardian, there is sufficient
legal reason to decide that Catharina Postema, according to the
Convention itself, may rightfully claim the custody and control
over Marie Elisabeth Boll, the basic principle of the Convention
being that guardianship shall be governed by the national law of
theinfant (Articles 1,2,4 and 8 of the Convention). That is undoubt-
edly the reason why the Netherlands Court of First Instance of
Dordrecht, August 5th, 1954, when appointing Madame Postema
as guardian, ordered at the same time that the girl should be
handed over to her. But if this were not enough, Article 6 of the
Conventioii will take away the slightest doubt when it says: "the

administration of the guardian extends to the person ..."of the
infant. Therefore, 1 feel safe in concluding that the Convention does
regulate both the right to custody and control and the protective
measures in general, including, of course, the protective measure
called "protective upbringing" referred to in Article 22 (a) of the
Law for the Protection of Children and Young Persons of June 6th,
1924.As a corollary it necessarily followsthat the Convention should
have been applied by the Court, andthe case of Marie Elisabeth Boll
should have been decided exclusively according to its terms. The
task of the Court should thus have been very much simplified, and
its decision should have been, in my opinion, the right one.
Even if the Swedish authorities, on April 26th, 1954, when the!.
instituted the "protective upbringing", did not know about the

Dutch nationality of the infant Boll, and even also if they did not
take into account the terms of the 1902 Convention, I believe that
the protective measure taken by them to put the Dutch girl under
the regime of protective upbringing was a legal act according to
the terms of the Convention. Thinking their action urgent, as theg-
must necessarily have judged it, this measure is perfectly justified
in the light of Article 7 of the Convention, which makes it possible
for the local authorities to take, in "al1 urgent cases, the measures
required for the protection ..of a foreign infant...".Therefore, the
setting up of the protective measure does not constitute in itself
a violation of the Convention. 1 go as far as to believe that the
Swedish authorities seem to have been under a moral as well as a
legal obligation to take such protective measure judging from the
meagre knowledge the Court has of the real situation of the
minor Boll.
It only remains to decide if, according also to the terms of the
Convention, the maintenance of such protective measure can be
considered compatible to the provisions of the Treaty of 1902. In mj.

opinion this question should have been answered in the negative. An
urgency of four and a half years is inconceivable, specially having,
as I do, the understanding that the urgency contemplatedin Article 7
of the Convention requires two elements,one of fact andthe other a
legal one. That is to Say, a practical need of the infant as well as
the lack of an efficient protection, either because the guardian has
not yet been appointed or, if already appointed, does not or cannot
act efficiently.
The practical need may extend for an indefinite period of time,
but, once the aim of the Convention is fulfilled in the sense that the
foreign infant can be considered as sufficiently protected according
to the laws of its own nationality, the concept of urgency cannot
any more apply ; in the present case, as soon as Madame Postema
showed herself legally and practically able to take charge of the
infant Boll and to exercise her rights and duties as a guardian
according to the Dutch laws. 1 cannot understand the object of

Article 6 of the Convention in any other sense than to make obliga-
tory for the local authorities, should they be judicial or adminiç-trative, to release the foreign child to the custody and control of
the guardian appointed in compliance with the national laws of
the infant ;therefore, only in the case that the child Bol1will remain
in Sweden after having been turned over to the Dutch guardian,
and the future facts warrant again the State intervention in favour
of the child and against the legally appointed guardian, shall the
Swedish authonties be entitled-by their own laws and entirely

independent of the Convention with which they had already
complied-to set up a new "protective upbringing", but the
provisional one now in existence should be at once discontinued.

1 refuse to accept the idea that the Convention is not applicable
in this case, and also the interpretation of the Swedish law of
protective upbringing, as giving right to the State of residence to
keep a foreign minor-in this case Marie Elisabeth Boll-indefinitely
in its territory in order to impose upon her its protection by means
of denying the release of the child to the legallyappointed guardian
-Madame Postema-which is the logical, juridical, intended and
expected effect of Article 6 of the Convention.
The most strange effect of the law of protective upbringing, to
keep a foreign child within the country of residence against the
expressed wi11of the legally appointed foreign guardian, seems to

me unwarranted and illegal according to the general principles of
international law, even in the absence of a Convention as the one of
1902.
Such would be the case, for instance, of a so-called public law,
or law of ordrefiublic which would imposeforced labour in the fields
upon infants, native and foreign alike, in order to collect the needed
cropi for the community. This law would certainlyhave an aim and
scopecompletely different from that of the Convention dealing with
guardianship, but could one Say that the foreign guardian cannot
avoid such forced labour being imposed upon this foreign ward by
taking him or her out of the country of residence? Could the local
law impede the taking out of the country of the foreign infant
because it is a public law or related to the public order, or because
it has a different aim and scope than that of the Convention?

1 would reach the same conclusion, 1believe, even in the absence
of any treaty or convention inthe case of any national law different
from the penal ones, which would have the effect of denying the
right to a foreigner, adult ornor, to leave the country of residence.
From al1 that 1have said, it is my considered opinion that the
Second Final Conclusion of the Dutch Government, which the Agent
for the Netherlands included in its Submissions of October 3rd last,
that Swedenis under the obligation to end the protective upbringing,
should have been granted by the Court.

(Signed) R. CORDOVA.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE CORDOVA

Much to my regret, 1 have to disagree with both the reasoning
and the conclusion reached by the Court in this case.
The judicial authorities of Sweden set up the guardianship of
Marie Elisabeth Boll, a minor living in Sweden but of Dutch
nationality, on March 18th, 1954. This guardianship, according
to Swedish law, only refers to the administration of the interests

of the infant, but does not include the custody and control of her
person. The same authorities put an end to this guardianship on
July znd, 1955, when the Supreme Court of Sweden discharged
finally the god man appointed by the inferior judicial authorities.
The Swedish administrative authorities, on April z6th, 1954,
applying Article 22 (a) of the Swedish Law for the Protection of
Children and Young Persons (ChildWelfare Law) of June 6th, 1924,
put Marie Elisabeth Boll under the system called skyddsu$$fostran,
which, according to both Agencies, should be translated into English
as "protective upbringing", and as "éducation$rotectricel'into
French.
This protective measure-which the Swedish authorities still
maintain after four and a half years-according to the Swedish Law
gives the custody and control of the infant to the Swedish Infants'
Bureau.

On their side, the judicial authorities in Holland, applying the
Dutch laws, set up the guardianship of the same infant, and on Au-
gust 5th, 1954, appointed Mrs. Catharina Postema as herguardian.
According to Dutch law, the guardian has the right, as well as the
duty, to take custody and control of the infant.
Neither the judicial authorities of Sweden which first set up and
afterwards terminated the guardianship, nor the administrative
ones which instituted the protective upbringing, in the whole of
their proceedings, made the slightest reference to the Convention
goveming the Guardianship of Infants, signed by their country
and Holland on June ~zth, 1902, notwithstanding the fact that this
Convention was called to their attention (para.5, Swedish Counter-
Memorial).
In putting an end to their own guardianship, the Swedish
authorities applied their own law of 1904 (Counter-Memorial,

Annex D a). They have, therefore, recognized the Dutch guardian,
Mrs. Catharina Postema, with full rights to the administration of
the infant's interests,but in fact made it impossible for her to
exercise her right of custody and control of the infant's person
on account of the infant being subject to the protective upbringing.
Counsel for Sweden tried to justify this disregard of the Conven-
tion-among others of lesser importance with which 1 do not
88 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. CORDOVA

[Traduction 7
A mon grand regret, je suis en désaccordàla fois avecleraisonne-
ment et la conclusion de la Cour en cette affaire.
Le 18 mars 1954, les autorités judiciaires de la Suède ont orga-
niséla tutelle de Marie Elisabeth Boll, une mineure domiciliée en
Suède et de nationalité néerlandaise. D'après la loi suédoise, cette
tutelle vise uniquement l'administration des intérêtsde la mineure

et ne s'étendpas à la garde et au contrôle de sa personne. Le 2 juin
1955, les mêmesautorités ont mis fin à cette tutelle, quand la Cour
suprême de Suède a définitivement donné décharge au curateur
(god man), nommépar les instances judiciaires inférieures.
Le 26 avril 1954, les autorités administratives suédoises, appli-
quant l'article 22 a) de la loi suédoisesur la protection de l'enfance
et de la jeunesse du 6 juin 1924, ont placé Marie Elisabeth Boll
sous le système dénommé skyddsu+pfostran qui, d'après les deux
agents, doit se traduire en anglais par «protective upbringing ))et
en français par «éducation protectrice 1).

Cette mesure de protection - que les autorités suédoisesmain-
tiennent encore après quatre ans et demi - donne, d'après la loi

suédoise, la garde et le contrôle de la mineure à l'office suédois
des mineurs.
De leur côté, les autorités judiciaires aux Pays-Bas, appliquant
les lois néerlandaises, ont organiséla tutelle de la mêmemineure et,
le 5 août 1954, nommétutrice Mme Catharina Postema. D'après le
droit .néerlandais, le tuteur a le droit et le devoir d'assurer la garde
et le contrôle de la mineure.
Ni les autorités judiciaires suédoises, qui ont d'abord institué,
puis mis fin à la tutelle, ni les autorités administratives qui ont
institué l'éducation protectrice, n'ont, dans l'ensemble de leurs pro-
cédures, fait la moindre allusion à la Convention pour régler la

tutelle des mineurs, signée par leur pays et par les Pays-Bas le
12 juin 1902, bien que l'existence de cette Convention leur eut été
signalée (par. 5, contre-mémoire suédois).

En mettant fin à la tutelle organisée par elles, les autorités
suédoises ont appliqué leur propre loi de 1904 (contre-mémoire,
Annexe D a). Elles ont donc reconnu la tutrice néerlandaise, Mme
Catharina Postema, avec tous les droits d'administration des inté-
rêtsde la mineure, mais, en fait, elle l'ont mise dans l'impossibilité
d'exercer son droit de garde et de contrôle de la personne de cette
mineure, celle-ci étant soumise au régime del'éducation protectrice.
Le conseil de la Suèdea tenté de justifier ce dédain de la Conven-

tion - parmi d'autres motifs moins importants, dont je ne crois
88consider it necessary to deal here-on the main contention that
the Convention of 1902 should not be considered as applicable,
because the Swedish Law of Protective Upbringing of 1924, being
a public law and relating to the public order of the State, may
be applied to all infants, Swedish and foreign alike, notwithstanding
the provisions of the Convention.
The decision of the Court, although based on different grounds,
reaches the same conclusion that the Convention of 1902 is not

applicable to the present case.
Without rejecting expressly the ordre public theory relied upon
by Sweden, the Decision is predicated upon the theory that the Law
for the Protection of Children and Young Perçons of 1924-under
the authority of which the "protective upbringing" was instituted
and is still maintained-having a different aim and scope than that
of the Convention does not violate the provisions of the latter, even
though, in fact, it makes it impossible for the Dutch guardian to
fully exercise her rights and fulfil her duties as derived from the
Dutch laws and the Convention itself, in so far as it denies her the
custody and control of the person of Marie Elisabeth Boll.
The two theories, that of ordre public and public law and that
of the different aim and scope, have the same effect with regard to
a Convention; they both make it possible for the State, party to
the Treaty, to avoid the fulfilment of its obligations as prescribed
in the international contract by relying on its own laws. The theory

upheld by the Court is nothing less than the same theory of ordre
public under a different guise; but perhaps still more dangerous in
its implications. It is true that the decision does not require of
the national law to be a public law or one related to public order,
but, as far as giving to a State signatory of a Convention the
possibility of infringing its provisions and its natural, logical and
expected legal consequences, it opens the door still wider than
the theory of ordrepublic to the possibility of raising the national
laws as exception against the binding force of treaties.
In my opinion there is no national law, whatever its classification
might be, either common or public or with different aim and scope,
which in the face of a treaty dealing with the same subject-matter
can juridically claim priority in its application. Laws of procedure,
substantive criminal law, political or fiscal legislation, passport
regulations, and even laws related to the sovereignty of a State
over its own territory, are sometimes put aside and suspended by

treaty provisions and, what is more-in some cases-by internation-
al law and by international courtesy alone, even inthe absence of
any treaty stipulation. Such is the case of theregime ofcapitulations,
of diplomatic criminal immunities and fiscal exemptions, and of
transfer of territory by treaty provisions. In al1 these cases the
stipulations of a treaty or convention are binding upon the parties,
notwithstanding the public character of their affected national
legislations. Therefore, in my opinion, there is not much juridical

89 pas utile de parler ic- par le motif principal que la Convention de
1902 ne devait pas êtreconsidéréecomme applicable, parce que, la
loi suédoise sur l'éducation protectrice de 1924 étant une loi de
droit public et se rapportant à l'ordre public de l'Etat, cette loi

pouvait s'appliquer à tous les mineurs, suédois ou étrangers,
nonobstant les dispositionsde la Convention.
L'arrêt de la Cour, bien que fondé sur des motifs différents,
aboutit à la mêmeconclusion que la Convention de 1902 ne s'appli-
que pas au cas actuel.
Sansrejeter expressément la théorie de l'ordre publicinvoqué par
la Suède, l'arrêt repose sur la théorie que la loi de 1924 sur la
protection de l'enfance et de la jeunesse - sous l'autorité de la-
quelle a étéinstituée « l'éducation protectrice » maintenue encore à
ce jour - ayant un but et une portée différents de .ceux de la
Convention n'en viole pas les dispositions, bien qu'en fait elle rende
impossible à la tutrice néerlandaise d'exercer pleinement ses droits
et de remplir ses devoirs, tels qu'ils découlent des lois néerlandaises
et de la Convention elle-même, attendu qu'elle lui refuse la garde

et le contrôle de la personne de Marie Elisabeth Boll.
Les deux théories, celle de l'ordre public et de la loi de droit
public, et celle de la portée et du but différents, ont le mêmeeffet
au regard d'une convention. L'une et l'autre permettent à l'État
partie au traité d'éviter de remplir les obligations prescrites par le
contrat international en invoquant ses propres lois. La théorie
adoptée par la Cour n'est rien d'autre que la mêmethéorie de l'ordre
public sous un autre aspect, mais peut-être encore plus dangereux
dans ses implications. Il est vrai que l'arrêt n'exige pas que la loi
nationale soit une loi de droit public oy se rapporte àl'ordre public,
mais pour ce qui est d'accorder à un Etat signataire d'une conven-
tion la possibilité d'en violer les dispositions et les conséquences
légalesnaturelles, logiques et attendues, il ouvre la porte plus large
encore que ne le fait la théorie de l'ordre public à la possibilité
d'exciper des lois nationales contre la force obligatoire des traités.

A mon avis, il n'y a pas de loi nationale, quelle qu'en soit la
classification,de droit public ou privé,ou avec une portée et un but
différents qui, en face d'un traité relatifà la mêmematière, puisse
juridiquement réclamer priorité dans son application. Les lois de
procédure, les règles de fond du droit pénal, les lois politiques ou
fiscales, la réglementation des passeports et mêmeles lois visant la
souveraineté d'un Etat sur son territoire sont ~arfois écartéeset
suspendues par les dispositions des traités et, qui plus est - dans
certains cas -, par le droit international et par la courtoisie inter-
nationale seule, mêmeen l'absence de toute disposition d'un traité.
Tel est le cas du régimedes capitulations, des immunités pénaleset
des exemptions fiscales diplomatiques et des transferts de territoire

par voie de traité. Dans tous ces cas, les dispositions d'un traité ou
d'une convention sont obligatoires pour les parties, nonobstant le
caractère de droit public de leurs lois internes affectées. Je pensevalue in the proposition that ordrepublic, or a law with a scopeand
aim digerent from that of a treaty; can, by themselves alone, be
opposed to the application of a convention or treaty, thus making
negatory its intended juridical and practical effects. It seems clear
to me that the legislation of a State party to a treaty dealing speci-
fically with a subject-matter othenvise normally regulated by its
own laws has to yield before the provisions of such treaty.

It has been said that treaties and conventions cannot be set
up as a barrier to the power to legislate in the future of a State

party to such international contract. The argument is not valid,
because treaties and conventionsusually may be denounced, leaving
the parties in complete liberty to change again their legislative
principles and laws; and, even when, asin certain cases of transfer
of territory, a treaty may not be considered as subject to denuncia-
tion, this restriction upon the legislative power which results for
a State party to such treaty should be deemed as a consequence
agreed upon of its own will by such State. It has also been argued
that there is a well-known principle of interpretation of treaties
dealing with conflicts of national laws, the so-called Convention of
Private International Law, which gives to the parties to such
treaties the right to disregard its provisions relying on their own
public laws or on their laws relating to publicorder. 1do not believe
that there is such principle of Public International Law-the only
law between nations; on the contrary, 1 have always known the

time-honoured and basic principle of pacta sunt servanda, which
makes it impossible for the States to be released by their own uni-
lateral decision from their obligations according to a treaty which
they have signed.

The place to be given to the national laws of ordre public and
to those with a different scope and aim, whatever their classifi-
cation might be, depends upon the interpretation of the treaty;
but when such interpretation clearly includes within its provisions
a subject-matter otherwise normally regulated by those kinds of
national laws, the provisions of the treaty should be considered
as having priority over them. To decide differently would mean
complete anarchy in the relations of States, would leave the binding
force of treaties in the unilateral hands of the legislative, judicial
and administrative authorities of the States parties to such treaties
and, finally, would completely destroy the indispensable hierarchy

of the laws of the States and that of the international legislation.
An international jurisdiction, in the interpretation of a treaty
or convention, must detennine the extent of the consent of the
parties to such instrument. In so doing it must take into consider-
ation the real will of the signatory States as determined by the text
of the treaty itself, by the antecedents of the international contract,
or by any other means at its disposal.donc qu'on ne peut attacher grande valeur juridique à la propo-
sition d'après laquelle l'ordre public, ou une loi dont la portée
et le but sont différents de ceux d'un traité peuvent par eux-
mêmesêtreopposés à l'application d'une convention ou d'un traité,
neutralisant ainsi ses effets,juridiques et pratiques. Il me semble
clair que la législationd'un Etat partie à un traité qui traite spécifi-

quement d'une question par ailleurs normalement régléepar ses
propres lois, doit s'incliner devant les dispositions d'un tel traité.
On a dit que les traités et leç conventions ne peuvent êtreérigés
en obstacles au pouvoir d'un Etat partie à un tel contrat interna-
tional de légiférerpour l'avenir. L'argument ne vaut pas parce
qu'on peut généralement dénoncer les traités et conventions, lais-
sant les parties complètement libres de modifier leurs principes
législatifs et leurs lois. Mêmesi, comme dans certains cas de trans-
fert de territoire, un traité ne peut êtreconsidérécomme susceptible
de dénonciation, cette restriction au pouvoir législatif qui résulte
pour un État partie au traité doit êtreconsidéréecomme une consé-
quenceacceptée de son plein grépar cet Etat.

On a également soutenu qu'il existe un principe bien connu d'in-
terprétation des traités relatifs aux conflits de lois nationales, ce
qu'on appelle les conventions de droit international privé, d'après
lequel les parties à ces traités ont le droit d'en ignorer les disposi-
tions en invoquant leurs propres lois de droit public ou leurs lois
relatives à l'ordre public. Je ne crois pasà l'existence d'un tel pnn-
cipe de droit international public - seule loi applicable dans les
rapports entre nations; au contraire, j'ai toujours connu la règle
ancienne, vénérable et fondamentale: pacta sunt servanda, qui
interdit aux Etats de se libérer, par leurs propres décisionsunila-
térales, des obligations conventionnelles résultant d'un traité qu'ils
ont signé.

La place à donner aux lois nationales d'ordre public et à celles
qui ont un but et une portée différents, quelle qu'en soit la classi-
fication, dépend de l'interprétation du traité, mais quand cette
interprétation inclut évidemment dans ses dispositions une ques-
tion par ailleurs normalement réglementéepar ces sortes de lois
nationales, on doit accorder priorité aux dispositions du traité.
Une décision en sens contraire signifierait l'anarchie complète dans
les rapports entre États, laisserait la force obligatoire des traités à
la décision unilatérale des autorités législatives, judiciaires et
administratives des États parties aux traités et, en fin de compte,
détruirait complètement la hiérarchie indispensable entre les lois

internes des Etats et celles de la législation internationale.
Dans l'interprétation d'un traité ou d'une convention, une juri-
diction internationale doit fixer la portée du consentement des
parties à cet instrument. Ce faisant, elle doit tenir compte de la
volonté réelle des États signataires, telle qu'elle est fixéepar le
texte du traité lui-même,par les origines du contrat international,
ou par tout autre moyen dont elle dispose.

90 1 agree with the Court in that the parties to the Convention of
1902had mainlyin mind questions of the conflict of laws with regard
to guardianship; and also that they implicitly excluded generally
al1 national laws, either public or common, dealing with subject-
matters different from that of guardianship, like criminal laws,
those organizing the judiciary and the political structure of the
government, passports, and even perhaps the correction of delin-
quent infants. But 1 do believe that al1 matters relating to the
guardianship of infants, including al1 the legal as well as practical
effects of guardianship, such as the custody and control of minors,
measures relating to the protection and welfare of infants, should

be considered asfallingwithin the terms ofthe Convention, although
they might be dealt with by national public laws, laws relating to
the public order of the State or by laws with a different aim and
scopefrom that of guardianship. The decision of the Court, although
putting aside the theory of ordre pztblic, and basing its reasoning
on the theory of theaim and scopedifferingfrom that of thetreaty,
nevertheless tries to interpret the Convention of 1902, stating that
it was only intended to regulate the conflicts of national legislations
regarding guardianship, a subject-matter alien and completely
different from the protection of children and young persons, which
is the only aim and scope of the Swedish Law of June 6th, 1924.
With this basic proposition, 1 cannot agree.

In my way of thinking, the 1924 Swedish Law-at least as far as
its Article22 (a) is concerned-is far from having an aim and scope
different from that of the Convention.

In substance, guardianship and the laws for the protection of
children are remarkably the same, and their means of realizing
their purpose is identical: the custody and control of the person of
the minor. As far as the intention of both is concerned, the guard-
ianship dealt with in the Convention and the "protective up-
bringing" have one and the same objective: the protection of
infants. Guardianship fulfils its purpose by giving the custody and
control of the child to the individual parent or guardian, and only
when this method of protection fails does this system of State
protection intervene by means of the "protective upbringing"
and other similar measures, taking away from the parent or guard-
ian such custody and control.
In spite of the Netherlands' own admission and Sweden's
allegation to the contrary, it is my understanding that Article 7
of the Convention clearly comprehends the protective measures
included in Article 22 (a) of the Swedish Law of 1924, when it
refers to the possibility of the local authorities to take "in all

cases of urgency" measures "required for the protection of the
person" of the infant. In order to prove the contrary, it has been
argued that the national laws of all parties to the Convention,
dealing with the protection of infants, were enacted a long time
91 Je suis d'accord avec la Cour pour dire que les parties à la Con-

vention de 1902 ont envisagé principalement des questions de
conflits de lois relatives à la tutelle et aussi qu'elles ont implicite-
ment exclu, généralement, toutes les lois nationales, publiques ou
ordinaires, traitant des questions différentes de la tutelle, telles que
les lois pénales, les lois d'organisation judiciaire et politique du
gouvernement, celles qui visent les passeports et peut-être même
la répression de la délinquance juvénile. Mais je suis convaincu
que toutes les questions relatives à la tutelle des mineurs, y com-

pris tous les effets légaux ou pratiques de la tutelle, comme la
garde et le contrôle des mineurs, les mesures visant la protection
et le bien-être des enfants, doivent êtreconsidéréescommerentrant
dans les termes de la Convention,bien qu'elles aient pu êtretraitées
par des lois nationales de droit public, par des lois relatives à l'ordre
public de lJEtat, ou par des lois ayant un autre but et une autre
portée que la tutelle. L'arrèt de la Cour, bien qu'il écarte la théorie
de l'ordre public et fonde son raisonnement sur la théorie du but et

de la portée différents de ceux du traité, essaie pourtant d'inter-
préter la Convention de 1902 en disant qu'elle avait simplement
pour objet de régler les conflits entre les lois nationales relatives
à la tutelle, matière étrangère à celle de la protection de l'enfance
et de la jeunesse et complètement différente de cette question, qui
est le seul but et le seul domaine de la loi suédoise du 6 juin 1924.
Je ne puis me rallier à cette proposition fondamentale.
A mon avis, la loi suédoise de 1924 - tout au moins en ce qui

concerne son article 22 a) - est bien loin d'avoir un but et une
portée différents de ceux de la Convention.
Au fond, la tutelle et les lois de protection de la jeunesse sont
remarquablement semblables et leurs moyens de réaliser leurs buts
sont identiques: la garde et le contrôle de la personne du mineur.
En ce qui concerne les intentions de l'une et de l'autre, la tutelle,
viséepar la Convention, et (l'éducation protectrice ),ont, l'une et
l'autre, le même objectif: la protection des mineurs. La tutelle

remplit son but en confiant la garde et le contrôle de l'enfant à
un individu, parent ou tuteur, et c'est seulement quand cette
méthode de ~rotection échoue qu'intervient le système de la pro-
tection par l'Etat, au moyen de (l'éducation protectrice » et autres
mesures semblables qui enlèvent aux parents et au tuteur la garde
et le contrôlc.
En dépit du propre aveu des Pays-Bas et des allégations sué-

doises en sens contraire, l'article 7 de la Convention, tel que je le
comprends, s'étend clairement aux mesures de protection com-
prises dans l'article 22 a) de la loi suédoise de 1924,lorsqu'elle vise
la possibilité pour les autorités locales de prendre ((dans tous les
cas d'urgence ))les mesures ((nécessairespour la protection de la
personne )du mineur. Pour prouver le contraire, on a soutenu quc
les lois nationales de toutes les parties à la Convention traitant de
la protection des mineurs avaient été mises en vigueur longtemps

91 after the signing of the Convention, but that is not the case,
at least with regard to the two States before the Court, the
Netherlands and Sweden. 1 believe that the reference to pro-
tective measures included in Article 7 was not accidental and
meaningless. Its inclusion strongly suggests that the necessity to
introduce a provision making it possible for the States of residence
to apply measures of protection to the foreign infant, according to
their present or future legislations, in "cases of urgency", was
clearly present in the minds of the framers of the Convention. This
is the natural and, perhaps, the only reasonable interpretation of
Article 7. Moreover, although the Dutch law introducing the system
of protection of infants was enacted after the year 1902, such legis-
lation was already contemplated and prepared since 1901, and
Sweden enacted its own law regarding protective upbringing in the

year 1902,which makes it evident that the Netherlands and Sweden
had alreadyin mind the application of protective measures. Itseems
to me that the framers of the 1902 Convention, seeking only the
good of the infants, although mainly referring to guardianship,
tried to organize the adequate application of the different protective
methods of the signatory States, guardianship as well as any other
protective measures. They tried to make compatible the institution
of national guardianship with the local protective legislations and
measures by giving priority to the former (Articles I and 6) over
the latter (Article7).
1 hold the above view in spite of the position of both Parties
to the litigation before the Court which, as 1 have pointed out,
believe that Article 7 of the Convention is not applicable. If
the 1902 Convention had been a bilateral treaty, their coinmon
interpretation with regard to one of its Articles-Article 7-would

have been enough for me to consider such a construction as final;
but the 1902 Convention being a multilateral treaty, it is possible,
1 believe, to hold a different opinion from that of the two Parties
before the Court with reference to the applicability of its Articles.
Since according to the laws of the Netherlands, this right of
custody and control belongs to the guardian, there is sufficient
legal reason to decide that Catharina Postema, according to the
Convention itself, may rightfully claim the custody and control
over Marie Elisabeth Boll, the basic principle of the Convention
being that guardianship shall be governed by the national law of
theinfant (Articles 1,2,4 and 8 of the Convention). That is undoubt-
edly the reason why the Netherlands Court of First Instance of
Dordrecht, August 5th, 1954, when appointing Madame Postema
as guardian, ordered at the same time that the girl should be
handed over to her. But if this were not enough, Article 6 of the
Conventioii will take away the slightest doubt when it says: "the

administration of the guardian extends to the person ..."of the
infant. après celle de la Convention, mais tel n'est pas le cas, tout au moins

en ce aui concerne les deux Etats en cause: les Pavs-Bas et la
Suède. Je crois que la référenceaux mesures de protection mention-
nées àl'article 7 n'a éténi accidentelle ni dénuéede sens. Elle sug-
gère nettement que les rédacteurs de la Convention ont clairement
pensé à la nécessitéd'introduire une disposition permettant aux
Etats du domicile d'appliquer aux mineurs étrangers des mesures
de protection, conformément à leurs lois présentes ou à venir,
«danstous les cas d'urgence ».C'est l'interprétation naturelle de l'ar-

ticle 7 et peut-être la seule raisonnable. Au surplus, bien quela loi
néerlandaise introduisant le système de la protection des mineurs
n'ait étémise en vigueur qu'après l'année 1902, cette législation
était déjà envisagéeet préparée depuis I~I, et la Suède a promul-
gué sa propre loi sur l'éducation protectrice en 1902, ce qui dé-
montre que les Pays-Bas et la Suède songeaient déjàà l'application
de mesures protectrices. Il me semble que les rédacteurs de la
Convention de 1902, uniquement préoccupésde l'intérêtdes mi-
neurs, ont essayé,bien que visant principalement la tutelle, d'orga-

niser l'application adéquate des différentes méthodes de protection
des États signataires, qu'il s'agisse de la tutelle aussi bien que de
toute autre mesure de protection. Ils ont essayé de rendre com-
patible l'institution de la tutelle nationale avec les lois et les
mesures de protection locales, en donnant priorité à la première
(articles Iet 6) sur les secondes (article 7).
Je maintiens cette opinion en dépit de la position' des deux
Parties au litige soumis à la Cour qui, comme je l'ai signalé, pensent
que l'article 7 de la Convention ne s'applique pas. Si la Convention

de 1902 avait étéun traité bilatéral, leur interprétation commune
de l'un de ses articles - l'article 7- m'aurait suffi pour considérer
cette interprétation comme définitive; mais comme la Convention
de 1902 est un traité multilatéral, je crois qu'il est possible d'avoir
une opinion différente de celle des deux Parties en cause sur l'appli-
cation de ses articles.
Puisque ce droit de garde et de contrôle appartient au tuteur
d'après les lois néerlandaises, il existe des raisons juridiques suffi-

santes pour décider que Catharina Postema peut, en vertu de la
Convention elle-même,réclamer légitimementla garde et le contrôle
de Marie Elisabeth Boll, le principe fondamental de la Convention
étant que la tutelle sera régiepar la loi nationale du mineur (arti-
cles I. 2.,, et 8 de la Convention). Telle est certainement la raison
pour 'laquelle le Tribunal de iremière instance néerlandais de
Dordrecht, lorsqu'il a nommé tutrice Mnlc Postema, le 5 août
1954, a, en même temps, ordonné que l'enfant lui serait

confiée.Mais si cela ne suffisait pas, l'article 6 de la Convention
lèverait les moindres doutes auand il dit (l'administration tuté-
laire s'étend à la personne ..» du mineur. Therefore, 1 feel safe in concluding that the Convention does
regulate both the right to custody and control and the protective
measures in general, including, of course, the protective measure
called "protective upbringing" referred to in Article 22 (a) of the
Law for the Protection of Children and Young Persons of June 6th,
1924.As a corollary it necessarily followsthat the Convention should
have been applied by the Court, andthe case of Marie Elisabeth Boll
should have been decided exclusively according to its terms. The
task of the Court should thus have been very much simplified, and
its decision should have been, in my opinion, the right one.
Even if the Swedish authorities, on April 26th, 1954, when the!.
instituted the "protective upbringing", did not know about the

Dutch nationality of the infant Boll, and even also if they did not
take into account the terms of the 1902 Convention, I believe that
the protective measure taken by them to put the Dutch girl under
the regime of protective upbringing was a legal act according to
the terms of the Convention. Thinking their action urgent, as theg-
must necessarily have judged it, this measure is perfectly justified
in the light of Article 7 of the Convention, which makes it possible
for the local authorities to take, in "al1 urgent cases, the measures
required for the protection ..of a foreign infant...".Therefore, the
setting up of the protective measure does not constitute in itself
a violation of the Convention. 1 go as far as to believe that the
Swedish authorities seem to have been under a moral as well as a
legal obligation to take such protective measure judging from the
meagre knowledge the Court has of the real situation of the
minor Boll.
It only remains to decide if, according also to the terms of the
Convention, the maintenance of such protective measure can be
considered compatible to the provisions of the Treaty of 1902. In mj.

opinion this question should have been answered in the negative. An
urgency of four and a half years is inconceivable, specially having,
as I do, the understanding that the urgency contemplatedin Article 7
of the Convention requires two elements,one of fact andthe other a
legal one. That is to Say, a practical need of the infant as well as
the lack of an efficient protection, either because the guardian has
not yet been appointed or, if already appointed, does not or cannot
act efficiently.
The practical need may extend for an indefinite period of time,
but, once the aim of the Convention is fulfilled in the sense that the
foreign infant can be considered as sufficiently protected according
to the laws of its own nationality, the concept of urgency cannot
any more apply ; in the present case, as soon as Madame Postema
showed herself legally and practically able to take charge of the
infant Boll and to exercise her rights and duties as a guardian
according to the Dutch laws. 1 cannot understand the object of

Article 6 of the Convention in any other sense than to make obliga-
tory for the local authorities, should they be judicial or adminiç- J'en conclus donc en toute sécuritéque la Convention régit à
la fois le droit de garde et de contrôle et les mesures de protection
en général, y compris évidemment la mesure de protection dénom-
mée (éducation protectrice ))viséeà l'article 22 a) de la loi sur la
protection de l'enfance et de la jeunesse du 6 juin 1924. Un corol-
laire nécessaire est que la Convention aurait dû être appliquée par
le tribunal et que le cas de Marie Elisabeth Boll aurait dû être
réglé exclusivement suivant les dispositions de cette Convention.
La tâche du tribunal aurait étéainsi très simplifiéeet sa décision,
à mon avis, eût étécorrecte.
Mêmesi les autorités suédoises ignoraient la nationalité néer-
landaise de la mineure Boll, quand elles ont institué 1'«éducation
protectrice )le 26 avril 1954, et même sielles n'ont pas non plus
tenu compte des termes de la Convention de 1902, j'estime que la

mesure protectrice prise par elles pour placer la mineure néerlan-
daise sous le régime de l'éducation protectrice était un acte légal
aux termes de la Convention. Estimant qu'il y avait urgence, ainsi
qu'elles ont dû nécessairement le penser, cette mesure est parfaite-
ment justifiéeau regard de l'article 7 de la Convention, qui permet
aux autorités locales de prendre ((dans tous les cas d'urgence les
mesures nécessaires pour la protection ..d'un mineur étranger.. .».
Par conséquent, l'institution d'une mesure protectrice ne consti-
tue pas en elle-mêmeune violation de la Convention. Je vais jus-
qu'à penser que les autorités suédoises semblent avoir étédans
l'obligation morale aussi bien que légale de prendre de telles me-
sures de protection, à juger d'après les informations succinctes que
possède la Cour sur la vraie situation de la mineure Boll.
Il ne reste qu'à décider si, d'après les termes de la Convention,

le maintien de ces mesures de protection peut, lui aussi, êtreconsi-
dérécomme compatible avec les dispositions du traité de 1902.
-1 mon sens, il aurait fallu répondre à cette question par la négative.
On ne peut concevoir une urgence de quatre ans et demi, en parti-
culier si l'on pense comme moi que l'urgence envisagéepar l'article 7
de la Convention appelle deux éléments,l'un de fait, l'autre de
droit, c'est-à-dire une nécessitépratique pour l'enfant, aussi bien
que l'absence de protection légaleefficace, soit parce qu'il n'a pas
encore étédésignéde tuteur, soit parce que, dans le cas contraire,
celui-ci n'agit pas ou ne peut agir efficacement.
La nécessitépratique peut s'étendre sur une période de temps
indéfinie mais, une fois que le but de la Convention a étérempli,
en ce sens que le mineur étranger peut êtreconsidéré commesuffi-
samment protégéd'après les lois de sa propre nationalité, la notion

d'urgence ne peut plus s'appliquer dans le cas actuel; dès que Mme
Postema s'est montrée légalement et pratiquement capable de se
charger de la mineure Boll et d'exercer ses droits et devoirs de
tutrice conformément aux lois néerlandaises. Il ne m'est pas pos-
sible de comprendre l'objet de l'article 6 de la Convention autre-
ment que comme imposant aux autorités locales, judiciaires outrative, to release the foreign child to the custody and control of
the guardian appointed in compliance with the national laws of
the infant ;therefore, only in the case that the child Bol1will remain
in Sweden after having been turned over to the Dutch guardian,
and the future facts warrant again the State intervention in favour
of the child and against the legally appointed guardian, shall the
Swedish authonties be entitled-by their own laws and entirely

independent of the Convention with which they had already
complied-to set up a new "protective upbringing", but the
provisional one now in existence should be at once discontinued.

1 refuse to accept the idea that the Convention is not applicable
in this case, and also the interpretation of the Swedish law of
protective upbringing, as giving right to the State of residence to
keep a foreign minor-in this case Marie Elisabeth Boll-indefinitely
in its territory in order to impose upon her its protection by means
of denying the release of the child to the legallyappointed guardian
-Madame Postema-which is the logical, juridical, intended and
expected effect of Article 6 of the Convention.
The most strange effect of the law of protective upbringing, to
keep a foreign child within the country of residence against the
expressed wi11of the legally appointed foreign guardian, seems to

me unwarranted and illegal according to the general principles of
international law, even in the absence of a Convention as the one of
1902.
Such would be the case, for instance, of a so-called public law,
or law of ordrefiublic which would imposeforced labour in the fields
upon infants, native and foreign alike, in order to collect the needed
cropi for the community. This law would certainlyhave an aim and
scopecompletely different from that of the Convention dealing with
guardianship, but could one Say that the foreign guardian cannot
avoid such forced labour being imposed upon this foreign ward by
taking him or her out of the country of residence? Could the local
law impede the taking out of the country of the foreign infant
because it is a public law or related to the public order, or because
it has a different aim and scope than that of the Convention?

1 would reach the same conclusion, 1believe, even in the absence
of any treaty or convention inthe case of any national law different
from the penal ones, which would have the effect of denying the
right to a foreigner, adult ornor, to leave the country of residence.
From al1 that 1have said, it is my considered opinion that the
Second Final Conclusion of the Dutch Government, which the Agent
for the Netherlands included in its Submissions of October 3rd last,
that Swedenis under the obligation to end the protective upbringing,
should have been granted by the Court.

(Signed) R. CORDOVA. administratives, de remettre l'enfant étranger à la garde et au
contrôle du tuteur nommé conformément aux lois nationales du
mineur, et, par conséquent, ce n'est que dans le cas où la mineure

Boll resterait en Suède après avoir étéremise à la tutrice néerlan-
daise et où les faits à venir justifieraient encore l'intervention de
l'État en faveur de l'enfant et à l'encontre de la tutrice légalement
désignéeque les autorités suédoises seront fondées - par leur loi
nationale et absolument en dehors de la Convention à laquelle elles
se sont déjà conformées - d'instituer une nouvelle ((éducation
protectrice »,mais celle qui a étéprovisoirement crééeet qui existe
à l'heure actuelle doit prendre fin immédiatement.
Je refuse d'admettre que la Convention ne s'applique pas à ce
cas, ainsi que l'interprétation des dispositions de la loi sur l'éduca-
tion protectrice comme donnant droit à l'État du domicile de
retenir un mineur étranger - dans le cas actuel, Marie Elisabeth
Boll - indéfiniment sur son territoire, pour lui imposer sa protec-

tion, en refusant de remettre l'enfant à la tutrice légalement dési-
gnée - M']lePostema -, ce qui est l'effet logique, juridique voulu
et attendu de l'article 6 de la Convention. L'effet le plus étrange
de la Ioi de l'éducation protectrice, de garder un mineur étranger
dans le pays de son domicile contre la volonté exprimée du tuteur
étranger légalement désigné,me paraît injustifié et illégal,d'après
les principes généraux du droit international, mêmeen l'absence
d'une Convention comme celle de 1902.

Tel serait le cas, par exemple,d'une prétendue loi de droit public
ou d'une loi d'ordre public qui imposerait aux mineurs, nationaux
ou étrangers, un travail forcédans les champs, afin d'obtenir pour
la communauté les récoltesnécessaires. Le but et la portéede cette
loi seraient certainement tout différents de ceux d'une convention

visant la tutelle, mais pourrait-on dire que le tuteur étranger ne
peut empêcherquece travail forcésoit imposé àson pupille étranger
en le retirant du pays de son domicile? La loi locale peut-elle
empêcher qu'on retire du pays le mineur étranger parce qu'il s'agit
d'une loi de droit public, ou se rapportant à l'ordre public, ou parce
qu'elle a un but et une portée différents de ceux de la Convention?
Il me semble que j'arriverais à la mêmeconclusion dans le cas
de toute loi nationale autre qu'une loi pénale qui aurait l'effet de
refuser à un étranger, adulte ou mineur, le droit de quitter le pays
de son domicile.
De tout ce qui précède,j'en arrive à l'opinion mûrement réflé-
chie que la deuxième conclusion finale du Gouvernement néerlan-

dais, inséréepar son agent dans sesconclusionsdéposéesle 3 octobre
dernier, aux termes de laquelle la Suède est tenue de mettre fin à
l'éducation protectrice, aurait dû êtreadmise par la Cour.

(Signé) R. CORDOVA.

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Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Cordova

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