Dissenting Opinion of Judge Winiarski (translation)

Document Number
033-19581128-JUD-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
033-19581128-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE WINIARSKI

[Translation]
To my great regret, 1 am unable to concur in the Judgment and
1 believe 1 must state as briefly as possible the reasons for my
dissent.
The Court is confronted with a specific and particularized case
which 1 have every reason to regard as exceptional. In order
to ascertain whether the Submissions of the applicant Party are
well-founded in law, the Court must, as it has always done, care-
fully scrutinize the facts which are at the origin of, and characterize,
the disputed situation; it must examine al1 the facts in the case,
including the national laws of the Parties and their application,
in order to decide whether these laws, as applied by the national
authorities, are or are not inconsistent with the international

obligations of the State.
The decision of the Swedish administrative authorities of April
26th, 1954, is based on Article 22 (a) of the Swedish Law of 1924
on the protection of children and young perçons. Paragraphs (b),
(c) and (d) contemplate much more serious cases of juvenile delin-
quency and pre-delinquency. On the other hand, paragraph (a)
refers to the case of a "child under sixteen who, in the family home,
is ill-treated or exposed to serious neglect or any other danger
affecting its physical or mental health".ince the documents in the
case do not disclose ill-treatment or serious neglect in respect of
the infant, itfollows that the only reason why the Child Welfare
Board took the infant in charge is constituted by "the danger

affecting its physical or mental health". Indeed, the same reason
is to be found in the decision of the Supreme Administrative Court
of October 5th, 1954: "It is obvious that the removal of the infant
to a wholly new environment would at present seriously endanger
her mental health."
I. The administrative decision of April z6th, 1954, was taken
during the brief period of the Swedish guardianship organized on
the application of the father of the infant. It is common ground
that the Swedish administrative authorities acted correctly in
applying the measure of protective upbringing at the time to the
infant; the same must be held with regard to the maintenance of
the measure during the confused period of transition when, dong
with the Swedish guardianship, there existed the guardianship
of the father-guardian organized in the Netherlands.
But the situation changed entirely following two judicial deci-
sions: on August 5th, 1954, the Dutch Court of First Instance of

Dordrecht released the father from the guardianship, appointed a
woman guardian and "orders the said infant to be handed over to
the said guardian"; on September 16th of the same year, the Swe-
81dish Court of First Instance of Norrkoping, having regard to the
Dordrecht judgment, "orders that the guardianship ...shall cease
to be regulated in confopnity with Swedish law" ; it thus made way
for guardianship within the meaning of the 1902 Convention.
From that time onwards, the position is clear: by the concumng
judicial decision of Dordrecht and Norrkoping, the second following
the first, the guardianship of the infant is governed by Dutch law
in accordance with the Convention.

2. Article I of the Convention shouldhere be recalled:

lawTof the infant", of an infant shall be governed by the national

as well as Article 6, paragraph I:

"The administration of a guardianship extends to the person and
to al1the property of the infant, wherever situated."

Paragraph 2 provides that this rule may admit of an exception
in respect of a certain type of immovable property; no exception,
however, is provided with regard to the person. No effort of inter-
pretation could make these clear provisions Say what they do not
Say. The Convention was open only to States represented at the
Third Conference of Private International Law and the members
of this little family of nations who are bound by this Convention
have, with regard to guardianship, a very old common fund of
ideas and principles which was formulated in Roman law: Tutor
non rebusdumtaxat, sed et moribus ~upilli @aeponitur. And further-
more :Personaenon rei velcausaedatur tutor.
It should also be noted that Article 6, paragraph 1, does not
constitute a rule regarding conflicts of laws. It contains a common
substantive rule, in accordance with the intention of the contracting

States as expressedin the preamble :
"Desiring to lay down common provisions to govern the
guardianship of infants."

3. The legality of the Dutch guardianship is not disputed by
Sweden; however, it is respected only as regards the administration
of the property and legal representation. On the other hand, the
fact is-as has been recognized by the Respondent-that the
Dutch guardian is unable to obtain the delivery of the infant to
which she is undoubtedly entitled by virtue of Dutch law which
is binding on both Parties by virtue of the Convention; her right

is confronted by the Swedish administrative measure, taken and
maintained by an authority which, as has been said, holds "a
portion of the public power". The Respondent has recognized in its
Counter-Memorial that the measure taken at Norrkoping "consti-
tutes an obstacle" to the exercise of the right of custody by the
regularly instituted guardian. The concurring judicial decisions
82 of the two countries cannot be executed by reason of the Swedish
administration with regard to the essential question of rights
relating tothe person: the right to custody, by virtue of which the
guardianmay determine where she shall reside with the ward or may
send her elsewhere, and necessarily the right of education as well.
However, although the taking in charge of the infant for protec-

tive upbringing was legitimate at the time when it was applied,
its legality may be challenged from the moment when: (1)the
Swedish Court, informed of the institution of the Dutch guardian-
ship, recognized this guardianship as regularly instituted and
cancelled the Swedish guardianship, and (2)the guardian asked
for delivery of the infant.
It might possibly be argued that if the Swedish authorities had
wished to find a provision in the Convention to justify the measure
taken, it could have sought it in Article 7 which is in the following
terms :

"Pending the institution of a guardianship, and in al1 cases of
urgency, measures required for the protection ofthe person and
interestsof a foreigninfant may be taken by the local authonties."

However, the Swedish Government has not relied on Article 7.
Indeed, the character of the measure as maintained for four and
a half years excludes any idea of urgency, even though protective
upbringing could otherwise be regarded as fulfilling the conditions
laid down in Article 7.

4. Like the Court, 1 do not regard the Swedish administrative
measure as a rival guardianship constituting a direct and deliberate
violation of the Convention; 1 am however unable to regard it as
constituting no more than a certain temporary restriction on the
exercise by the guardian of her right-and duty-of custody and
education. The measure encroaches deeply upon the attributes of
national guardianship which are guaranteed by the Convention
and in the circumstances of the present case, is not compatible with
the Convention.
The infant was nine years old when she was taken in charge by
the Swedish administrative authorities. As the Court is giving its
decision in the present case, she is thirteen and a half years old.
The measure has therefore already lasted four and a half years.
There isnothing in the file to indicate that the ending of the measure
is in imminent contemplation by the authorities which took it;

the last decision in the matter, in which the Supreme Adminis-
trative Court briefly found that the infant is still in need of protec-
tive upbringing, is dated February 26th, 1956; it was therefore
taken two years and eight months ago. In other words, protective
upbringing is being applied to the infant at an agewhen the measure
must necessarily and irrevocably impart to the child a definitive
83personal, family, professional and national orientation. That is
what constitutes the essence of guardianship, the principal duty
and right of the guardian.

5. 1am unable to content myself with the finding that the Conven-
tion was designed to settle conflicts of civil laws, that the case
referred to the Court is not a case of a conflict of laws, and that the
measure maintained by the Swedish authorities cannot therefore
be regarded as incompatible with Sweden's international obliga-
tions.
In the first place, 1 would recall what 1 have just said, that
Article 6,paragraph 1,does not constitute a rule regarding conflicts
of laws but rather a common substantive rule. Furthermore, 1find
it difficult to agree that thesubject-matter of the Swedish Law is
outside the subject of the Convention and that, whatever the
Swedish authorities may do in pursuance of that Law, cannot in
any way contravene the Convention; for the common factor in the
Law and the Convention is, in the final analysis, the infant. It
cannot be asserted at the very outset that since a law has a different
aim or purpose, it cannot be inconsistent with the Convention when,

in fact, the law paralyzes the effects of the Convention and renders
its execution impossible. 1 am not referring to cases in which a
State, svithout violating a treaty directly, holds it in check by
indirect ineans of enacting or utilizing laws and regulations which
appear to have a different purpose but which in practice make the
provisions of a treaty inoperative. The Swedish Law of Tg24is no
doubt not incompatible as such with the 1902 Convention; but our
case shows that the manner in which the law is applied in a specific
case may bring it into conflict with the Convention.

6. Of course the effect of the Convention cannot be to confer
upon the infant or the foreign guardian immunity from the whole
of the local legislation. Without neferring to police and security laws,
laws relating to the entry and residence of foreigners, foreign
exchange regulations, etc., which are not in any way related to
guardianship and which extend indiscriminately to al1perçons who
find themselves, even briefly, in the territory of the State, there is
no doubt that certain legislative provisions considered to be in the
public interest in respect of infants may be applicable to foreign
infants residing in the country. Like the Court, 1 agree that the
Swedish Law of 1924 belongs to this category of laws. But the
conditions in which these laws are applied to foreign infants are
not a matter of indifference and it is the application of these laws
which makes it possible to decide whether they are in conformity
with the international obligations of the State.
Some of the decisions of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands
which have been cited in the proceedings emphasize one of these
conditions which is directly relevant to the case before this Court.

Those decisions stress the necessity of protecting society "whenever children living within its temtory are endangered by the acts of
the parents"; "the interest which society has that children shall
not grow up in Holland in such a way as to be threatened with
moral or physical harm." Vollmar carefdy specifies and repeats:
children residing in the country, a situation which may arise here.

But it is one thing to apply the administrative measure as long
as the infant resides in the country for one reason or another, for
example, the will of the father or of the guardian; it is a different
thing to retain the infant in the country in order to maintain the
measure. One example will help to illustrate the problem.

Let us suppose that the law of the State of residence can overrule
the lex tutelae by making the infant subject to compulsory primary
education until an age that is greater than the one provided in his
national law, i.e. sixteen years instead of fourteen. The infant has
just reached his fourteenth birthday. If the guardian sought to
return with his ward to his national country because primary
education there is not compulsory beyond the age of fourteen and
the ward could therefore begin to work, the local authorities would
certainly not be entitled to prevent the departure of the infant in
order to make him enjoy two further years of the compulsory
education already initiated; they could not legitimately prevent
them from changing their residence.
It is abundantlv clear from the file that the Swedish adminis-
trative authorities are not applying the measure of protective up-
bringing to the infant becauseshe has her residence in Sweden but
that they are retaining this foreigner in Sweden in ordertu subject
her to protective upbringing. Thismanner of applying the law must

be held to be clearly incompatible with the obligations assumed by
Sweden under the Convention.
It appears to be likewise clear from the file that the measure in
question is not based upon the supposed insufficiency of the Dutch
guardianship (Article 22 a) in case the infant were handed over to
her guardian, with whom she already has her legal domicile.
Indeed, Dutch guardianship, functioning under the effective control
of the national authorities, does not provide fewer guarantees with
regard to the protection of the interests of the infantthan Swedish
protective education; the question of the application of Swedish
protective education by the Dutch authorities or vice versa clearly
does not arise. The Netherlands, moreover, possess legislation on
the protection of children and young persons that is generally
similar to that of Sweden.

7. It should be noted that in the Swedish judicial decisions
concerning the infant, the question of ordrepublic never arose. The

Judgment of the Court of Norrkoping which cancelled the regis-
tration of the Swedish çuardianship and maintnined the god ntajz
referred to the interests of the infant; the Court of Appeal of Gota
85which confirmed the decision of the Court of First Instance con-
sidered the interests of the infant and reached its decision "having
regard, in particular, to the close links between Elisabeth and
Sweden". The Supreme Court, which removed the last traces of the

Swedish guardianship by releasing the god man from his duties,
merely held that .the case could not be reduced to one of major
necessity as the Court of First Instance had considered.
The interest of the infant is the ratio legis, the purpose and the
aim of the legislative or treaty provision. The Swedish courts, which
alone were entitled to do so, have not applied the exception of ordre
public. This Court cannot substitute itself for a national court in
order to decide what is required by the ordrepublic of the country
of that court.
In the Rejoinder, the Respondent partially modified its position
and contended that the Applicant wrongly referred to ordrepzlblic
in the specific meaning of the term in private international law.

"Nothing ofthe sort is involvedin the present case.The Swedish
case is that the law for the protection of children, being partthe
public law, is applicable throughout the territory and to any for-
eign child there, that no national or foreign law relating to the
statusof the child can stand in the way ofits application,and that
the 1902Conventionwas in no way intended to alter this situation.
The Government ofthe Netherlands has clearly lost sight of this
absolutely mandatory character of the rules of $ublic law, or of
administrative law, which perhaps the Swedish Government itself
has failed sufficientlyto stress."

In itself, the distinctionis well taken. With regard to the con-
tention, 1 shallrevert to it before 1 conclude.
8. Although the 1902 Convention regulates matters of private
law, it is a convention of public international law and like al1

international conventions, creates rights and duties in respect of
the States which entered into it. The Convention is binding upon
the States, of which the courts and administrative authorities are
the organs. By signing the Convention, the contracting States could
regard it as certain that the decisions of their courts would be in
conformity with the rules laid down by the Convention and that
execution of these decisions would be effectively secured by the
State of the courts concerned.
It is natural that the Government of the Netherlands should have
adopted the cause of its nationals for itthus defends its own right
which is guaranteed by the 1902 Convention and which has been

disregarded by the Swedish authorities.
By the Convention, the Netherlands have acquired the right
that the guardianship of infants shall be governed by the national
law of the infant and in particular that the right relating to the
person, right of custody and education should be treated insepar-
ably froni guardianship. The Netherlands have acquired this right,
86not vis-à-vis the Swedish Courts but vis-à-vis the Swedish State
which must prevent the manner in which its national law is applied

by its administrative organs from rendering inoperative the deci-
sion which it has taken, in accordance with the Convention, through
its Courts. The decisions of the Courts were in conformity with the
Convention; in the event of the administrative authorities hesi-
tating between two possible manners of applying the law, the State
must prefer the manner which does not bring it into conflict with its
international obligations.
g. The solution which has my preference does not involve either
an interpretation or a criticism of the Swedish Law. In one of its

first judgments, the Permanent Court adopted an attitude in this
connection from which it never subsequently departed:
"The Court is certainly not called upon to interpret the Polish
law as such; but there is nothing to prevent the Court's giving
judgment on the question whether or not, in applying that law,
Poland is acting in confonnity with its obligations towards Germany
under the Convention." (CaseconcerningcertainGermanInterestsin
Polish UpperSilesia, Series A, No. 7, p. 19.)
With regard to the relationship between an international under-
taking and the municipal law, the Permanent Court expressed its

view on several occasions:
"It is a generally accepted principle of international law that in
the relations between Powers who are contracting parties to a
treaty, the provisions of municipal law cannot prevail over those of
the treaty." (Greco-BulgarianCommunities,Series B, No. 17, p. 32.)
And again :

"It is certain that France cannot rely on her own legislation to
limit the scope of her international obligations." (FreeZones,A/B,
No. 46, p. 167.)
It has been argued before the Court that the Swedish Law is an
enactment of public law. In this connection, the Permanent Court
has expressed the following view:
"A State cannot adduce as against another Stateits Constitution
with a view to evading obligations incumbent upon it under inter-
national law or treaties in force." (Treatmentof Polish Nationalsin
Danzig, Series A/B, No. 44, p. 24.)

The Constitution is a classic example of public law.
1 therefore reach the conclusion that the Court ought to have
adopted the first Submission of the Government of the Netherlands.
'The second Submission of the Government of the Netherlands
merely constitutes a legal consequence of the first Submission. The
Government which has created an irregular situation byits adminis-
trative measure is under an obligation to end the measure.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. WINIARSKI

A mon grand regret, je ne puis me rallier à l'arrêt, et je crois
devoir indiquer le plus brièvement possible les raisons de mon
dissentiment.
La Cour est en présence d'un cas particulier, bien individualisé
et que j'aitoute raison de considérer comme exceptionnel. Pour voir
si les conclusions de la Partie demanderesse sont fondées en droit,

la Cour, comme elle l'a toujours fait, doit scruter soigneusement les
faits qui sont à l'origine de la situation en litige et qui la caracté-
risent; elle doit examiner tous les faits du dossier, y compris les
lois nationales des Parties et leur application, pour décider si ces
lois, telles qu'elles ont étéappliquées par les autorités nationales,
sont ou ne sont pas en opposition avec les obligations internationales
de l'Etat.

I. La décisiondes autorités administratives suédoisesdu 26 avril
1954 est basée sur l'article 22 a de la loi suédoise de 1924 sur la
protection de l'enfance et de la jeunesse. Les alinéas b, c et d visent
des cas beaucoup plus graves de pré-délinquanceet de délinquance
juvénile. Par contre, l'alinéa a vise le cas d'aun enfant en dessous
de 16 ans qui dans sa maison familiale est maltraité ou exposéà une
négligence sérieuse ou à un autre danger concernant sa santé phy-
sique ou morale ».Comme les documents du dossier ne font pas état
de mauvais traitements ou de négligencessérieusesdont la mineure
aurait étéla victime, il s'ensuit que la seule raison de la prise en

charge de la mineure par l'office des mineurs est constituée par
« le danger concernant sa santé physique ou morale ». En effet, ce
motif revient dans la décision de la Cour suprême administrative
du 5 octobre 1954: ((Il est évident qu'actuellement un transfert
de l'enfant dans un milieu entièrement nouveau pour elle mettrait
gravement sa santé morale en danger. ))
La décision administrative du 26 avril 1954 a étéprise pendant
la brève période de la tutelle suédoise organisée à la demande du
père de la mineure. Il n'est pas contesté que les autorités adminis-
tratives suédoisesont agi correctement en appliquant à ce moment

à la mineure la mesure d'éducation protectrice; il faut l'admettre
encore pour le maintien de la mesure pendant la période confuse
de transition où, à côté dela tutelle suédoise,existait la tutelle du
père-tuteur organisée aux Pays-Bas.

Mais la situation a entièrement changé par suite de deux décisions
judiciaires: le 5 août 1954, le Tribunal néerlandais de première
instance de Dordrecht décharge le père de la tutelle, nomme une
tutrice et (ordonne que ladite enfant soit remise à ladite tutrice ));
le 16 septembre de la mêmeannée,le Tribunal suédoisde première

S1 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE WINIARSKI

[Translation]
To my great regret, 1 am unable to concur in the Judgment and
1 believe 1 must state as briefly as possible the reasons for my
dissent.
The Court is confronted with a specific and particularized case
which 1 have every reason to regard as exceptional. In order
to ascertain whether the Submissions of the applicant Party are
well-founded in law, the Court must, as it has always done, care-
fully scrutinize the facts which are at the origin of, and characterize,
the disputed situation; it must examine al1 the facts in the case,
including the national laws of the Parties and their application,
in order to decide whether these laws, as applied by the national
authorities, are or are not inconsistent with the international

obligations of the State.
The decision of the Swedish administrative authorities of April
26th, 1954, is based on Article 22 (a) of the Swedish Law of 1924
on the protection of children and young perçons. Paragraphs (b),
(c) and (d) contemplate much more serious cases of juvenile delin-
quency and pre-delinquency. On the other hand, paragraph (a)
refers to the case of a "child under sixteen who, in the family home,
is ill-treated or exposed to serious neglect or any other danger
affecting its physical or mental health".ince the documents in the
case do not disclose ill-treatment or serious neglect in respect of
the infant, itfollows that the only reason why the Child Welfare
Board took the infant in charge is constituted by "the danger

affecting its physical or mental health". Indeed, the same reason
is to be found in the decision of the Supreme Administrative Court
of October 5th, 1954: "It is obvious that the removal of the infant
to a wholly new environment would at present seriously endanger
her mental health."
I. The administrative decision of April z6th, 1954, was taken
during the brief period of the Swedish guardianship organized on
the application of the father of the infant. It is common ground
that the Swedish administrative authorities acted correctly in
applying the measure of protective upbringing at the time to the
infant; the same must be held with regard to the maintenance of
the measure during the confused period of transition when, dong
with the Swedish guardianship, there existed the guardianship
of the father-guardian organized in the Netherlands.
But the situation changed entirely following two judicial deci-
sions: on August 5th, 1954, the Dutch Court of First Instance of

Dordrecht released the father from the guardianship, appointed a
woman guardian and "orders the said infant to be handed over to
the said guardian"; on September 16th of the same year, the Swe-
81instance de Norrkoping, vu le jugement de Dordrecht, ordonne

que la tutelle ...ne soit plus régléeconformément à la loi suédoise »;
il laissait ainsi la place à la tutelle au sens de la Convention de
1902.
Dèsce moment, la situation est claire :par lesdécisionsjudiciaires
concordantes de Dordrecht et de Norrkoping, la seconde donnant
suite à la première, la tutelle de la mineure est régléepar la loi
néerlandaise conformément à la Convention.

2. Il faut rappeler ici l'article premier de cette Convention:

(<La tutelle d'un mineur est réglée par sa loi nationale)),

ainsi que l'article 6, alinéa I
((L'administration tutélaires'étend à la personne et à l'ensemble
des biens du mineur, quel que soit le lieu de leur situation.»

L'alinéa 2 statue que cette règle peut recevoir exception quant
aux immeubles d'une certaine catégorie mais il ne prévoit pas

d'exception quant à la personne. Aucun effort d'interprétation ne
pourrait faire dire à ces textes clairs autre choy que ce qu'ils disent.
La Convention était ouverte seulement aux Etats représentés à la
Troisième Conférence de droit international privé et les membres
de la petite famille des nations qui se sont liéspar cette Convention
ont sur la tutelle un très vieux fonds commun d'idées et de prin-
cipes, qui a étéformulé dans le droit romain: Tutor non rebus
dumtaxat, sed etmoribus pupilli praeponitz~r.Et encore: Personae,

non rei vel causaedatur tutor.
Il faut noter aussi que la disposition de l'article 6, alinéa 1, ne
constitue pas une règle de conflit de lois. Elle coqtient une règle de
fond commune, en accord avec l'intention des Etats contractants
formuléedans le préambule :

((Désirant établir des dispositions communes pour régler la
tutelle des mineurs. »

3. La légalité de la tutelle néerlandaise n'est pas contestée par
la Suède, mais elle est respectée seulement en ce qui concerne I'ad-
ministration des biens et la représentation légale.Par contre, le fait
est - et ce fait a étéreconnu par le défendeur - que la tutrice
néerlandaise ne peut obtenir la remise de la mineure, à quoi elle a

incontestablement droit en vertu de la loi néerlandaise obligatoire
pour les deux parties en vertu de la Convention;son droit se heurte
à la mesure administrative suédoise prise et maintenue par une
autorité qui détient, comme il a étédit, une parcelle de la puis-
sance publique ».Le défendeur a reconnu dans son contre-mémoire
que la mesure prise à Norrkoping fait obstacle ))à ce que le droit
de garde soit exercé par la tutrice régulièrement instituée. Les
décisions judiciaires concordantes des deux pays ne peuvent pas

82dish Court of First Instance of Norrkoping, having regard to the
Dordrecht judgment, "orders that the guardianship ...shall cease
to be regulated in confopnity with Swedish law" ; it thus made way
for guardianship within the meaning of the 1902 Convention.
From that time onwards, the position is clear: by the concumng
judicial decision of Dordrecht and Norrkoping, the second following
the first, the guardianship of the infant is governed by Dutch law
in accordance with the Convention.

2. Article I of the Convention shouldhere be recalled:

lawTof the infant", of an infant shall be governed by the national

as well as Article 6, paragraph I:

"The administration of a guardianship extends to the person and
to al1the property of the infant, wherever situated."

Paragraph 2 provides that this rule may admit of an exception
in respect of a certain type of immovable property; no exception,
however, is provided with regard to the person. No effort of inter-
pretation could make these clear provisions Say what they do not
Say. The Convention was open only to States represented at the
Third Conference of Private International Law and the members
of this little family of nations who are bound by this Convention
have, with regard to guardianship, a very old common fund of
ideas and principles which was formulated in Roman law: Tutor
non rebusdumtaxat, sed et moribus ~upilli @aeponitur. And further-
more :Personaenon rei velcausaedatur tutor.
It should also be noted that Article 6, paragraph 1, does not
constitute a rule regarding conflicts of laws. It contains a common
substantive rule, in accordance with the intention of the contracting

States as expressedin the preamble :
"Desiring to lay down common provisions to govern the
guardianship of infants."

3. The legality of the Dutch guardianship is not disputed by
Sweden; however, it is respected only as regards the administration
of the property and legal representation. On the other hand, the
fact is-as has been recognized by the Respondent-that the
Dutch guardian is unable to obtain the delivery of the infant to
which she is undoubtedly entitled by virtue of Dutch law which
is binding on both Parties by virtue of the Convention; her right

is confronted by the Swedish administrative measure, taken and
maintained by an authority which, as has been said, holds "a
portion of the public power". The Respondent has recognized in its
Counter-Memorial that the measure taken at Norrkoping "consti-
tutes an obstacle" to the exercise of the right of custody by the
regularly instituted guardian. The concurring judicial decisions
82 recevoir exécution du fait de l'administration suédoiseet ceci sur
le point essentiel des droits relatifs la personne: le droit de garde,
en vertu duquel le tuteur peut fixer l'endroit où il résidera avec son
pupille ou l'envoyer ailleurs, et aussi, nécessairement, le droit
d'éducation.
Or, si la prise en charge de la mineure pour éducation protectrice
était légitime au moment où elle a étéappliquée, sa légalitépeut
être contestée du moment: IO que le tribunal suédoisinformé de
l'institution de la tutelle néerlandaise a reconnu cette tutelle comme

régulièrement constituée et a annulé la tutelle suédoise,et 2" que
la tutrice a demandé la remise.

A la rigueur, on peut admettre que si les autorités suédoises
avaient voulu trouver dans la Convention une disposition pour
justifier la mesure imposée, elles auraient pu la chercher dans
l'article7 ainsi conçu:

((En attendant l'organisation de la tutelie, ainsi que dans tous
les cas d'urgence, les mesures nécessairespour la protection de la
personne et des intérêts d'un mineur étrangerpourront êtreprises
par les autoritéslocales.)

Cependant, le Gouvernement suédoisn'a pas invoqué l'article 7.
En effet, le caractère de la mesure telle qu'elle a étémaintenue
depuis quatre ans et demi exclut toute idée d'urgence, mêmesi par
ailleurs l'éducation protectrice pouvait êtreenvisagéecomme répon-
dant aux conditions de l'article 7.

4. Comme la Cour, je ne considère pas la mesure administrative
suédoise comme une tutelle rivale qui constituerait une violation
directe et formelle de la Convention; mais il m'est impossible de n'y
voir qu'une certaine limitation temporaire de l'exercice par la
tutrice de son droit - et devoir - de garde et d'éducation. Cette
mesure empiète profondément sur les attributs de la tutelle natio-
nale garantis par la Convention et, dans les conditions de l'espèce,

n'est pas compatible avec celle-ci.

La mineure avait neuf 'ansquand elle a étéprise en charge par les
autorités administratives suédoises.Au moment où la Cour prononce
sur la présente affaire, elle en a treize et demi. La mesure a donc
déjà duré quatre ans et demi. Rien dans le dossier n'indique que la
levée en soit envisagée prochainement par les autorités qui l'ont
décrétée;la dernière décision en la matière, où la Cour suprême
administrative dit brièvement que la mineurea toujours besoin d'être
en éducation protectrice, remonte au 26 février 1956; elle a donc
étéprise il y a deux ans et huit mois. C'est dire que l'éducation
protectrice est appliquée à la mineure à l'âge où cette mesure doit

nécessairement lui imprimer définitivement, sans retour possible,
une orientation personnelle, familiale, professionnelle et nationale.
83 of the two countries cannot be executed by reason of the Swedish
administration with regard to the essential question of rights
relating tothe person: the right to custody, by virtue of which the
guardianmay determine where she shall reside with the ward or may
send her elsewhere, and necessarily the right of education as well.
However, although the taking in charge of the infant for protec-

tive upbringing was legitimate at the time when it was applied,
its legality may be challenged from the moment when: (1)the
Swedish Court, informed of the institution of the Dutch guardian-
ship, recognized this guardianship as regularly instituted and
cancelled the Swedish guardianship, and (2)the guardian asked
for delivery of the infant.
It might possibly be argued that if the Swedish authorities had
wished to find a provision in the Convention to justify the measure
taken, it could have sought it in Article 7 which is in the following
terms :

"Pending the institution of a guardianship, and in al1 cases of
urgency, measures required for the protection ofthe person and
interestsof a foreigninfant may be taken by the local authonties."

However, the Swedish Government has not relied on Article 7.
Indeed, the character of the measure as maintained for four and
a half years excludes any idea of urgency, even though protective
upbringing could otherwise be regarded as fulfilling the conditions
laid down in Article 7.

4. Like the Court, 1 do not regard the Swedish administrative
measure as a rival guardianship constituting a direct and deliberate
violation of the Convention; 1 am however unable to regard it as
constituting no more than a certain temporary restriction on the
exercise by the guardian of her right-and duty-of custody and
education. The measure encroaches deeply upon the attributes of
national guardianship which are guaranteed by the Convention
and in the circumstances of the present case, is not compatible with
the Convention.
The infant was nine years old when she was taken in charge by
the Swedish administrative authorities. As the Court is giving its
decision in the present case, she is thirteen and a half years old.
The measure has therefore already lasted four and a half years.
There isnothing in the file to indicate that the ending of the measure
is in imminent contemplation by the authorities which took it;

the last decision in the matter, in which the Supreme Adminis-
trative Court briefly found that the infant is still in need of protec-
tive upbringing, is dated February 26th, 1956; it was therefore
taken two years and eight months ago. In other words, protective
upbringing is being applied to the infant at an agewhen the measure
must necessarily and irrevocably impart to the child a definitive
83 Or c'est cela qui constitue l'essence de la tutelle, le principal devoir
et aussi le droit de la tutrice.

5. Je ne saurais me contenter de la constatation que la Convention

de 1902 a pour but de régler le conflit de lois civiles, que le cas
soumis à la Cour n'est pas un cas de conflit de lois, que, par consé-
quent, on ne peut pas considérerla mesure maintenue par les auto-
rités suédoises comme incompatible avec les obligations internatio-
nales de la Suède.
Tout d'abord, je rappelle ce que je viens d'indiquer, que la dispo-
sition de l'article 6, aliné1, de la Convention n'est pas une règle
de conflit de lois, mais une règle de fond commune. Ensuite, il
m'est difficile d'admettre que la matière de la loi suédoise soit en
dehors de ce qui est l'objet de la Convention et que, quoi que les
autorités suédoises fassent dans l'application de cette loi, cela ne
peut en rien contrevenir à la Convention; car la matière commune

de la loi et de la Convention est, en dernière ligne, le mineur. On ne
saurait affirmer d'emblée que puisqu'une loi a un but ou un objet
différent elle ne peut pas aller à l'encontre de la Convention dont,
en fait, elle paralyse les effets ou rend l'exécution impossible. Je
ne parle pas des cas où un Etat, sans violer directement un traité, le
tient en échecpar des moyens indirects en édictant ou en utilisant
des lois et règlements ayant apparemment unbut différent,mais qui
pratiquement rendent les dispositions du traité sans valeur. La loi
suédoisede 1924n'est sans doute pas incompatible comme telle avec
la Convention de 1902; mais notre affaire indique que de la manière
dont la loi est appliquée dans un cas déterminépeut résulter une
collision entre elle et la Convention.

6. Assurément, la Convention ne peut pas avoir pour effet l'im-
munité du mineur et du tuteur étranger au regard de l'ensemble de
la législation locale. Sans parler des lois de police et de sécurité,
des lois sur l'entrée et le séjour des étrangers, du contrôle des
changes, etc., qui n'ont aucun rapport avec la tutelle et qui s'éten-
dent indifféremment à toutes les perso?nes se trouvant, mêmepour
un bref séjour, dans le territoire de I'Etat, il n'est pas contestable

que certaines dispositions législatives considéréesd'intérêtpublic
en matière de mineurs peuvent s'appliquer aux mineurs étrangers
résidant dans le pays. Comme la Cour, j'admets que la loi suédoise
de 1924 appartient à cette catégoriede lois. Mais les conditions dans
lesquelles ces lois sont appliquées aux mineurs étrangers ne sont
pas indifférentes, et c'est l'application de ces lois quidécide de leur
conformité avec les obligations internationales de 1'Etat.

Quelques décisions de la Cour suprême des Pays-Bas citées au
cours de la procédure mettent en relief une de ces conditions qui est
d'une pertinence directe pour le cas décidépar la Cour. Elles sou-
lignent la nécessitéde protéger la société «chaque fois que des en--

84personal, family, professional and national orientation. That is
what constitutes the essence of guardianship, the principal duty
and right of the guardian.

5. 1am unable to content myself with the finding that the Conven-
tion was designed to settle conflicts of civil laws, that the case
referred to the Court is not a case of a conflict of laws, and that the
measure maintained by the Swedish authorities cannot therefore
be regarded as incompatible with Sweden's international obliga-
tions.
In the first place, 1 would recall what 1 have just said, that
Article 6,paragraph 1,does not constitute a rule regarding conflicts
of laws but rather a common substantive rule. Furthermore, 1find
it difficult to agree that thesubject-matter of the Swedish Law is
outside the subject of the Convention and that, whatever the
Swedish authorities may do in pursuance of that Law, cannot in
any way contravene the Convention; for the common factor in the
Law and the Convention is, in the final analysis, the infant. It
cannot be asserted at the very outset that since a law has a different
aim or purpose, it cannot be inconsistent with the Convention when,

in fact, the law paralyzes the effects of the Convention and renders
its execution impossible. 1 am not referring to cases in which a
State, svithout violating a treaty directly, holds it in check by
indirect ineans of enacting or utilizing laws and regulations which
appear to have a different purpose but which in practice make the
provisions of a treaty inoperative. The Swedish Law of Tg24is no
doubt not incompatible as such with the 1902 Convention; but our
case shows that the manner in which the law is applied in a specific
case may bring it into conflict with the Convention.

6. Of course the effect of the Convention cannot be to confer
upon the infant or the foreign guardian immunity from the whole
of the local legislation. Without neferring to police and security laws,
laws relating to the entry and residence of foreigners, foreign
exchange regulations, etc., which are not in any way related to
guardianship and which extend indiscriminately to al1perçons who
find themselves, even briefly, in the territory of the State, there is
no doubt that certain legislative provisions considered to be in the
public interest in respect of infants may be applicable to foreign
infants residing in the country. Like the Court, 1 agree that the
Swedish Law of 1924 belongs to this category of laws. But the
conditions in which these laws are applied to foreign infants are
not a matter of indifference and it is the application of these laws
which makes it possible to decide whether they are in conformity
with the international obligations of the State.
Some of the decisions of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands
which have been cited in the proceedings emphasize one of these
conditions which is directly relevant to the case before this Court.

Those decisions stress the necessity of protecting society "whenever CONVENTION DE 1902 (OPIN. DISS. DE M. WINIARSKI)
136
fants se trouvant sur le territoire se trouvent en danger du fait des
parents »; (l'intérêtde la sociétéque les enfants ne grandissent pas
ici de manière qu'ils soient menacésde déchéance moraleou physi-
que ». Vollmar, en résumant la jurisprudence néerlandaise, répète

soigneusement ces précisions :enfants résidantdanslepays, situation
qui peut naître ici.
Mais autre chose est d'appliquer la mesure administrative tant
que le mineur résidedans le pays pour une raison ou pour une autre,
par exemple par la volonté du père ou du tuteur; et autre chose est
de retenir le mineur dans le pays pour maintenir la mesure. Un
exemple permet de mettre en,lumière le problème.
Supposons que la loi de 1'Etat de résidence pourra écarter la lex
tutelae en imposant au mineur l'instruction primaire obligatoire
jusqu'à un âge plus avancé que celui de sa loi nationale, soit seize
ans au lieu de quatorze ans. Le mineur vient d'accomplir sa quator-

zième année. Si le tuteur voulait retourner avec son pupille dans
leur patrie parce que l'instruction primaire n'y est pas obligatoire
au-delà de quatorze ans et que le pupille pourrait commencer à
travailler, les autorités locales ne pourraient certainement pas s'op-
poser au départ du mineur pour le faire bénéficierde deux années
de plus de l'instruction obligatoire déjàcommencée; elles ne pour-
raient les empêcherlégitimement de changer de résidence.

Or il ressort du dossier, sans le moindre doute possible, que les
autorités administratives suédoises n'appliquent pas à la mineure
la mesure d'éducation protectrice parce que cette mineure a sa

résidence en Suède, mais qu'elles retiennent cette étrangère en
Suède pour la soumettre à l'éducation protectrice. Cette manière
d'appliquer la loi doit êtrereconnue franchement incompatible avec
les obligations assumées par la Suède dans la Convention.
Ce qui paraît aussi résulter du dossier, c'est que la mesure en
question n'est pas motivée par l'insuffisance supposée de la tutelle
néerlandaise (article 22 a) au cas où la mineure serait remise à sa
tutrice chez qui elle a déjà son domicile légal. En effet, la tutelle
néerlandaise fonctionnant sous le contrôle efficace des autorités
nationales ne donne pas moins de garanties de la protection des

intérêtsde la mineure que l'éducation protectrice suédoise; la ques-
tion de l'application de l'éducation protectrice suédoise par les
autorités néerlandaises ou vice versa ne se pose évidemment pas;
d'ailleurs, les Pays-Bas possèdent une législation sur la protection
de l'enfance et de la jeunesse sensiblement analogue à celle de la
Suède.

7. Il faut relever que dans les décisions judiciaires suédoises
concernant la mineure, il n'a jamais étéquestion de l'ordre public.
Le jugement du tribunal de Norrkoping annulant l'enregistrement
de la tutelle suédoiseet maintenant le curateur parle de l'intérêtde

la mineure; la Cour d'appel de Gota, confirmant la décisionde la
85 children living within its temtory are endangered by the acts of
the parents"; "the interest which society has that children shall
not grow up in Holland in such a way as to be threatened with
moral or physical harm." Vollmar carefdy specifies and repeats:
children residing in the country, a situation which may arise here.

But it is one thing to apply the administrative measure as long
as the infant resides in the country for one reason or another, for
example, the will of the father or of the guardian; it is a different
thing to retain the infant in the country in order to maintain the
measure. One example will help to illustrate the problem.

Let us suppose that the law of the State of residence can overrule
the lex tutelae by making the infant subject to compulsory primary
education until an age that is greater than the one provided in his
national law, i.e. sixteen years instead of fourteen. The infant has
just reached his fourteenth birthday. If the guardian sought to
return with his ward to his national country because primary
education there is not compulsory beyond the age of fourteen and
the ward could therefore begin to work, the local authorities would
certainly not be entitled to prevent the departure of the infant in
order to make him enjoy two further years of the compulsory
education already initiated; they could not legitimately prevent
them from changing their residence.
It is abundantlv clear from the file that the Swedish adminis-
trative authorities are not applying the measure of protective up-
bringing to the infant becauseshe has her residence in Sweden but
that they are retaining this foreigner in Sweden in ordertu subject
her to protective upbringing. Thismanner of applying the law must

be held to be clearly incompatible with the obligations assumed by
Sweden under the Convention.
It appears to be likewise clear from the file that the measure in
question is not based upon the supposed insufficiency of the Dutch
guardianship (Article 22 a) in case the infant were handed over to
her guardian, with whom she already has her legal domicile.
Indeed, Dutch guardianship, functioning under the effective control
of the national authorities, does not provide fewer guarantees with
regard to the protection of the interests of the infantthan Swedish
protective education; the question of the application of Swedish
protective education by the Dutch authorities or vice versa clearly
does not arise. The Netherlands, moreover, possess legislation on
the protection of children and young persons that is generally
similar to that of Sweden.

7. It should be noted that in the Swedish judicial decisions
concerning the infant, the question of ordrepublic never arose. The

Judgment of the Court of Norrkoping which cancelled the regis-
tration of the Swedish çuardianship and maintnined the god ntajz
referred to the interests of the infant; the Court of Appeal of Gota
85première instance, examine l'intérêtde la mineure et décide « vu,
en particulier, les liens étroits entre Elisabeth et la Suède ». La
Cour suprême, annulant les derniers vestiges de la tutelle suédoise
en déchargeant le curateur, dit simplement que ce n'est pas un cas
de nécessitémajeure comme l'avait estimé le tribunal de première
instance.

L'intérêtdu mineur est la ratio Zegis,l'objet, le but de la dispo-
sition législative ou conventionnelle. Les instances judiciaires sué-
doises, qui seules pouvaient le faire, n'ont pas fait usage de l'excep-
tion d'ordre public. La Cour ne peut pas se substituer au juge natio-
nal pour décider sur ce qu'exige l'ordre public de son pays.

Dans sa duplique, en modifiant partiellement sa position, le
défendeur a déclaré qu'à tort le demandeur vise l'ordre public au
sens précis que ce terme a en droit international privé.

« Il ne s'agit de rien de semblable en l'espè...La thèse suédoise
est que la loi sur la protection de l'enfance, étant une loi de droit
public, s'applique sur toute l'étendue du territoire à tout enfant
étranger s'y trouvant, sans qu'aucune loi nationale ou étrangère
relative au statut de l'enfant puisse y faire obstacle, et que la Con-
vention de 1902 n'a rien entendu déroger à cet état de choses.
Manifestement, le Gouvernement néerlandais a perdu de vue ce
caractère impératifabsolu des lois de droit $ublicou de droit admi-
nistratif, que peut-êtrele Gouvernement suédois lui-même a eu le
tort de ne pas suffisamment marquer. ))
La distinction en elle-même est fondée. Quant à la thèse, j'y

reviendrai avant de conclure.
8. La Convention de 1902, bien qu'elle règle desmatières de droit
privé, est une convention de droit international public et, comme
toute convention internationale, crée des droits et des obligations

pour les Etats qui l'ont conclue; elle lie les Etats dont les tribunaux
et les autorités administratives sont les organes. En signant cette
Convention, les Etats contractants pouvaient considérer comme une
chose certaine aue non seulement les décisions de leurs tribunaux
seraient conformes aux règles que cette Convention énonce, mais
qve l'exécution de ses décisions serait effectivement assurée par
YEtat du juge.
Il est tout naturel que le Gouvernement néerlandais ait pris fait
et cause pour ses ressortissants, car il défend ainsi son propre droit
garanti par la Convention de 1902 et méconnu par les autorités
suédoises.
Par la Convention, les Pays-Bas ont acquis le droit à ce que la

tutelle de leurs mineurs soit régléepar leur loi nationale et qu'en
particulier le droit concernant la personne, droit de garde et d'édu-
cation, soit traité comme inséparable de la tutelle. Ils ont acquis
ce droit non pas par rapport auxtribunaux suédois,mais par rapportwhich confirmed the decision of the Court of First Instance con-
sidered the interests of the infant and reached its decision "having
regard, in particular, to the close links between Elisabeth and
Sweden". The Supreme Court, which removed the last traces of the

Swedish guardianship by releasing the god man from his duties,
merely held that .the case could not be reduced to one of major
necessity as the Court of First Instance had considered.
The interest of the infant is the ratio legis, the purpose and the
aim of the legislative or treaty provision. The Swedish courts, which
alone were entitled to do so, have not applied the exception of ordre
public. This Court cannot substitute itself for a national court in
order to decide what is required by the ordrepublic of the country
of that court.
In the Rejoinder, the Respondent partially modified its position
and contended that the Applicant wrongly referred to ordrepzlblic
in the specific meaning of the term in private international law.

"Nothing ofthe sort is involvedin the present case.The Swedish
case is that the law for the protection of children, being partthe
public law, is applicable throughout the territory and to any for-
eign child there, that no national or foreign law relating to the
statusof the child can stand in the way ofits application,and that
the 1902Conventionwas in no way intended to alter this situation.
The Government ofthe Netherlands has clearly lost sight of this
absolutely mandatory character of the rules of $ublic law, or of
administrative law, which perhaps the Swedish Government itself
has failed sufficientlyto stress."

In itself, the distinctionis well taken. With regard to the con-
tention, 1 shallrevert to it before 1 conclude.
8. Although the 1902 Convention regulates matters of private
law, it is a convention of public international law and like al1

international conventions, creates rights and duties in respect of
the States which entered into it. The Convention is binding upon
the States, of which the courts and administrative authorities are
the organs. By signing the Convention, the contracting States could
regard it as certain that the decisions of their courts would be in
conformity with the rules laid down by the Convention and that
execution of these decisions would be effectively secured by the
State of the courts concerned.
It is natural that the Government of the Netherlands should have
adopted the cause of its nationals for itthus defends its own right
which is guaranteed by the 1902 Convention and which has been

disregarded by the Swedish authorities.
By the Convention, the Netherlands have acquired the right
that the guardianship of infants shall be governed by the national
law of the infant and in particular that the right relating to the
person, right of custody and education should be treated insepar-
ably froni guardianship. The Netherlands have acquired this right,
86 à l'État suédoisauquel il appartient de veiller à ce que la manière
dont sa loi nationale est appliquée par ses organes administratifs ne
rende pas inopérante la décisionqu'il a rendue, conformément à la
Convention, par l'organe de ses tribunaux. Les décisions des tribu-

naux ont étéconformes à la Convention; àsupposer que les autori-
tés administratives puissent hésiter entre deux manières possibles
d'appliquer la loi, 1'Etat doit préférercelle qui ne l'expose pas à
une collision avec ses obligations internationales.

g. La solution à laquelle je donne ma préférencen'implique ni

une interprétation ni une critique de la loi suédoise. La Cour per-
manente, dans un de ses premiers arrêts, avait formulé à cet égard
son attitude, dont elle ne s'est jamais départie:
« La Cour n'est certainement pas appelée à interpréter la loi
polonaise commetelle, mais rien ne s'oppose àce qu'elle seprononce
sur la question de savoir si, en appliquant ladite loi, la Pologne agit
ou non en conformité avecles obligations que la Convention peut
lui imposer envers l'Allemagne. >) (Intérêtsallemands en Haute-
Silésiepolonaise, A, no 7, p. 19.)

En ce qui concerne les rapportsentre un engagement international
et la loi interne, la Cour permanente s'est prononcée à plusieurs
reprises :
« C'est un principe généralementreconnu du droit des gens que,
dans les rapports entre Puissances contractantesd'un traité,lesdis-
positionsd'uneloiinterne ne sauraient prévaloirsur cellesdu traité»
(Communautésgréco-bulgares,B, no 17,p. 32.)

Et encore :
« Il est constant que la France ne saurait se prévaloir desa légis-
lation pour restreindre la portée de ses obligations internatio-
nales.» (Zonesfranches, A/B, no46, p. 167.)

On a indiqué devant la Cour que la loi suédoise est une loi de
droit public. A cet égard, la Cour permanente énonce:

<Un État ne saurait invoquer vis-à-vis d'un autre État sa propre
constitution pour se soustraire aux obligations que lui imposent le
droit international ou les traités en vigueur. » (Traitement des
nationaux polonais à Dantzig, A/B, no 44, p. 24.)

La constitution est la loi de droit public par excellence.
Je parviens donc à la conclusion que la Cour devrait retenir la
première conclusion du Gouvernement des Pays-Bas.
La seconde conclusion du Gouvernement des Pays-Bas constitue
une simple conséquence juridique de la première. Le Gouvernement
qui par sa mesure administrative a crééune situation irrégulièreest
obligéde la faire cesser.

(Signé)B. WIWIAR~KI.not vis-à-vis the Swedish Courts but vis-à-vis the Swedish State
which must prevent the manner in which its national law is applied

by its administrative organs from rendering inoperative the deci-
sion which it has taken, in accordance with the Convention, through
its Courts. The decisions of the Courts were in conformity with the
Convention; in the event of the administrative authorities hesi-
tating between two possible manners of applying the law, the State
must prefer the manner which does not bring it into conflict with its
international obligations.
g. The solution which has my preference does not involve either
an interpretation or a criticism of the Swedish Law. In one of its

first judgments, the Permanent Court adopted an attitude in this
connection from which it never subsequently departed:
"The Court is certainly not called upon to interpret the Polish
law as such; but there is nothing to prevent the Court's giving
judgment on the question whether or not, in applying that law,
Poland is acting in confonnity with its obligations towards Germany
under the Convention." (CaseconcerningcertainGermanInterestsin
Polish UpperSilesia, Series A, No. 7, p. 19.)
With regard to the relationship between an international under-
taking and the municipal law, the Permanent Court expressed its

view on several occasions:
"It is a generally accepted principle of international law that in
the relations between Powers who are contracting parties to a
treaty, the provisions of municipal law cannot prevail over those of
the treaty." (Greco-BulgarianCommunities,Series B, No. 17, p. 32.)
And again :

"It is certain that France cannot rely on her own legislation to
limit the scope of her international obligations." (FreeZones,A/B,
No. 46, p. 167.)
It has been argued before the Court that the Swedish Law is an
enactment of public law. In this connection, the Permanent Court
has expressed the following view:
"A State cannot adduce as against another Stateits Constitution
with a view to evading obligations incumbent upon it under inter-
national law or treaties in force." (Treatmentof Polish Nationalsin
Danzig, Series A/B, No. 44, p. 24.)

The Constitution is a classic example of public law.
1 therefore reach the conclusion that the Court ought to have
adopted the first Submission of the Government of the Netherlands.
'The second Submission of the Government of the Netherlands
merely constitutes a legal consequence of the first Submission. The
Government which has created an irregular situation byits adminis-
trative measure is under an obligation to end the measure.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Winiarski (translation)

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