Separate Opinion of Judge Wellington Koo

Document Number
033-19581128-JUD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
033-19581128-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO

1am in agreement with the operative part of the Judgment of the
Court, but 1 find more direct justification for it in Articl7 of the
Convention of 1902 governing the guardianship of infants and 1
propose to develop the reasons for my opinion.

The Swedish measure of protective upbringing applied to Marie

Elisabeth Boll by the Child Welfare Board of Norrkoping is based
upon Article 22 (a) of the Swedish Law of June 6th, 1924, as
amended, for the protection of children and young people. Para-
graph (a) provides that the Child Welfare Board will take measures
concerning
"a child under sixteen who, in the family home, is ill-treated or
exposedto seriousneglect or any other danger affectingits physical
or mental health".

The application was ordered in respect of Marie Elisabeth Boll for
the protection of her mental health as affinned in the successive
decisions of the Child Welfare Board, the Ostergotland Provincial
Government and the Supreme Administrative Court.
Article 7 of the Convention of 1902 authorizes the application of
such protective measures by the local authorities. It reads:

urgency, measures required for the protection,ofnthe person andf
interests of aoreigninfant may be taken by the local authonties."

Although the laws for protection of children in several countries,
including Sweden, have been enacted after the conclusion of the
Convention on Guardianship in 1902, the general subject of child
protection had been discussed in the national legislatures, as in the
case of Sweden, before the third Hague Conference on private
international law in 1900. It appears, therefore, reasonable to pre-
sume that the authors of Article, 7 of the Convention were not
unaware of this legislative interest in the subject of child protection

as a function and responsibility of the State.

The question of the justifiability of the measure of protective
upbringing applied to Marie Elisabeth Boll is the crux of the dispute

59in the present case and comprises two aspects: its adoption and its
maintenance. Are they both compatible with the obligations
binding upon Sweden vis-à-vis the Netherlands by virtue of the
Convention of 1902 governing the guardianship of infants ?
Marie Elisabeth Boll was placed under protective upbringing on
Aprilztjth, 1954, by order of the President of the Norrkoping Child
LVelfare Board, and this order was confirmed by the Board at its
meeting on May 5th, 1954. It was stated in the "Extracts from the

Minutes of the Meeting" placed before the Court that Marie Elisa-
beth Boll had been placed on April 26th, 1954, in the care of her
teacher, Mrs. Birgit Berg, and that she would remain there pending
an examination in a psychiatric clinic for children. In confirming
the action taken by its President, the Board also resolved to make
;\larie Elisabeth Boll a ward of the Board pursuant to Article 22 (a)
of the Swedish Law of June 6th, 1924, for the protection of children
and young people. iL'oreference was made to the Convention of
1902, and understandably so, because it was considered at the time
as purely a case of a Swedish ward since the father had been register-
ed as her guardian in accordance with Swedish law on guardianship
on March 18th, 1954, by the Norrkoping Court on his own applica-
tion without mentioning his Dutch nationality.

There can be no doubt that the protective measure was adopted
and confirmed as a case of urgency, for the President of the Board
took the initial action by virtue of Article 31 of the said Swedish
Law, which reads as follows:

"If, in cases covered by Articles2 or 29, the need for protective
upbringing or for transfer to public care is thought to be so urgent
that action cannot be postponed until the Infants' Bureau (that is,
the Child Welfare Board) has taken a decision, the President will
have the right, pending a decision by the Infants' Bureau, to take
the person in question in charge."

Likewise, the Child Welfare Board, in confirming forthwith the
decision of its President to place the minor under protective up-
bringing, also acted on the ground of urgency by virtue of Article 25,
paragraph 3, of the said Law, as amended by the Law of May 31st,
1934, which provides :

"If the Infants' Bureau considers that the execution of the
decision concerning protective upbringing cannot be postponed
without risk, it has the right to decree that the decision will be
executed without delay." (Annex E to the Counter-Mernorial.)

Even the plaintiff State in the case, in its Reply to the Counter-
Memorial, appears to have acknowledged the element of urgency
in regard to the initial adoption of the measure of protective up-

bringing, for it is therein stated on page 16:
60 "Soon after the decease of his wife Mr. Boll was accused, in
Sweden, of having committed an infamous crime against his Little
daughter,then eight years old.
stand and appreciate that the Swedish authorities felt extremely-
reluctant to abandon the child to a father-guardian whose possible
depravity rnight seriously and permanently endanger its physical
and mental health."

It is clear that the application of the protective measure to
Marie Elisabeth Boll was based upon an urgent need. The fact that
no reference was made to Article 7 of the Convention of 1902 is
immaterial. The important point is that the measure in question
was in fact ordered and applied on the ground of urgency, and as
such it clearly falls within the meaning and scope of "measures
required for the protection of the person of a foreign infant" pro-
vided for in the said Article7.The initial application of the measure
of protective upbringing to the infant was therefore clearly com-

patible with the Convention.

III

1s the maintenance of this protective measure justifiable in the
face of the Convention of 1902, particularly in view of Articles I
and 6 thereof ?
Ttwas contended by the plaintiff State that this measure should
have been discontinued after the accusation against the father was
dropped "by the end of 1954 or the beginning of 1955" and, in any

case, after he had been released of his guardianship and replaced
by Mrs. Postema, because Sweden is under the obligation to dis-
continue it in view of the Convention of 1902.
Now the initial application of the protective measure has been
shown to be compatible with the Convention. Whether its main-
tenance is justifiable in view of the Convention obviously depends
upon the question whether the original urgent need which had
called for it still continues. If it still exists, clearly the measure
cannot be terminated without prejudice to the health of the infant.
It may be said that Article 7 of the Convention is ancillary to
Article I and Article 6, which are the predominant provisions of
the instrument. But it is also to be noted that the language of
Article 7 makes it clear that the effective operation of these two
Articles may be retarded for a period of time in an exceptional case
when the urgent need for protection of the person or interests of a
foreign infant calls for action on the part of the local authorities

for the purpose of such protection. Theright of the national guard-
ian to custody in the present case is not denied, but its exeycise is
only incidentally impeded. It is open to the guardian to make a
61fresh application to the Swedish local authorities to end the pro-
tective measure, at which time presumably the need for continuing
it will be reconsidered in the light of the prevailing facts and
circumstances.
An examination of the text of Article 7 shows that it authorizes
necessary protective measures to be taken by the local authorities
for the benefit of the foreign infant in two kinds of circumstances:
(a) pending the organization of the guardianship; and (b) "in all
cases of urgency". Any measure taken under (a) must obviously be
ended as soon as the guardianship is organized and known to be

organized, thus indicating a time-limit, whereas in the case of a
measure taken under (b), there is no indication as to when it should
be ended, except the tacit implication that it should be ended when
the urgency which has called it into being comes to an end. If this
interpretation is sound-and there is no valid reason to doubt
this-the continuance of the measure may be justified even after
a guardianship based on the national law of the infant has already
come into existence. For, unlike the circumstance in (a), the test
here is the continuing need of an urgent character.

In this connection, the plaintiff State contended (Memonal,
pp. 4-8)that Article 7 permits only special measures for the pro-
tection of the infant and "does not and cannot permit general
measures virtually amounting to guardianship". As a generalprop-
osition this is correct. But it is to be observed that the Swedish
measure of protective upbringing does not deal with guardianship,

and it does not amount to a virtual guardianship. The Dutch
guardianship of Johannes Boll, the father, and his subsequent
replacement by Mrs. Postema in accordance with the decision of
the Dordrecht Court, was clearly recognized by the judgments of
the Court of First Instance of Norrkoping, the Court of Appeal of
Gota, and finally the Supreme Court of Sweden. To attempt to
draw a distinction between special and general measures of protec-
tion and to declare that the former is permissible under Article 7
and the latter is not, does not clarify the issue in law. The reason is
simple. Although the measure of protective upbringing applied to
Marie Elisabeth Boll is part of a general law for the protection of
children and young people, it is, nevertheless, one of several kinds
of measures prescribed in the law and, as such, it can well be
considered as a measure of special character chosen to meet the
requirements of the particular case.

Moreover, the Swedish measure in question is aimed at the
protection of the person of the infant. For this purpose the nature
and degree of the protection must necessarily correspond to the
requirements of each case. If it is a matter of protecting the health
of the infant, as it is in the present case, appropriate measures
must be taken, whether they may be described as general or
special in character.
62 Finally there remains the argument advanced by the plaintiff
State that the concept of urgency must not be confused with the
concept of desirability,since a measure is urgent only as far as it is
desirable and as far as it cannot suffer any delay. This is undoubt-
edly correct. The question to consider in the light of this definition,
however, is whether the circumstances which called for the applica-
tion of the measure of protective upbringing continue to exist and
whether, in these circumstances, there still persists an element of
urgency for the continuance of the measure.
On the face of things the protective measure applied to Marie

Elisabeth Boll appears to have been maintained over an unusually
long period. Itis four and a half years since it was first ordered by
the Child Welfare Board on May 4th, 1954, and more than two
and a half years since it was again confirmed by a decree of the
Supreme Administrative Court of February arst, 1956. The impor-
tant point to determine, however, is whether the need of protec-
tion for the infant continues to exist and whether the element of
urgency in the need remains. These are questions of fact, and the
limited information available to the Court gives no indication as to
the present state of the minor's health or as to how orwhy a change
from the existing régime would affect her mental well-being. What
is known is the undisputed fact that all of the decisions of the Child
Welfare Board, the resolutions of the Provincial Govemment, and
the decrees of the SupremeAdministrative Court, acting on applica-
tion or appeal of the father-guardian, the legal guardian and the

deputy-guardian for ending the measure of protective upbringing,
alluded tothe consideration of the health of the infant and stressed
the need of protection from danger to her mental health, with one
exception, i.e. the Resolution of the Provincial Govemment of
October 28th, 1955,which was, however, overruled by the Supreme
Administrative Court by a decree of February z~st, 1956. Thus the
minutes of the Child Welfare Board Meeting of May 5th, 1954,
mentioned an examination in a psychiatric clinic for children; the
resolution of the Provincial Government of June 22nd, 1954,spoke
of an opinion on Marie Elisabeth Boll, rendered by Dr. Eberhard
Nyman, M.O. of the Lund Hospital Psychiatrie Clinic, Infants'
Division; the decree of the Supreme Administrative Court of
October 5th, 1954,stated that "the removal of the child to a wholly
strange environment would at present seriously endanger her mental
health"; the minutes of the Child Welfare Board Meeting on June
3rd, 1955, indicated that the Board "resolved to obtain further

expert medical advice before deciding whether the girl should be
removed from her present home"; and finally the decree of the
SupremeAdministrative Court of February mst, 1956, after review-
ing the evidence produced before the Provincial Government and
the Child Welfare Board, rescinded the resolution of the former
and confirmed the decision of the latter to continue the protèctive CONVESTION OF 1902 (SEP. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
IIj
measure, because, "according to the evidence in the case, the child
is still in need of wardship".

,4s to the present situation concerning the health of the infant,
the point is left obscure by both Parties. However, it is unnecessary
for the Court to appraise this situation. Since no charge of any
abuse of power in applying and maintaining the measure of protect-
ive upbringing has been made against the Swedish authorities, nor
has their good faith in so acting been impugned in any way, it is
reasonable to presume, on the basis of the decisions of the Swedish
authorities referred to above, that the protective measure relating
to llarie Elisabeth Bol1 has been maintained because of the exist-
ence of a continuing necessity for the protection of her mental

health, and that it will, on review or on application of her guardian,
be ended as soon as this necessity ceases to exist.

For the reasons stated, 1 am of opinion that the application of
the Swedish measure of protective upbringing falls within Article 7
of the Convention of 1902 as a right of permissible exception, even
though its exercise affects for the time being the exercise of the
rights of guardianship provided for by Articles I and 6 of the
Convention, and that, as of the present moment, the maintenance
of the measure cannot be said to be in contravention of the Con-
vention.

(Signed)WELLINGTON KOO.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO

1am in agreement with the operative part of the Judgment of the
Court, but 1 find more direct justification for it in Articl7 of the
Convention of 1902 governing the guardianship of infants and 1
propose to develop the reasons for my opinion.

The Swedish measure of protective upbringing applied to Marie

Elisabeth Boll by the Child Welfare Board of Norrkoping is based
upon Article 22 (a) of the Swedish Law of June 6th, 1924, as
amended, for the protection of children and young people. Para-
graph (a) provides that the Child Welfare Board will take measures
concerning
"a child under sixteen who, in the family home, is ill-treated or
exposedto seriousneglect or any other danger affectingits physical
or mental health".

The application was ordered in respect of Marie Elisabeth Boll for
the protection of her mental health as affinned in the successive
decisions of the Child Welfare Board, the Ostergotland Provincial
Government and the Supreme Administrative Court.
Article 7 of the Convention of 1902 authorizes the application of
such protective measures by the local authorities. It reads:

urgency, measures required for the protection,ofnthe person andf
interests of aoreigninfant may be taken by the local authonties."

Although the laws for protection of children in several countries,
including Sweden, have been enacted after the conclusion of the
Convention on Guardianship in 1902, the general subject of child
protection had been discussed in the national legislatures, as in the
case of Sweden, before the third Hague Conference on private
international law in 1900. It appears, therefore, reasonable to pre-
sume that the authors of Article, 7 of the Convention were not
unaware of this legislative interest in the subject of child protection

as a function and responsibility of the State.

The question of the justifiability of the measure of protective
upbringing applied to Marie Elisabeth Boll is the crux of the dispute

59 OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. WELLINGTON KOO

[Traduction]
Je suis d'accord avec le dispositif de l'arrêt de la Cour mais
j'estime que l'article7 de la Convention de 1902 pour régler la
tutelle desmineurs lui fournit une base plus direcet je me propose
d'exposer mes raisons de penser ainsi.

La mesure suédoise d'éducation protectrice appliquée à Marie
Elisabeth Boll par l'office des mineurs de Norrkoping est fondée
sur l'articl22a) de la loi suédoised6 juin 1924modifiée,relative à
la protection del'enfance et de la jeunesse. Le paragraphe a) dispose
que l'office des mineurs prendra les mesures concernant:

((un enfant en dessous de 16 ans qui, dans la maison familiale,est
maltraitéou exposé à une négligencesérieuseouà un autre danger
concernant sa santéphysique ou morale».

Ce texte a étéappliqué à Marie Elisabeth Boll pour protéger sa
santé mentale, ainsi qu'il ressort des décisions successives de
l'office des mineurs, du gouvernement de la province d'ostergot-
land et de la Cour suprêmeadministrative.
L'article7 de la Convention de 1902 autorise l'application de ces
mesures protectrices par les autorités locales.Il est ainsi libellé:

En attendant l'organisation de la tutelle, ainsi que dans tous
les cas d'urgence, les mesures nécessairespour la protection de la
personne et des intérêtsd'un mineur étranger pourront êtreprises
par les autoritéslocales.
Quoique dans nombre de pays, y compris la Suède, les lois sur la
protection de l'enfance aient étéédictéesaprès la conclusion de la
Convention de 1902 sur la tutelle, le thème généralde la protection

de l'enfance a fait l'objet de débats de la part des législateurs
nationaux, comme dans le cas de la Suède, avant la troisième
Conférence de droit international privé de La Haye de 1900. Il
semble donc que l'on puisse raisonnablement supposer que les
rédacteurs de l'article7 de la Convention avaient conscience de
l'intérêtporté par le législateur au problème de la protection de
l'enfance, en tant que fonction et responsabilité de l'État.

La question du bien-fondé de la mesure d'éducation protectrice
appliquée à Marie Elisabeth Bol1 est au centre du débat dans la

59in the present case and comprises two aspects: its adoption and its
maintenance. Are they both compatible with the obligations
binding upon Sweden vis-à-vis the Netherlands by virtue of the
Convention of 1902 governing the guardianship of infants ?
Marie Elisabeth Boll was placed under protective upbringing on
Aprilztjth, 1954, by order of the President of the Norrkoping Child
LVelfare Board, and this order was confirmed by the Board at its
meeting on May 5th, 1954. It was stated in the "Extracts from the

Minutes of the Meeting" placed before the Court that Marie Elisa-
beth Boll had been placed on April 26th, 1954, in the care of her
teacher, Mrs. Birgit Berg, and that she would remain there pending
an examination in a psychiatric clinic for children. In confirming
the action taken by its President, the Board also resolved to make
;\larie Elisabeth Boll a ward of the Board pursuant to Article 22 (a)
of the Swedish Law of June 6th, 1924, for the protection of children
and young people. iL'oreference was made to the Convention of
1902, and understandably so, because it was considered at the time
as purely a case of a Swedish ward since the father had been register-
ed as her guardian in accordance with Swedish law on guardianship
on March 18th, 1954, by the Norrkoping Court on his own applica-
tion without mentioning his Dutch nationality.

There can be no doubt that the protective measure was adopted
and confirmed as a case of urgency, for the President of the Board
took the initial action by virtue of Article 31 of the said Swedish
Law, which reads as follows:

"If, in cases covered by Articles2 or 29, the need for protective
upbringing or for transfer to public care is thought to be so urgent
that action cannot be postponed until the Infants' Bureau (that is,
the Child Welfare Board) has taken a decision, the President will
have the right, pending a decision by the Infants' Bureau, to take
the person in question in charge."

Likewise, the Child Welfare Board, in confirming forthwith the
decision of its President to place the minor under protective up-
bringing, also acted on the ground of urgency by virtue of Article 25,
paragraph 3, of the said Law, as amended by the Law of May 31st,
1934, which provides :

"If the Infants' Bureau considers that the execution of the
decision concerning protective upbringing cannot be postponed
without risk, it has the right to decree that the decision will be
executed without delay." (Annex E to the Counter-Mernorial.)

Even the plaintiff State in the case, in its Reply to the Counter-
Memorial, appears to have acknowledged the element of urgency
in regard to the initial adoption of the measure of protective up-

bringing, for it is therein stated on page 16:
60 CONV. DE 1902 (OP. INDIV. M. WELLINGTON KOO) III

présente espèce et comporte deux aspects: son adoption et son
maintien. Ces deux aspects sont-ils compatibles avec les obligations
incombant àla Suèdeà l'égard des Pays-Bas en vertu de la Conven-
tion de 1902 pour réglerla tutelle des mineurs?

Marie,Elisabeth Boll a étéplacée sous le régime de l'éducation
protectrice le 26 avril 1954 par décisiondu président de l'officedes
mineurs de Norikoping, décision qui a étéconfirmée par l'office
lors de sa réunion du 5 mai 1954. Il est dit, dans les « extraits du
procès-verbald'une réunion »soumis àla Cour, que Marie Elisabeth
Boll a étéplacée le26 avril 1954 chez son institutrice, MmeBirgitte
Berg, pour y demeurer en attendant qu'une clinique psychiatrique
pour enfants pût l'examiner. En ratifiant la mesure prise par son
président, l'officea aussi décidéque Marie Elisabeth Boll deviendrait

pupille de I'office,en application de l'article22 a) de la loi suédoise
du 6 juin 1924 sur la protection de l'enfance et de la jeunesse. Il
n'est pas fait mention de la Convention de 1902, et c'est compré-
hensible, car, à l'époque ce cas n'était considéréque comme celui
d'une pupille suédoise, étant donné que, conformément à la loi
suédoise sur la tutelle, le père avait étéenregistré en qualité de
tuteur le 18 mars 1954 par le tribunal de Norrkoping, à la suite de
la demande qu'il en avait faite, sans mentionner sa nationalité
néerlandaise.
II ne peut y avoir aucun doute que la mesure protectrice a été

adoptée et confirmée comme une mesure d'urgence, car le président
de l'office a pris la mesure initiale en application de l'article 31 de
ladite loi suédoise,dont le texte est le suivant:

«Si, dans des cas prévuspar l'article 22 OU 29, la nécessitéde
l'éducation protectriceou de la prise en charge pour soins publics
est estiméeêtresi urgente qu'ellene peut êtreajournée jusqu'à ce
que l'officedes mineurs ait pris une décision,le présidentaura le
droit, en attendantla décisionde l'officedes mineurs, de prendre en
charge la personne en cause.))

De même,lorsque l'office des mineurs a confirméla décisionde
son président tendant à placer la mineure sous le régime de l'édu-
cation protectrice, il a agi également, pour des raisons d'urgence,
en vertu de l'article 25, paragraphe 3, de ladite loi, modifiépar la
loi du 31 mai 1934, selon lequel:

aSi l'office desmineurs estime que l'exécutionde la décision
concernant l'éducation protectricene peut êtreajournéesansrisque,
il a le droit de décréterque la décisionsera exécutée sans délai.1)
(AnnexeE au contre-mémoire.)

é éta demandeur lui-même,dans sa réplique au contre-mémoire,
semble avoir reconnu l'existence de l'urgence en ce qui concerne
l'adoption initiale de la mesure d'éducation protectrice, car il le
préciseà la page 16: "Soon after the decease of his wife Mr. Boll was accused, in
Sweden, of having committed an infamous crime against his Little
daughter,then eight years old.
stand and appreciate that the Swedish authorities felt extremely-
reluctant to abandon the child to a father-guardian whose possible
depravity rnight seriously and permanently endanger its physical
and mental health."

It is clear that the application of the protective measure to
Marie Elisabeth Boll was based upon an urgent need. The fact that
no reference was made to Article 7 of the Convention of 1902 is
immaterial. The important point is that the measure in question
was in fact ordered and applied on the ground of urgency, and as
such it clearly falls within the meaning and scope of "measures
required for the protection of the person of a foreign infant" pro-
vided for in the said Article7.The initial application of the measure
of protective upbringing to the infant was therefore clearly com-

patible with the Convention.

III

1s the maintenance of this protective measure justifiable in the
face of the Convention of 1902, particularly in view of Articles I
and 6 thereof ?
Ttwas contended by the plaintiff State that this measure should
have been discontinued after the accusation against the father was
dropped "by the end of 1954 or the beginning of 1955" and, in any

case, after he had been released of his guardianship and replaced
by Mrs. Postema, because Sweden is under the obligation to dis-
continue it in view of the Convention of 1902.
Now the initial application of the protective measure has been
shown to be compatible with the Convention. Whether its main-
tenance is justifiable in view of the Convention obviously depends
upon the question whether the original urgent need which had
called for it still continues. If it still exists, clearly the measure
cannot be terminated without prejudice to the health of the infant.
It may be said that Article 7 of the Convention is ancillary to
Article I and Article 6, which are the predominant provisions of
the instrument. But it is also to be noted that the language of
Article 7 makes it clear that the effective operation of these two
Articles may be retarded for a period of time in an exceptional case
when the urgent need for protection of the person or interests of a
foreign infant calls for action on the part of the local authorities

for the purpose of such protection. Theright of the national guard-
ian to custody in the present case is not denied, but its exeycise is
only incidentally impeded. It is open to the guardian to make a
61 « Peu aprèsle décès de sa femme, M. Boll a étéaccusé,en Suède,
d'avoir commis un crime infâme sur la personne de sa petite fille,
alors âgéede huit ans.
Tant que cette accusation est restéependante, il est facile de
comprendre et d'admettre que les autoritéssuédoisesaient été fort
peu disposées à abandonner l'enfant entre les mains d'un père-
tuteur dont l'éventuelle dépravationserait susceptible de mettre
en danger, de façon sérieuseet permanente, sa santé physique et
morale. ))
Il apparaît donc clairement que l'application à Marie Elisabeth
Boll du régimede l'éducation protectrice se fondait sur une néces-

sitéurgente. Le fait qu'aucune allusion n'ait étéfaite à l'article7
de la Convention de 1902 est sans importance. Le point important
est que l'on ait en fait invoquél'urgence pour ordonner et appliquer
la mesure en cause; de ce fait, il est clair qu'elle rentre dans les
termes et dans le domaine des (mesures nécessaires pour la protec-
tion de la personne d'un mineur étranger » prévues par ledit
article 7. L'application initiale de la mesure d'éducation protec-
trice à la mineure était donc nettement compatible avec la Conven-
tion.

III

Le maintien de cette mesure protectrice se justifie-t-il au regard
de la Convention de 1902 et en particulier de ses articles I et 6?

L'État demandeur a fait valoir que cette mesure aurait dû
prendre fin après l'abandon de l'accusation formulée contre le
père, à la fin de 1954 ou au commencement de 1955 et en tout
cas après sa décharge de la tutelle et son remplacement par
MmePostema, parce que la Suède était tenue d'y mettre fin en
vertu de la Convention de 1902.
Or, on a montré que l'application initiale de la mesure protec-

trice était compatible avec la Convention. Le point de savoir si
son maintien se justifie au regard de la Convention dépend évidem-
ment de savoir si la nécessitéurgente qui l'avait motivée continue
à exister. Si elle existe encore,il est clair que mesure ne peut pas
prendre fin sans porter préjudice à la santé de la mineure.
On peut dire que l'article 7 de la Convention est accessoire à
l'article premier et à l'article 6 qui sont les dispositions essentielles
du texte. Mais il convient aussi de noter que les termes de l'articlè7
précisent clairement que la mise en Œuvre effective de ces deux
articles peut êtreretardée pendant un certain temps dans un cas
exceptionnel, lorsque la nécessité urgente de protection de la
personne ou des intérêtsd'un mineur étranger exige que les autorités
locales prennent desmesures à cette fin. Le droit dututeur national

à la garde n'est pas contesté dans le cas actuel, mais l'exercice de
cette garde est momentanément empêché. Il appartient au tuteur
61fresh application to the Swedish local authorities to end the pro-
tective measure, at which time presumably the need for continuing
it will be reconsidered in the light of the prevailing facts and
circumstances.
An examination of the text of Article 7 shows that it authorizes
necessary protective measures to be taken by the local authorities
for the benefit of the foreign infant in two kinds of circumstances:
(a) pending the organization of the guardianship; and (b) "in all
cases of urgency". Any measure taken under (a) must obviously be
ended as soon as the guardianship is organized and known to be

organized, thus indicating a time-limit, whereas in the case of a
measure taken under (b), there is no indication as to when it should
be ended, except the tacit implication that it should be ended when
the urgency which has called it into being comes to an end. If this
interpretation is sound-and there is no valid reason to doubt
this-the continuance of the measure may be justified even after
a guardianship based on the national law of the infant has already
come into existence. For, unlike the circumstance in (a), the test
here is the continuing need of an urgent character.

In this connection, the plaintiff State contended (Memonal,
pp. 4-8)that Article 7 permits only special measures for the pro-
tection of the infant and "does not and cannot permit general
measures virtually amounting to guardianship". As a generalprop-
osition this is correct. But it is to be observed that the Swedish
measure of protective upbringing does not deal with guardianship,

and it does not amount to a virtual guardianship. The Dutch
guardianship of Johannes Boll, the father, and his subsequent
replacement by Mrs. Postema in accordance with the decision of
the Dordrecht Court, was clearly recognized by the judgments of
the Court of First Instance of Norrkoping, the Court of Appeal of
Gota, and finally the Supreme Court of Sweden. To attempt to
draw a distinction between special and general measures of protec-
tion and to declare that the former is permissible under Article 7
and the latter is not, does not clarify the issue in law. The reason is
simple. Although the measure of protective upbringing applied to
Marie Elisabeth Boll is part of a general law for the protection of
children and young people, it is, nevertheless, one of several kinds
of measures prescribed in the law and, as such, it can well be
considered as a measure of special character chosen to meet the
requirements of the particular case.

Moreover, the Swedish measure in question is aimed at the
protection of the person of the infant. For this purpose the nature
and degree of the protection must necessarily correspond to the
requirements of each case. If it is a matter of protecting the health
of the infant, as it is in the present case, appropriate measures
must be taken, whether they may be described as general or
special in character.
62 de présenter aux autorités suédoises locales une nouvelle demande
pour mettre fin à l'éducation protectrice, et la nécessitédu maintien
de cette éducation sera alors probablement examinée à nouveau,

à la lumière des faits et des circonstances du moment.
Il apparaît à l'examen que l'article 7 autorise les autorités locales
à prendre les mesures nécessaires pour la protection du mineur
étranger dans deux sortes de cas: a) en attendant l'organisation de
la tutelle; et b) «dans tous les cas d'urgence 1).Toute mesure prise
en application de a) doit évidemment prendre fin dès que la tutelle
est organiséeet que cette organisation est connue, ce qui revient à
fiser un délai,tandis que, dans le cas d'une mesure prise en appli-
cation de b), aucune indication n'est donnée quant au moment où
elle devra prendre fin, si ce n'est qu'il est sous-entendu que cela

de-irra se produire lorsque disparaîtra l'urgence qui lui a donné
naissance. Si cette interprétation est la bonne - et il n'y aucune
raison valable d'en douter -, le maintien de la mesure pourra être
justifié, alors mêmequ'une tutelle fondée sur la loi nationale de
l'enfant aurait déjà été instituée.Car, àla différencede la condition
prévue sous a), le critère est ici l'existence continue d'une nécessité
urgente.
A cet égard,l'État demandeur a soutenu (mémoire,pp. 4-8) que
l'article7 n'autorise que des mesures spéciales relatives à la protec-
tion du mineur et ((ne permet pas et ne saurait permettre de prendre
des mesures généralesconstituant virtuellement une tutelle 1)Cette

affirmation est exacte en général.Mais il y a lieu de remarquer que
la mesure suédoise d'éducation protectrice n'a pas trait à la tutelle
et qu'elle ne constitue pas, virtuellement, une tutelle. La tutelle
néerlandaise du père, Johannes Boll, et son remplacement ultérieur
par pllimePostema en application de la décision du tribunal de
Dordrecht ont étéreconnus clairement par les décisionsdu tribunal
de première instance de Norrkoping, de la Cour d'appel de Gota, et
enfin de la Cour suprêmedu Suède. Le problème juridique n'est
pas plus clair lorsque l'on essaie de distinguer les mesures spéciales
et lesmesures généralesdeprotection et de déclarerque lespremières
et non les secondes sont autorisées par l'article 7. La raison en est

simple: quoique la mesure d'éducation protectrice appliquée à
Marie Elisabeth Boll rentre dans le cadre d'une loi de caractère
généralrelative à la protection de l'enfance et de la jeunesse, ce
n'est néanmoins que l'une des différentes mesures prescrites par la
loi et,à ce titre, on peut la considérer comme une mesure de carac-
tère spécial, destinée à répondre aux exigences du cas d'espèce.
Au surplus, la mesure suédoise en question a pour but d'assurer
la protection de la personne de l'enfant. A cet effet, la nature et la
portée de la protection doivent nécessairement correspondre aux
exigences de chaque cas. S'il s'agit de protéger la santé du mineur,

comme c'est le cas ici, il convient de prendre des mesures appro-
priées, que leur caractère soit tenu pour général ou spécial. Finally there remains the argument advanced by the plaintiff
State that the concept of urgency must not be confused with the
concept of desirability,since a measure is urgent only as far as it is
desirable and as far as it cannot suffer any delay. This is undoubt-
edly correct. The question to consider in the light of this definition,
however, is whether the circumstances which called for the applica-
tion of the measure of protective upbringing continue to exist and
whether, in these circumstances, there still persists an element of
urgency for the continuance of the measure.
On the face of things the protective measure applied to Marie

Elisabeth Boll appears to have been maintained over an unusually
long period. Itis four and a half years since it was first ordered by
the Child Welfare Board on May 4th, 1954, and more than two
and a half years since it was again confirmed by a decree of the
Supreme Administrative Court of February arst, 1956. The impor-
tant point to determine, however, is whether the need of protec-
tion for the infant continues to exist and whether the element of
urgency in the need remains. These are questions of fact, and the
limited information available to the Court gives no indication as to
the present state of the minor's health or as to how orwhy a change
from the existing régime would affect her mental well-being. What
is known is the undisputed fact that all of the decisions of the Child
Welfare Board, the resolutions of the Provincial Govemment, and
the decrees of the SupremeAdministrative Court, acting on applica-
tion or appeal of the father-guardian, the legal guardian and the

deputy-guardian for ending the measure of protective upbringing,
alluded tothe consideration of the health of the infant and stressed
the need of protection from danger to her mental health, with one
exception, i.e. the Resolution of the Provincial Govemment of
October 28th, 1955,which was, however, overruled by the Supreme
Administrative Court by a decree of February z~st, 1956. Thus the
minutes of the Child Welfare Board Meeting of May 5th, 1954,
mentioned an examination in a psychiatric clinic for children; the
resolution of the Provincial Government of June 22nd, 1954,spoke
of an opinion on Marie Elisabeth Boll, rendered by Dr. Eberhard
Nyman, M.O. of the Lund Hospital Psychiatrie Clinic, Infants'
Division; the decree of the Supreme Administrative Court of
October 5th, 1954,stated that "the removal of the child to a wholly
strange environment would at present seriously endanger her mental
health"; the minutes of the Child Welfare Board Meeting on June
3rd, 1955, indicated that the Board "resolved to obtain further

expert medical advice before deciding whether the girl should be
removed from her present home"; and finally the decree of the
SupremeAdministrative Court of February mst, 1956, after review-
ing the evidence produced before the Provincial Government and
the Child Welfare Board, rescinded the resolution of the former
and confirmed the decision of the latter to continue the protèctive Enfin, il reste la thèse avancéepar l'État demandeur selon laquelle
il ne faut pas confondre la notion d'urgence et la notion d'oppor-
tunité, car une mesure n'est urgente qu'autant qu'elle est oppor-
tune et qu'elle ne peut souffrir aucun retard. Ceci est incontesta-
blement exact. Néanmoins, la question qu'il faut considérer à la
lumière de cette définition est celle de savoir si les circonstances
qui ont entraîné l'application de la mesure d'éducation protectrice
continuent à exister et si, dans ces conditions, un facteur d'urgence
subsiste pour justifier le maintien de la mesure.
A premièrevue, la mesure protectrice appliquée àMarie Elisabeth

Boll paraît avoir étémaintenue pendant une périoded'une longueur
exceptionnelle. Il y a quatre ans et demi qu'elle a été ordonnée
pour la première fois par l'officedes mineurs le4 mai 1954, et il y
a plus de deux ans et demi qu'elle a de nouveau étéconfirméepar
un arrêtde la Cour suprêmeadministrative daté du 21 février1956.
Le point important qu'il convient de préciserest néanmoins celui
de savoir sila nécessité dela protection de la mineure subsiste et
sil'urgencedemeure. Cesont là des questionsde fait, et les renseigne-
ments restreints dont dispose la Cour ne fournissentaucuneindica-
tion surl'état de santéactuel de la mineure, ni sur lepoint de savoir
comment et pourquoi un changement dans le régime actuel serait
susceptible d'affecter son bien-être mental. Ce qui est connu, c'est
le fait incontesté que toutes les décisions de l'office des mineurs,
celles du gouvernement de la province et les arrêts de la Cour
suprêmeadministrative rendus sur requête ou sur appel du père-

tuteur, du tuteur désignépar la loi et du subrogé-tuteur en vue de
la levéede la mesure d'éducation protectrice, ont fait allusiones
considérations relatives à la santé de la mineure et souligné la
nécessitéde la protéger contre tout danger affectant sa santé
mentale, à une exception près, c'est-à-dire la décisiondu gouver-
nement de la province en date du 28 octobre 1955,qui a cependant
étérescindée par la Cour suprêmeadministrative dans son arrêt
du 21 février1956. Ainsi, le procès-verbal de la réunion tenue par
l'office des mineurs le5 mai 1954 fait état de l'examen par une
clinique psychiatrique pour enfants; la décisiondu gouvernement
de la province en date du 22 juin 1954 mentionne un rapport sur
Marie Elisabeth Boll émanant du Dr Eberhard Nyman, médecin
de la cliniquepsychiatrique de l'hôpital de Lund, division de psycho-
pédiatrie; l'arrêtde la Cour suprêmeadministrative daté du 5 oc-
tobre 1954 précise «qu'actuellement un transfert de l'enfant dans

un milieu entièrement nouveau pour elle mettrait gravement sa
santé morale en danger »; le procès-verbal de la réunion tenue le
3 juin 1955 par l'officdm mineurs indique que l'office «a décidé
d'obtenir un nouveau rapport d'expert médical avant de décider
si la mineure serait retiréeà ses parents nourriciers actuels1).Et
enfin, l'arrêt de laCour suprêmeadministrative du 21 février1956,
ayant passé enrevue les preuves produites devant le gouvernement CONVESTION OF 1902 (SEP. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
IIj
measure, because, "according to the evidence in the case, the child
is still in need of wardship".

,4s to the present situation concerning the health of the infant,
the point is left obscure by both Parties. However, it is unnecessary
for the Court to appraise this situation. Since no charge of any
abuse of power in applying and maintaining the measure of protect-
ive upbringing has been made against the Swedish authorities, nor
has their good faith in so acting been impugned in any way, it is
reasonable to presume, on the basis of the decisions of the Swedish
authorities referred to above, that the protective measure relating
to llarie Elisabeth Bol1 has been maintained because of the exist-
ence of a continuing necessity for the protection of her mental

health, and that it will, on review or on application of her guardian,
be ended as soon as this necessity ceases to exist.

For the reasons stated, 1 am of opinion that the application of
the Swedish measure of protective upbringing falls within Article 7
of the Convention of 1902 as a right of permissible exception, even
though its exercise affects for the time being the exercise of the
rights of guardianship provided for by Articles I and 6 of the
Convention, and that, as of the present moment, the maintenance
of the measure cannot be said to be in contravention of the Con-
vention.

(Signed)WELLINGTON KOO.de la province et l'office des mineurs, a rescindé la résolution du
premier et confirmé la décision du second tendant à maintenir
l'application de la mesure protectrice, attendu que, (en raison
des preuves produites en l'espèce, la mineure a toujours besoin
d'êtreen tutelle ».

En ce qui concerne la situation actuelle relativeà la santé de
la mineure, la question n'est pas éclairciepar les Parties. Mais la
Cour n'a pas à apprécier cette situation. Aucun grief fondé sur
l'abus de pouvoir n'ayant étéélevécontre les autorités suédoises en
ce qui concerne l'application et le maintien de la mesure d'éducation
protectrice et leur bonne foi en agissant ainsi n'ayant pas non plus
étémise en doute, on peut donc raisonnablement supposer, en se
fondant sur les décisions ci-dessus mentionnées des autorités sué-
doises, que la mesure protectrice relative Marie Elisabeth Bol1 a
étémaintenue parce que la nécessité deprotéger sa santé mentale
subsistait et que,aprèsunnouvelexamen ou àla suited'une demande
de sa tutrice, il sera mis fin à cette mesure dès que la nécessité
aura disparu.

Pour les raisons indiquées, je suis d'avis que l'application de la
mesure suédoise d'éducation protectrice tombe dans le domaine

d'application de l'article de la Convention de 1902 comme étant
l'exercice d'un droit d'exception permise, quand bien mêmel'exer-
cice de cette protection modifie momentanément celui des droits
de la tutelle régiepar les articles premier et 6 de la Convention et
qu'à l'heure actuelle le maintien de cette mesure ne peut être
qualifié de contravention à la Convention.

(Signé W)ELLINGTOK NOO.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Wellington Koo

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