Dissenting Opinion by Sir Arnold McNair, President, and Judges Basdevant, Klaestad and Read

Document Number
015-19530519-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
015-19530519-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION BY SIR ARNOLD IlcNAIR,
PRESIDENT, AND JUDGES BASDEVAPU'T,KLAESTAD
AND READ

To Our great regret we are unable to concur in the Judgment
of the Court. We must therefore indicate the way in which we
understand the task of the Court in the present case, the meaning
of the question submitted to it, the answer which should be ,@\.en,
and the grounds on which we base Ouropinion.

By the Judgment of July ~st,1952, in which the Court defined
the limits ofits iurisdiction in the Ambatielos case, it is now called
upon to "decide", in accordance with the terms of that Judgment,
"whether the United Kingdom is under an obligation to submit to
arbitration, in accordance with the Declaration of 1926, the differ-
ence as to the validity of the Ambatielos claim, in so far as this
claim is based on the Treaty of 1886". The Court must say whether
or not there is an obligation, as so defined, binding upon the United
Kingdom. In their final Submissions the Parties clearly recognized
that this was the object of the Judgment now to be given by the
Court. The Court, having found that it has juriçdiction for this
purpose, is called upon to adjudicate upon the merits of the differ-
ence between the Parties as to the existence or non-existence of

this obligation. As to the difference between the same Parties
with regard to the validity of the Ambatielos claim, the Court has
declared, in the Judgment mentioned above, that it has no juris-
diction to decide upon the merits of that difference.

Having been required by the Application of the Hellenic Govern-
ment to decide whether the United Kingdom is under an obligation
to submit to arbitration, in accordance with the Declaration of
1926, the difference as to the validity of the Ambatielos claim, the
Court, "whose function is to decide in accordance with interna-
tional law such disputes as are submitted to it'' (Article 38, para-
graph 1, of the Statute), must for this purpose examine and take

into account alllegal factors which it deems relevant. There is no
rule of law which limits this examination. The Court indeed lacks
jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the validity of the Ambatielos
claim ;provided, however, that it confines itself to stating whether
or not there exists an obligation to submit the difference as to the
validity of that claim to arbitration, itwill not trench upon the
19question of validity itself. If it be found that thereis any point of
law which is relevant to the solution of both these differences-
which were clearly distinguished by the Judgment of July ~st,
1952-this cannot constitute a valid ground for the Court's refrain-
ing from examining that point and forming an opinion as to its
importance for the purpose of determining whether an obligation
to have recourse to arbitration existsin this case.
The Court is called upon to Say whether or not there exists an
obligation to set up a Commission of Arbitration whose task it
would then be to decide as to the validity of the Ambatielos claim.
An affirmative reply to this question can be given only if the
existence of this obligation can be established on a basis of law.
Unless this can be established, it does not appear to us to be possible
to give an affirmative answer to the question which the Court is
required to decide. It is therefore necessary to examine al1 the
factors susceptible of affecting the answer to be given to this ques-
tion. It is only aftersuch an examination, and in the light of what

may emerge from it, that it will be possible to decide whether a
Commission of Arbitration should be set up. It was in this way
that the Court considered that the respective functions should be
divided in a case-the Interpretation of Peace Treaties-which,
apart from the fact that the Court had there before it a request for
an advisory opinion, had much in common with the present case.
The Court there pointed out that it had to give an opinion on the
applicability to certain disputes of the procedure for settlement by
means of Commissions instituted by the Peace Treaties, and not
on the merits of these disputes. The same is true in the present case.
The Court in that case itself considered the question whether the
disputes which it found to exist "were among those for which"
the Peace Treaties had provided a procedure for settlement. The
Court found that the disputes in question related tothe performance
or non-performance of obligations arising from certain articles of the
Peace Treaties. The Court made this finding without being ham-
pered in any way by the jurisdiction ofthe Commissions chargedwith
the duty of deciding as to the validity of the allegations forming the
subject-matter of the disputes. Having made this finding, it deduced
therefrom an obligation on the States concerned to CO-operate

in the procedure for settlement prescnbed by the Treaties. In
Our opinion, the Court in the present case must make a similar
investigation in order to ascertain whether the conditions necessary
for establishing an obligation to arbitrate are present.
Similarly, in the Advisory Opinion relating to the Interpretation
of the Greco-Turk Agreement ofDecember rst, 1926, the Permanent
Court of International Justice, having been asked who was entitled
to seise the President of the Greco-Turk Arbitral Tribunal of certain
proceedings, gave its opinion on this question on the basis of the
relevant provisions and did not leave it to the President of this
Tribunal to deal with the point by deciding, in due course, whetherhe had been properly seised. Yet what was involved in that case
was a question of the capacity necessary for the seising of an autho-

rity which already existed. When, as in the present case, it is a
question of adjudicating upon the obligation to CO-operate in
setting up a body which would be called upon to make a decision
at a later stage, the arguments in favour of a decision in advance
on the question whether al1 the necessary conditions are satisfied
appear to be still more convincing.
There is no rule of law nor anything contained in Article 29
of the Treaty of 1926 which restricts the Court in the exercise of
its jurisdiction to decide upon the existence of the obligation to
arbitrate. It follows from this Article, in accordance with the
interpretation given in the Judgment of July ~st, 1952, that the
Court has jurisdiction to deal with any dispute as to the interpre-
tation or a~~lication of the Declaration of 1a26 : this is the auestion
which ariLeS in ascertaining whether the arbitration c1a;se con-
tained in that Declaration is to be a~~lied in the ~resent case.
Nothing contained in this Article or the ~eclaration imposes
any limitation on the power of the Court to consider any factor
susceptible of affecting its judgment and, in particular, nothing
therein contained directs it to surrender this examination to any
other body. Provided the Court confines itself, in the operative part
of its Judgment, to adjudicating upon the existence of the obligation
to arbitrate, its power to consider the reasons determining its
decision does not appear to us to be limited by the fact that a
Commission of Arbitration may be constituted for the purpose of
deciding as to the validity of the Ambatielos claim.

By the Declaration of 1926, the United Kingdom consented to
the submission to arbitration of any difference with the Hellenic
Government "as to the validity" of "claims on behalf of private
perçons based on the provisions of the Anglo-Greek Commercial
Treaty of 1886". On the question whether this provision is applicable
to the "difference as to the validity of the Ambatielos claim",
the operative part of the Judgment of July ~st, 1952, added the
following words :"in so far as this claim is based on the Treaty
of 1886". This being the case, it is necessary to consider the meaning,
which is in issue between the Parties, of the expression "claims ....
based on the provisions of the Anglo-Greek Commercial Treaty of
1886", an expression which is contained in the Declaration and
repeated in the Judgment.
It isnot enough for the Hellenic Government to invoke a provi-
sion of the Treaty of 1886 for the Ambatielos claim to be con-
sidered as "based on the provisions of the ....Treaty of 18s6" within
the meaning of the Declaration of 1926. There is nothing in theDeclaration which authorizes either Party to theTreaty and Decla-

ration of 1926 to impose its own subjective interpretation of this
expression. The Declaration states it objectively, and the Court,
which is empowered by Article 29 of the Treaty to interpret the
expression, must determine in an objective way whether the claim
presented under the Declaration is or is not based on the provisions
of the Treaty of 1886.
The arbitration clause, in the form in which it appeared in the
Protocol of 1886, was open to the risk of becoming ineffectual
in cases where it was invoked by one State and the respondent
State alleged that the difference existing between them lay outside
the scope of the provisions of the clause. The negative view of the
respondent State was then sufficient to prevent the practical
application of the clause.y the combined effect of the Declaration
of 1926 and Article29 of the Treaty of the same date, a remedy was
provided for this defect in the arbitration clause: by thisremedy
the Court is empowered to decide this preliminary difference. The
effect of thisis that the opinion which will prevail will be that
formed by the Court itself as to the character of the difference and,
in the present case, on the question whether the claim which has
been presented is or is not a claim based on the provisions of the
Treaty of 1886.
When the Permanent Court and the present Court have had to
ascertain whether a dispute fell within the scope of an arbitration
clause or a compulsory junsdiction clause,these Courtshave always
considered that it was their duty first to determine the categories
of disputes to which the clause in question was applicable andthen
to enquire whether the dispute in question fell within one of these
categories.
This is the consequence of a principle of international law which

forms the basis of Article 36 of the Statute of the Court. In the
Eastern Cakelia Opinion, the Permanent Court invoked this prin-
ciple, and declared that "It is well established in international
law that no State can, without its consent, be compelled to submit
its disputes with other States either to mediation or to arbitration,
or to any other kind of pacific settlement". This principle was
thereafter applied on a number of occasions by the Permanent
Court, in partlcular in the cases concerning the Mavrommatis
Palestine Concessions, German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia,
the Factory ut Chorzbw, and the Rights of Minorities in Upper
Silesia. That Court applied the principle with particular care when
it had. to decide the scope of an exception ratione temporis con-
tained in a compulsory jurisdiction clause invoked before it in the
Phosphates in Moroccocase. The principle was also applied by the
International Court of Justice in the Corfu Channel case, the
Interpretation of Peace Treaties case and the Anglo-Iranian Oil
Company case. AMBATIELOS CASE (DISSENTING OPINION) 29

In applying this principle for the purpose of deciding whether
a given jurisdictional clause covered a given dispute which it was
alleged could be submitted to it by virtue of the clause in question',
the Permanent Court was not satisfied by a mere doubt resulting
from weighty arguments presented before it, nor by prima facie
considerations or considerations of a provisional character. In
the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessionscase, it invoked "the fact
that its jurisdiction ....is invariably based on the consent of the
respondent", and it expressly stated that it "cannot content
itself with the provisional conclusion that the dispute falls or
not within the terms of the Mandate". In the case concerning the

Factory at Chorzdw,after repeating that its jurisdiction "is always
a limited one, existing only in so far as States have accepted it",
the Court added :
"When consideringwhether it has jurisdiction or not, the Court's
ah is always to ascertain whether an intention on the part of the
Parties exists to confer jurisdiction upon it. The questias to the
existenceof a doubt nullifyingits jurisdiction need not be considered
when, as in the present case, this intention can be demonstrated
in a manner convincing to the Court."

Before declaring a State to be bound to submit a dispute to the
decision of an international tribunal, the Permanent Court and
the present Court have always considered it necessary to establish
positively, and not merely on prima facie or provisional grounds,
that the State in question had in some form given its consent to
this procedure. No distinction in this connection has been drawn
between cases where the jurisdiction of the Court was involved

and cases where that of some other tribunal or authority was in
question.
Since there is nothing in the Declaration of 1926 to indicate an
intention that prima facie considerations should be regarded as
sufficient, its Our opinion, based on the principle referred to above
and the way in which this principle has been invariably applied,
that the United Kingdom can only be held to be under an obli-
gation to accept the arbitral procedure by application of the
Declaration of 1926 if it can be established to the satisfaction of
the Court that the difference as to the validity of the Ambatielos
claim falls within the category of differences in respect of which
the United Kingdom consented to arbitration in the Declaration
of 1926.

It is necessary therefore to examine the matter and, without
prejudging the validity of the Ambatielos claim, to ascertain

what claims the Declaration of 1926 was intended to refer to and
whether the Ambatielos claim falls within the category of claims so
determined. The claims referred to by the Declaration of 1926 are claims
"based on the proyisions of the Treaty" of 1886.These words should
be construed in their natural and ordinary meaning, as has been
said over and over again and, in particular, in the Advisory Opinion
of the Court on the Cornpetenceof the General Assembly for the
Admission of a State to the United Nations. In Our opinion, the
natural and ordinary meaning of these words is limited to claims
whose legal support is founa in the provisions of the Treaty ; that
is, claims whose validity should be appraised in the light of these
provisions ; the natural and ordinary meaning of the words, in Our
opinion, excludes claims whose support must be sought elsewhere.
In accordance with the method of interpretation adopted by the
Court in the above-mentioned Opinion, we would add that nothing
in the Declaration suggests that the Parties intended to confer any
other meaning on these words.
A reading of the Declaration as a whole confirms the view that
the natural meaning of the words used corresponds to the purpose
which the Parties had in mind. The Declaration begins with a clause
whose purpose is to keep alive, in spite of the lapse of the Treaty
of 1886,claims on behalf of pnvate perçons based on the provisions
of that Treaty. This clause can only have a meaning, and can only

have effect, in respect of claimslegally based on the Treaty of 1886.
It cannot be extended to cover claims in respect of which those
provisions might be invoked without being really applicable. It was
in the nature of things that this saving clause could only safeguard
claims that had a legal basis in the Treaty of 1886. The arbitration
clause in the Declaration of 1926 mentions expressly the claims
referred to in the saving clause. It cannot extend to other claims.

Thus, and by virtue of the express reference made by the Decla-
ration to the Treaty of 1886, a difference concerning a claim on
behalf of a private person comes within the scope of.the arbitration
dause of the Declaration of 1926 only if the examination of the
claim demonstrates that it falls within the framework of the Treaty.

In order to determinewhether the arbitration clause in the Decla-
ration of 1926 should be applied in the present case, we must
ascertain whether the difference under consideration falls within

the category of differences which the Parties have agreed to submit
to arbitration.
The sphere of application of the arbitration clause in the Decla-
ration of 1926 has been defined by reference to the relevant law,
namely, the provisions of the Treaty of 1886.This method has been
frequently adopted in the drafting of arbitral or jurisdictional
clauses.
24 The method to be followed must therefore be to enquire whether
the dispute asto the validity of the Ambatielos claim falls to be
decided by the application of the provisions of the Treaty of 1886.
This method was described by the Permanent Court in the Mavrom-
matis Palestine Concessionscase as follows :

"For this reason the Court, bearing in mind the fact that its
junsdiction is limited, that it is invariably based on the consent
of the respondent and only exists in so far as this consent has been
the dispute falls or not within the terms of the Mandate. The Court,
before giving judgment on the ments of the case, will satisfy itself
that the suit before it, in the form in which it has been submitted
and on the basis of the factshitherto established, falls to be decided
by application of the clauses of the Mandate. For the Mandatory
has only accepted the Court's junsdiction for such disputes."

The same method was adopted by the Permanent Court in the
Phosphatesin Moroccocase and by the present Court in its Advisory
Opinion concerning the Interpretation of Peace Treaties. Having
to decide whether the disputes under consideration were among
those which were subject to the provisions of the Peace Treaties
for the settlement of disputes by means of Commissions, the Court
examined the subject-matter of the differences. It found that the
disputes related "to the question of the performance or non-
performance of the obligations provided in" certain articles of the

Treaty, and it deduced from this finding that these disputes "are
clearly disputes concerning the interpretation or execution of
the Peace Treaties", and that furthermore the Govemments con-
cerned were bound to carry out the provisions of those articles
in the treaties relating to the settlement of disputes by means of
Commissions.

We therefore have to consider whether the Ambatielos claim
falls within the framework of the Treaty of 1886. In order to do
this, it isecessary to examine the claim as it'has been put fonvard,
without enquiring whether the facts alleged are true or not, and
to consider the provisions of the Treaty of 1886 which the Hellenic
Government has invoked.
The origin of the claim is to be found in a contract between
Mr. Ambatielos and the British Ministry of Shipping for the sale
of nine ships then under construction. Mr. Ambatielos has con-
tended that this contract was not properly carried out by the
seller,blit this question of the breach of the contract is not one
which has to be decided by international arbitration. It was sub-mitted to English Courts by common accord of the Parties, as is
stated in the Britïsh Sote of 29th May 1933, and not disputed in
the Hellenic answer of 3rd August 1933. The .\dmiralt~- Court
gave judgment against Mr. .\mbatielos, who appealed against
this decision to the Court of Appeal but subsequently abandoned
his appeal.

The present claim, as formulated by the Hellenic Go\-ernment,
relates to the Wrayin which justice \vas administered in the pro-
ceedings in the English Courts between 3lr. Ambatielos and the
Board of Trade as the successor to the blinistry of Shipping. It
has been alleged, on behalf of the Hellenic Go\-ernment, that
officials of the Board of Trade wrongly failed to produce in the
Admiralty Court al1 the evidence available and that this resulted
in damage to Mr. Ambatielos. The Hellenic Government also
complains of the refusa1 by the Court of Appeal of leavc to
3Ir. Ambatielos to adduce new evidence. The difference esisting be-
tween the Hellenic Government and the United Kingdom Govern-
ment is therefore concerned with a claim based on alleged improper
administration of justice, in particular with regardto the produc-
tion of evidence in proceedings in the English Courts. The question
for this Court is to decide whether the matter of complaint thus
relied upon falls within the provisions of the Treaty of 1886.
Without passing upon the truth of the facts relied on, and assuming
them to be established, without moreover passing on the legal or

illegal character ofthese facts, it is possible to determine M hether
this legal or illegal character is or is not dependent on the appli-
cation of the provisions of the Treaty of 1886, and to decide, as
a resuit of the view formed on this point, whether the clairn
based on these facts is or is not one which should be referred
to arbitration in application of the Declaration of 1926. Such a
decision, relating solely to the obligation to resort to arbitration,
wiil not prejudge any decision to be given as to the validity of the
Ambatielos claim, which is not within the jurisdiction of the Court.
Is the claim of the Hellenic Government against the rnited
Kingdom, the object of which has been thus defined, within the
framework of the Treaty of 1886 ?The reply to this question must
be in the affirmative before there can arise an obligation, in accord-
ance with the Declaration of 1926, to submit the claim to arbi-
tration. The provisions of the Treaty of 1886 invoked by the
Hellenic Government must now be considered.
The Hellenic Government invokes Article XV, paragraph 3, of
the Treaty of 1886. This Article provides :

"The subjects of each of the two Contracting Parties in the
dominions and possessions of the other shall have free access to
the Courts of Justice for the prosecution and defenceof their rights,
without other conditions,restrictions, or taxes beyond those imposed
on native subjects, and shall, like them, be at liberty to employ, in
al1 causes, their advocates, attorneys or agents, from among the
36 persons admitted to the exercise of those professions according to
the laws of the country."

This Article promises free access to the Courts ; it says nothing

with regard to the production of evidence. Questions asto the pro-
duction of evidence are by their nature within the province of the
law of the Court dealing with the case (lex fori). The Treaty could
have laid down certain requirements in this connection, but it did
not do so. The free access clause frequently found in treaties, more
commonly in the past than at the present, has as its purpose the
removal, for its beneficiaries, of the obstructions, which existed in
certain countries as the result of old traditions, to the right of
foreigners to have recourse to the Courts. Its object is, as it states,
to ensure free access to the Courts, not to regulate the different
question of the production of evidence. An extensive interpretation
of the free access clause which would have the effect of including
in it the requirements of the proper administration of justice, in
particular with regard to the production of evidence, would go
beyond the words and the purpose of Article XV, paragraph 3.
Free access to tfie Courts is one thing ;the proper administration
of justice is another. A distinction is traditionally drawn between
the two as is shown, in particular, by the preparatory work of the
1930 Conference for the Codification of International Law (see in
particular the Report of the Sub-Committee of the Committee of

Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law,
League of Nations, C. 196. M. 70. 1927. V, pages 96-100 and 104 ;
Observations of the Hellenic Government on this Report, pages
167-168, and Bases of Discussion Nos. 5 and 6 by the Preparatory
Committee, League of Nations, C. 75. M. 69. 1929. V, Vol. III,
pages 48 and 51).
Finally, it is necessary not to lose sight of the fact that in this
case the Court has to decide, on the basis of the meaning to be
attributed to the free access clause, what is the extent of the obli-
gation to arbitrate arising from the Declaration of 1926. With two
interpretations of Article XV, paragraph 3, before us, we cannot
subscribe to the one which would extend it to the production of
evidence and thereby enlarge the obligation to submit to arbitra-
tion. Itis particularly difficult to accept an interpretative extension
of an obligation of a State to have recourse to arbitration. The
Permanent Court in the Phosphates in Moroccocase stated that a
jurisdictional clause must on no account be interpreted in such a
way as to exceed the intention of the States that subscribed to it.

It went on to Say with regard to the scope to be attributed to an
exception ratione temporis contained in the compulsory jurisdiction
clause invoked before it :
"it is necessary always to bear in mind the will of the State which
only accepted the compulsory junsdiction within specified limits,
and consequently only intended to submit to that jurisdiction disputes having actually arisen from situationsor facts subsequent
to its acceptance".

The free access clause does not do more than provide for free
access and for national treatment as regards conditions, restric-
tions, taxes and the employment of counsel. The complaint, as put
before the Court in this case, does not allege that Mr. Ambatielos
was refused access to the English Courts, or that he was denied
national treatment as regards conditions, restrictions, taxes or the
employment of counsel. The Hellenic Government merely alleges
that the production of evidence was effected in a manner which in
its opinion was defective and detrimental to its national. Art-
icle XV, paragraph 3, is unconnected with this complaint. If any
legal rule has been broken, it is not a rule contained in this Article.
In fact, when the Hellenic Government complains that the
executive or judicial authorities of the United Kingdom have not
acted according to the requirements of the proper administration
of justice, it isalleging a violation of general international law.
Can such a claim be considered to be based on a provision of the
Treaty of 1886 ? At this stage we meet Article X of the Treaty of
1886 which has been invoked by the Hellenic Government. This

Articlecontains a most-favoured-nation clause which, in its opinion,
embodies certain references to the requirements of the proper
administration of justice. But, having regard to its terms, Article
promises most-favoured-nation treatment only in matters of com-
merce and navigation ;it makes no provision concerning the admi-
nistration of justice; in the whole of the Treaty this matter is the
subject of only one provision, of limited scope, namely, ArticleXV,
paragraph 3, concerning free access to the Courts, and that Article
contains no reference to most-favoured-nation treatment. The most-
favoured-nation clause in Article X cannot be extended to matters
other than those in respect of which it has been stipulated. We
do not consider it possible to base the obligation on which the
Court has been asked to adjudicate, on an extensive interpretation
of this clause.

The Hellenic Government has also invoked Articles 1 and XII
of the Treaty of 1886 as a basis for its claim, but these Articles,
like ArticleX, are unconnected with the administration of justice.
They throw no light on the question whether the evidence was
properly or improperly produced in the English Courts. Nor do

they permit an opinion to be formed as regards the complaint of
improper performance of the contract or of unjust enrichment,
even assuming that these complaints fa11to be considered by an
international tribunal. The difference as to the validity of the -4mbatielos ckiïii, in
respect of which the Court has been asked to say whether it should
be referred to arbitration in accordance with the Declaration of
1926, does not, therefore, appear to us to fa11within the provisions
of the Treaty of 1886 which have been invoked. A comparison
between the object of the claim and the provisions of the Treaty
thus leads us to the conclusion that the claim-whether itbe justi-
fied or not-falls outside the scope of the arbitration clause in the
Declaration of1926.

For thex reasons, we consider that the Ambatielos claim does
not fa11within the category of claims in respect of which the United
Kingdom has agreed to arbitration by the Declaration of 1926.
Consequently the United Kingdom, in Our opinion, is not under
an obligatior to submitthis claim to the arbitral procedure provided
for in that Leclaration.

(Signed) Arnold D. MCNAIR.
(Signed) BASDEVANT.
(Signed) Helge KLAESTAD.
(Signed) J. E. -READ.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE SIR ARNOLD McNAIR,
PRÉSIDENT, ET DE MM. BASDEVANT, KLAESTAD

ET READ, JUGES

A notre grand regret, nous ne pouvons nous rallierà l'arrêtde la
Cour. Nous estimons, en conséquence, devoir exposer comment nous
entendons la mission de la Cour en la présente affaire, le sens de la

question posée,la réponse à lui donner, ainsi que les motiàsl'appui
de notre conviction.

Après l'arrêt du I~~juillet 1952 par lequel elle a défini leslimites
de sa compétence en l'affaire Ambatielos, la Cour est appelée à
(cdéciderD, selon les termes dudit arrêt, ccsi le Royaume-Uni est
tenu de soumettre à l'arbitrage, conformément à la déclaration de
1926, le différend relatià la validité de la réclamation Ambatielos,
en tant que cette réclamation est fondéesur le traité de 1886 ».La
Cour doit dire si l'obligation ainsi définie existeà la charge du
Royaume-Uni. Les Parties dans leurs conclusions finales ont claire-
ment admis que tel est l'objet de l'arrêt rendre par la Cour. Après
avoir reconnu'sa compétence sur ce point, la Cour est appelée à
statuer au fond sur le différend concernant l'existence de ladite

obligation. Quant au différend existant entre les mêmesParties au
sujet de la validité de la réclamation Ambatielos, la Cour a déclaré
dans l'arrêt mentionné ci-dessus n'avoir pas compétence pour
statuer sur le fond de ce différend.

Appeléepar la requête du Gouvernement hellénique à décider si
le Royaume-Cni est tenu de soumettre à l'arbitrage, conformément
à la déclaration de 1926, le différend relaàila validité de la récla-
mation Ambatielos, la Cour, ((dont la mission est de régler confor-
mément au droit international les différends qui lui sont soumis»
(article 38, paragraphe 1, du Statut), doit pour cela examiner et
retenir tous les éléments dedroit qu'elle juge pertinents. Aucun
principe de droit ne vient la limiter dans cet examen. Sans doute
n'a-t-elle point compétence pour statuer sur la validité de la récla-
mation Ambatielos ;mais, tant qu'elle s'en tiendraàdire si oui ou
non il existe une obligation de soumettre à l'arbitrage le différend

relatifà la validité de cette réclamation, elle n'aura pas statué sur
cette validité. S'il se trouve quelque point de droit de nature à
=9 DISSENTING OPINION BY SIR ARNOLD IlcNAIR,
PRESIDENT, AND JUDGES BASDEVAPU'T,KLAESTAD
AND READ

To Our great regret we are unable to concur in the Judgment
of the Court. We must therefore indicate the way in which we
understand the task of the Court in the present case, the meaning
of the question submitted to it, the answer which should be ,@\.en,
and the grounds on which we base Ouropinion.

By the Judgment of July ~st,1952, in which the Court defined
the limits ofits iurisdiction in the Ambatielos case, it is now called
upon to "decide", in accordance with the terms of that Judgment,
"whether the United Kingdom is under an obligation to submit to
arbitration, in accordance with the Declaration of 1926, the differ-
ence as to the validity of the Ambatielos claim, in so far as this
claim is based on the Treaty of 1886". The Court must say whether
or not there is an obligation, as so defined, binding upon the United
Kingdom. In their final Submissions the Parties clearly recognized
that this was the object of the Judgment now to be given by the
Court. The Court, having found that it has juriçdiction for this
purpose, is called upon to adjudicate upon the merits of the differ-
ence between the Parties as to the existence or non-existence of

this obligation. As to the difference between the same Parties
with regard to the validity of the Ambatielos claim, the Court has
declared, in the Judgment mentioned above, that it has no juris-
diction to decide upon the merits of that difference.

Having been required by the Application of the Hellenic Govern-
ment to decide whether the United Kingdom is under an obligation
to submit to arbitration, in accordance with the Declaration of
1926, the difference as to the validity of the Ambatielos claim, the
Court, "whose function is to decide in accordance with interna-
tional law such disputes as are submitted to it'' (Article 38, para-
graph 1, of the Statute), must for this purpose examine and take

into account alllegal factors which it deems relevant. There is no
rule of law which limits this examination. The Court indeed lacks
jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the validity of the Ambatielos
claim ;provided, however, that it confines itself to stating whether
or not there exists an obligation to submit the difference as to the
validity of that claim to arbitration, itwill not trench upon the
19influencer la solution de ces deux différendsque l'arrêt du I~~juillet
a nettement distingués, cela ne peut pas constituer un motif valable
pour la Cour de s'abstenir d'examiner ce point de droit et de fixer
sa conviction touchant l'importance de ce point pour déterminer
si l'obligation de recourirà l'arbitrage existe en l'espèce.

La Cour est appelée à dire s'il existe une obligation de constituer

une commission arbitrale qui aurait alors à connaître de la validité
de la réclamation Ambatielos. Une réponseaffirmative à cette ques-
tion ne peut être donnée que si l'existence de ladite obligation
apparaît démontrée à satisfaction de droit. Tant que cela n'a pas
étéfait, il ne nous paraît pas possible de répondre affirmativement
à la question que la Cour a mission de trancher. Il faut donc exami-
ner tous les éléments susceptibles de déterminer la réponse à donner
à cette question. C'est après cet examen et selon les résultats qu'il
apportera que l'on pourra déterminer si une commission d'arbitrage
doit ou non êtreconstituée. C'est bien ainsi que la Cour a vu la
place respective des procédures dans une affaire qui, sauf que la
Cour y était saisie d'une demande d'avis consultatif, offrait de
grandes analogies avec la présente :l'affaire de l'Interprétation des

traitésde paix. La Cour a relevéalors qu'elle avait à émettre un avis
sur l'applicabilitéà certains différendsde la procédure de règlement
par commissions instituée par les traités de paix et non sur le fond
mêmede ces différends. Il en est de mêmedans le cas présent. La
Cour a alors recherché elle-mêmesi les différends dont elle consta-
tait l'existence((étaient de ceux pour lesquels » les traités de paix
avaient.prévu une procédure de règlement. Elle a constaté elle-
mêmeque les différends en cause étaient relatifs à l'exécution ou à
la non-exécution d'obligations prévues dans certains articles des
traités de paix. Elle a fait cette constatation sans estimer qu'elle en
fût empêchée enquoi que ce soit par la compétence des commissions
chargées de statuer sur la validité des prétentions faisant l'objet
des différends. Ces constatations faites,elle en a déduit l'obligation
pour les États en cause de se prêter à la procédure de règlement

prévue par les traités. A notre avis, la Cour a, dans la présente
affaire,à se livrer aux mêmes recherchesen vue de déterminer si les
conditions requises pour l'existence de l'obligation d'arbitrage se
trouvent réunies.

De mêmedans l'avis consultatif relatif à l'Interprétation del'accord
gréco-turcdu xerdécembre1926,la Cour permanente de Justice inter-
nationale, interrogée sur la question de savoir qui avait qualité pour
saisir d'un certain recours le président du tribunal arbitral gréco-
turc, s'est prononcée sur ce point sur la base des dispositionsappli-
cables et sans laisser au président de ce tribunal la chargede l'appré-
cier en déterminant, le moment venu, s'il était valablement saisi.

20question of validity itself. If it be found that thereis any point of
law which is relevant to the solution of both these differences-
which were clearly distinguished by the Judgment of July ~st,
1952-this cannot constitute a valid ground for the Court's refrain-
ing from examining that point and forming an opinion as to its
importance for the purpose of determining whether an obligation
to have recourse to arbitration existsin this case.
The Court is called upon to Say whether or not there exists an
obligation to set up a Commission of Arbitration whose task it
would then be to decide as to the validity of the Ambatielos claim.
An affirmative reply to this question can be given only if the
existence of this obligation can be established on a basis of law.
Unless this can be established, it does not appear to us to be possible
to give an affirmative answer to the question which the Court is
required to decide. It is therefore necessary to examine al1 the
factors susceptible of affecting the answer to be given to this ques-
tion. It is only aftersuch an examination, and in the light of what

may emerge from it, that it will be possible to decide whether a
Commission of Arbitration should be set up. It was in this way
that the Court considered that the respective functions should be
divided in a case-the Interpretation of Peace Treaties-which,
apart from the fact that the Court had there before it a request for
an advisory opinion, had much in common with the present case.
The Court there pointed out that it had to give an opinion on the
applicability to certain disputes of the procedure for settlement by
means of Commissions instituted by the Peace Treaties, and not
on the merits of these disputes. The same is true in the present case.
The Court in that case itself considered the question whether the
disputes which it found to exist "were among those for which"
the Peace Treaties had provided a procedure for settlement. The
Court found that the disputes in question related tothe performance
or non-performance of obligations arising from certain articles of the
Peace Treaties. The Court made this finding without being ham-
pered in any way by the jurisdiction ofthe Commissions chargedwith
the duty of deciding as to the validity of the allegations forming the
subject-matter of the disputes. Having made this finding, it deduced
therefrom an obligation on the States concerned to CO-operate

in the procedure for settlement prescnbed by the Treaties. In
Our opinion, the Court in the present case must make a similar
investigation in order to ascertain whether the conditions necessary
for establishing an obligation to arbitrate are present.
Similarly, in the Advisory Opinion relating to the Interpretation
of the Greco-Turk Agreement ofDecember rst, 1926, the Permanent
Court of International Justice, having been asked who was entitled
to seise the President of the Greco-Turk Arbitral Tribunal of certain
proceedings, gave its opinion on this question on the basis of the
relevant provisions and did not leave it to the President of this
Tribunal to deal with the point by deciding, in due course, whetherEt cependant il s'agissait là de la qualité requise pour saisir un
organe déjà existant. Quand il s'agit, comme dans le cas présent,
de statuer sur l'obligation de concourir à la formation de l'organe
qui serait ultérieurement appelé à décider, les raisons d'apprécier
préalablement sitoutes les conditions requises sont remplies parais-

sent encore plus convaincantes.

L'exercice de la compétence que la Cour s'est reconnue à l'effet
de statuer sur l'existence de l'obligation d'arbitrage n'est limité par
aucun principe de droit. Il ne l'est pas davantage par l'article29
du traité de 1926.Il résulte de celui-ci, selon l'interprétation donnée
par l'arrêt du I~~ juillet 1952, que la Cour est compétente pour
connaître de tout différend portant sur l'interprétation ou applica-

tion de la déclaration de 1926 :c'est là ce qui est en cause quand
on recherche si la clause d'arbitrage inscrite dans la déclaration
trouve application en la présente affaire. Rien dans ledit article, ni
dansla déclaration, ne vient limiter le pouvoir de la Cour de recher-
cher tous élémentspropres à établir sa conviction, en particulier
ne lui prescrit d'abandonner cet examen à un autre organe. Tant
que la Cour se borne à statuer dans le dispositif de son arrêt sur
l'existence de l'obligation d'arbitrage, son pouvoir de rechercher les
motifs déterminant sa décision ne nous paraît pas limité par le fait

qu'une commission arbitrale peut être constituée pour statuer sur
la validité de la réclamation Ambatielos.

Par la déclaration de 1926, le Royaume-Uni a accepté que
soit soumis à arbitrage tout différend avec le Gouvernement

hellénique ccquant à la validité ))de ccréclamations au nom de
personnes privées fondées sur les dispositions du traité commercial
anglo-grec de 1886 ». En demandant si cette disposition est appli-
cable au ((différend relatif à la validité de la réclamation Amba-
tielosD, le dispositif de l'arrêt du I~~ juillet 1952 a ajouté la
précision suivante : « en tant que cette réclamation est fondée
sur le traité de 1886 ))Cela étant, il est nécessaire de considérer
le sens, contesté entre les Parties, de l'expression ((réclamations

....fondées sur les dispositions du traité commercial anglo-grec
de 1886 D, expression qui se trouve dans la déclaration et qu'a
reprise l'arrêt.
Il ne suat pas que le Gouvernement hellénique ait invoqué
une disposition du traité de 1886 pour que la réclamation Amba-
tielos doive être considérée comme ((fondée sur les dispositions
du traité ....de 1886 ))au sens de la déclaration de 1926. Il n'yhe had been properly seised. Yet what was involved in that case
was a question of the capacity necessary for the seising of an autho-

rity which already existed. When, as in the present case, it is a
question of adjudicating upon the obligation to CO-operate in
setting up a body which would be called upon to make a decision
at a later stage, the arguments in favour of a decision in advance
on the question whether al1 the necessary conditions are satisfied
appear to be still more convincing.
There is no rule of law nor anything contained in Article 29
of the Treaty of 1926 which restricts the Court in the exercise of
its jurisdiction to decide upon the existence of the obligation to
arbitrate. It follows from this Article, in accordance with the
interpretation given in the Judgment of July ~st, 1952, that the
Court has jurisdiction to deal with any dispute as to the interpre-
tation or a~~lication of the Declaration of 1a26 : this is the auestion
which ariLeS in ascertaining whether the arbitration c1a;se con-
tained in that Declaration is to be a~~lied in the ~resent case.
Nothing contained in this Article or the ~eclaration imposes
any limitation on the power of the Court to consider any factor
susceptible of affecting its judgment and, in particular, nothing
therein contained directs it to surrender this examination to any
other body. Provided the Court confines itself, in the operative part
of its Judgment, to adjudicating upon the existence of the obligation
to arbitrate, its power to consider the reasons determining its
decision does not appear to us to be limited by the fact that a
Commission of Arbitration may be constituted for the purpose of
deciding as to the validity of the Ambatielos claim.

By the Declaration of 1926, the United Kingdom consented to
the submission to arbitration of any difference with the Hellenic
Government "as to the validity" of "claims on behalf of private
perçons based on the provisions of the Anglo-Greek Commercial
Treaty of 1886". On the question whether this provision is applicable
to the "difference as to the validity of the Ambatielos claim",
the operative part of the Judgment of July ~st, 1952, added the
following words :"in so far as this claim is based on the Treaty
of 1886". This being the case, it is necessary to consider the meaning,
which is in issue between the Parties, of the expression "claims ....
based on the provisions of the Anglo-Greek Commercial Treaty of
1886", an expression which is contained in the Declaration and
repeated in the Judgment.
It isnot enough for the Hellenic Government to invoke a provi-
sion of the Treaty of 1886 for the Ambatielos claim to be con-
sidered as "based on the provisions of the ....Treaty of 18s6" within
the meaning of the Declaration of 1926. There is nothing in the28 AFFAIRE AMBATIELOS (OPINION DISSIDENTE)
a rien dans la délclaration qui autorise l'une ou l'autre Partie
au traité et à la déclaration de 1926 à faire prévaloir son inter-

prétation subjective de cette expression. La déclaration l'énonce
en une forme objective et la Cour, chargée par l'article 29 du
traité d'en donner l'interprétation, doit déterminer d'une manière
objective si la réclamation présentée en invoquant la déclaration
est ou non fondée sur les dispositions du traité de 1886.
La clause d'arbitrage, telle qu'elle est inscrite dans le protocole
de 1886, laissait place au ris ue d'inefficacité dans le cas où, un
État venant à l'invoquer, 1' tat défendeur lui opposait que le
différend existant entre eux était en dehors des prévisions de
cette clause. L'opinion négative de l'État défendeur suffisait alors
à faire échecà l'application pratique de ladite clause. Par l'effet
combiné de la déclaration de 1926 et de I'akticle 29 du traité
de mêmedate, un remède a été apporté à cette insuffisance de
la clause d'arbitrage : ce remède consiste à charger la Cour de
trancher ce différend préalable, ce qui implique que l'opinion qui

l'emportera sera celle que la Cour se fera elle-mêmesur le caractère
du différend et, dans le cas présent, sur le point de savoir si la
réclamation présentée est ou non une réclamation fondée sur les
dispositions du traité de 1886.

Lorsque la Cour permanence ou la présente Cour ont eu à se
demander si un différend rentrait dans le domaine d'application
d'une clause d'arbitrage ou de juridiction obligatoire, ces Cours
ont constamment estimé qu'il y avait lieu, d'une part de déter-
miner à quelles catégories de différends s'appliquait ladite clause,
d'autre part de rechercher si le différend en cause rentrait dans
l'une de ces catégories.
C'est là la conséquence d'un principe de droit international qui
est à la base de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour. Dans l'affaire
de la Carélie orientale,la Cour permanente a invoqué le principe

a bien établi en droit internationalqu'aucun État ne saurait être
obligé de soumettre ses différends avec les autres États soit à la
médiation, soit à l'arbitrage, soit enfinà n'importe quel procédé
de solution pacifique sans son consentement ».Ce principe a été
depuis lors maintes fois appliqué par la Cour permanente, notam-
ment dans les affaires des Concessions Mavrommatisen Palestine,
des Intérêts allemandesn Haute-Silésie polonaise,de l'Usine de
Chorz6w, des Droits des minoritésen Haute-Silésie.Elle en a fait
application avec une attention particulière lorsqu'elle a eu à
déterminer la portCe de l'exception rationetemporisdont se trouvait
assortie une clause de juridiction obligatoire invoquée devant elle
dans l'affaire des Phosphates du Maroc. Ce principe a été aussi
appliqué par la Cour internationale de Justice dans les affaires
du Canal de Corfou, de l'Interprétationdes traitésde paix et de

1'Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.Declaration which authorizes either Party to theTreaty and Decla-

ration of 1926 to impose its own subjective interpretation of this
expression. The Declaration states it objectively, and the Court,
which is empowered by Article 29 of the Treaty to interpret the
expression, must determine in an objective way whether the claim
presented under the Declaration is or is not based on the provisions
of the Treaty of 1886.
The arbitration clause, in the form in which it appeared in the
Protocol of 1886, was open to the risk of becoming ineffectual
in cases where it was invoked by one State and the respondent
State alleged that the difference existing between them lay outside
the scope of the provisions of the clause. The negative view of the
respondent State was then sufficient to prevent the practical
application of the clause.y the combined effect of the Declaration
of 1926 and Article29 of the Treaty of the same date, a remedy was
provided for this defect in the arbitration clause: by thisremedy
the Court is empowered to decide this preliminary difference. The
effect of thisis that the opinion which will prevail will be that
formed by the Court itself as to the character of the difference and,
in the present case, on the question whether the claim which has
been presented is or is not a claim based on the provisions of the
Treaty of 1886.
When the Permanent Court and the present Court have had to
ascertain whether a dispute fell within the scope of an arbitration
clause or a compulsory junsdiction clause,these Courtshave always
considered that it was their duty first to determine the categories
of disputes to which the clause in question was applicable andthen
to enquire whether the dispute in question fell within one of these
categories.
This is the consequence of a principle of international law which

forms the basis of Article 36 of the Statute of the Court. In the
Eastern Cakelia Opinion, the Permanent Court invoked this prin-
ciple, and declared that "It is well established in international
law that no State can, without its consent, be compelled to submit
its disputes with other States either to mediation or to arbitration,
or to any other kind of pacific settlement". This principle was
thereafter applied on a number of occasions by the Permanent
Court, in partlcular in the cases concerning the Mavrommatis
Palestine Concessions, German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia,
the Factory ut Chorzbw, and the Rights of Minorities in Upper
Silesia. That Court applied the principle with particular care when
it had. to decide the scope of an exception ratione temporis con-
tained in a compulsory jurisdiction clause invoked before it in the
Phosphates in Moroccocase. The principle was also applied by the
International Court of Justice in the Corfu Channel case, the
Interpretation of Peace Treaties case and the Anglo-Iranian Oil
Company case. Dans l'application qui a été faite de ce principe en vue de
déterminer si telle clause de juridiction étendait son effet à tel
différend qu'on prétendait lui soumettre à ce titre, la Cour per-
manente ne s'est arrêtéeni à un simple doute résultant d'argu-
à des considérations prima
ments sérieux présentésdevant elle, ni
facie ou de caractère provisoire. Dans l'affaire des Concessions
Mavrommatis en Palestine, elle a invoqué le (fait que sa juri-
diction ....se fonde toujours sur le consentement du défendeur »
et elle a expressément énoncéqu'elle ne croyait pas cpouvoir
se contenter d'une conclusion provisoire sur le point de savoir
si le différend relève des dispositions du Mandat ». Dans l'affaire
de l'Usind ee Chorzjw, après avoir redit que sa juridiction ((est
toujours ùne juridiction limitée, n'existant que dans la mesure
où les États l'ont admise 11elle a ajouté :

((C'est toujours l'existenced'une volontédes Parties de conférer
juridictionà la Cour, qui fait l'objet de l'examen de la question de
savoir s'ily a compétenceou non. Le doute destructif de lacompé-
tence n'entre pas en lignede compte lorsquecette volonté- comme
dans le cas actuel - peut êtreétablied'une mani&requi satisfait
la conviction de la Cour. ))

Avant de déclarer un État tenu de soumettre un différend à
la décision d'un tribunal international, la Cour permanente et
la Cour actuelle ont toujours considéré comme nécessaired'établir,
d'une manière positive et sans s'en tenir à des considérations

prima facie ou de caractère provisoire, que cet État avait en
quelque manière donné son consentement à cette procédure.
Aucune distinction n'a été faite à cet égard suivant qu'il s'agissait
de la juridiction de la Cour ou de celle d'un autre tribunal ou
autorité.
Rien dans la déclaration de 1926 n'indiquant une intention
de tenir pour suffisantes des considérations prima facie, nous
estimons, sur la base du principe ci-dessus rappelé et de l'applica-
tion qui en a étéconstamment faite, que le Royaume-Uni ne
peut être déclaré tenu d'accepter la procédure d'arbitrage par

application de la déclaration de 1926 que s'il est établi d'une
manière qui satisfasse la conviction de la Cour que le différend
relatif à la validité de la réclamation Ambatielos rentre dans la
catégorie de ceux pour lesquels le Royaume-Uni a consenti à
l'arbitrage par la déclaration de 1926.

Il faut donc aller au fond des choses et, sans préjuger la validité

de la réclamation Ambatielos, rechercher quelles sont les réclama-
tions que la déclaration de 1926 a entendu viser et si la réclamation
Ambatielos rentre dans la catégorie de réclamations ainsi déter-
minée.
23 AMBATIELOS CASE (DISSENTING OPINION) 29

In applying this principle for the purpose of deciding whether
a given jurisdictional clause covered a given dispute which it was
alleged could be submitted to it by virtue of the clause in question',
the Permanent Court was not satisfied by a mere doubt resulting
from weighty arguments presented before it, nor by prima facie
considerations or considerations of a provisional character. In
the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessionscase, it invoked "the fact
that its jurisdiction ....is invariably based on the consent of the
respondent", and it expressly stated that it "cannot content
itself with the provisional conclusion that the dispute falls or
not within the terms of the Mandate". In the case concerning the

Factory at Chorzdw,after repeating that its jurisdiction "is always
a limited one, existing only in so far as States have accepted it",
the Court added :
"When consideringwhether it has jurisdiction or not, the Court's
ah is always to ascertain whether an intention on the part of the
Parties exists to confer jurisdiction upon it. The questias to the
existenceof a doubt nullifyingits jurisdiction need not be considered
when, as in the present case, this intention can be demonstrated
in a manner convincing to the Court."

Before declaring a State to be bound to submit a dispute to the
decision of an international tribunal, the Permanent Court and
the present Court have always considered it necessary to establish
positively, and not merely on prima facie or provisional grounds,
that the State in question had in some form given its consent to
this procedure. No distinction in this connection has been drawn
between cases where the jurisdiction of the Court was involved

and cases where that of some other tribunal or authority was in
question.
Since there is nothing in the Declaration of 1926 to indicate an
intention that prima facie considerations should be regarded as
sufficient, its Our opinion, based on the principle referred to above
and the way in which this principle has been invariably applied,
that the United Kingdom can only be held to be under an obli-
gation to accept the arbitral procedure by application of the
Declaration of 1926 if it can be established to the satisfaction of
the Court that the difference as to the validity of the Ambatielos
claim falls within the category of differences in respect of which
the United Kingdom consented to arbitration in the Declaration
of 1926.

It is necessary therefore to examine the matter and, without
prejudging the validity of the Ambatielos claim, to ascertain

what claims the Declaration of 1926 was intended to refer to and
whether the Ambatielos claim falls within the category of claims so
determined. Les réclamations viséespar la déclaration de 1926 sont des récla-
mations ((fondéessur les dispositions du trai1)de 1886 . es termes
doivent êtreentendus dans leur sens naturel et ordinaire, ainsi qu'il

a été dit maintes fois et notamment dans l'avis de la Cour sur la
Compétencede l'Assembléegénérale pour l'admission aux Nations
Unies. Ce sens nous parait être de désigner les réclamations dont
le support juridique se trouve dans les dispositions de ce traité,
c'est-à-dire celles dont la validité doit êtreappréciée lumière de
ces dispositions; il nous paraît exclure les réclamations dont 3e
support doit être cherché ailleurs. Conformément à la méthode
d'interprétation adoptée dans le susdit avis, nous ajouterons que
rien dans la déclaration n'indique que les Parties aient eu l'inten-
tion de donner à ces termes un autre sens.

Une lecture complète de la déclaration confirme que le sens
naturel des termes qui y sont employés correspond au but que les
Parties ont eu en vue. La déclaration commence par une clause
dont l'objet est de maintenir, malgré la caducité du traité de886,
les réclamations au nom de personnes privées fondées sur les dispo-
sitions de ce traité. Cette clause n'a de sens et ne peut avoir d'effet
qu'à l'égardde réclamations fondées en droit sur le traité de1886.
Elle ne peut s'étendre à des réclamations dans lesquelles on invo-
querait ces dispositions sans que celles-ci fussent réellement appli-

cables. Par la nature des choses, cette clause de sauvegarde ne peut
sauvegarder que les réclamations qui trouvent une base de droit
dans le traité de 1886. La clause d'arbitrage qui figure dans la
déclaration de 1926 se réfèreexpressément aux réclamations visées
dans la clause de sauvegarde. Elle ne peut s'étendre à d'autres
réclamations.
Ainsi, et.en raison de la référence expressefaite par la déclaration
au traité de 1886, un diffGrend relatifà une réclamation au nom
d'une personne privée n'est compris dans la clause d'arbitrage de
la déclaration de1926 quesi l'examen de cette réclamation démontre
qu'elle rentre dans le cadre de ce traité.

Pour déterminersi la clause d'arbitrage de la déclaration de26
doit trouver application dans le cas présent, ilfaut rechercher si
le différend en cause rentre dans la catégorie de ceux pour lesquels
l'engagement d'arbitrage a été'pris.

La clause d'arbitrage de la déclaration de26 trace son domaine
d'application en se référant au droit applicable, à savoir aux dis-
positions du traité de1886. C'est là un procédéqui a étéfréquem-
.ment adopté dans la rédaction des clauses d'arbitrage ou de juri-
diction.

24 The claims referred to by the Declaration of 1926 are claims
"based on the proyisions of the Treaty" of 1886.These words should
be construed in their natural and ordinary meaning, as has been
said over and over again and, in particular, in the Advisory Opinion
of the Court on the Cornpetenceof the General Assembly for the
Admission of a State to the United Nations. In Our opinion, the
natural and ordinary meaning of these words is limited to claims
whose legal support is founa in the provisions of the Treaty ; that
is, claims whose validity should be appraised in the light of these
provisions ; the natural and ordinary meaning of the words, in Our
opinion, excludes claims whose support must be sought elsewhere.
In accordance with the method of interpretation adopted by the
Court in the above-mentioned Opinion, we would add that nothing
in the Declaration suggests that the Parties intended to confer any
other meaning on these words.
A reading of the Declaration as a whole confirms the view that
the natural meaning of the words used corresponds to the purpose
which the Parties had in mind. The Declaration begins with a clause
whose purpose is to keep alive, in spite of the lapse of the Treaty
of 1886,claims on behalf of pnvate perçons based on the provisions
of that Treaty. This clause can only have a meaning, and can only

have effect, in respect of claimslegally based on the Treaty of 1886.
It cannot be extended to cover claims in respect of which those
provisions might be invoked without being really applicable. It was
in the nature of things that this saving clause could only safeguard
claims that had a legal basis in the Treaty of 1886. The arbitration
clause in the Declaration of 1926 mentions expressly the claims
referred to in the saving clause. It cannot extend to other claims.

Thus, and by virtue of the express reference made by the Decla-
ration to the Treaty of 1886, a difference concerning a claim on
behalf of a private person comes within the scope of.the arbitration
dause of the Declaration of 1926 only if the examination of the
claim demonstrates that it falls within the framework of the Treaty.

In order to determinewhether the arbitration clause in the Decla-
ration of 1926 should be applied in the present case, we must
ascertain whether the difference under consideration falls within

the category of differences which the Parties have agreed to submit
to arbitration.
The sphere of application of the arbitration clause in the Decla-
ration of 1926 has been defined by reference to the relevant law,
namely, the provisions of the Treaty of 1886.This method has been
frequently adopted in the drafting of arbitral or jurisdictional
clauses.
24 La méthode à suivre doit, en conséquence, consisterà rechercher
si le différend relatifà la validité de la réclamation Ambatielos
tombe sous l'application des dispositions du traité de 1886. Cette
méthode a étédécrite par la Cour permanente dans l'affaire des
Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine dans les termes suivants :

((C'estpourquoi la Cour, en considération du fait que sa juri-
diction est limitée, qu'elle se fonde toujours sur le consentement
du défendeuret ne saurait subsister en dehors deslimites dans les-
queliesce consentement a étédonné,necroitpaspouvoirsecontenter
d'une conclusion provisoire sur le point de savoir si le différend
relèvedes dispositions du Mandat. Elle constatera, avant de statuer
sur le fond, que le différend quilui est soumis, tel qu'il se présente
actuellement et sur la base des faits établis en ce moment, tombe
ment pour ces différendsque le mandataire a accepté lajuridictionule-
de la Cour. »

La mêmeméthode a étésuivie par la Cour permanente dans
l'affaire des Phosphates du Maroc et par la présente Cour dans

son avis consultatif au sujet de l'Interprétation des traités de paix.
Ayant à déterminer si les différends qui lui étaient signalés tom-
baient sous l'application des dispositions des traités de paix
concernant le règlement des différends par commissions, la Cour
a pris en considération l'objet de ces différends. Elle a constaté
que ceux-ci étaient «relatifs à l'exécution ou à la non-exécution
des obligations prévues dans » certains articles de ces traités et
de cette constatation elle a déduit, d'une part, que «ces différends
sont nettement de ceux qui portent sur l'interprétation ou sur
l'ex'écutiondes traités de paix », d'autre part, que les gouverne-
ments en cause étaient tenus d'exécuter les articles de ces traités
concernant le règlement des différends par commissions.

Nous sommes ainsi amenés à rechercher si la réclamation
Ambatielos rentre dans le cadre du traité de 1886. Pour cela il
faut prendre cette réclamation telle qu'elle se présente, sans
rechercher si les faits alléguéssont vrais ou non, et considérer
les dispositions du traité de 1886 que le Gouvernement hellénique
croit pouvoir invoquer.
L'origine de la réclamation se trouve dans un contrat entre
M. Ambatielos et le Ministry of Shipping britannique pour la
vente de neuf navires en construction. M. Ambatielos a soutenu

que ce contrat n'a pas étécorrectement exécuté par le vendeur,
mais cette question d'inobservation du contrat n'a pas à être
décidéepar voie d'arbitrage international. Elle a étéportée devant The method to be followed must therefore be to enquire whether
the dispute asto the validity of the Ambatielos claim falls to be
decided by the application of the provisions of the Treaty of 1886.
This method was described by the Permanent Court in the Mavrom-
matis Palestine Concessionscase as follows :

"For this reason the Court, bearing in mind the fact that its
junsdiction is limited, that it is invariably based on the consent
of the respondent and only exists in so far as this consent has been
the dispute falls or not within the terms of the Mandate. The Court,
before giving judgment on the ments of the case, will satisfy itself
that the suit before it, in the form in which it has been submitted
and on the basis of the factshitherto established, falls to be decided
by application of the clauses of the Mandate. For the Mandatory
has only accepted the Court's junsdiction for such disputes."

The same method was adopted by the Permanent Court in the
Phosphatesin Moroccocase and by the present Court in its Advisory
Opinion concerning the Interpretation of Peace Treaties. Having
to decide whether the disputes under consideration were among
those which were subject to the provisions of the Peace Treaties
for the settlement of disputes by means of Commissions, the Court
examined the subject-matter of the differences. It found that the
disputes related "to the question of the performance or non-
performance of the obligations provided in" certain articles of the

Treaty, and it deduced from this finding that these disputes "are
clearly disputes concerning the interpretation or execution of
the Peace Treaties", and that furthermore the Govemments con-
cerned were bound to carry out the provisions of those articles
in the treaties relating to the settlement of disputes by means of
Commissions.

We therefore have to consider whether the Ambatielos claim
falls within the framework of the Treaty of 1886. In order to do
this, it isecessary to examine the claim as it'has been put fonvard,
without enquiring whether the facts alleged are true or not, and
to consider the provisions of the Treaty of 1886 which the Hellenic
Government has invoked.
The origin of the claim is to be found in a contract between
Mr. Ambatielos and the British Ministry of Shipping for the sale
of nine ships then under construction. Mr. Ambatielos has con-
tended that this contract was not properly carried out by the
seller,blit this question of the breach of the contract is not one
which has to be decided by international arbitration. It was sub-les tribunaux anglais du commun accord des Parties, ainsi qu'il
est énoncédans la note britannique du 29 mai 1933et non contredit
dans la réponse hellénique du 3 août 1933. La Cour d'Amirauté
a rendu une décision défavorable à M. Ambatielos ;celui-ci en
a fait appel devant la Court of Appeal, mais il s'est ensuite désisté

de cet appel.
La présente réclamation, telle qu'elle est énoncéepar le Gou-
vernement hellénique, porte sur la manière dont la justice a été
administrée devant les tribunaux anglais dans le procès entre
M. Ambatielos et le Board of Trade comme successeur du Ministry
of Shipping. Il a étéallégué,au nom du Gouvernement hellénique,
que des fonctionnaires du Board of Trade auraient omis à tort
de soumettre à la Cour d'Amirauté l'ensemble des preuves à
leur disposition et que cette omission a entraîné un dommage
pour JI. Ambatielos. Le Gouvernement hellénique se plaint aussi
du refus par la Court of Appeal d'autoriser M. Ambatielos à
présenter de nouvelles preuves. Le différend existant entre le
Gouvernement hellénique et le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni
concerne donc une réclamation pour mauvaise administration de
la justice, spécialement en matière de production de preuves,
dans un procès jugé par les tribunaux anglais. Il s'agit pour la
Cour de déterminer si le grief ainsi invoqué relève des dispositions

du traité de 1886.Sans se prononcer sur la réalité desfaits invoqués
et en les supposant établis, sans se prononcer davantage sur le
caractère licite ou illicite des faits ainsi relevés, il est possible
de déterminer si ce caractère licite ou illicite relève ou non de
l'application des dispositions du traité de 1886, et de décider, en
conséquence de l'appréciation sur ce point, si la réclamation basée
sur ces faits doit ou non êtredéférée à l'arbitrage en application
de la déclaration de 1926. Une telle décision, portant uniquement
sur l'obligation du recours à l'arbitrage, ne préjugera pas la déci-
sion à intervenir sur la validité de la réclamation Ambatielos,
laquelle n'est pas de la compétence de la Cour.
La réclamation du Gouvemement hellénique contre le Royaume-
Uni, dont l'objet a étéainsi précisé, rentre-t-elle dans le cadre
du traité de 1886 ? Une réponse affirmative est nécessaire pour
que, selon la déclaration de 1926, il en résulte l'obligation de

soumettre ladite réclamation à arbitrage. Les dispositions du
traité de 1886 invoquées par le Gouvemement hellénique doivent
donc être maintenant considérées.
Le Gouvernement hellénique invoque l'article XV, paragraphe 3,
du traité de 1886. Cet article dispose (traduction) :
CLes sujets de chacune des deux Parties contractantes, dans les
domaines et possessions de l'autre, devront avoir libre accès aux
cours de justice pour la poursuite et la défense deleurs droits, sans
autres conditions, restrictions ou taxes que celles imposéesaux
sujets nationaux, et devront, comme eux, avoir toute liberté de
prendre, dans toutes les causes, leurs avocats, avouéset agents
26mitted to English Courts by common accord of the Parties, as is
stated in the Britïsh Sote of 29th May 1933, and not disputed in
the Hellenic answer of 3rd August 1933. The .\dmiralt~- Court
gave judgment against Mr. .\mbatielos, who appealed against
this decision to the Court of Appeal but subsequently abandoned
his appeal.

The present claim, as formulated by the Hellenic Go\-ernment,
relates to the Wrayin which justice \vas administered in the pro-
ceedings in the English Courts between 3lr. Ambatielos and the
Board of Trade as the successor to the blinistry of Shipping. It
has been alleged, on behalf of the Hellenic Go\-ernment, that
officials of the Board of Trade wrongly failed to produce in the
Admiralty Court al1 the evidence available and that this resulted
in damage to Mr. Ambatielos. The Hellenic Government also
complains of the refusa1 by the Court of Appeal of leavc to
3Ir. Ambatielos to adduce new evidence. The difference esisting be-
tween the Hellenic Government and the United Kingdom Govern-
ment is therefore concerned with a claim based on alleged improper
administration of justice, in particular with regardto the produc-
tion of evidence in proceedings in the English Courts. The question
for this Court is to decide whether the matter of complaint thus
relied upon falls within the provisions of the Treaty of 1886.
Without passing upon the truth of the facts relied on, and assuming
them to be established, without moreover passing on the legal or

illegal character ofthese facts, it is possible to determine M hether
this legal or illegal character is or is not dependent on the appli-
cation of the provisions of the Treaty of 1886, and to decide, as
a resuit of the view formed on this point, whether the clairn
based on these facts is or is not one which should be referred
to arbitration in application of the Declaration of 1926. Such a
decision, relating solely to the obligation to resort to arbitration,
wiil not prejudge any decision to be given as to the validity of the
Ambatielos claim, which is not within the jurisdiction of the Court.
Is the claim of the Hellenic Government against the rnited
Kingdom, the object of which has been thus defined, within the
framework of the Treaty of 1886 ?The reply to this question must
be in the affirmative before there can arise an obligation, in accord-
ance with the Declaration of 1926, to submit the claim to arbi-
tration. The provisions of the Treaty of 1886 invoked by the
Hellenic Government must now be considered.
The Hellenic Government invokes Article XV, paragraph 3, of
the Treaty of 1886. This Article provides :

"The subjects of each of the two Contracting Parties in the
dominions and possessions of the other shall have free access to
the Courts of Justice for the prosecution and defenceof their rights,
without other conditions,restrictions, or taxes beyond those imposed
on native subjects, and shall, like them, be at liberty to employ, in
al1 causes, their advocates, attorneys or agents, from among the
36 d'affaires parmi les personnes admises à l'exercicede ces fonctions
par les lois du pays»

Cet article promet le libre accès aux tribunaux ;il n'énonce rien
quant à l'administration des preuves. Par sa nature, la matière de
l'administration des preuves relève de la loi du tribunal saisi (lex
for;). Le traité aurait pu énoncer quelque exigence à ce sujet ;il
ne l'a pas fait. La clause de libre accès, fréquente dans les traités,
et plus encore dans le passé qu'aujourd'hui, a pour but de libérer
son bénéficiairedes entraves qu'une ancienne tradition a fait appor-
ter dans certains pays à la faculté pour les étrangers de s'adresser
aux tribunaux. Son but est, comme elle le dit, d'assurer le libre
accès aux tribunaux : il n'est pas de régler la matière toute diffé-
rente de l'administration des preuves. Une interprétation extensive

de la clause de libre accès qui lui ferait englober les exigences d'une
bonne administration de la justice, spécialement en matière d'admi-
nistration des preuves, dépasserait les termes et le but de l'arti-
cle XV, paragraphe 3. Le libre accèsaux tribunaux est une chose, la
bonne administration de la justice en est une autre. Traditionnelle-
ment on distingue l'un et l'autre, ainsi qu'en font foi notamment
les travaux préparatoires de la Conférencede 1930 pour la codifica-
tion du droit international (voir notamment le rapport du Sous-
Comité du Comité d'Experts pour la codification progressive du
droit international, Sociétédes Nations, C. 196. M. 70. 1927, V,
pages 96 à IOO et 104 ;Observations du Gouvernement hellénique
sur ce rapport, pages 167-168, et Bases de discussion nos 5 et 6
établies par le Comité préparatoire, Société desNations, C. 75.
M. 69. 1929. V, vol. III, pages 48 et 51).

Enfin, il ne faut pas perdre de vue qu'il s'agit en l'espècepour la
Cour de dire, sur la base du sens à reconnaître à la clause de libre
accès, quelle est l'étendue de l'obligation d'arbitrage découlant de
la déclaration de 1926. En face de deux interprétations de l'arti-
cle XV, paragraphe3, nousnesaurions souscrire àcellequi l'étendrait
à la présentation des preuves et qui, par là, élargirait l'obligation
de recourir à l'arbitrage. Il est particulièrement difficile d'admettre
l'extension par voie d'interprétation de l'obligation assumée par un
État de recourir à arbitrage. La Cour permanente, dans l'affaire
des Phosphates du Maroc, a énoncéqu'une clause de juridiction ne
saurait en aucun .cas recevoir une interprétation qui dépasserait
l'expression de la volonté des Etats qui l'ont souscrite. Elle a dit
encore, à propos de la portée à reconnaître à l'exception ratione

temporis dont était assortie la clause de juridiction obligatoire invo-
quéedevant elle :
((...il faut ....garder toujours présente à l'esprit la volonté de
l'État qui, n'ayant accepté !a juridiction obligatoire que dans
certaines limites,n'a entendu y soumettre que les seuls différends persons admitted to the exercise of those professions according to
the laws of the country."

This Article promises free access to the Courts ; it says nothing

with regard to the production of evidence. Questions asto the pro-
duction of evidence are by their nature within the province of the
law of the Court dealing with the case (lex fori). The Treaty could
have laid down certain requirements in this connection, but it did
not do so. The free access clause frequently found in treaties, more
commonly in the past than at the present, has as its purpose the
removal, for its beneficiaries, of the obstructions, which existed in
certain countries as the result of old traditions, to the right of
foreigners to have recourse to the Courts. Its object is, as it states,
to ensure free access to the Courts, not to regulate the different
question of the production of evidence. An extensive interpretation
of the free access clause which would have the effect of including
in it the requirements of the proper administration of justice, in
particular with regard to the production of evidence, would go
beyond the words and the purpose of Article XV, paragraph 3.
Free access to tfie Courts is one thing ;the proper administration
of justice is another. A distinction is traditionally drawn between
the two as is shown, in particular, by the preparatory work of the
1930 Conference for the Codification of International Law (see in
particular the Report of the Sub-Committee of the Committee of

Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law,
League of Nations, C. 196. M. 70. 1927. V, pages 96-100 and 104 ;
Observations of the Hellenic Government on this Report, pages
167-168, and Bases of Discussion Nos. 5 and 6 by the Preparatory
Committee, League of Nations, C. 75. M. 69. 1929. V, Vol. III,
pages 48 and 51).
Finally, it is necessary not to lose sight of the fact that in this
case the Court has to decide, on the basis of the meaning to be
attributed to the free access clause, what is the extent of the obli-
gation to arbitrate arising from the Declaration of 1926. With two
interpretations of Article XV, paragraph 3, before us, we cannot
subscribe to the one which would extend it to the production of
evidence and thereby enlarge the obligation to submit to arbitra-
tion. Itis particularly difficult to accept an interpretative extension
of an obligation of a State to have recourse to arbitration. The
Permanent Court in the Phosphates in Moroccocase stated that a
jurisdictional clause must on no account be interpreted in such a
way as to exceed the intention of the States that subscribed to it.

It went on to Say with regard to the scope to be attributed to an
exception ratione temporis contained in the compulsory jurisdiction
clause invoked before it :
"it is necessary always to bear in mind the will of the State which
only accepted the compulsory junsdiction within specified limits,
and consequently only intended to submit to that jurisdiction qui sont réellementnésde situations ou de faits postérieuàsson
acceptation».

La clause de libre accès ne dépasse pas l'octroi du libre accès
et du traitement national quant aux conditions, restrictionstaxes,
et à l'emploi de conseils. La réclamation, telle qu'elle est présentée

devant la Cour en l'espèce, ne relève pas que l'accèsaux tribunaux
anglais ait étérefusà M. Ambatielos, ni que le traitement national
lui ait étérefusé quant aux conditions, restrictions,taxes ou à
l'emploi de conseils. Le Gouvernement hellénique allègueseulement
que l'administration des preuves s'est effectuée d'une manière, à
son avis, défectueuseet au détriment de son national. L'article XV,
paragraphe 3, est étrangerà ce grief. Si quelque règle de droit a
étéméconnue, cette règlen'est pas inscrite dans cet article.
En réalité,quand le Gouvernement hellénique prétend que les
autorités administratives ou judiciaires du Royaume-Uni n'ont
pas agi d'une manière conforme aux exigences d'une bonne
administration de la justice, il allègue une violation du droit
international commun. Une telle réclamation peut-elle êtreconsi-
dérée comme fondée sur une disposition du traité de 1886 ?
Ici, on rencontre l'articlX du traité de 1886 qui a étéinvoqué
par.le Gouvernement hellénique. Cet article contient la clause
de la nation la plus favorisée et le Gouvernement hellénique en
part pour invoquer certains traités qui, à son avis, contiendraient
certaines référencesaux exigences d'une bonne administration de
la justice. Mais l'articXe dans ses termes ne promet le traitement
de la nation la plus favorisée qu'en matière de' commerce et de
navigation ;il ne dispose rien en ce qui concerne l'administration
de la justice ; cette matière dans l'ensemble du traité ne fait

l'objet que d'une dispositionà portée limitée,celle de l'article XV,
paragraphe 3, concernant le libre accès aux tribunaux, et cet
article ne contient aucune référenceau traitement de la nation
la plus favorisée. La clause de la nation la plus favorisée énoncée
dans l'article X ne saurait être étendue à des matières autres
que celles pour lesquelles elle a étéstipulée. Il ne nous paraît
pas possible de fonder sur une interprétation extensive de cette
clause l'obligation sur l'existence de laquelle il a étédemandé à
la Cour de statuer.
Le Gouvernement hellénique a aussi invoqué les articles 1 et
XII du traité de 1886 comme étant des dispositions sur lesquelles
sa réclamation serait fondée,mais ces articles, comme l'article X,
sont étrangers à.la matière de l'administration de la justice. 1.1s
ne jettent aucune lumière sur la question de savoir si les preuves
ont été bien ou mal administrées devant les tribunaux anglais.
Ils ne permettent pas davantage de se faire une opinion sur le
grief d'exécution défectueusedu contrat ou sur celui d'enrichis-
sement indû - à supposer que ces griefs soient de nature à être
retenus pour examen dans une instance internationale.

28 disputes having actually arisen from situationsor facts subsequent
to its acceptance".

The free access clause does not do more than provide for free
access and for national treatment as regards conditions, restric-
tions, taxes and the employment of counsel. The complaint, as put
before the Court in this case, does not allege that Mr. Ambatielos
was refused access to the English Courts, or that he was denied
national treatment as regards conditions, restrictions, taxes or the
employment of counsel. The Hellenic Government merely alleges
that the production of evidence was effected in a manner which in
its opinion was defective and detrimental to its national. Art-
icle XV, paragraph 3, is unconnected with this complaint. If any
legal rule has been broken, it is not a rule contained in this Article.
In fact, when the Hellenic Government complains that the
executive or judicial authorities of the United Kingdom have not
acted according to the requirements of the proper administration
of justice, it isalleging a violation of general international law.
Can such a claim be considered to be based on a provision of the
Treaty of 1886 ? At this stage we meet Article X of the Treaty of
1886 which has been invoked by the Hellenic Government. This

Articlecontains a most-favoured-nation clause which, in its opinion,
embodies certain references to the requirements of the proper
administration of justice. But, having regard to its terms, Article
promises most-favoured-nation treatment only in matters of com-
merce and navigation ;it makes no provision concerning the admi-
nistration of justice; in the whole of the Treaty this matter is the
subject of only one provision, of limited scope, namely, ArticleXV,
paragraph 3, concerning free access to the Courts, and that Article
contains no reference to most-favoured-nation treatment. The most-
favoured-nation clause in Article X cannot be extended to matters
other than those in respect of which it has been stipulated. We
do not consider it possible to base the obligation on which the
Court has been asked to adjudicate, on an extensive interpretation
of this clause.

The Hellenic Government has also invoked Articles 1 and XII
of the Treaty of 1886 as a basis for its claim, but these Articles,
like ArticleX, are unconnected with the administration of justice.
They throw no light on the question whether the evidence was
properly or improperly produced in the English Courts. Nor do

they permit an opinion to be formed as regards the complaint of
improper performance of the contract or of unjust enrichment,
even assuming that these complaints fa11to be considered by an
international tribunal. Le différend relatifà la validité de la réclamation Ambatielos,
dont il a étédemandé à la Cour de dire s'il doit être déféré à
arbitrage conformément à la déclaration de 1926, ne nous paraît
donc pas relever des dispositions invoquées du traité de 1886.
La comparaison de l'objet. de la réclamation et des dispositions
de ce traité nous conduit ainsi à la conclusion que ladite récla-
mation - qu'elle soit justifiée ou non- se place eil dehors du
domaine d'application de la clause d'arbitrage énoncéedans la
déclaration de 1926.

Sur la base de ces considérations, nous estimons que la récla-
mation Ambatielos ne rentre pas dans la catégorie des récla-
mations pour lesquelles le Royaume-Uni a consenti à l'arbitrage
par la déclaration de 1926. En conséquence, le Royaume Uni

n'est pas tenu, à notre avis, d'accepter que cette réclamation
soit soumise àla procédure arbitrale prévue par ladite déclaration.

(Signé) Arnold D. MCNAIH.
(Signé) BASDEVANT.
(Signé) Helge KLAESTAD.

(Signé) J.E. READ. The difference as to the validity of the -4mbatielos ckiïii, in
respect of which the Court has been asked to say whether it should
be referred to arbitration in accordance with the Declaration of
1926, does not, therefore, appear to us to fa11within the provisions
of the Treaty of 1886 which have been invoked. A comparison
between the object of the claim and the provisions of the Treaty
thus leads us to the conclusion that the claim-whether itbe justi-
fied or not-falls outside the scope of the arbitration clause in the
Declaration of1926.

For thex reasons, we consider that the Ambatielos claim does
not fa11within the category of claims in respect of which the United
Kingdom has agreed to arbitration by the Declaration of 1926.
Consequently the United Kingdom, in Our opinion, is not under
an obligatior to submitthis claim to the arbitral procedure provided
for in that Leclaration.

(Signed) Arnold D. MCNAIR.
(Signed) BASDEVANT.
(Signed) Helge KLAESTAD.
(Signed) J. E. -READ.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion by Sir Arnold McNair, President, and Judges Basdevant, Klaestad and Read

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