Dissenting Opinion of Judge Morelli (translation)

Document Number
046-19621221-JUD-01-08-EN
Parent Document Number
046-19621221-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINIOX OF JUDGE MORELLI

[Translation]
1 voted against the decision upholding the Court's jurisdiction
because 1 am of the opinion that, if a dispute really existed betureen
Ethiopia and Liberia on the one hand and South Africa on the other
with the subject set forth in the Applications, such a dispute would
not be subject to the jurisdiction of the Court. 1think however that,
before taking up the question of jurisdiction, the Court should have
sought to establish whether a dispute existed between the Parties.

I. The third of the preliminary objections submitted by South
Africa sought in fact to deny the existence of a dispute between
that State, on the one hand, and Ethiopia and Liberia on the other.
Reference was made to Article 7 of the Mandate, which postulates
the existence of a "dispute" between the Mandatory and another
Member of the League of Kations; and the assumption \vas made,
for the purposes of this objection, that that article is in force and
capable of being invoked by the Applicant States; which was denied
by the first two preliminary objections.
If the requirement of the existence of a dispute, for the Court
to be able to exercise its function by a decision on the merits,

depended solely upon Article 7 of the Mandate, consideration of the
question of the satisfaction of that condition could only be under-
taken after a finding, or on the assumption, that Article 7 of the
Ilandate is still in force. But the requirement is laid down, in the
first place,by the Statute and the Rules of Court.
2. The Statute indeed states, in Article 38, that the function of
the Court "is to decide in accordance with international law such
disputes as are submitted to it". In other provisions of the Statute
the concept of a dispute is most frequently indicated by the term

"case": for instance, i)zteraliain Article 40, concerning the means
by which "cases" are brought before the Court, and in the first
paragraph of Article 36, which lays down the "cases" comprised in
the jurisdiction of the Court. But it is quite clear from paragraph 2
of Article 36, where, still with reference to the jurisdiction of the
Court, the allusion is to legal "disputes", that the "cases" referred
to in paragraph r rnust consist of disputes. The word "diffkrz~d"
is to be found also in the French text of Article 62.

So far as the Rules are concerned, it is the word "case" tvhich is
generally employed in the provisions of Heading II. But if regard

249 is had to the title given to tnis heading ("Contentious Proceedings")
there can be no doubt that the "cases" there contemplated are
necessarily made up of disputes ;this is in contrast with the functionr
exercised by the Court on the basis of Heading III, which is concern-
ed with Advisory Opinions. Furthermore it is the subject of the
"dispute" which is referred to in Article 32, paragraph 2, of the

Rules.
From the whole bodv of ~rovisions in the Statute and the Rules
it istherefore clear, beiond any possibility of doubt, that, in accord-
ance with the Statute and the Rules themselves, the Court cannot
exercise its function in contentious proceedings, by giving a decision
on the merits, unless a dispute genuinely exists between the parties.
The absence thereof would require to be found by the Court even
propriomotz~. In the present case it is the Respondent State which
has raised the question by denying the existence of a dispute
between itself andthe Applicant States. The fact that the Respondent
raised the point with reference to Article 7 of the Mandate (which
is assumed, for purposes of argument, to be in force) clearly was
no bar to the Court's considering the question of the existence of a
dispute from the point of view of the consequences to be drawn from

a negative finding on that issue on the basis of the Statute and the
Rules: independently, therefore, of the issue whether Article 7 of
the Mandate is at present in force.
This is a question which, strictly speaking, does not relate to
the jurisdiction of the Court :a problem which, indeed, arises prior
to any question of jurisdiction, for the very simple reason that it is
only in relation to a genuinely existing dispute that it is possible
to raise the question whether such a dispute is or is not subject to
the jurisdiction of the Court. It follows that if the Court finds that
no dispute exists between the parties, it wilInot be called on to pass
upon its jurisdiction itself; it must, in that case, confine itself to a
finding that the claim is inadmissible.

3. It must be pointed out that, although, as will be seen hereafter,
a dispute cannot exist vith ho ut certain attitude of the nrill of one,

at least, of the parties, a dispute is a fact capable of being objectively
found. A dispute is one thing; the opinion of one or other of the
parties as to the existence of a dispute is something different. In its
Opinion on the Inter$~~etatinnof Peace Treaties the Court said:
"whether there exists an international dispute is a matter for objec-
tive determination.The mere denial of the existence of a dispute does
not prove its non-existence." (I.C. J. Reports 1950, p. 74.) But it
migllt eqiially be said: the mere assertion of the existence of a dis-
ptite by one of the parties does not prove that such a dispute really
exists.
If no dispute exists it is not possible to set the machinery of the
Court in motion. In accordance with the Statute and the Rules
proceedings before the Court can only be instituted on condition

250 S. W. -4FRIC.CASES (DISSENT OPIN. JUDGE MORELLI) 566
that a dispute really exists; the opinion of one of the parties as to

the existence of a disputeis by no means sufficient.

4. There is one further preliminary observation to be made. The
existence of a dispute must be established with reference to the
time when the Application was filed. This principle \vas recognized
and applied by the Permanent Court in its Judgment in the case
concerning the Electricity Company of Sofia and Bz.ilgaria.In this
Judgment the Court declared that the Belgian Application coiild not
be entertained ["irrecevable"] in so far as concerned part of the
claim, on the ground that the Belgian Government had not proved

that, befovethefiling of theAp$lic[ztion,a disputehad arisen between
the Governments respecting the Bulganan law of 3 February 1936
(P.C.I.J., Series A/B, Xo. 77, p. 53).In this connection the Perma-
nent Court considered the matter from the point of view of the
Treaty of 1931 as well as from the point of view of the declarations
of adherence to the Optional Clause. Thus, by this reference to the
Optional Clause, the Court gave an interpretation, although an
indirect one, of the system of the Statute.

I. South Africa has referred, as have Ethiopia and Liberia, to the
definition of a dispute given by the Permanent Court in its 1924
Judgment in the ~favromnzatis Concessio?zscase. Rut that was no
more than a first attempt at definition. After so many years, it is not,
in my opinion, possible to keep to that definition in disregard of the
thorough analysis to which the concept of an international dispute
has since been subjected by writers.

The definition given by the Permanent Court is as follows:
"A dispute is a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a confiict of
legal views or of interests between two perçons." (P.C.I.J., Series A,

No. 2,p. II.) SinEea disagreement on a point of law and a conflict
of legal views are the same thing, it may be said that, according to
the Permanent Court's definition, a dispute may consist either of a
disagreement on a point of law or fact or of a conflict of interests.

As to a disagreement upon a point of law or fact, it is to be ob-
served that, while such a disagreement may be present and common-
ly (but not necessarily) is present where there is a dispute, the two
things (disagreement and dispute) are not the same. In any event
it is abundantly clear that a disagreement on a point of law or fact,

which may indeed be purely theoretical, is not sufficient for a
dispute to be regarded as existing.
As to a conflict of interests, its quite true that, as will be seen
hereafter, a dispute necessarily bears a certain relationship with a
25 1 conflict of interests (real or supposed). But a confiict of interests is
likewise not-the same thing as a dispute. A conflict of interests can
moreover exist without there being any corresponding dispute. This
case is in no way excepiional; it is, on the contrary, the normal case.
It is sufficient to reflect that international society as a kvholeis the
result of relationships existing between the interests of different
States; interests which are very frequently opposed without its
being necessary on that account to suppose that disputes exist

b~tween the States concerned.
2. In my opinion, a dispute consists, not.of a conflict of interests
as such, but rather in a contrast between the respective attitudes
of the parties in relation to a certain conflict of interests. The oppos-
ing attitudes of the parties, in relation to a given conflict of interests,
may respectively consist of the manifestations of the will by which
each of the parties requires that is own interest be realized. It is the

case of a dispute resulting, on one side, from a claim by one of the
parties and, on the other side, of the contesting of that claim by the
other party. But it rriay alsobe that one of the opposing attitudes of
the parties consists, not of a manifestation of the will, but rather of
a course of conduct by means of which the party pursuing that
course directly achieves its ourn interest. This is the case of a claim
which is followed not by the contesting of the claim but by the
adoption of a course of conduct by the other party inconsistent
with the claim. And this is the case too where there is in the first
place a course of conduct by one of the parties to achieve its own
interest, which the other party meets by a protest.

It follows from what has been said that a manifestation of the will,
at least of one of the parties, consisting in the making of a claim
or of a protest is a necessary element for a dispute to be regarded

as existing. By this manifestation of the will the party in question
asserts the requirement of the realization of an interest of its own.
It asserts, in the case of a claim, the requirement that that interest
be realized by means of a certain course of conduct to be followed,
or, in the case of a protest, the requirement that its interest should
have been realized by a course of conduct on the part of the other
party contrary to the course which was in fact adopted.

3. The concept of a dispute which 1 have just given is not incon-
sistent with what is said in Article 36, parag-raph 2,of the Statute of
the Court.
It appears froni that provision that it is possible to refer to the
Court a question of international law or a question concerning the
existence of a fact. It is, however, beyond doubt that the existence
of a question, although the subject of controversy, on a point of law
or fact is not sufficient to enable that question to be referred to the
Court. For that to be possible, it is necessary that the questionshould be in a certain relationship with a dispute, in the sense that

the settlement of the dispute must depend upon the answer to be
given to that question of law or fact. In other words, where there
is a dispute, it is possible that proceedings should be instituted, not
for the purpose of securing a decision on the dispute as a whole, but
solely to resolve a question of law or fact which will affect the settle-
ment of the dispute.
It is precisely "disputes" to whichreference ismade inparagraph 2
of Article 36. This provision, however, in referring to disputes
,,concerning" ["ayant pour objet"] a question of international law
or the existence of a fact adopts a terrninology which is not the most
appropriate to indicate the relationship which must exist between
the dispute andthe question to be referred to the Court. It would be
entirely correct to speak of a question constituting the subject-mat-

ter [formant l'objet] of proceedings. It is less correct to Say that a
question constitutes the subject of a dispute [l'objetd'an digérend] :
to speak, for instance,as does paragraph 2of Article 36, of a dispute
concerning [ayant pozrr objet] the existence of a fact which, if
established, would constitute a breach of an international obligation.
In the hypothesis envisaged by these words, the subject of the
dispute [l'objetdzrdigévet;d]is the reparation claimed; the existence
of the fact, which might constitute a breach of an international
obligation,is the subject [objet],not ofthe dispute, but of a question
the solution of which is necessary for the settlement of the dispute.

III

I. On the basis of the concept of a dispute which 1 haveindicated,
it becomes necessary to ascertain whether a dispute exists between
South Africa, on the one side, andEthiopiaand Liberia on the other,
or between South Africa and one or other of these two States. Or,
more correctly, it is necessary to ascertain whether a dispute
existed at the time when each of the two Applications was filed.
It is possible to think that in the present case there does exist
one of the constituents of a dispute, which consists in the course of
conduct in fact pursued by South Africa in the exercise of the Man-
date over South West Africa. It therefore becomes necessary to see
whether in addition to that element there was present the other
element making it possible to Say that there does exist a dispute.

That is 'toSay, whether there was present an opposing attitude on
the part of Ethiopia and Liberia or on the part of one or other of
these two States. Such an attitude could consist only in a manifes-
tation of will: either in a prior daim designed to secure a course of
conduct by South Africa different from that in fact pursued; or in a
subsequent protest against that course of conduct.
Since what has to be ascertained is whether a dispute had arisen
before the institution of the present proceedings, it is necessary to
ascertain whether, before the filing of the Applications, there as aclaim or a protest on the part of Ethiopia and Liberia. It follows
that a claim or a protest on the part of those States which it rnight.
be sought to infer from the Applications themselrres or from the
pleadings in the case cannot be taken into account, because they
cannot be regarded asthe constituents of a dispute having thecharac-
ter of a dispute existing prior to the filing of the Applications.

2. It would only be possible to speak of a claim by Ethiopia and
Liberia, as providing a constituent element of a dispute between
those States and South Afnca, if the course of conduct of South
Africa constituting the subject-matter of the claim had been regard-
ed by Ethiopia and Liberia as susceptible of realizing an interest
which was the interest of those States. Similarly, it is only if a
certain course of conduct by South Africa was considered by Ethio-

pia and Liberia as infringing some interest of these latter States
that it would be possible to speak of a prctest by those States sus-
ceptible of giving rise to a dispute between them and South Africa.

The Respondent, in its third Preliminary Objection, denied that
the interests of the Applicants or of their nationals were in issue.
The Respondent referred, in this connection, to the provisions of
the Mandate and in particular to Article 7.

3. So far as interest is concerned, a distinction must be drawn
between certain problems which are entirely different.
A question might arise with regard to the interpretation of the
substantive provisions of the Mandate, for the purpose of ascertain-
ing what are the interests of States Members of the League of Na-
tions which these provisions are designed to protect by confemng
upon those States correspondingsubjectiverights. This is a question
touching the merits of the case: a question which, as such, could
not be examined in the present phase of the proceedings.
A different question, although to some extent connected with the
previous one, is that concerning the interpretation of the clause
contained in Article 7, paragraph 2, of the Mandate. Since this
clause refers to disputes relating to the interpretation or the appli-
cation of the provisions of the Mandate, it might be asked what
interests of a State Member of the League of Kations have to be
affected by,a dispute to make it possible to regard that dispute as
within the terms ofArticle 7 of the Mandate. If the clause is regarded

as a true jurisdictional clause (which in my view is by no means
certain) the question thus stated would be one relating to the juris-
diction of the Court.

But there is yet another question: a question which indeed is
a preliminary one in relation to the question of jurisdiction. It is
necessary to determine, not whether a certain dispute is or is not
subject to the jurisdiction of the Court, but whether any dispute
254vrlhateverexists between the Parties. This question could arise with
reference to Article 7 of the Mandate which, clearly, could not

operate if no dispute existed. But, as has been said, this same ques-
tion must first and foremost arise with reference to the provisions
of the Statute and the Rules of Court. It is necessary to determine
whether it is possible to deny the existence of a dispute between
the Parties,by denying, as South Africa has done, that any interests
of the Xpplicant States or of their nationals are involved.

4. The answer to such a question could not be other than in the
negative.
1have said that a disoute must necessarilv be in a certain relation-
ship with a conflict of interests, because it "isthe result of opposing
attitudes by the parties with regard to a conflict of interests. But
this does not mean that a conflict of interests must genuinely exist
before a dispute can be said to exist. Instead of a genuine conflict
of interests, there could be a conflict of interests existing only in
the subjective representation of one of the parties. This applies not
only to the relationship of conflict between the two interests but
also to the issue of the existence of an interest. Each State is the
judge of its own interest. If a State, believing itself to have a certain
interest, advances a claim designed to secure a particular course of
conduct which it considers appropriate to satisfy its interest, or
makes a protest against a course of conduct by another State which
it regards as infringing its interest, that claim or that protest may

well constitute one of the elements of a dispute, independently of
the real existence of the interest in question.
It is unnecessary for me to Say that, when 1 speak of interest,
1 am using that word in its tnie sense. 1 disregard any protection
which the law may accord to a certain interest by granting a
subjective right or by the means (known to municipal rather than
to international law) of what is referred to as a kgitimate interest.
1 refer solely to an interest as such, that is to Say, what might be
called a material interest, in contrast with a legal or legitimate
interest.

5. From what 1have just said it follows that if, before the filing
of the Applications, there had been, on the part of Ethiopia and
Liberia, a claim or a protest directed against South Africa and re-
lating to an interest regarded by the two former States as being
their interest, the existence of a dispute could not be denied by
contesting the existence of that interest. The attitude of Ethiopia
and Liberia would in this respect be decisive. The reference, by
Ethiopia and Liberia, to an interest regarded by them as being
their interest, might be inferred from the fact that these States
had invoked (as they subsequently did in the proceedings before

the Court) the provisions of the Mandate in order to derive there-
255from a subjective right (ora legitimate interest) which pertained to
them in respect of the exercise of the Mandate. The actual existence
of that subjective right (or legitimate interest) would be of no
importance in respect of the question with which we are at present
concerned. The mere assertion of the subjective right (or of the
legitimate interest) would be decisive because it would imply the
assertion, by Ethiopia and Liberia, of a material interest belonging
to them.

I. In what way arethe Applicants States said, before the filing of
the Applications, to have made known their views concerning the
exercise of the Mandate for South West Africa?
It has been said, in the first place, that both Ethiopia and Liberia
haddirectly participatedin the debates, deliberations and proceedings
of the General Assembly of the United Nations and of the Fourth
Committee of the General Assembly, making clear their position
on the matters in dispute. Moreover, Ethiopia was a member of the
Corrimittee on South West Africa established bythe General Assem-
bly in 1953 to negotiate with South Africa with a view to the im-
plementation of the Court's Advisory Opinion of II July 1950.

Leaving aside the direct participation of the Applicant States in

the activities of theabove United Nations organs, it has been assert-
ed that negotiations with South Africa were conducted, on behalf of
the Applicant States "and other Members of the United Nations",
by the United Nations Ad Hoc Committee on South West Afnca
and by the United Nations Good Offices Committee (and in respect
of Liberia also by the aforementioned Committee on South West
Africaestablished in 1953, of which Liberia itself was not a member).

2. As regards the direct participation of the Applicant States in
the activities of certain United Nations organs, it must be observed
that, by such participation, those States acted solely in their
capacity as members of a collegiate organ of the United Nations.
Acting in that capacity they made statements of intention designed
to be combined with corresponding statements by other members

of the collegiate organ so as to shape the intention of that organ and,
thereby, the intention of the United Nations. Acting in their ca-
pacity as members of a United Nations collegiate organ Ethiopia
and Liberia took up a position from the viewpoint of the Organiza-
tion.Theywere guided not by their individual interest but by what
they considered to be the interest of the Organization. They had in
mind the exercise of an alleged right of the Organization and not
of a right belonging to them individually.

In the Applications it is stated that Ethiopia and Liberia havecontinuously sought to assert and protect their legal interest in the
proper exercise of the Mandate by disputing and protesting the
violation by South Africa of its duties as Mandatory. If, as in the
absence of other information in this connection it seems necessary
to assume, this assertion is intended to refer to statements made by
Ethiopia and Liberia in United Kations organs, it may readily be
observed that the disputations and protestations sought to be
inferred from such statements cannot be considered as the means
for Ethiopia and Liberia of asserting an interest which is their
own interest.
That being so, it is not possible to regard the attitude taken by
Ethiopia and Liberia in United Nations organs as one of the
elements necessary for a dispute to be considered as existing be-
tween those States on the one hand and South Africa on the other.

3. This conclusion is not necessarily linked with the view that
the United Nations must be recognized as having a legal personality
which is distinct from the personality of the Member States.

From the standpoint of such a view (which is the most widelg-
held and one accepted by the Court) a very clear distinction would

have to be made between the activities of the Organization on the
one hand and those of Member States on the other. Contrariwise,
for the doctrine which denies the Organization a legal personality
of its own, the activities of organs of the United Nations would
legally be activities of the Member States. However, that would
have no effect on the answer to the question whether a dispute exists
between South Africa on the one side and Ethiopia and Liberia or1
the other; a question which would still have to be answered in the
negative. In fact, the manner in which the attitude adopted by
Ethiopia and Liberia in United Nations organs would have to be
appraised would in no wise be altered, even if it were approached
from the standpoint of the above-mentioned doctrine. It would still
be an attitude not guided by the individual interest of those States;
it matters little that, on this approach, it is not the interests of
the Organization but rather the collective interests of its States

Jlembers which would have to be regarded as involved.
4. However, still from the standpoint of the doctrine which
denies legal personality to the Organization, there is another aspect
to be considered, and one which does not concern particularly
Ethiopia and Liberia and the other States which took a similar
attitudein United Nations organs, but al1the Member States of the

United Nations, irrespective of their participation inCnited Sations
organs which took an interest in the problem of South West Africa
and irrespective also of their attitude in those organs with regard
to that problem.
It has already been said that from the standpoint of the doctrine
257 S. W. -%FRIC-4CASES (DISSENT. OPIN. JUDGE MOKELLI) 573

which denies legal personality to the Organization, the activities of
United Nations organs must legally be regarded as being activities of
al1 the States Members. Must it be concluded from this that it is
possible to infer from certain resolutions of United Nations organs
an attitude which is that of al1the States Members? An affirmative
answer to this questionmight be regarded as implied in the assertion

of the Applicants recalled above to the effect that certain organs of
the United Nations acted on behalf of the Applicants "and other
Members of the United Nations" (this assertion necessarily pre-
supposing a negative reply to the question of the legal personality
of the Organization). The consequence of such an answer would be
that a dispute would have to be regarded as existing between South
Africa on the one side, and, on the other, al1 the States Members
of the United Nations and not only those which, like Ethiopia and
Liberia, took up a certain position in United Nations organs with
regard to the problem of South West Africa. This is precisely the
result which the Applicants seem to arrive at.

Thus from the standpoint which 1have just described it would be
necessary to have regard not to the statements made by Ethiopia
and Liberia in United Nations organs but rather to the decisions of
those organs, which in law would be attributed to al1 the States
Members of the United Nations and hence to Ethiopia and Liberia
also. However, those decisions, in the same way as the statements
and votes of the States Members of the organ taking them (or, rather,
even more so than such statements or votes),are guided, not by the
individual interest of each State Member of the United Nations, but
rather by the collective interest of al1the States Members as a group.
Consequently, such decisions are not the expression of a position

taken by each State Member of the United Nations considered
individually with regard to the problem of the exercise of the Pifan-
date for South West Africa, and so they are not capable of giving
rise to a dispute between each State Rlember, considered individual-
lv, and South Africa.

I. For the reasons which 1have given, the conclusion must in my

view be reached that there was not a dispute between Ethiopia and
Liberia, on the one side, and South Africa, on the other, at the time
of filing of the Applications. It follows that the claims put forward
in those Applications should be held to be inadmissible.

2. Since 1 have been discussing the inadmissibility of the claims,
1 consider it necessary to add a few words concerning the terms
"admissibility" and "inadmissibility", which, in the use which has
frequently been made of them, have been given different meanings.

258They have sometimes been used to indicate the presence or absence
of jurisdiction (asin the Judgment of the Permanent Court in the
Phosfihates in Morocco case-P.C.I. J., Senes A/B No. 74, p. 29-
which decides in the French text that the Application is net
"recevable",andin the English text that it "cannot be entertained").
Inadmissibility has alsobeen discussed (aswas done by this Court in

the Nottebohmcase-I.C. J. RefiortsI95.5 p,26) even in connection
with the lack of nationality of the claim, which latter question
clearly goestothe merits of the case. 1 need not repeat here that the
Judgment of the Permanent Court in the Electricity Company case
declared that the Belgian Application could not be entertained
["irrecevable"], in so far as concerned part of the claim, precisely
because of the non-existence of a dispute.
It does not appear to me correct to qualify a claim as inadmissible
because of lack of fulfilment of one of the conditions on which the
substantive right of the Applicant depends; the claim, far from
being deemed inadmissible, is then judged as toits merits and dis-
rnissed by a decision which is indeed a decision on the merits. Ad-
missibility can relate only to conditions lack of fulfilment of which
prevents a decision on the merits. Within these limits, however, it
is quite possible to give the term a very wide meaning so as to refer
to al1the conditions having that character, including junsdiction.
The question of terminology is of only secondary importance.
It will be sufficient to observe that if the term is used in the very
wide sense to. which 1 have just referred, it must be recognized at
the outset that among the conditions for admissibility there are
others than those relating to jurisdiction. But what is above al1
of interest here is the fact that among these latter conditions there

are some which must be considered before the question of jurisdic-
tion is considered. One of these, for example, is the condition of
validity of the application, because a Court which is not validly
seized cannot adjudicate even on its jurisdiction. Another such is
the condition of the existence of a dispute, since it is only with
relation to a genuinely existing dispute that it is possible to decide
whether such a dispute is subject or not to the jurisdiction of the
Court to which it has been referred.
(Signed) Gaetano MORELLI.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. MORELLI

J'ai voté contre la décision affirmant la juridiction de la Cour,

parce que je suis d'avis que s'il existait réellement entre 1'Ethiopie
et le Libéria, d'une part, et l'Afrique du Sud, de l'autre, un différend
ayant l'objet indiqué dans les requêtes, ce différend ne serait pas
soumis à la juridiction de la Cour. Je pense toutefois qu'avant
d'aborder la question de la juridiction, la Cour aurait dû rechercher
si un différendexistait entre les Parties.

1. La troisième des exceptions préliminaires présentées par
l'Afrique dy Sud visait précisément à nier l'existence d'un différend

entre cet Etat, d'une part, et 1'Ethiopie et le Libéria, de l'autre.
On se référaitàl'article 7 du Mandat, qui vise justement l'hypothèse
d'un ((différend » entre le mandataire et un autre Membre de la
Société desNations; et l'on supposait, aux fins de l'exception dont
il s'agit, que cet article est en vigueur et susceptible d'êtrein-
voquépar les Etats demandeurs; ce qui était,au contraire, contesté
par les deux premières exceptions préliminaires.

Si la nécessitéde l'existence d'un différend, pour que la Cour
puisse exercer sa fonction par une décisionsur le fond, dépendait
uniquement de l'article 7 du Mandat, l'examen d'une telle condition
ne pouvait êtreabordé qu'après avoir constaté, ou bien en suppo-
sant, que l'article 7 du Mandat est actuellement en vigueur. Mais
ladite exigence est posée, enpremier lieu, par le Statut et le Règle-
ment de la Cocr.

2. Le Statut, en effet, déclare,à l'article 38, que la mission de la
Cour «est de réglerconformément au droit international les diffé-
rends qui lui sont soumis ».Dans les autres dispositions du Statut
la notion de différend est le plus souvent indiquée par le terme
((affaire»: par exemple, entre autres, à l'article 40, concernant les

moyens par lesquels les « affaires))sont portées devant la Cour,
et au paragraphe de l'article 36, qui détermine les ((affaires))
auxquelles s'étend la compétence de la Cour. Mais il résulte très
clairement du paragraphe 2 du mêmearticle 36, où l'on parle,
toujours à propos de la juridiction de la Cour, de ccdifférends 1)
d'ordre juridique, que les «affaires » dont il est parlé au para-
graphe I doivent être des différends. Le terme (différend » se

trouve aussi dans le texte franqais de l'article 62.
Quant au Règlement, c'est l'expression ((affaire 1) qui est, en
général,employéeaux dispositions du titre II. Mais si l'on a égard

249 DISSENTING OPINIOX OF JUDGE MORELLI

[Translation]
1 voted against the decision upholding the Court's jurisdiction
because 1 am of the opinion that, if a dispute really existed betureen
Ethiopia and Liberia on the one hand and South Africa on the other
with the subject set forth in the Applications, such a dispute would
not be subject to the jurisdiction of the Court. 1think however that,
before taking up the question of jurisdiction, the Court should have
sought to establish whether a dispute existed between the Parties.

I. The third of the preliminary objections submitted by South
Africa sought in fact to deny the existence of a dispute between
that State, on the one hand, and Ethiopia and Liberia on the other.
Reference was made to Article 7 of the Mandate, which postulates
the existence of a "dispute" between the Mandatory and another
Member of the League of Kations; and the assumption \vas made,
for the purposes of this objection, that that article is in force and
capable of being invoked by the Applicant States; which was denied
by the first two preliminary objections.
If the requirement of the existence of a dispute, for the Court
to be able to exercise its function by a decision on the merits,

depended solely upon Article 7 of the Mandate, consideration of the
question of the satisfaction of that condition could only be under-
taken after a finding, or on the assumption, that Article 7 of the
Ilandate is still in force. But the requirement is laid down, in the
first place,by the Statute and the Rules of Court.
2. The Statute indeed states, in Article 38, that the function of
the Court "is to decide in accordance with international law such
disputes as are submitted to it". In other provisions of the Statute
the concept of a dispute is most frequently indicated by the term

"case": for instance, i)zteraliain Article 40, concerning the means
by which "cases" are brought before the Court, and in the first
paragraph of Article 36, which lays down the "cases" comprised in
the jurisdiction of the Court. But it is quite clear from paragraph 2
of Article 36, where, still with reference to the jurisdiction of the
Court, the allusion is to legal "disputes", that the "cases" referred
to in paragraph r rnust consist of disputes. The word "diffkrz~d"
is to be found also in the French text of Article 62.

So far as the Rules are concerned, it is the word "case" tvhich is
generally employed in the provisions of Heading II. But if regard

249 AFF. SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (OPIN. DISS. M. MOKELLI~
565
à la façon dont ce titre est intitulé((Procédure en matière conteil-
tieuse »),on ne peut douter que les (affaires» qui y sont envisagées
sont nécessairement constituées par des différends; cela par op-
position à la fonction exercéepar la Cour sur la base du titre III,
concernant les avis consultatifs. D'ailleurs c'est d'objet du ((difié-

rend ))que l'on parle à l'article 32, paragraphe 2, du Règlement.

l& l'ensemble des dispositions du Statut et du Règlement il
résulte donc, sans aucune possibilité de doute, que, justement
d'après le Statut et le Règlement, la Cour ne peut exercer sa fonction
en matière contentieuse, par une décision sur le fond, qu'à la
condition qu'il existe réellement un différend entre les parties.
L'absence d'une telle condition devrait êtredéclaréepar la Cour,
mêmed'office. Dans le cas d'espèce c'est 1'Etat défendeur qui a

soulevé la -question, en contestant l'existence d'un différend entre
lui et les Etats demandeurs. Le fait que le défendeur s'est référé
à l'article 7 du Mandat (supposé, par hypothèse, en vigueur)
n'empêchait évidemment pas la Cour de considérer le problème
de l'existence du différend pour les conséquences à tirer de la
solution négative d'un tel problème sur la base du Statut et du
Règlement: indépendamment donc de la question de savoir si
l'article7 du Mandat est actuellement en vigueur.

Il s'agit là d'un problème qui, à proprement parler, ne concerne
pas la juridiction de la Cour: d'un problème qui, au contraire, est
préalable à toute question de juridiction, pour la raison très simple
que c'est uniquement par rapport à un différend réellementexistant
qu'il est possible de poser la question de savoir si un tel différend
est ou non soumis à la juridiction de la Cour. Par conséquent, si la
Cour constate qu'un différend n'existe pas entre les parties, elle
n'a pas à se prononcer sur sa propre juridiction; elle doit, au con-
traire, se borner à déclarerla demande irrecevable.

3. Il faut faire remarquer que, bien que, comme on le verra par
la suite, un différend ne peut exister sans une certaine attitude de
la volonté d'une au moins des parties, le différend est un fait sus-
ceptible d'être objectivemerit constaté. Le différend est une chose;
autre chose est l'opinion de l'une ou de l'autre des parties quant à
l'existence du différend.Dans son avis sur l'Interprétation des traités
de paix, la Cour a déclaré: (L'existence d'un différendinternational
demande à êtreétablie objectivement. Le simple fait que l'existence
d'un différendest contestée ne prouve pas que ce différendn'existe

pas. » (C. I. J. Recuei l950 ,. 73.) Mais on peut dire aussi, réci-
proquement: le simple fait que l'une des parties affirme l'existence
d'un différendne prouve pas que ce différendexiste réellement.
Or, si un différend n'existe pas, il n'y a aucune possibilité de
provoquer l'activité de la Cour. D'après le Statut et le Règlement,
la procédure devant la Cour ne peut êtreintroduite qu'à la condi- is had to the title given to tnis heading ("Contentious Proceedings")
there can be no doubt that the "cases" there contemplated are
necessarily made up of disputes ;this is in contrast with the functionr
exercised by the Court on the basis of Heading III, which is concern-
ed with Advisory Opinions. Furthermore it is the subject of the
"dispute" which is referred to in Article 32, paragraph 2, of the

Rules.
From the whole bodv of ~rovisions in the Statute and the Rules
it istherefore clear, beiond any possibility of doubt, that, in accord-
ance with the Statute and the Rules themselves, the Court cannot
exercise its function in contentious proceedings, by giving a decision
on the merits, unless a dispute genuinely exists between the parties.
The absence thereof would require to be found by the Court even
propriomotz~. In the present case it is the Respondent State which
has raised the question by denying the existence of a dispute
between itself andthe Applicant States. The fact that the Respondent
raised the point with reference to Article 7 of the Mandate (which
is assumed, for purposes of argument, to be in force) clearly was
no bar to the Court's considering the question of the existence of a
dispute from the point of view of the consequences to be drawn from

a negative finding on that issue on the basis of the Statute and the
Rules: independently, therefore, of the issue whether Article 7 of
the Mandate is at present in force.
This is a question which, strictly speaking, does not relate to
the jurisdiction of the Court :a problem which, indeed, arises prior
to any question of jurisdiction, for the very simple reason that it is
only in relation to a genuinely existing dispute that it is possible
to raise the question whether such a dispute is or is not subject to
the jurisdiction of the Court. It follows that if the Court finds that
no dispute exists between the parties, it wilInot be called on to pass
upon its jurisdiction itself; it must, in that case, confine itself to a
finding that the claim is inadmissible.

3. It must be pointed out that, although, as will be seen hereafter,
a dispute cannot exist vith ho ut certain attitude of the nrill of one,

at least, of the parties, a dispute is a fact capable of being objectively
found. A dispute is one thing; the opinion of one or other of the
parties as to the existence of a dispute is something different. In its
Opinion on the Inter$~~etatinnof Peace Treaties the Court said:
"whether there exists an international dispute is a matter for objec-
tive determination.The mere denial of the existence of a dispute does
not prove its non-existence." (I.C. J. Reports 1950, p. 74.) But it
migllt eqiially be said: the mere assertion of the existence of a dis-
ptite by one of the parties does not prove that such a dispute really
exists.
If no dispute exists it is not possible to set the machinery of the
Court in motion. In accordance with the Statute and the Rules
proceedings before the Court can only be instituted on condition

250 tion qu'un différendexiste réellement; l'opinion de l'une des parties
sur l'existence d'un différendne suffit pas du tout.

4. Il y a encore une autre remarque préliminaire à faire. L'exis-
tence d'un différend doit êtreétablie par rapport au moment où
la requêteest introduite. Ce principe a étéreconnu et appliqué par
la Cour permanente dans son arrêtrelatif à l'affaire de la Comfiagnie
d'électricité dSeofia et de Bulgarie. Par cet arrêtla Cour a déclaré
la requête belge irrecevable, pour une partie de ses demandes, en
raison du fait que le Gouvernement belge n'avait pas établi que,

dèsavant le dépôtde la requêteu ,n différend s'était élevéentre les
gouvernements relativement à la loi bulgare du 3 février 1936
(C.P.J. I., sérieAIE, no 77, p. 83). A ce propos, la Cour permanente
s'est placéeau point de vue du traité de 1931 aussi bien qu'aupoint
de vue des déclarations d'adhésion à la clause facultative. Ainsi,
en se référant à la clause facultative, la Cour a donné une inter-
prétation, bien qu'indirecte, du système du Statut.

I. L'Afrique du Sud aussi bien que l'Éthiopie et le Libéria se

sont référés à la définitionde différend donnéepar la Cour perma-
nente dans son arrêt de 1924 relatif à l'affaire des Co~tcessions
AVavroiiz~irntiMs.ais il ne s'agit là que d'une première tentative de
définition. Après tant d'années, il n'est pas possible, à mon avis,
de s'en tenir à une telle définition en négligeant l'analyse approfon-
die à laquelle, par la suite, la notion de différendinternational a été
soumise par la doctrine.
La définition donnéepar la Cour permanente est la suivante:
((Un différend est un désaccordsur un point de droit ou de fait,
une contradiction, une opposition de thèses juridiques ou d'intérêts
entre deux personnes. 1)(C.P. J. I., série A, no 2, p. II.) Etant
donné qu'un désaccord sur un point de droit et une opposition de

thèses juridiques sont la même chose, onpeut dire que, d'après la
définition donnéepar la Cour permanente, un différend peut consis-
ter soit dans un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait soit
dans une contradiction ou opposition d'intérêts.
Pour ce qui est du désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait, il
faut faire remarquer que, si un tel désaccordpeut accompagner et
accompagne normalement (mais non pas nécessairement) ledifférend,
il ne s'identifie pas avec lui. En tout cas, il est toutà fait évident
qu'un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait, désaccord qui
pourrait êtremêmepurement théorique, ne suffit pas pour qu'on
puisse considérer qu'il existe un différend.
Quant à l'opposition d'intérêts,il est bien vrai que, comme on le

verra par la suite, un différend se trouve nécessairement dans un
25 1 S. W. -4FRIC.CASES (DISSENT OPIN. JUDGE MORELLI) 566
that a dispute really exists; the opinion of one of the parties as to

the existence of a disputeis by no means sufficient.

4. There is one further preliminary observation to be made. The
existence of a dispute must be established with reference to the
time when the Application was filed. This principle \vas recognized
and applied by the Permanent Court in its Judgment in the case
concerning the Electricity Company of Sofia and Bz.ilgaria.In this
Judgment the Court declared that the Belgian Application coiild not
be entertained ["irrecevable"] in so far as concerned part of the
claim, on the ground that the Belgian Government had not proved

that, befovethefiling of theAp$lic[ztion,a disputehad arisen between
the Governments respecting the Bulganan law of 3 February 1936
(P.C.I.J., Series A/B, Xo. 77, p. 53).In this connection the Perma-
nent Court considered the matter from the point of view of the
Treaty of 1931 as well as from the point of view of the declarations
of adherence to the Optional Clause. Thus, by this reference to the
Optional Clause, the Court gave an interpretation, although an
indirect one, of the system of the Statute.

I. South Africa has referred, as have Ethiopia and Liberia, to the
definition of a dispute given by the Permanent Court in its 1924
Judgment in the ~favromnzatis Concessio?zscase. Rut that was no
more than a first attempt at definition. After so many years, it is not,
in my opinion, possible to keep to that definition in disregard of the
thorough analysis to which the concept of an international dispute
has since been subjected by writers.

The definition given by the Permanent Court is as follows:
"A dispute is a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a confiict of
legal views or of interests between two perçons." (P.C.I.J., Series A,

No. 2,p. II.) SinEea disagreement on a point of law and a conflict
of legal views are the same thing, it may be said that, according to
the Permanent Court's definition, a dispute may consist either of a
disagreement on a point of law or fact or of a conflict of interests.

As to a disagreement upon a point of law or fact, it is to be ob-
served that, while such a disagreement may be present and common-
ly (but not necessarily) is present where there is a dispute, the two
things (disagreement and dispute) are not the same. In any event
it is abundantly clear that a disagreement on a point of law or fact,

which may indeed be purely theoretical, is not sufficient for a
dispute to be regarded as existing.
As to a conflict of interests, its quite true that, as will be seen
hereafter, a dispute necessarily bears a certain relationship with a
25 1certain rapport avec un conflit d'intérêts(réelou supposé). Mais
le conflit d'intérêtsnon plus ne s'identifie pas avec le différend.
En outre, un conflit d'intérêts peutbien exister sans qu'il y ait
un différendcorrespondant. Cette hypothèse n'a rien d'exception-
nel; c'est, au contraire, l'hypothèse normale. Il suffit de penser
que toute la sociétéinternationale résulte des rapports existant
entre les intérêtsdes différentsEtats; intérêts quisont très souvent
en opposition entre eux sans que l'on doive songer, poiir cela,

à l'existence de litiges entre les Etats intéressés.
2. A mon avis, un différend consiste, non pas dans un conflit
d'intérétsen tant que tel, mais plutôt dans un contraste entre les
attitudes respectives des parties par rapport à un certain conflit
d'intérêts.Les attitudes opposées des parties, par rapport à un
conflit d'intérêtsdonné, peuvent consister, l'une et l'autre, dans

des manifestations de volonté par lesquelles chacune des parties
exige que son propre intérêtsoit réalisé.C'est le cas d'un différend
résultant, d'un côté, de la prétention de l'une des parties et, de
l'autre, de la contestation, par l'autre partie, d'une telle préten-
tion. Mais il se peut aussi que l'une des attitudes opposées des
parties consiste, non pas dans une manifestation de volonté,
mais plutôt dans une conduite, par laquelle la partie, qui adopte
une telle conduite, réalise directement son propre intérêt.C'est
le cas d'une prétention suivie, non pas de la contestation d'une
telle prétention, mais d'une conduite de l'autre partie contraire
à la mêmeprétention. Et c'est le cas ailssi où il y a, en premier
lieu, une conduite de l'une des parties réalisant l'intérêtde celle-ci:
conduite à laquelle l'autre partie oppose sa protestation.

Il résulte de ce qu'on vient de dire que la manifestation de
volonté, au moins de l'une des parties, manifestation de volonté
consistant dans une prétention ou bien dansune protestation, consti-
tue un élément nécessairp eour qu'on puisseconsidérerqu'il existeun
différend.Par cette manifestationdevolonté, lapartie qui l'accomplit
affirme l'exigence de la réalisation d'un intérêt quilui est propre.
Elle affirme, dans le cas de la prétention, l'exigence qu'un tel
intérêtsoit réalisémoyennant une certaine conduite à suivre,
ou bien, dans le cas de la protestation, l'exigence que son intérêt
aurait dû êtreréalisépar une conduite de l'autre partie contraire à
celle qui a étésuivie en fait.

3. La notion de différend que je viens de donner n'est pas con-
tredite par ce qui est dità l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut de
la Cour.
Il résulte de cette disposition qu'il est possible de soumettre à
la Cour un point de droit international ou bien la question concer-
nant la réalitéd'un fait.Il est toutefois hors de doute que l'existence
d'une question, bien que controversée, sur un point de droit ou

de fait ne suffit pas pour qu'une telle question soit soumise à la
Cour. Il est nécessaire, pour cela, que la question dont il s'agit
252 conflict of interests (real or supposed). But a confiict of interests is
likewise not-the same thing as a dispute. A conflict of interests can
moreover exist without there being any corresponding dispute. This
case is in no way excepiional; it is, on the contrary, the normal case.
It is sufficient to reflect that international society as a kvholeis the
result of relationships existing between the interests of different
States; interests which are very frequently opposed without its
being necessary on that account to suppose that disputes exist

b~tween the States concerned.
2. In my opinion, a dispute consists, not.of a conflict of interests
as such, but rather in a contrast between the respective attitudes
of the parties in relation to a certain conflict of interests. The oppos-
ing attitudes of the parties, in relation to a given conflict of interests,
may respectively consist of the manifestations of the will by which
each of the parties requires that is own interest be realized. It is the

case of a dispute resulting, on one side, from a claim by one of the
parties and, on the other side, of the contesting of that claim by the
other party. But it rriay alsobe that one of the opposing attitudes of
the parties consists, not of a manifestation of the will, but rather of
a course of conduct by means of which the party pursuing that
course directly achieves its ourn interest. This is the case of a claim
which is followed not by the contesting of the claim but by the
adoption of a course of conduct by the other party inconsistent
with the claim. And this is the case too where there is in the first
place a course of conduct by one of the parties to achieve its own
interest, which the other party meets by a protest.

It follows from what has been said that a manifestation of the will,
at least of one of the parties, consisting in the making of a claim
or of a protest is a necessary element for a dispute to be regarded

as existing. By this manifestation of the will the party in question
asserts the requirement of the realization of an interest of its own.
It asserts, in the case of a claim, the requirement that that interest
be realized by means of a certain course of conduct to be followed,
or, in the case of a protest, the requirement that its interest should
have been realized by a course of conduct on the part of the other
party contrary to the course which was in fact adopted.

3. The concept of a dispute which 1 have just given is not incon-
sistent with what is said in Article 36, parag-raph 2,of the Statute of
the Court.
It appears froni that provision that it is possible to refer to the
Court a question of international law or a question concerning the
existence of a fact. It is, however, beyond doubt that the existence
of a question, although the subject of controversy, on a point of law
or fact is not sufficient to enable that question to be referred to the
Court. For that to be possible, it is necessary that the question568 4FF. SUD-OUEST AFRICAIX (OPIN.DISS. W. MOREI~LI)
se trouve dans un certain rapport avec un différend, dans le sens

que la solution d'un différend dépend de la réponse à donner à
ladite question de droit ou de fait. En d'autres termes, étant donné
un différend, il est possible qu'un procès soit introduit, non pas
pour trancher le différend dans son ensemble, mais uniquement
pour résoudre une question de droit ou de fait ayant influence sur
le rèelement du différend.
CJ;~ justement de (différends 1)que l'on parle au paragraphe 2
de l'article 36. Toutefois, cette disposition, en parlant de différends
((ayant pour objet » un point de droit international ou bien la

réalitéd'un fait, emploie une formule qui n'est pas la plus appropriée
pour indiquer le rapport qui doit exister entre le différend et la
question à soumettre à la Cour. Il serait tout à fait exact de parler
d'une question formant l'objet d'un procès. Il est moins correct
de dire qu'une question forme l'objet d'un différend: de parler, par
exemple, comme le fait le paragraphe 2 de l'article 36, d'un différend
ayant pour objet la réalitéd'un fait qui, s'il était établi, constitue-
rait la violation d'un engagement international. Dans l'hypothèse
viséepar cette formule, I'objet du différend consiste dans la répara-

tion prétendue; la réalitédu fait, constituant éventuellement la
violation d'un engagement international, forme l'objet, non pas
du différend, mais d'une question dont la solution est nécessaire
pour le règlement de celui-ci.

I. Sur la base de la notion de différendque j'ai donnée, il s'agit

de voir si un différend existe entre l'Afrique du Sud, d'un côté,
et 1'Ethiopie et le Libéria, de l'autre, ou bien entre l'Afrique du
Sud et l'un ou l'autre de ces deux États. Il s'agit, plus précisément,
de voir si un différend existait au moment où chacune des deux
requêtes a étéintroduite.
Il est bien possible de penser qu'il existe, dans l'espèce,l'un des
éléments constitutifs du différend, élémentconsistant dans la
conduite suivie en fait par l'Afrique du Sud dans l'exercice du
Mandat sur le Sud-Ouest africain. Il faut donc voir si cet élément

s'est combinéavec l'autre élément nécessaire pour qu'un différend
puisse êtreconsidéré com ne existant, c'est-à-dire avec une attitude
opposéede la part de 1'Etliiopie et dp Libéria ou bien de la part
de l'un ou de l'autre de ces deux Etats. Cne telle attitude ne
pourrait consister que dans une manifestation de volonté: soit
dans une prétention préalable ayant pour objet une conduite de
l'Afrique du Sud contraire à celle suivie en fait; soit dans une
prqtestation subséquente contre une telle conduite.
Etant donné qu'il s'agit de voir si un différends'était élevé dès

avant que la procédure actuelle ait étéintroduite, il faut rechercher
si, avant le dépôt des requêtes,il y a eu une prétention ou uneshould be in a certain relationship with a dispute, in the sense that

the settlement of the dispute must depend upon the answer to be
given to that question of law or fact. In other words, where there
is a dispute, it is possible that proceedings should be instituted, not
for the purpose of securing a decision on the dispute as a whole, but
solely to resolve a question of law or fact which will affect the settle-
ment of the dispute.
It is precisely "disputes" to whichreference ismade inparagraph 2
of Article 36. This provision, however, in referring to disputes
,,concerning" ["ayant pour objet"] a question of international law
or the existence of a fact adopts a terrninology which is not the most
appropriate to indicate the relationship which must exist between
the dispute andthe question to be referred to the Court. It would be
entirely correct to speak of a question constituting the subject-mat-

ter [formant l'objet] of proceedings. It is less correct to Say that a
question constitutes the subject of a dispute [l'objetd'an digérend] :
to speak, for instance,as does paragraph 2of Article 36, of a dispute
concerning [ayant pozrr objet] the existence of a fact which, if
established, would constitute a breach of an international obligation.
In the hypothesis envisaged by these words, the subject of the
dispute [l'objetdzrdigévet;d]is the reparation claimed; the existence
of the fact, which might constitute a breach of an international
obligation,is the subject [objet],not ofthe dispute, but of a question
the solution of which is necessary for the settlement of the dispute.

III

I. On the basis of the concept of a dispute which 1 haveindicated,
it becomes necessary to ascertain whether a dispute exists between
South Africa, on the one side, andEthiopiaand Liberia on the other,
or between South Africa and one or other of these two States. Or,
more correctly, it is necessary to ascertain whether a dispute
existed at the time when each of the two Applications was filed.
It is possible to think that in the present case there does exist
one of the constituents of a dispute, which consists in the course of
conduct in fact pursued by South Africa in the exercise of the Man-
date over South West Africa. It therefore becomes necessary to see
whether in addition to that element there was present the other
element making it possible to Say that there does exist a dispute.

That is 'toSay, whether there was present an opposing attitude on
the part of Ethiopia and Liberia or on the part of one or other of
these two States. Such an attitude could consist only in a manifes-
tation of will: either in a prior daim designed to secure a course of
conduct by South Africa different from that in fact pursued; or in a
subsequent protest against that course of conduct.
Since what has to be ascertained is whether a dispute had arisen
before the institution of the present proceedings, it is necessary to
ascertain whether, before the filing of the Applications, there as a AFF. SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (OPIN. DISS. M. MORELLI)
569
protestation de la part de l'Éthiopie et du Libéria.Par conséquent,
une prétention ou une protestation, de la part de ces États, ciue
l'on voudrait déduire des requêteselles-mêmes,ou bien des autres
pièces de la procédure, n'entreraient pas en ligne de compte,
parce qu'elles ne pourraient êtreregardées comme des éléments
constitutifs d'un différendayant le caractère de différendantérieur

au dépôt des requêtes.
2. On ne pourrait parler d'une prétention de l'Éthiopie et du
Libéria, en tant qu'élément constitutif d'un différend entre ces
États et l'Afrique du Sud, qu'au cas où la conduite de l'Afrique
du Sud formant l'objet de la prétention aurait étéregardée par
l'Éthiopie et le Libéria comme susceptible de satisfaire un intérêt
propre à ces États. De mêmec'est uniquement au cas où une cer-
taine conduite de l'Afrique du Sud aurait étéconsidérée par 1'Ethio-

pie et le Libéria comme lésant un intérêtpropre à ces derniers
États que l'on pourrait parler d'une protestation de ces mêmes
États susceptible de donner lieu à un différendentre eux et 1'Afri-
que du Sud.
Or, dans sa troisième exception préliminaire, le défendeur a
contesté que des intérêtsdes demandeurs ou de leurs ressortissants
fussent en cause. Le défendeurs'est référé, à cet égard,aux disposi-
tions du Mandat et en particulier à l'article 7.

3. Pour ce qui concerne l'intérêti,l faut distinguer des problèmes
qui sont tout à fait différents entre eux.
On pourrait poser un problème d'interprétation des dispositions
substantielles du Mandat pour voir quels sont les intérêtsdes
États membres de la Société desNations que ces dispositions
visent àprotégeren conférantaux mêmesÉtats des droits subjectifs
correspondants. Il s'agit là d'un problème concernant le fond de
l'affaire: un problème qui, en tant que tel, ne pouvait êtreexaminé
dans la phase actuelle de la procédure.
Un problème différent, bien que lié d'une certaine façon avec
le problème précédent, estle problème ayant pour obje,t l'interpré-
tation de la clause de l'articl7, alinéa2, du Mandat. Etant donné
que cette clause se réfère aux différends relatifsà l'interprétation
ou à l'application des dispositions du Mandat, on pourrait se

demander quels intérêtsd'un État Membre de la Société desNa-
tions doivent êtreaffectéspar un différendpour que ce différend
puisse êtreconsidérécomme visépar l'article 7 du Mandat. Si l'on
considère cette clause comme une véritable clause juridictionnelle
(ce qui, à mon avis, est loin d'être certain), le problème que l'on
vient de poser serait un problème concernant la juridiction de la
Cour.
Mais il y a encore un autre problème: un problème qui est même
préliminaire par rapport au problème de juridiction. Il s'agit de
voir, non pas siun certain différendest ou non soumis àla juridiction
de la Cour, mais si un différend, quel qu'il soit, existe entre les

254claim or a protest on the part of Ethiopia and Liberia. It follows
that a claim or a protest on the part of those States which it rnight.
be sought to infer from the Applications themselrres or from the
pleadings in the case cannot be taken into account, because they
cannot be regarded asthe constituents of a dispute having thecharac-
ter of a dispute existing prior to the filing of the Applications.

2. It would only be possible to speak of a claim by Ethiopia and
Liberia, as providing a constituent element of a dispute between
those States and South Afnca, if the course of conduct of South
Africa constituting the subject-matter of the claim had been regard-
ed by Ethiopia and Liberia as susceptible of realizing an interest
which was the interest of those States. Similarly, it is only if a
certain course of conduct by South Africa was considered by Ethio-

pia and Liberia as infringing some interest of these latter States
that it would be possible to speak of a prctest by those States sus-
ceptible of giving rise to a dispute between them and South Africa.

The Respondent, in its third Preliminary Objection, denied that
the interests of the Applicants or of their nationals were in issue.
The Respondent referred, in this connection, to the provisions of
the Mandate and in particular to Article 7.

3. So far as interest is concerned, a distinction must be drawn
between certain problems which are entirely different.
A question might arise with regard to the interpretation of the
substantive provisions of the Mandate, for the purpose of ascertain-
ing what are the interests of States Members of the League of Na-
tions which these provisions are designed to protect by confemng
upon those States correspondingsubjectiverights. This is a question
touching the merits of the case: a question which, as such, could
not be examined in the present phase of the proceedings.
A different question, although to some extent connected with the
previous one, is that concerning the interpretation of the clause
contained in Article 7, paragraph 2, of the Mandate. Since this
clause refers to disputes relating to the interpretation or the appli-
cation of the provisions of the Mandate, it might be asked what
interests of a State Member of the League of Kations have to be
affected by,a dispute to make it possible to regard that dispute as
within the terms ofArticle 7 of the Mandate. If the clause is regarded

as a true jurisdictional clause (which in my view is by no means
certain) the question thus stated would be one relating to the juris-
diction of the Court.

But there is yet another question: a question which indeed is
a preliminary one in relation to the question of jurisdiction. It is
necessary to determine, not whether a certain dispute is or is not
subject to the jurisdiction of the Court, but whether any dispute
254Parties. Un tel problème pourrait être posé mêmepar rapport à
l'article7 du Mandat, article qui, évidemment, ne pourrait jouer
s'il n'existait aucun différend. Mais, comme on l'a dit, le même
problème doit être,tout d'abord, posépar rapport aux dispositions
du Statut et du Règlement de la Cour. Il s'agit de voir s'il est pos-
sible de contester l'existence d'un différend entre les Parties, en

contestant, comme l'a fait l'Afrique du Sud, que des intérêtsdes
États demandeurs ou de leurs ressortissants soient en cause.

3. La réponse à cette question ne pourrait être que négative.
J'ai dit qu'un différend se trouve nécessairement en relation
avec un conflit d'intérêts, parce qu'il résulees attitudes opposées
des parties par rapport à un conflit d'intérêts.Mais cela ne signifie
pas qu'un conflit d'intérêtsdoit réellement exister pour qu'un
différend puisse êtreconsidérécomme existant. Au lieu d'un réel
conflit d'intérêts,il pourrait s'agir d'un conflit d'intérêts existant
uniquement dans la représentation subjective de l'une des parties.
Cela non seulement pour ce qui concerne le rapport de conflit entre
deux intérêtsmais aussi pour ce qui concerne l'existence mêmede
l'intérêt.Chaque Etat est juge de son propre intérêt.Or si un État,
se considérant titulaire d'un certain intérêt, avance une prétention
ayant pour objet une conduite donnée, jugéepar lui susceptible de

satisfaire son intérêt,ou bien élèveune protestation contre une
conduite d'un autre État qu'il juge comme lésant son intérêt,une
telle prétention ou une telle protestation peut bien constituer l'un
des élémentsd'un différend,indépendamment de l'existence réelle
de l'intérêtdont il s'agit.
Je n'ai pas besoin de préciser que, lorsque je parle d'intérêt,
j'emploie ce terme dans son sens propre. Je fais abstraction de la
protection éventuelle que l'ordre juridique pourrait donner à un
certain intérêtmoyennant l'attribution d'un droit subjectif, ou
bien par le moyen (connu du droit interne plutôt que du droit
international) de ce qu'on appelle un intérêtlégitime. Je me réfère
uniquement à l'intérêten tant que tel, c'est-à-dire à ce qu'on pour-
rait appeler l'intérêtmatériel, par opposition justement à l'intérêt
juridique ou légitime.

5. De ce que je viens de dire il s'ensuit que si, avant le dépôt des
requêtes,il y avait eu de la part ae l'Éthiopie et du Libériaet contre
l'Afrique du Sud une prétention ou une protestation se rapportant
à un intérêtconsidérépar les deux premiers États comme leur
intérêtpropre, l'existence d'un différend ne pourrait êtreniée en
contestant l'existence dudit intérêt. L'attitude de I'Ethiopje et du
Libériaserait, à cet égard, décisive.Or la référence,par 1'Ethiopie
et le Libéria, à un intérêtconsidérécomme propre à eux pourrait
résulter du fait mêmeque ces États auraient invoqué (comme ils
l'ont fait, par la suite, dans la procéduredevant la Cour) les dispo-
sitions du Mandat pour en déduire un droit subjectif (ou bien un

255vrlhateverexists between the Parties. This question could arise with
reference to Article 7 of the Mandate which, clearly, could not

operate if no dispute existed. But, as has been said, this same ques-
tion must first and foremost arise with reference to the provisions
of the Statute and the Rules of Court. It is necessary to determine
whether it is possible to deny the existence of a dispute between
the Parties,by denying, as South Africa has done, that any interests
of the Xpplicant States or of their nationals are involved.

4. The answer to such a question could not be other than in the
negative.
1have said that a disoute must necessarilv be in a certain relation-
ship with a conflict of interests, because it "isthe result of opposing
attitudes by the parties with regard to a conflict of interests. But
this does not mean that a conflict of interests must genuinely exist
before a dispute can be said to exist. Instead of a genuine conflict
of interests, there could be a conflict of interests existing only in
the subjective representation of one of the parties. This applies not
only to the relationship of conflict between the two interests but
also to the issue of the existence of an interest. Each State is the
judge of its own interest. If a State, believing itself to have a certain
interest, advances a claim designed to secure a particular course of
conduct which it considers appropriate to satisfy its interest, or
makes a protest against a course of conduct by another State which
it regards as infringing its interest, that claim or that protest may

well constitute one of the elements of a dispute, independently of
the real existence of the interest in question.
It is unnecessary for me to Say that, when 1 speak of interest,
1 am using that word in its tnie sense. 1 disregard any protection
which the law may accord to a certain interest by granting a
subjective right or by the means (known to municipal rather than
to international law) of what is referred to as a kgitimate interest.
1 refer solely to an interest as such, that is to Say, what might be
called a material interest, in contrast with a legal or legitimate
interest.

5. From what 1have just said it follows that if, before the filing
of the Applications, there had been, on the part of Ethiopia and
Liberia, a claim or a protest directed against South Africa and re-
lating to an interest regarded by the two former States as being
their interest, the existence of a dispute could not be denied by
contesting the existence of that interest. The attitude of Ethiopia
and Liberia would in this respect be decisive. The reference, by
Ethiopia and Liberia, to an interest regarded by them as being
their interest, might be inferred from the fact that these States
had invoked (as they subsequently did in the proceedings before

the Court) the provisions of the Mandate in order to derive there-
255571 AFF. SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (OPIN.DISS. M. MORELLI)

intérêtlégitime) qui leur appartiendrait pour ce qui concerne
l'exercice du Mandat. L'existence réelled'un tel droit subjectif (ou
intérêtlégitime)n'aurait aucune importance pour le problème qui
nous occupe à présent. C'est la simpleaffirmationdu droit subjectif
(ou de l'intérêtlégitime)qui serait décisiveparce qu'elle implique-
rait l'affirmation, pâr l'Éthiopie et le Libéria, d'un intérêtmatériel
propre à eux.

I. De quelle façon les États demandeurs auraient-ils, avant le

dépôt des requêtes, manifesté leurs points de vue quant à l'exercice
du Mandat sur le Sud-Ouest africain?
On a dit, en premier lieu, que l'Éthiopie aussi bien que le Libéria
avaient participé directement aux débats, délibérationset séances
de l'Assemblée générale desNations Unies et de la Quatrième
Commission de l'Assembléegénérale,expliquant clairement leur
position sur les questions en litige.'Éthio~ie, en outre, avait fait
partie du Comité du Sud-Ouest africain constitué en 1953 par
l'Assembléegénéralepour négocieravec l'Afrique du Sud en vue
de l'application de l'avis consultatif rendu par la Cour leII juillet

1950.
Abstraction faite de la participation direde des États demandeurs
aux activités desdits organes des Nations Unies, on a affirméaussi
que des négociations avec l'Afrique du Sud avaient étéconduites,
au nom des États demandeurs «et d'autres Membres des Nations
Unies »,par le Comitéspécial du Sud-Ouest africain des Nations
Unies et par le Comitédes bons officesdes Nations Unies (pour ce
qui concerne le Libéria, aussi par ledit Comitédu Sud-Ouest africain
constitué en 1953, Comitédont le mêmeLibéria n'a pasfait partie).

2. Pour ce qui est de la participation directe des États deman-
deurs aux activités de certains organes des Nations Unies, il faut

faire remarquer que, par une telle participation, lesdits Etats ont
agi uniquement en tant que membres d'un organe collégial des
Nations Unies. En agissant en cette qualité, ils ont formulé des
déclarations de volonté destinées à se combiner avec des déclara-
tions correspondantes des autres membres de l'organe collégialpour
former la volonté de celui-ci et, par là, la volonté de l'Organisation
des Nations Unies. En agissant dans leur qualité de membres d'un
organe collégialdes Nations Unies, l'Éthiopie et le Libéria se sont
placésau point de vue de l'organisation. Ils se sont inspirés, non
pas de leur intérêtindividuel, mais de ce qu'ils ont estiméconstituer
l'intérêdt e l'organisation. Ils ont visé l'exerciced'un droit prétendu

de celle-ci, non pas d'un droit qui leur appartiendrait individuelle-
ment.
On lit dans les requêtes que l'Éthiopie et le Libéria ont toujours
256from a subjective right (ora legitimate interest) which pertained to
them in respect of the exercise of the Mandate. The actual existence
of that subjective right (or legitimate interest) would be of no
importance in respect of the question with which we are at present
concerned. The mere assertion of the subjective right (or of the
legitimate interest) would be decisive because it would imply the
assertion, by Ethiopia and Liberia, of a material interest belonging
to them.

I. In what way arethe Applicants States said, before the filing of
the Applications, to have made known their views concerning the
exercise of the Mandate for South West Africa?
It has been said, in the first place, that both Ethiopia and Liberia
haddirectly participatedin the debates, deliberations and proceedings
of the General Assembly of the United Nations and of the Fourth
Committee of the General Assembly, making clear their position
on the matters in dispute. Moreover, Ethiopia was a member of the
Corrimittee on South West Africa established bythe General Assem-
bly in 1953 to negotiate with South Africa with a view to the im-
plementation of the Court's Advisory Opinion of II July 1950.

Leaving aside the direct participation of the Applicant States in

the activities of theabove United Nations organs, it has been assert-
ed that negotiations with South Africa were conducted, on behalf of
the Applicant States "and other Members of the United Nations",
by the United Nations Ad Hoc Committee on South West Afnca
and by the United Nations Good Offices Committee (and in respect
of Liberia also by the aforementioned Committee on South West
Africaestablished in 1953, of which Liberia itself was not a member).

2. As regards the direct participation of the Applicant States in
the activities of certain United Nations organs, it must be observed
that, by such participation, those States acted solely in their
capacity as members of a collegiate organ of the United Nations.
Acting in that capacity they made statements of intention designed
to be combined with corresponding statements by other members

of the collegiate organ so as to shape the intention of that organ and,
thereby, the intention of the United Nations. Acting in their ca-
pacity as members of a United Nations collegiate organ Ethiopia
and Liberia took up a position from the viewpoint of the Organiza-
tion.Theywere guided not by their individual interest but by what
they considered to be the interest of the Organization. They had in
mind the exercise of an alleged right of the Organization and not
of a right belonging to them individually.

In the Applications it is stated that Ethiopia and Liberia havecherché à affirmer et à protéger leur intérêtjuridique au juste
exercice du Mandat, en contestant la violation par l'Afrique du

Sud de ses devoirs en qualitéde mandataire et en protestant contre
cette violation. Si, comme il semble nécessaire de le penser, faute
d'autres indications à ce sujet, on veut, par cette affirmation, se
référeraux déclarations accomplies par 1'Ethiopie et le Libéria
au sein des organes des Nations Unies, il est aisé de remarquer que
les contestations et protestations que l'on voudrait déduire de ces
dé~larationsne peuvent êtreconsidérées comme le moyen par lequel
1'Ethiopie et le Libéria auraient affirméun intérêtpropre à eux.
Cela étant,il n'est pas possible de considérerl'attitude gardéepar
l'Éthiopie et le Libériaau sein des organes desNations Unies comme
l'un des élémentsnécessairespour qu'on puisse estimer qu'il existe
un différend entre ces États, d'une part, et l'Afrique du Sud, de
l'autre.

3. Cette conclusion n'est pas nécessairement liée à l'opinion
d'après laquelleil faudrait reconnaître à l'organisation des Nations
Unies une personnalité juridique distincte de la personnalité des
Etats Membres.
Au point de vue de cette opinion (opinion qui est la plus large-
ment répandue et qui a étéacceptée par la Cour), il y aurait une
distinction très netteàfaire entre l'activité de l'organisation, d'une
part, et l'activité des Etats Membres, de l'autre. Au contraire,
pour la doctrine qui nie à l'organisation une personnalité juridique
propre, l'activité des prganes des Nations Unies serait juridique-

ment l'activité des Etats Membres. Mais cela n'aurait aucune
influence sur la solution du problème consistant à vojr si un diffé-
rend existe entre l'Afrique du Sud, d'un côté, et l'Ethiopie et le
Libéria, de l'autre, problème qui devrait êtreégalement tranché
par la négatiye. En effet,la façon dont il faudrait évaluerl'attitude
gardéepar 1'Ethiopie et le Libéria au sein des organes des Nations
Unies ne changerait pas du tout, même ense plaçant du point de
vue de la doctrine que l'on vient de mentionner. Il s'agirait toujours
d'une attitude qui ne serait pas inspirée par l'intérêtindividuel
desdits Etats; peu importe si, de ce point de vue, il faudrait parler,
non pas de l'intérêtde l'organisation, mais plutôt de l'intérêt
collectif des États Membres de celle-ci.

4. Il y a toutefois, toujours du point de vue de la doctrine qui
nie la personnalité juridique de l'organisation, un autre, aspect
à considérer: un aspect qvi ne concerne pas spécialement 1'Ethiopie
et le Libériaet les autres Etats qui, au sein des organes des Nations
Unieç, ont adopté une attitude analogue, mais qui concerne tous
les Etats Membres des Nations Unies, indépendamment de leur
participation aux organes des Nations Unies qui se sont intéressées
au problème du Sud-Ouest africain et indépendamment aussi de
l'attitude gardée,au seinde ces organes, par rapport audit problème.
On a déjàdit que, du point de vue de la doctrine qui nie la per-

257continuously sought to assert and protect their legal interest in the
proper exercise of the Mandate by disputing and protesting the
violation by South Africa of its duties as Mandatory. If, as in the
absence of other information in this connection it seems necessary
to assume, this assertion is intended to refer to statements made by
Ethiopia and Liberia in United Kations organs, it may readily be
observed that the disputations and protestations sought to be
inferred from such statements cannot be considered as the means
for Ethiopia and Liberia of asserting an interest which is their
own interest.
That being so, it is not possible to regard the attitude taken by
Ethiopia and Liberia in United Nations organs as one of the
elements necessary for a dispute to be considered as existing be-
tween those States on the one hand and South Africa on the other.

3. This conclusion is not necessarily linked with the view that
the United Nations must be recognized as having a legal personality
which is distinct from the personality of the Member States.

From the standpoint of such a view (which is the most widelg-
held and one accepted by the Court) a very clear distinction would

have to be made between the activities of the Organization on the
one hand and those of Member States on the other. Contrariwise,
for the doctrine which denies the Organization a legal personality
of its own, the activities of organs of the United Nations would
legally be activities of the Member States. However, that would
have no effect on the answer to the question whether a dispute exists
between South Africa on the one side and Ethiopia and Liberia or1
the other; a question which would still have to be answered in the
negative. In fact, the manner in which the attitude adopted by
Ethiopia and Liberia in United Nations organs would have to be
appraised would in no wise be altered, even if it were approached
from the standpoint of the above-mentioned doctrine. It would still
be an attitude not guided by the individual interest of those States;
it matters little that, on this approach, it is not the interests of
the Organization but rather the collective interests of its States

Jlembers which would have to be regarded as involved.
4. However, still from the standpoint of the doctrine which
denies legal personality to the Organization, there is another aspect
to be considered, and one which does not concern particularly
Ethiopia and Liberia and the other States which took a similar
attitudein United Nations organs, but al1the Member States of the

United Nations, irrespective of their participation inCnited Sations
organs which took an interest in the problem of South West Africa
and irrespective also of their attitude in those organs with regard
to that problem.
It has already been said that from the standpoint of the doctrine
257sonnalité juridique de l'organisation, l'activité accomplie par les
organes des Nations Unies doit êtrejuridiquement regardée comme
activité de tous les Etats Membres. Faut-il tirer de cela la consé-
quence que, de certaines résolutions des organes des Nations Unies,
on peut déduire une attitude correspondante de tous les Etats
Membres? La réponse affirmative à cette question pourrait être
estimée implicite dans l'affirmation des demandeurs déjà rappelée,
d'après laquelle certains organes des Nations Unies auraient agi au
nom des mêmes demandeurs ((et d'autres Membres des Nations

Vnies » (affirmation qui présuppose nécessairement la solution
négativedu problème de la personnalité juridique de l'organisation).
La conséquence d'une telle réponse serait qu'un différend devrait
êtreconsidéréexistant entre, d'un côté, l'Afrique du Sud et, de
l'autre, tous 'es Etats Membres d~sNations Unies et non seulement
ceux de ces Etats qui, comme 1'Ethiopie et le Libéria, ont pris une
certaine position au sein des organes des Nations Unies par rapport
au problème du Sud-Ouest africain. C'est justement à cette consé-
quence que les demandeurs semblent aboutir.
En se plaçant donc au-point de vue que je viens, d'indiquer, il

faudrait avoir égard, non pas aux déclarations de 1'Ethiopie et du
Libéria au sein des organes des Nations Unies, mais plutôt aux
décisions de ces organes, décisions qui seraient attribuées par le
droit à tous les Etats Membres des Kations Lïnies et, par consé-
quent, aussi à l'Éthiopie et au Libéria. RIaisces décisions, de même
que les déclarations et les votes dont elles résultent, émispar les
Etats Membres de l'organe (ou, mieux, plus encore que telles décla-
rations ou yotes), sont inspirées, non pas par l'intérêtindividuel
de chaque Etat Membre des Nations 'Cnies,mais plutôt par l'intérêt
collectif de tousles Etats Membres en tant que groupe. Par consé-

quent, lesdjtes décisions n'expriment pas une prise de position
de chaque Etat Membre des Nations Vnies, considéré individuelle-
ment, pour ce qui concerne le problème de l'exercice du Mandat sur
le Sud-Ouest africain; aussi ne sontSelles pas susceptibles de donner
lieu à un différend entre chaque Etat Membre, considéréindivi-
duellement, et l'Afrique du Sud.

I. Pour les raisons que j'ai indiquées, il faut, à mon ayis, aboutir
à la conclusion qu'il n'y avait pas de différend entre 1'Ethiopie et

le Libéria, d'un côté,et l'Afrique du Sud, de l'autre, au moment où
les requêtes ont étédéposées.Il s'ensuit que les demandes avancées
par ces requêtesdevaient êtredéclaréesirrecevables.

2. Ayant parlé d'irrecevabilité des demandes, j'estime nécessaire
d'ajouter quelques mots à propos des termes ((recevabilité » et
I<irrecevabilité1);termes qui ont reçu, dans l'usage que l'on en a
fait en maintes occasions, des sens différents. On a parfois employé

258 S. W. -%FRIC-4CASES (DISSENT. OPIN. JUDGE MOKELLI) 573

which denies legal personality to the Organization, the activities of
United Nations organs must legally be regarded as being activities of
al1 the States Members. Must it be concluded from this that it is
possible to infer from certain resolutions of United Nations organs
an attitude which is that of al1the States Members? An affirmative
answer to this questionmight be regarded as implied in the assertion

of the Applicants recalled above to the effect that certain organs of
the United Nations acted on behalf of the Applicants "and other
Members of the United Nations" (this assertion necessarily pre-
supposing a negative reply to the question of the legal personality
of the Organization). The consequence of such an answer would be
that a dispute would have to be regarded as existing between South
Africa on the one side, and, on the other, al1 the States Members
of the United Nations and not only those which, like Ethiopia and
Liberia, took up a certain position in United Nations organs with
regard to the problem of South West Africa. This is precisely the
result which the Applicants seem to arrive at.

Thus from the standpoint which 1have just described it would be
necessary to have regard not to the statements made by Ethiopia
and Liberia in United Nations organs but rather to the decisions of
those organs, which in law would be attributed to al1 the States
Members of the United Nations and hence to Ethiopia and Liberia
also. However, those decisions, in the same way as the statements
and votes of the States Members of the organ taking them (or, rather,
even more so than such statements or votes),are guided, not by the
individual interest of each State Member of the United Nations, but
rather by the collective interest of al1the States Members as a group.
Consequently, such decisions are not the expression of a position

taken by each State Member of the United Nations considered
individually with regard to the problem of the exercise of the Pifan-
date for South West Africa, and so they are not capable of giving
rise to a dispute between each State Rlember, considered individual-
lv, and South Africa.

I. For the reasons which 1have given, the conclusion must in my

view be reached that there was not a dispute between Ethiopia and
Liberia, on the one side, and South Africa, on the other, at the time
of filing of the Applications. It follows that the claims put forward
in those Applications should be held to be inadmissible.

2. Since 1 have been discussing the inadmissibility of the claims,
1 consider it necessary to add a few words concerning the terms
"admissibility" and "inadmissibility", which, in the use which has
frequently been made of them, have been given different meanings.

258ces termes pour indiquer la présence ou l'absence de la juridiction
(comme dans l'arrêt de la Cour permanente relatif à l'affaire des

Phosphatesdu Maroc - C.P.J. I., sérieA/B, no 74, p.29 -, arrêt
qui, d'après le texte français, décide que la requête ccn'est pas
recevable » et qui, dans le texte anglais, dit que la mêmerequête
« cannot be entertained »). On a parlé d'irrecevabilité (comme l'a
fait cette Cour dans l'affaire Nottebohm -- C. I. J. Recueil 1955,
p. 26) mêmeà propos du défaut de la nationalité de la réclamation,
question qui, elle, concerne évidemment le fond de l'affaire. Et je
n'ai pas besoin de répéter ici que l'arrêt dela Cour permanente
relatifà l'affaire de la Compagnie d'électricia déclaré la requête
belge irrecevable,pour une partie de ses demandes, justement en
raison de l'inexistence d'un différend.
Or il me semble qu'il n'est pas correct de qualifier une demande
d'irrecevable en raison du défaut d'une des conditions auxquelles
le droit substantiel du demandeur est subordonné; demande qui,

loin d'êtreconsidéréeirrecevable, est jugéeau fond et rejetée par
une décisionqui est justement une décisionsur le fond. La receva-
bilité ne peut que se rapporter aux conditions dont l'absence em-
pêcheune décisionsur le fond. Mais, dans ces limites, il est bien
possible de donner à l'expression un sens très large pour indiquer
toutes les conditions ayant ledit caractère, y comprisla juridiction.
Le problème de terminologie n'a qu'une importance secondaire.
Il suffit de faire remarquer que, si l'on emploie le terme dans le
sens très large que je viens d'indiquer,. il faut reconnaître, tout
d'abord, que parmi les conditions de recevabilité il y en a d'autres
que celles concernant la juridiction.Mais ce qui intéresse surtout
ici, c'est de constater que, parmi ces dernières conditions, il y en
a quelques-unes dont l'examen doit précéder l'examen de la juri-
diction. Telle est, par exemple, la condition de la validité de la
requête, parce que le juge qui n'est pas valablement saisi ne peut

pas se prononcer mêmesur sa juridiction. Et telle est aussi la
condition de l'existence d'un différend,parce que c'est uniquement
par rapport à un différend réellementexistant qu'il est possible de
décider si un tel différend est ou non soumis à la juridiction du
juge saisi.

(Signé G)aetano MORELLI.They have sometimes been used to indicate the presence or absence
of jurisdiction (asin the Judgment of the Permanent Court in the
Phosfihates in Morocco case-P.C.I. J., Senes A/B No. 74, p. 29-
which decides in the French text that the Application is net
"recevable",andin the English text that it "cannot be entertained").
Inadmissibility has alsobeen discussed (aswas done by this Court in

the Nottebohmcase-I.C. J. RefiortsI95.5 p,26) even in connection
with the lack of nationality of the claim, which latter question
clearly goestothe merits of the case. 1 need not repeat here that the
Judgment of the Permanent Court in the Electricity Company case
declared that the Belgian Application could not be entertained
["irrecevable"], in so far as concerned part of the claim, precisely
because of the non-existence of a dispute.
It does not appear to me correct to qualify a claim as inadmissible
because of lack of fulfilment of one of the conditions on which the
substantive right of the Applicant depends; the claim, far from
being deemed inadmissible, is then judged as toits merits and dis-
rnissed by a decision which is indeed a decision on the merits. Ad-
missibility can relate only to conditions lack of fulfilment of which
prevents a decision on the merits. Within these limits, however, it
is quite possible to give the term a very wide meaning so as to refer
to al1the conditions having that character, including junsdiction.
The question of terminology is of only secondary importance.
It will be sufficient to observe that if the term is used in the very
wide sense to. which 1 have just referred, it must be recognized at
the outset that among the conditions for admissibility there are
others than those relating to jurisdiction. But what is above al1
of interest here is the fact that among these latter conditions there

are some which must be considered before the question of jurisdic-
tion is considered. One of these, for example, is the condition of
validity of the application, because a Court which is not validly
seized cannot adjudicate even on its jurisdiction. Another such is
the condition of the existence of a dispute, since it is only with
relation to a genuinely existing dispute that it is possible to decide
whether such a dispute is subject or not to the jurisdiction of the
Court to which it has been referred.
(Signed) Gaetano MORELLI.

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Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Morelli (translation)

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