Dissenting Opinion of Sir Louis Mbanefo

Document Number
046-19660718-JUD-01-10-EN
Parent Document Number
046-19660718-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF SIR LOUIS MBANEFO

The Court in its Judgment finds that the Applicants cannot be con-
sidered to have established any substantive right or legal interest apper-
taining to them in the subject-matter of the present claims and that for
that reason the claims must be rejected. 1 regret 1 find myself unable,
for reasons which 1shall hereinafter state, to agree with those conclusions
and the motivation behind them.
1hold the view that when the Court has found that the dispute in the
present casesis within the ambit of the compromissory clause, Article 7
(2) of the Mandate, as it did in its 1962 Judgment on the preliminary
objections, the Applicants do not have to show again in order to succeed
that they have individual legal interests in the subject-matter of the
dispute unless their claims are founded on damage or prejudice to such
interests; and secondly, that a general interest in the proper carrying out

of the terms of a multilateral treaty like the Mandate is sufficient legal
interest on which an applicant can found its claim.

The two Applicants, the Government of Ethiopia and the Government
of Liberia, filed two separate but identical Applications against the
Government of the Union of South Africa as Respondent, in which they
ask the Court to adjudge and declare against the Respondent upon 11
(later reduced to nine in the final submissions) different heads of claims
relating to the Mandate for South West Africa. The claims, as set out
in the Applicants' final submissions, are reproduced in the Judgment of
the Court and 1do not intend to repeat them in full again.

Briefly they ask the Court to adjudge and declare that South West
Africa is a territory under the Mandate, that the Respondent continues
to have the international obligations stated in Article 22 of the Covenant
of the League of Nations and in the Mandate for South West Africa as
well as the obligation to transmit petitions from the inhabitants of the

territory, and that the supervisory functions are to be exercised by the
United Nations to which the annual reports and petitions are to be sub-
mitted. The Applicants further complain that the Respondent-
(a) has practised apartheid and, because of such practice, has failed to
promote to the utmost the material and moral well-being and social
progress of the inhabitants of the territory;

(b) has failed to transmit petitions from the inhabitants of the territory
to the United Nations;

482 (c) has failed to submit annual reports to the General Asseinbly of the

United Nations;
(d) has established military bases within the territory;
(e) has attempted substantially to modify the terms of the Mandate
without the consent of the United Nations.
The Applicants say that these acts and oinissions are in violation of the
obligations undertaken by the Respondent as Mandatory under the

Mandate and request the Court to declare that the Respondent has the
duty to observe the terms of the Mandate and to cease doing the acts
complained of.
It has been argued by the Respondent that the Applicants' final
submissions, in particular Submissions Nos. 3 and 4, amount to a
substantial modification of the Applicants' original submissions E, F,
G, H and 1 as set out in their Applications. The Respondent says that
the Applicants' original submissions made allegations of arbitrary,
inhuman and oppressive measures against the Respondent, andthat those
allegations were withdrawn in the final submissions.
Submissions E, F, G, H and 1 as stated in the Applications read as
follows :

"E. The Union has failed to promote to the utmost the material
and moral well-being and social progress of the inhabitants of the
Territory; its failure to do sos a violation of Article 2 of the Man-
date and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that the Union has the
duty forthwith to take al1practicable action to fulfilits duties under
such Articles.
F. The Union, in administering the Territory, has practised
upartheid, i.e. has distinguished as to race, colour, national or

tribal origin in establishing the rights and duties of the inhabitants
of the Territory; that such practice is in violation of Article 2 of the
Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that the Union
has the duty forthwith to cease the practice of apartheid in the
Territory.
G. The Union, in administering the Territory, has adopted and
applied legislation, regulations, proclamations, and administrative
decrees which are by their terms and in their application, arbitrary,
unreasonable, unjust and detrimental to huinan dignity; that the
foregoing actions by the Union violate Article 2 of the Mandate and
Article22of the Covenant ;and thatthe Union has the duty forthwith
to repeal and not to applysuchlegislation,regulations,proclamations
and administrative decrees.

H. The Union lias adopted and applied legislation, administrative
regulations, and officia1actions which suppress the rights and liber-
ties of inhabitants of the Territory essential to their orderly evolution
toward self-government, the right to which is implicit in the Cove-
nant of the League of Nations, the terms of the Mandate, and
currently accepted international standards, as embodied in the
483 Charter of the United Nations and the Declaration of Human

Rights; that the foregoing actions by the Union violate Article 2
of the Mandate and Article 22of the Covenant; and that the Union
has the duty forthwith to cease and desist from any action which
thwarts the orderly development of self-government in the Territory.
1. The Union has exercised power of administration and legis-
lation over the Territory inconsistent with the international status
of the Territory; that the foregoing action by the Union is in vio-
lation of Article 2 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant;
that the Union has the duty to refrain from acts of'administration
and legislation which are inconsistent with the international status
of the Territory."

In their final submissions, the Applicants deleted the above five
submissions and substituted Submissions 3 and 4 which read as follows:

"(3) Respondent: by laws and regulations, and officia1methods
and measures, which are set out in the pleadings herein, has practised
apartheid, i.e., has distinguished as to race, colour, national or
tribal origin in establishing the rights and duties of the inhabitants
of the Territory; that such practice is in violation of its obligations
as stated in Article 2 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant
of the League of Nations; and that Respondent has the duty forth-
with to cease the practice of apartheid in the Territory.

(4) Respondent, by virtue of economic, political, social and edu-
cational policies applied within the Territory, by means of laws
and regulations, and officia1methods and measures, which are set
out in the pleadings herein, has, in the light of applicable inter-
national standards or international legal norm, or both, failed to
promote to the utmost the material and moral well-being and social

progress of the inhabitants of the Territory; that its failure to do so
is in violation of its obligations as stated in Article 2 of the Mandate
and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that Respondent has the duty
forthwith to cease its violations as aforesaid and to take al1practi-
cable action to fulfilits duties under such Articles."

The gravamen of the Applicants' complaint inboth sets of submissions
is the practice of apartheid which they Sayis, by its nature, oppressive,
arbitrary and inhuman, and, thercfore, incompatible with the Respon-
dent's obligations under Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Mandate. That
complaint has not changed and ren~aiilsthe same in the original as well
as in the final submissions.
The facts relied upon by the Applicants in support of their Sub-
missions 3 and 4 are certain Iaws, regulations and official measures
introduced in the territory by the Respondent which are listed in the

484Applications and amplified in the Memorials. A few of them may be
mentioned here :

(a) The census classification groups the population as "Whites",
"Natives", "Coloureds" and "Asiatics". FVIzitesare defined as
persons who in appearance obviously are, or who are generally
accepted as white persons, but excluding persons who although
in appearanceare obviously white, are generally accepted as coloured
persons. Natives are persons who in fact are, or who are generally
accepted as members of any aboriginal race or tribe of Africa.
Colouvedsare al1personswho areneither Whites,Natives nor Asiatics.
Applicants Saythat rights and burdens are allotted, by Governrnent
policy and actions, on the basis of membership in a racial group
irrespective of individual quality or capacity.

(b) Natives are not entitled to obtain permanent residential rights
or ownership in urban areas in the Police Zone. This restriction

applies to any association, corporate or incorporate, in which a
Native has any interest and relates to rriral townships as well as
urban areas.

(c) Probationary leases contain conditions providing for their immediate
cancellation in the event of a lessee marrying a Native or Coloured
person and prohibitinp any transfer of the lease to Natives, Asiatics
or Coloured persons.
(d) Within the area of the Police Zone, excluding the Native reserves
and the Rehoboth Gebiet, licences to prospect for minerals may
be issued only to Europeans and European-owned companies.

(e) In al1 mining enterprises owned by Europeans, Natives may not
occupy any of the following posts: Manager; Assistant, Sectional
or Underground Manager; Mine Overseer; Shift Boss; Ganger;
Person in charge of boilers, engines and machinery; Sürveyor;
Engineer; Winding Engine Driver; Banksman or Onsetter.

(f) In the legislation in the territory relating to registration of trade
unions and settlement of individual disputes there is no provision
for the registration of Native trade unions and no provision for
conciliation of disputesin so far as a Native employee is concerned.
The provisions concerning labour disputes and conciliation do not
apply to disputes among or between Native labourers and the
others. A European Inspector represents the interests of Native
employees in proceedings of conciliation boards, the members of
which can be only Europeans or Coloured persons.(g) It is a criminal offencefor a Native employee to refuse to commence
service under a contract of service at a stipulated time, to absent
himselffrom his master'spremiseswithout leaveor other lawfulcause,

to refuse to obey any order of his master or to leave his master's
service with intent not to return thereto. An employee charged with
any of the above rnay on conviction be sentenced to a term of
imprisonment and on release from prison must return to his master's
service unless the contract of service has been cancelled. If he fails
to do so he rnay be sentenced to successive periods of further irn-
prisonment, provided that no servant rnay be iinprisoned continu-
ously for longer than six months in all.

(17) Only Europeans rnay enter into contracts of apprenticeship in the
territory.
(i) Only White persons are allowed to vote at an election of members
of the Legislative Assembly. Non-Whites are excluded by law from
serving as members of the Legislative Assembly, the Executive
Committee or of the South African Parliament and excluded by
practice from being appointed as administrators of the territory.
No person other than a European rnay vote in any municipal
council elections or qualify for election to a municipal council.

According to the Respondent these are political institutions devised
and intended only for the White population group. Native affairs
at local government level are handled through Native Advisory
Boards who possess no legislative or executive powers. Membership
of local government institutions for Natives is shared equally
between Natives and Whites.
An authorized officer may, whenever he has reason to believe that
any Native within an urban or a proclaimed area is an idle person,
without warrant, arrest that Native and cause him to be brought
before a Native Commissioner or Magistrate wlio shall require the
Native to give a good and satisfactory account of hirnself and if
the Native fails to do so: to declare him an idle person. If the Magis-
trate declares him an idle person he shall by warrant addressed to
any police officerrder that such Native be removed fr~m the urban
or proclaimed area and sent home or to a place indicated by the
Magistrate and that he be detained in custody pending his re-
moval.

(k) No unexempted Native rnay remain for more than 72 hours in an
urban area unless permission to remain has been granted thein by
a designated person.
(1) An unexempted male Native over the age of 14years is not permitted
to travel beyond his place of residence or employment in the Police
Zone unless he is in possession of a pass issued by an authorized
person [the Police Zone is more than 50 per cent. of the whole
Territory]. The pass must be produced on demand. (m) An adult male Native who is not exempted must obtain a pass to
leave the territory for the Republic of South Africa. This provision
does not apply to White or Coloured inhabitants.

(n) Non-White persons working in urban areas in the Police Zone are
restricted to segregated areas in the cities and buses and are not
permitted to reside in what are considered to be "White" areas
Save on the premises of their employers in the White residential
areas.
(O) The educational system of the territory is organized in three separate
divisions, and the educational facilities and opportunities are made
available according to whether the child is classifiedas "European",

"Coloured" or "Native". This is in accordance with government
policy of separate development in which the child's ability is never
taken into account. A consequence of this system is that Native
pupils are restricted to limited vocational training opportunities
intended for members of the Native group. Opportunity for higher
education virtually does not exist for the Native.

These facts and their sources are not in dispute between the Parties.
The Applicants by the amendments Saythat as a matter of governmental
policy they are, judged by acceptable international norms and/or stan-
dards, in violation of the Respondent's Mandate obligations. By doing
so the Applicants were introducing a measure by which the conduct of
the Respondent should be jugded. What the amendments have done is
to bring out the essentially legal character of the dispute as one relating
to the icterpretation and application of the provisions of the Mandate.
They have not in any material sense altered the basic complaint of the
Applicants which is that the practice of apartheid is discriminatory,
unwarranted, inhuman and, therefore, inherently and per se incompatible
with, and in violation of, Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Mandate. The

obligation of the Mandatory under Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Mandate
to promote to the utinost the material and moral well-being and the
social progress of the inhabitants of the territory is in terms mandatory
and any action of the Respondent with respect to the Territory must be
judged in that light.

1think it convenient to Saystraight away that 1hold the view that the
Applicants have established sufficientlegalinterest in the subject-matter
of the claim to entitle them, on the evidencebefore the Court, to succeed
in some, if not all, of the claims; in particular, 1hold that the followi~lg
claims have on the evidence and the law been established and that the
Court should have pronounced favourably on them :

(a) that South West Africa is a territory under the Mandate assumed
by the Respondent on 17December 1920;

487(b) that the Respondent continues to have the international obligations
stated in Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations and
in the Mandate for South West Africa;
(c) that the policy of apartheid is inherently incompatible with the
mandate obligations of the Respondent and that the Respondent
by practising apartheid has violated its obligations as stated in
Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Mandate;
(d) that the Respondent is legally bound not to modify or to attempt
to modify or to terminate the Mandate without the consent of the
United Nations ;
(e) that the Respondent is accountable to the United Nations for the
proper discharge of its obligations under the Mandate and that the
United Nations has a corresponding right of supervision;
(f) that the Respondent has a legal obligation to report to the United
Nations.

1have stated my conclusions on some of the Applicants' submissions
without going into the argument urged against or in support of them or
givingmyreasons for so finding, because 1feel that it is on the basis that
the claims, or some of them, at any rate, are established or are not
unfounded, and in that context, that one can in the merits phase of the
cases legitiinately proceed to deal with the question of Applicants'
legal interest and of the applicability of Article 7 (2). Both Parties have
gone into a great deal of trouble and expense to bring al1the facts and
arguments relied upon by them before the Court in sittings lasting 100
days and it would have been more rewarding to them if the Court had
stated its views or conclusions on the allegations. As the Court has not
considered these claims 1 have reserved the reasons for my findings on
them and shall, in this opinion, confine myself to dealing with the points
on which 1 disagree with the Court's Judgment.

1 feel rather unhappy about the Court's analysis of the mandates

system. It pays little attention to the ideals of the Mandate and devotes
a disproportionate amount of space to details. The approach, if 1may
be permitted to draw an analogy, is like that of an artist who, perhaps
unconsciously~ has distorted the appearance of a building by over-
emphasizing details of sections of it. The emphasis, it seerns to me,
should be onthe appearance and framework and not onthe components,
some of which might not be necessary to support or characterize the
building.
In its Judgment the Court begins with two fine but in my view un-
necessary distinctions: firstly, a distinction between the Applicants'
standing in the present phase of the proceedings and their standing
before the Court itself and says that the latter was the subject of the
Court's decision of 1962. This distinction ignores the fact that the
Applicants' standing before the Court dealt with in the 1962Judgment
was in respect of the same dispute which the Court has to decide in the
present phase of the proceedings. The Applicants in respect of that
dispute have no two standings before the Court.The need to establish a

488substantive right or legal interest in the merits phase of the case will,
in the circumstances of the present case, arise only if, as a matter of
evidence, it is necessary for proving any item of the Applicants' claims.
That is not the case here where the Applicants have claimed no damages
and where their request is for a declaratory judgment. The question of
Applicants' interest was treated by the Parties and by this Court in 1962
as an element of the issue of the capacity of the Applicants to invoke
the compromissory clause in respect of the present dispute. The Court
in the present Judgment, zlthough it says that the question of Applicants'
legal interest is an issue on the merits, deals with it in the context of the
scope and applicability of Article 7 (2)-an approach which relates
more to admissibility than to the merits.

Secondly, the Court draws a distinction between what it terms "con-
duct" and "special interests" provisions of the mandate instrument,
and imports the distinction into its interpretation of Article 7 (2) of the
Mandate. Article 7 (2) is a compromissory clause and does not, as it

stands, permit of any such distinction. To do so, as 1 shall show later,
is to do violenceto the actual words of the text and isinthe circumstances
impermissible.

The Court's interpretation of the Mandate, pursued to its logical
conclusion, leaves the Mandatory without any enforceable obligations
except in relation to Articleof the Mandate. It is stated in the Judgment
that it was never contemplated that the Council of the League should
ever impose its views on the Mandatory or that the "conduct" clauses
should be subject to adjudication under the compromissory clause of
Article 7 (2). On that view the Mandatory could become as intransigent
as it wished, and could ignore the decisions of the Council of the League
and even modify the terms of the Mandate without any legal sanction.
The only legal sanction envisaged, according to the Judgment, is in
respect of what it calls "special interests" provisions. The Respondent
had the right under the Covenant of the League to participate in the

proceedings of the Council of the League, when the latter was dealing
with matters appertaining to the Mandate for South West Africa and
could thus paralyse the proceedings of the Council by the use of its
right of veto. It isno answer to Saythat this had not happened throughout
the League's existence. The fact is that it could have happened and, if
it did, the legal consequences would have been, in the Court's opinion,
as stated in the Judgment. A consequence of the Court's interpretation,
if al1 the Council has to do is to use persuasion on the Respondent,
would be to place the Mandate, juridically, on the same plane with
annexation, the very thing that was condemned by the Peace Treaties,
and which the Principal Allied and Associated Powers wished to avoid
by the creation of the Mandates. If the view expressed in the Judgment
was what the Principal Allied and Associated Powers had in mind when
they set up the mandates system and agreed to Article 7 (2) of the
Mandatefor South West Africa, then the operation would appear to looklike a form of chicanerypractised on mankind in the name of civilization

-a subterfuge "intended to avoid, throughits operation, the appearance
of taking enemy territory as spoils of war". 1 do not, however, believe
that that was so and, for that reason, 1 feel 1 cannot associate myself
with the Court's interpretation of the Mandate.

This Court in its Advisory Opinion of 1950 on the Status of South
West Africa said of the Mandate @. 132):
"The terms of this Mandate, as wellas the provisions of Article 22
of the Covenant and the principles embodied therein, show that
the creation of this new international institution did not involve
any cession of territory or transfer of sovereignty to the Union

of South Africa. The Union Government was to exercise an inter-
national function of administration on behalf of the League,
with the object of promoting the well-being and development of
the inhabitants."
And again in 1962 in its Judgment on the preliminary objections the
Court stated (p. 329):
"The essential principles of the Mandates System consist chiefly
in the recognition of certain rights of the peoples of the under-

developed territories; the establishment of a regime of tutelage for
each of such peoples to be exercised by an advanced nation as a
'Mandatory' 'on behalf of the League of Nations'; and the re-
cognition of 'a sacred trust of civilization' laid upon the League
as an organized international community and upon its Member
States. This system is dedicated to the avowed object of promoting
the well-being and development of the peoples concerned and is
fortified by setting up safeguards for the protection of their rights."
1 consider the idea of the sacred trust of civilization given juridical
expression in the mandates system and, in particular, in the "conduct"
clauses, more important and more deserving of judicial protection than
the "special interests" of members of the League. Speaking,juridically

such concepts as "rights", "duties" and "obligations" have no meaning
or effect unless they are legally cognizable, and enforceable in a court
of law.

A rigid distinction is drawn in the Judgment between the League and
its members. 1 do not think that the distinction need be so rigid. The
League is the aggregation of its members and when it takes a decision
it does so on behalf ofand in the interest of its members. Strictlyspeaking
the League vis-à-vis the mandates system should have no interest
different from that of its members.

The League may, in a sense, therefore, be likened to a members' club
(and here 1 have in mind the common law concept of such clubs). Anymember of a club can sueforthe club'sproperties and can by appropriate

action restrain the officers of the club from acting contrary to the aims
and purposes of the club. A member can even proceed against an agent
of the club or a third person in order to protect or recover the club's
property where the officers of the club fail to do so. That, however,
does not mean that the club cannot legally act as a body through its
executive or trustees, or that it has ceased to possess a separate function.
If the analogy of a members' club is in that limited sense accepted,
1 do not see anything extraordinary in the provision of Article 7 (2)
of the Mandate allowing a member of the League to refer to court
any dispute with the Mandatory, whether or not it relates to what the
Court calls the "conduct" or "special interests" provisions relating
to the interpretation and application of the provisions of the Mandate,
especially as by Article 34 of the Court's Statute the League, not being
a State, could not itself be a party to an action in the International
Court. Only States or members of the League could be parties in cases
before the Court.

It is clear both from the Applications and from the submissions
that the Applicants' claim was of a declaratory nature. The Applicants
have never alleged that they suffered any individual loss or damage and
have not asked the Court to assess any damages in their favour. It
is important to bear this in mind when dealing with the question of
substantive rights or legal iizterestof the Applicants as an issue on the
merits in the present cases.
No issue was raised in the final submissions of the Parties in the
present phase of the proceedings regarding the non-existence of a legal
interest appertaining to the Applicants in the subject-matter of the
dispute. The Applicants in their oral argument regarded the issue of
legal interest as settled by the 1962 Judgment on the preliminary ob-
jections. The Respondent referred to it in Book II of the Counter-
Memorial, Chapter V, Part B, only in connection with the scope and
purpose of the compromissory clause and in the context of the lapse
of the Mandate as a whole. The argument in support of that thesis was
largely a verbatirn repetition of the argument advanced in Chapter V

of its Preliminary OLjectionsin support of its third preliminary objection.
To emphasize that the issue was raised only in the context of the lapse
of the Mandate, the Respondent at the end of Book IIof the Counter-
Memorial makes the following submissions :

"For the reasons hereinbefore advanced, supplemented as may be
necessary in later stages of these Proceedings, Respondent, as far
as this portion of its Counter-Memorial is concerned, prays and
requests :
(a) that al1of Applicants' Submissions 1 to 9 be dismissed, on the
ground that the Mandate for South West Africa lapsed intoto
upon dissolution of the League of Nations;

49 1 (b) alternatively, and in the eveiit of the Honourable Court fiiiding
that the Mandate for South West Africa is still in existence:
that Applicants' Submissions Nos. 7 and 8 be dismissed, as
well as theirSubmissioii No. 2 in so far as it relates to petitions,
annual reports and supervisory functions, on the ground that
Respondent's former obligations to report and account to,
and to submit to the supervision of, the Council and the
League of Nations, lapsed upon dissolution of the League and
have not been replaced by any similar obligations relative to
supervision by any organ of the United Nations or any other
organization or body." (Counter-Memorial, Book II, Chap. VI,
p. 257.)

Likewise in their final submissions, the Respondent raised no issue
as to lack of substantive rights or legal interest of the Applicants in
the subject-matter of the claim. The Parties placed before the Court
in their submissions the basic points of difference-the real issues-
between them for decision. That being so, the question might well be
asked whether it is open to the Court, of its own motion, to raise as a
point for decision on the merits an issue not raised by the Parties in
their final submissions. No reason has been given by the Court in its
Judgment for adopting such a course. This is particularly important
since the question of Applicants' legal interest is not aii issue for decision
upon the evidence required in support of any of the claims in the Appli-
cants' final submissions. The Respondent has throughout regarded the
question of Applicants' legal interest as an issue relevant in the context
of the scope and applicability of Article 7 (2) of the Mandate, and as
such an issue of admissibility. It was in that respect that the issue was
raised and decided in the 1962Judgment.

In the Judgment of the Court in the present phase of the proceedings
it is stated that the issue before the Court in 1962was essentially one of
the capacity of the Applicants to invoke the jurisdictional clause and
that the only test of capacity predicated by this clause, the only qualifica-
tion required by it to be fulfilledtionepersonae, was that the Applicants
should be members of the League. The Court, in my view, went further
than that, as indeed it was required to do by the Respondent's submis-
sions, and held that the dispute before it was within the ambit of the
jurisdictional clause,ratione materiae.The nature of the dispute appeared
clearlp in the Applications and it was on that basis that the Respondent
filed its preliminary objections.
The Applications were filed on 4 November 1960and were duly served
on the Respondent. On 30November 1961within the time-limit fixedfor
the formulation of its first pleading, the Respondent filed preliminary
objections. The proceedings on the merits were accordingly suspended
by virtue of the provisions of Article 62, paragraph 3, of the Rules of
Court. The fact that the proceedings were so suspended did not and

492 could not in my view effect the binding force of the 1962 Judgment
(which has not been challenged) on the issues raised in the submissions
and decided by the Court.
In dealing with the 1962Judgment it will be helpful to set out in full
the grounds of the Respondent's preliminary objections as stated in its
final submissions. They were that the Applicants-

". ..have no locusstandi in these contentious proceedings, and that
the Court has no jurisdiction to hear or adjudicate upon the ques-
tions of law and fact raised in the Applications and Memorials,
more particularly because :

Firstly, by reason of the dissolution of the League of Nations,
theMandatefor South WestAfrica is no longer a 'treaty or conven-
tion in force', within the meaning of Article 37 of the Statute of
the Court, this submission being advanced-
(a) with respect to the said Mandate Agreement as a whole,
including Article 7 thereof, and
(b) in any event, with respect to Article 7 itself;
Secorzdly,neither the Government of Ethiopia nor the Govern-
ment of Liberia is 'another Member of the League of Nations', as
required for locus standi by Article 7 of the Mandate for South

West Africa;
Thirdly, the conflict or disagreement alleged by the Governments
of Ethiopia and Liberia to exist between them and the Government
of the Republic of South Africa, is by reason of its nature and
content not a 'dispute' as envisaged in Article 7 of the Mandate
for South West Africa, more particularly inthat no material interests
of the Governments of Ethiopia and/or Liberia or of their nationals
are involved therein or affected thereby;

Fourthly, the alleged conflict or disagreement is as regards its
state of development not a 'dispute' which 'cannot be settled by
negotiation' within the meaning of Article 7 of the Mandate for
South West Africa."
The Applicants joined issue with the Respondent on al1the points
raised in the submissions.

In dealing with the preliminary objections the Court had two courses
open to it under Article 62, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court. It
could either give its decision on them or join the objections or any of
them to the merits. The Court chose the first course and gave its decision
on al1 the objections raised by the Respondent in their submissions.
In doing so it was unavoidable, having regard to the nature of the
objections and the manner in which the Respondent presented its
arguments, that it would touch on points which are also relevant to the
merits of the case, e.g., the survival of the Mandate. In my separate
opinion on the preliminary objections 1 said that a great deal of the
argument on the first three preliminary objections in the Judgment
493 went to the merits of the case. But the fact that it was so did not detract
from the effect of the Judgment of the Court on the issues decided.

It only meant that whatever the Court found in that phase of the pro-
ceedings should not prejudice its findings subsequently on any issue
relevant to the merits. The question of Applicants' legal interest was
raised as an issue of jurisdiction, the submission being that the dispute
was one in which neither the national interest of the Applicants, nor
that of their own nationals was prejudiced, and consequently, that it
was not covered by the compromissory clause of Article 7 (2) of the
Mandate. The Court and the Parties regarded it, as in truth it was,
as an issue of jurisdiction and treated it as such.

On the facts and law before it the Court rejected al1the Respondent's
objections and found that Article 7 (2)-

"... refers to any dispute whatever relatingnot to any oneparticular
provision or provisions, but to 'the provisions' of the Mandate,
obviously meaning al1 or any provisions, whether they relate to
substantive obligations of the Mandatory toward the inhabitants
of the Territory or toward the other Members of the League or to
its obligation to submit to superVisionby the League under Article 6
or to protection under Article 7 itself. For the manifest scope and
import of the provisions of this Article indicate that the Members
of the League were understood to have a legal right or interest in
the observance by the Mandatory of its obligations both toward the
inhabitants of the Mandated Territory, and toward the League of
Nations and its Members." (I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 343.)

That was the finding of the Court on the scope and applicability of
Article 7 (2) of the Mandate and remains so today.
It is said in the Judgment of the Court that this is a finding which
goes not to the issue ofjurisdiction but to the merits of the case and was
in consequence irrelevant to the decision. The question of jurisdiction
under Article 7 (2) of the Mandate has two aspects; one aspect is the
cornpetence of the Court to hear the case, and the other is the locusstandi

of the Applicants, j.e., the capacity of the Applicants to seise the Court
with jurisdiction to decide the dispute before it. Both these matters
were dealt with by the Court in 1962as issues of jurisdiction. The Court
said in 1962that with respect to the "dispute" before it the Applicants
had the right to invoke the compromissory clause. Once the Court has
said that, the Applicants would not, in my view, be required to show
further, as a matter of evidence, that they have a substantive right or
legal interest in the subject-matter of the claim. They would be required
to do so only if they were alleging damage or prejudice to their individual
interests. What the Applicants are asking the Court to do is to declare
that on a proper interpretation of certain provisions of the Mandate the
494Respondent by its laws, policies and measures has committed breaches
of those provisions. 1 find myself unable to accept the view that with
respect to the same dispute the Applicants will have the capacity to
bring the dispute before the Court but cannot recover unless they can
show that their substantive rights or legalinterests were directly involved

or prejudiced, even though they have not alleged any damage and have
not asked for reparation.

The Judgment of the Court says that in the present cases the dispute
between the Parties relates exclusively to the "conduct" provisions of
the Mandate, and does not relate in any way at al1 to the "special
interests" provisions. While it is true toythat the practice of apartheid
was the chief complaint of the Applicants, it must be noted that Sub-
mission No. 9 has implications far beyond the "conduct" clauses. The
Applicants in Submission No. 9 Saythat the Respondent has attempted
to modify the terms of the Mandate and that it has no power to do so
without the consent of the United Nations. If that subrnission should
fail, and should the Court also find that the Respondent has no enforce-
able obligations under the Mandate, outside Article 5,it would follow
that the Respondent could modify even the "special interests" clause of
the Mandate. In the same way the failure or successof Submissions 1,2
and 6 could have consequenceswhich would materially affectthe "special

interests" of members of the League. The distinction which the Court
tries to draw betweenthe "conduct" and the "special interests" provisions
would appear, therefore, as a matter of treaty interpretation, to be
illusory in relation to those submissions.

Article 7 (2) is a provision of the Mandate. It gives a member of the
League the right to take the Mandatory to court and places on the
Mandatory the corresponding obligation to accept adjudication. The
Court in its Judgment seeks to restrict this right to be exercised only
in respect of the provisions of Article 5 of the Mandate. The Court,
even on its own line of reasoning, accepts that Article 7 (2) did confer
the right of recourse to court. That right was conferred in respect of
any disputerelating to theinterpretationand application of the Mandate.
The Court says that the mandates system being an activity of the League
of Nations, rights cannot be derived from the mere fact of membership
of the organization itself. This rigid distinction between the League and
its members ignores the fact that the League existedbecause its members

were there to run it and that any rights which States other than the
Mandatory derived from the Mandate sprang from the fact that they
were members of the League. The right to veto given to members of the
Council of the League was preciselyto emphasize the individualinterests
of members in the working of the system. There is no such water-tight
division between the legal interest of the League and that of its members
in the working of the system. There is in the mandates system a division
of functions but not of interests. The League had identical interests
with its members in the proper working not only of the Mandate but of
the League system as well.
495 The Court dealing with the 1962Judgment said that when it decided
that the Mandate had the character of a treaty or convention and was
still in force, this must be understood as a decision concerning the

basis of survival. This, with respect, is an inadequate assessment of the
Judgment. The 1962Judgment decided more than that. It decidedfurther,
that the articles of the Mandate, in particular Article 7 (2), as part
of that treaty, also survived, was still in force and was applicable to
the present dispute. It was on the basis that Article 7 (2) was in force
and was applicable that the Court held that it had jurisdiction to hear
the present case.

The Respondent in presenting its argument in 1962 did so on the
assumption that the Mandate did in some form survive. It had to take
that line because if the Mandate did survive as a treaty or convention
in force it must also have survived in some form in an objective or
institutionalsense since the territory and the Mandatory are still identi-
fiable.The existenceof the Mandate as a treaty or convention assumesits
existence as an institution. The issue rnight arise as to whether al1the

obligations in the Mandate were enforceable but that is a different
matter. The fact is that the Mandate could not survive as a treaty or
convention without at the same time surviving in some form as an
institution. The Court in the Advisory Opinion of 1950 said "that the
Union of South Africa continues to have the international obligations
stated in Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations and in the
Mandate for South West Africa .. .".

The Respondent in its argument against the survival of the Mandate,
in the merits stage,proceeded on the basis that Article 6 was so essential
to the Mandate that if, because of the dissolution of the League, it
ceasedto have any effect,then its disappearance would involvethe dernise
of the Mandate as a whole;-it would carry to its grave al1the other
obligations which legally would have survived with the Mandate. The
distinction between the survival of the Mandate as an institution and
its survivalas a treaty or convention is drawn onlyin thesenseof showing
that the Mandate could survive as an institution-as an embodiment

of real rights-even though the treaty creating it could have come to an
end. But the converse has not been shown to be the case, namely that
it could surviveas a treaty without at the sametime survivingobjectively.
If the Mandate survived as a treaty or as an institution, what survived
are the rights and obligations created by the treaty. So that the finding
of the Court that the Mandate survived as a treaty or convention in
force carries with it the implication that the Mandate must have survived
also in an objective or institutionalsense. It means that the rights and
obligations created by the Mandate remained enforceable at law.
496 1have already stated that, in my view, the Applicants have not modi-
fiedthe claimsin their final submissions and consequently that the nature
of the dispute had not altered. The dispute relates to the interpretation

and application of the terms of the Mandate and was therefore well
within the textual ambit of Article 7 (2) of the Mandate.
The words of Article 7 (2)do not admit of anyrestrictedinterpretation.
The Article reads :
"The Mandatory agrees that, if any dispute whatever should
arise between the Mandatory and another Member of the League
of Nations relating to the interpretation or the application of
the provisions of the Mandate, such dispute, if it cannot be settled
by negotiation, shall be submitted to the Permanent Court of
International Justice provided for by Article 14 of the Covenant
of the League of Nations."

These words were considered by the Permanent Court in the Mavromma-
tis case (Series A, No. 2) and by this Court in its Judgment on the
preliminary objections in the present cases. Both Courts took the view
that the words were wide and include al1disputes relating to the inter-
pretation and application of the terms of the Mandate. There is nothing
in Article 7 (2) which limits its application to disputes relating to the
material interests of the Applicants. The Mandate for South West Africa
contains several articles defining the obligations which the Mandatory
owesto the League and its members and those it owesto the inhabitants
of the territory. Ofthese, only Article 5 contains provisions which may
be said to givemembers of the League individualrights. Article 5 reads:

"Subject to the provisions of any local law for the maintenance
of public order and public morals, the Mandatory shall ensure in
the territory freedom of conscienceand the free exerciseof al1forms
of worship, and shall allow al1missionaries, nationals of any State
Member of the League of Nations, to enter into, travel and reside
in the territory for theurpose of prosecutingtheir calling."

The Judgment says that the right to invoke the compromissory clause
of Article 7 (2) wasgivento members of the League specificallyto protect
such individual rights as they might possess under Article 5 bf the
Mandate. It is said that it is only in respect of these provisions of that
Article that a member of the League could say that its legal interests
were or could be affected. In support of this interpretation, reference
is made to the context in the travauxpréparatoiresin which clause 7 (2)
cameto be introduced. The contention isthat Article 7(2)wasintroduced
into the Mandate at the same time as the provision for "special interests"
was discussed and agreed to, and that there was nothing to suggest that

497 Article 7 (2) was meant to apply to the "conduct" clauses. A point of

significance however is that nowhere was it stated that Article 7 (2)
should be so limited in its application. The reference to the travaux
préparatoiresis, however, in my view,not justified in the present instance.
Itcan bejustified only as an aid to the plain words of the text or if there
is any ambiguity in the words of Article 7 (2). In the absence of any such
ambiguity it would be wrong for the Court to read into the words of the
text an idea or an intention which would be contrary to the plain terms
of the Article.In the S.S. Wimbledon, Series A, No. 1 (1923),page 24,
the Permanent Court of International Justice recognizing the fact that
Germany had to submit to an important limitation of the exercise ofthe
sovereignrights which shepossessed over the Kiel Canal, said:

"this fact constitutes a sufficient reason for the restrictive inter-

pretation, in case of doubt of the clause which produces such a
limitation. But the Court feelsobliged to stop at thepoint where the
so-called restrictive interpretation would be contrary to the plain
terms of the article and would destroy what had been clearly
granted." (Italics added.)

In the S.S. Lotus, Series A, No. 10 '(1927),the French Government
sought to interpret the phrase "principles of international law" which
appears in Article 15 of the Convention of Lausanne of 24 July 1923,
in the light of an amendment which Turkey had tried to introduce in

the Drafting Committee. The French and Italian representatives had
reservations on the amendment but the British definitely rejected it.
The Drafting Committee confined itself to a declaration to the effect
that al1 questions of jurisdiction should "be decided in accordance
with the principles of international law". The French Government
sought to use the proposed amendment as indicating the intentions
which guided the Drafting Committee when it used the phrase "al1
questions of jurisdiction shall, as between Turkey and the other con-
tracting Powers, be decided in accordance with the principles of inter-
national law", and maintained that the meaning of the expression
"principles of international law", should be sought in the light of the
evolution of the Convention. The Permanent Court of International
Justice in dealing with the French contention recalled what it had said
in some preceding judgments and opinions, namely "that there is no
occasion to have regard to preparatory work if the text of a convention
is sufficientlyclear in itself."

In the Memel case, Series AIB, No. 47, page 249,the Permanent Court
of International Justice alsosaid:

"As regards the arguments based on the history of the text, the
Court must fust of al1point out that, as it has constantly held, the

498 preparatory work cannot be adduced to interpret a text which is,
in itself, sufficiently clear."
In the Advisory Opinion on the Competenceof the GeneralAssembZy
for the Admission of a State to the UnitedNations (I.C.J. Reports 1950,
p. 8) this Court said:

"The Court considers it necessary to Saythat the hst duty of a
tribunal which is called upon to interpret and to apply the provisions
of a treaty, is to endeavour to give effectto them in their natural
and ordinary meaning in the context in which they occur. If the
relevant words in their natural and ordinary meaning make sense
in their context, that is the end of the matter."
On the ground that the text of Article 7 (2) is clear, it is not in my

view necessary to have recourse to the travaux préparatoiresin inter-
preting it. It may be said that in spite of the views expressed above, the
courts have in most cases had recourse to travaux préparatoiresin
interpreting provisions of treaties, but where they have done so the
purpose has been to support rather than contradict the plain words of
the text.
TheMandate was an attempt by the members of the League of Nations
to introduce a new concept in international law. The Mandate, as this
Court has said in its Advisory Opinion on the International Status of
South West Africa (I.C.J. Reports 1950) and in the 1962 Judgment,
created a new régimein international law. Al1the members of the League
had an interest in the proper working of this new experiment. The
political or humanitarian interest of members of the League proclaimed
in paragraph 1 of Article 22 of the Covenant was, as the Court has
stressed in its Judgment, given legal character by the other provisions
of that Article and, with respect to South West Africa, the mandate
instrument under consideration. By agreeing or subscribing to these
provisions each member of the League manifested an interest in the
proper working of the scheme and in the fulfilment of its ultimate
purpose, and that notwithstanding that its individual interest may not
be involved. Each member has therefore an interest in seeing that the
provisions of the Mandate are properly observed and carried out by the
Mandatory.

This Court in its Advisory Opinion in 1950said, at page 133:
"The essentially international character of the functions which
had been entrusted to the Union of South Africa ... appears from
the fact that any Member of the League could, according to Art-
icle7 of the Mandate, submit to the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice any dispute with the Union Government relating
to the interpretation or the application of the provisions of the
Mandate."
In the same Advisory Opinion, Sir Arnold McNair in his separate
opinion said :

"Although there is no longer any League to supervisethe exercise
499 of the Mandate, it would be an error to think that there is no
control over the Mandatory. Every State which was a Member of
the League at the time of its dissolution still has a legalnterest in
the proper exercise of the Mandate.''

The Applicants in their Applications and in their Memorials state
that they have a legal interest in the proper administration of the Man-
date. The Judgment of the Court does not deny that they have an interest
but says that it is political or humanitarian and not legal.
The right of a State to bring an action for the protection of acornmon
interest has been recognized in international law. Rosenne, at page 520
of The Law and Practice of the International Court States:

"Another form of legal interest which it is believed is recognized
automatically is that which is based upon participation by the
applicant State in a treaty to which the respondent State is also a
party, at al1events so long as the treaty is still in forc... where
such a treaty contains a compromissory clause, the jurisdiction
may be invoked in accordance with that clause even if material
interests of a concrete character cannot be shown by the applicant
State ...This principle, which appears to be incontestable, isleading
to two developments. The first is recognition of a treaty situation
in which the contesting States do not have any interests of their
own but a common interest, the accomplishment of the purpose
of the convention. Any party to such a treaty has a legal interest
sufficient to entitle it to invoke the compromissory clause against
any other party."

The right to invoke the compromissory clause against a party implies
or includes the right to recover on the claim if the evidence justifies it.
The Applicant in such a case does not have to establish damage or
prejudice'to its material interests in order to succeed, unless it was
claiming damages. Al1it needs to prove is that it belongs to the class of
States to whom the right to bring the action is givenin the compromissory
clause.
The principle of cornmon interest in the execution of a multilateral
treaty was recognized by the Permanent Court of International Justice
in theS.S. Wimbledon,Series A, JudgmentNo. 1,where it was stated that
the Court could take cognizance of the suit in spite of the fact that the
Applicants could not al1adduce a prejudice to some pecuniary interest;
for they had a "clear interest in the execution of the provisions [of the
Treaty of Versailles] relating to the Kiel Canal, since they al1possess
fleets and merchant vessels flyingtheir respective flags".

The similarity of the position in the S.S. Wimbledon vis-à-vis those
States parties to the treaty that cannot adduce a prejudice to some
pecuniary interest and the instant cases is clear, and it is not destroyed
by saying that those States owned ships and could conceivably hd
500themselves in the position that France was in in that case. In this con-
nection it may be mentioned, although that point has not been taken up
in the arguments that the apartheid residential laws of the Respondent
in the mandated territory of South West Africa would adversely affect
the freedom of movement of any nationals of the Applicant States who,
not being "Whites" within the census classification of South West Africa,
may choose to go there in the exercise of the rights given to nationals
of members of the League under Article 5 of the Mandate in the same
way as they affect the "Natives" of the territory. "Natives" by the
census classification, as has been noted above, are persons who in fact
are, or who are generally accepted as members of any aboriginal race or
tribe of Africa.

Under the segregation laws Natives can only live in areas set apart
for them. Natives living on land reserved for "European" owned
commercial firms at the time of its allocation may be required under
the land settlement laws either to move or to work for the "European"
firm. A Native missionary from any of the Applicant States will not
enjoy the same or equal right of residencewithin the territory as a White
missionary. He will be subject to al1the apartheid discriminatory laws.
The Minister of Native Affairs has certain powers over "Natives" (in-
cluding "Native" missionaries) which he does not have over "White"
missionaries. It is appreciated that no issue has been raised about
missionaries, if any, from Applicant States, but the question whether
or not the Mandate survives or can unilaterally be modified, which are
some of the issues for decision on the Applicants' claims, can have
consequences which are likely to affect the rights of nationals of the
Applicant States going to the territory to exercise any of the rights
allowed them under Article 5 of the Mandate. But that notwithstanding,
the Applicants as members of the League have severally an interest in

the proper carrying out of the terms of the Mandate by the Respondent.

In the Advisory Opinion on Reservations to the GenocideConvention
(I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 23), this Court, dealing with the special charac-
teristics of the Genocide Convention, said:

"The originsand character ofthat Convention,the objects pursued
by the General Assembly and the contracting parties, the relations
which exist between the provisions of the Convention, inter se, and
between those provisions and these objects, furnish elements of

interpretation of the will of the General Assembly and the parties.
501 The objects of such a convention must also be considered. The

Convention was manifestly adopted for a purely humanitarian and
civilizing purpose. It is indeed difficult to imagine a convention
that might have this dual character to a greater degree, since its
object on the one hand is to safeguard the very existence of certain
human groups and on the other to confirm and endorse the most
elementary principles of morality. In such a convention the con-
tracting States do not have any interest of their own; they merely
have, one and all, a common interest, namely the accomplishment
of those high purposes which are the raisond'êtreofthe Convention.
Consequently, in a convention of this type one cannot speak of
individualadvantages or disadvantages to States, or of the mainten-
ance of a perfect contractual balance between rights and duties.
The high ideals which inspired the Convention provide, by virtue
of the common will of the parties, the foundation and measure of
al1its provisions."

The same principle was also stated by C. Wilfred Jenks in his book
The Prospects of International Adjudicationat page 524, in the following
passage :
"Speaking more generally, ever'yparty to a treaty has at least a
potential legal interest in any breach of its provisions, and any
breach of a rule of international law ... prejudices at least poten-
tially, the rights of al1other subjects of international law o... of
al1 subjects of the law who may be affected by it. Remoteness of
interest may limit any reparation due but is unlikely to destroy the
legal interest which is the source of liability for, as the Mavrommatis
Palestine Concessions(Merits) case shows, the existence of a legal

interest does not, in international law, depend onthe actual suffrance
of damage."

Enough has been said to show that there is support in international
law that a State can have a legal interest in the prosecution of a common
interest the subject-matter of a multilateral treaty like the Covenant of
the League of Nations to which that State is a party.
The idea of the Mandate was in 1920 a new one and it would be a
denial of its very purpose to Say that when Article 7 (2) was drafted
and accepted by members of the League, those founder-fathers were
thinking only of the commercial or missionaryinterests of their nationals
and not the main purpose of the Mandate also.

It has been said that nowhere in the Mandate was it stated that
members of the League should have the right of protecting the Mandate.
The answer is that itdoes not need to be so stated. The existence of such
a right is inherent in the very act of creating the Mandate on behalf of

the League and Article 7 (2) emphasizes the existence of such a right in
the members of the League. It seems to me that this is a logical reasonfor drafting Article 7 (2)in such wideterms. Article 7 (2) of the Mandate
as a provision of the Mandate should be interpreted in a manner to
ensure the purpose of the Mandate. To do otherwise would be to corrupt
both the letter and the spirit of the Article.

The members of the League have, by virtue of their membership, a
common interest in the proper exercise of the Mandate. That interest
is a legal one and in the light of Article 7 (2) gives each member the
right to take a delinquent Mandatory to court.

The Applicants are asking the Court to declare that certain actions
of the Respondent as listed in the Memorials and in the oral hearings
amount to a breach of the obligations of the Respondent as Mandatory
under the Mandate. Assuming that the League was still in existence
and a situation was reached as is the case now, where the Respondent

was bent on pursuing policies which the overwhelming majority of
members of the Leaguefelt were out of linewith its mandate obligations,
at the same time maintaining that its policies were not in breach of the
mandate provisions and would not agree to change them or agree to
any compromise solution, how was the difference to be resolved? The
Judgment saysthat the Mandate provides no remedy for such a situation
and that is was a risk the League members took with their eyes wide
open. It seemsto me that it was toeet such a situation that Article 7 (2)
was introduced. The League itself cannot invoke the compromissory
clause and 1see nothing incompatible with Article 7 (2) in any member
of the League who wished to carry the burden, making the difference
or dispute its own and invoking the compromissory clause in order to
ensure due compliance with the terms of the Mandate. To invoke the
clause insuch circumstances does not and cannot destroy the character
of the League nor that of the Mandate. On the contrary, it would be in
keeping with its duty as a member of the League to do so for the safe-
guarding of the sacred trust to which it had subscribed.

(Signed Louis MBANEFO.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF SIR LOUIS MBANEFO

The Court in its Judgment finds that the Applicants cannot be con-
sidered to have established any substantive right or legal interest apper-
taining to them in the subject-matter of the present claims and that for
that reason the claims must be rejected. 1 regret 1 find myself unable,
for reasons which 1shall hereinafter state, to agree with those conclusions
and the motivation behind them.
1hold the view that when the Court has found that the dispute in the
present casesis within the ambit of the compromissory clause, Article 7
(2) of the Mandate, as it did in its 1962 Judgment on the preliminary
objections, the Applicants do not have to show again in order to succeed
that they have individual legal interests in the subject-matter of the
dispute unless their claims are founded on damage or prejudice to such
interests; and secondly, that a general interest in the proper carrying out

of the terms of a multilateral treaty like the Mandate is sufficient legal
interest on which an applicant can found its claim.

The two Applicants, the Government of Ethiopia and the Government
of Liberia, filed two separate but identical Applications against the
Government of the Union of South Africa as Respondent, in which they
ask the Court to adjudge and declare against the Respondent upon 11
(later reduced to nine in the final submissions) different heads of claims
relating to the Mandate for South West Africa. The claims, as set out
in the Applicants' final submissions, are reproduced in the Judgment of
the Court and 1do not intend to repeat them in full again.

Briefly they ask the Court to adjudge and declare that South West
Africa is a territory under the Mandate, that the Respondent continues
to have the international obligations stated in Article 22 of the Covenant
of the League of Nations and in the Mandate for South West Africa as
well as the obligation to transmit petitions from the inhabitants of the

territory, and that the supervisory functions are to be exercised by the
United Nations to which the annual reports and petitions are to be sub-
mitted. The Applicants further complain that the Respondent-
(a) has practised apartheid and, because of such practice, has failed to
promote to the utmost the material and moral well-being and social
progress of the inhabitants of the territory;

(b) has failed to transmit petitions from the inhabitants of the territory
to the United Nations;

482 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE SIR LOUIS MBANEFO

[Traduction]
La Cour constate dans son arrêtque les demandeurs ne sauraient
êtreconsidérés comme ayant établi l'existence à leur profit d'un droit
ou intérêjturidique au regard de l'objet des demandes et décide qu'en
conséquence ces demandes doivent êtrerejetées.Je regrette de ne pas
êtreen mesure, pour les raisons que je vais exposer ci-après,de souscrire
à ces conclusions età leurs motifs.
A mon avis, du moment que la Cour a jugé que le présent différend
relève bien de la clause compromissoire énoncée au deuxième alinéa
de l'article7 du Mandat, comme elle l'a fait dans son arrêt de 1962
relatif aux exceptionspréliminaires, les demandeursn'ont pas de nouveau

à prouver, pour obtenir gain de cause, qu'ils ont un intérêtjuridique
propre relativement à l'objet du différend,à moins qu'ils ne fondent
leurs demandes sur des dommages ou préjudices causés à cet intérêt;
j'estime d'autre part qu'un intérêt général la bonne exécution desdis-
positions d'un traité multilatéral comme le Mandat constitue un intérêt
juridique suffisant pour permettreà un demandeur de fonder sa plainte.
Les deux demandeurs, le Gouvernement de I'Ethiopie et le Gouver-
nement du Libéria,ont déposé deuxrequêtes distinctes mais identiques
à l'encontre du Gouvernement de l'Union sud-africaine, défendeur,
dans lesquelles ils demandentà la Cour de se prononcer contre le défen-
deur sur onze chefs d'accusation concernant le Mandat pour le Sud-
Ouest africain, le chiffre de onze ayant étéramenéà neuf dans les con-
clusions finales. Ces demandes, telles qu'elles sont énoncéesdans les
conclusions finales des demandeurs, sont reproduites dans l'arrêtde

la Cour; il n'y a donc pas lieu de les reproduire intégralement ici.
En bref, la Cour est priéede dire et juger que le Sud-Ouest africain
est un territoire sous Mandat, que le défendeur demeure soumis aux
obligations internationales énoncéesà l'article 22 du Pacte de la Société
des Nations et dans le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain, ainsi qu'à
l'obligation de transmettre les pétitions des habitants du territoire, les
fonctions de surveillance étantexercéespar les Nations Unies auxquelles
lesrapports annuelset les pétitions doivent êtreenvoyés. Lesdemandeurs
font en outre grief au défendeur:

a) d'avoir pratiqué l'apartheid et, du fait de cette pratique, d'avoir
faillià son devoir, qui est d'accroître, par tous les moyens en son
pouvoir, le bien-êtrematérielet moral et le progrès social des habi-
tants du territoire;
b) de n'avoir pas transmis aux Nations Unies les pétitions émanant
des habitants du territoire; (c) has failed to submit annual reports to the General Asseinbly of the

United Nations;
(d) has established military bases within the territory;
(e) has attempted substantially to modify the terms of the Mandate
without the consent of the United Nations.
The Applicants say that these acts and oinissions are in violation of the
obligations undertaken by the Respondent as Mandatory under the

Mandate and request the Court to declare that the Respondent has the
duty to observe the terms of the Mandate and to cease doing the acts
complained of.
It has been argued by the Respondent that the Applicants' final
submissions, in particular Submissions Nos. 3 and 4, amount to a
substantial modification of the Applicants' original submissions E, F,
G, H and 1 as set out in their Applications. The Respondent says that
the Applicants' original submissions made allegations of arbitrary,
inhuman and oppressive measures against the Respondent, andthat those
allegations were withdrawn in the final submissions.
Submissions E, F, G, H and 1 as stated in the Applications read as
follows :

"E. The Union has failed to promote to the utmost the material
and moral well-being and social progress of the inhabitants of the
Territory; its failure to do sos a violation of Article 2 of the Man-
date and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that the Union has the
duty forthwith to take al1practicable action to fulfilits duties under
such Articles.
F. The Union, in administering the Territory, has practised
upartheid, i.e. has distinguished as to race, colour, national or

tribal origin in establishing the rights and duties of the inhabitants
of the Territory; that such practice is in violation of Article 2 of the
Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that the Union
has the duty forthwith to cease the practice of apartheid in the
Territory.
G. The Union, in administering the Territory, has adopted and
applied legislation, regulations, proclamations, and administrative
decrees which are by their terms and in their application, arbitrary,
unreasonable, unjust and detrimental to huinan dignity; that the
foregoing actions by the Union violate Article 2 of the Mandate and
Article22of the Covenant ;and thatthe Union has the duty forthwith
to repeal and not to applysuchlegislation,regulations,proclamations
and administrative decrees.

H. The Union lias adopted and applied legislation, administrative
regulations, and officia1actions which suppress the rights and liber-
ties of inhabitants of the Territory essential to their orderly evolution
toward self-government, the right to which is implicit in the Cove-
nant of the League of Nations, the terms of the Mandate, and
currently accepted international standards, as embodied in the
483c) de n'avoir pas envoyé de rapports annuels à l'Assembléegénérale
des Nations Unies;
d) d'avoir établides bases militaires dans le territoire;
e) d'avoir tenté d'apporter aux dispositions du Mandat des modifica-
tions de fond sans l'autorisation des Nations Unies.
Les demandeurs déclarent que ces actes et ces carences constituent des
violations des obligations que le défendeur,en sa qualitéde Mandataire,
a acceptéde remplir en application du Mandat et prient la Cour de

dire que le défendeur ale devoir de respecter les dispositions du Mandat
et de mettre fin aux pratiques incriminées.
Le défendeur soutient que les conclusions finales des demandeurs,
notamment les conclusions nos 3 et 4, sont sensiblement différentes
de leurs conclusions initialesE, F, G, H et 1 telles que celles-ci étaient
énoncées dans les requêtes.Le défendeur déclareque, dans ces premières
canclusions, les demandeurs faisaient état de mesures oppressives,
arbitraires et inhumaines appliquées par le défendeur, et que ces allé-
gations ont disparu des conclusions finales.
Les conclusions E, F, G, H, et 1 étaient énoncéesdans les requêtes
en ces termes :

«E. L'Union n'a pas accru, par tous les moyens en son pouvoir,
le bien-être matérielt moral ainsi que le progrès socialdeshabitants
du Territoire; ..cette carence est une violation de l'article 2 du
Mandat et de l'article 22 du Pacte; et ...l'Union a le devoir de
prendre sur-le-champ toutes les mesures possibles pour remplir
ses obligations aux termes de ces articles.
F. Dans l'administration du Territoire, l'Union a pratiquél'apart-
heid,c'est-à-dire qu'ellea établiune discriminatioii fondéesurla race,
la couleur, l'origine nationale ou tribale, lorsqu'elle a fixé les
droits et devoirs des habitants du Territoire; ...cette pratique
constitue une violation de l'article 2 du Mandat et de l'article 22
du Pacte, et..l'union a ledevoir de cessersur-le-champ de pratiquer
l'apartheid dans le Territoire.
G. Dans l'administration du Territoire, l'Union a adopté et
appliqué une légis!ation,des règlements, desproclamations et des
ordonnances administratives qui par leurs termes et dans leur
application sont arbitraires, déraisonnables, injustes et contraireà
la dignité humaine; ...les mesures officielles de l'Union men-
tionnées ci-avant violent l'article 2 du Mandat et l'article 22 du
Pacte; et ...l'Union a le devoir de rapporter sur-le-champ et de ne

pas appliquer ces législations, règlements,proclamations et ordon-
nances administratives.
H. L'union a adopté et appliqué une législation, des règlements
administratifs et des mesures officielles qui suppriment les droits
et les libertésdes habitants du Territoire, droits essentielsl'évolu-
tion régulière versl'autonoinie, à laquelle leur donnent implicite-
ment droit le Pacte de la Sociétédes Nations, les dispositions du
Mandat et les normes internationales couramment acceptées telles
483 Charter of the United Nations and the Declaration of Human

Rights; that the foregoing actions by the Union violate Article 2
of the Mandate and Article 22of the Covenant; and that the Union
has the duty forthwith to cease and desist from any action which
thwarts the orderly development of self-government in the Territory.
1. The Union has exercised power of administration and legis-
lation over the Territory inconsistent with the international status
of the Territory; that the foregoing action by the Union is in vio-
lation of Article 2 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant;
that the Union has the duty to refrain from acts of'administration
and legislation which are inconsistent with the international status
of the Territory."

In their final submissions, the Applicants deleted the above five
submissions and substituted Submissions 3 and 4 which read as follows:

"(3) Respondent: by laws and regulations, and officia1methods
and measures, which are set out in the pleadings herein, has practised
apartheid, i.e., has distinguished as to race, colour, national or
tribal origin in establishing the rights and duties of the inhabitants
of the Territory; that such practice is in violation of its obligations
as stated in Article 2 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant
of the League of Nations; and that Respondent has the duty forth-
with to cease the practice of apartheid in the Territory.

(4) Respondent, by virtue of economic, political, social and edu-
cational policies applied within the Territory, by means of laws
and regulations, and officia1methods and measures, which are set
out in the pleadings herein, has, in the light of applicable inter-
national standards or international legal norm, or both, failed to
promote to the utmost the material and moral well-being and social

progress of the inhabitants of the Territory; that its failure to do so
is in violation of its obligations as stated in Article 2 of the Mandate
and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that Respondent has the duty
forthwith to cease its violations as aforesaid and to take al1practi-
cable action to fulfilits duties under such Articles."

The gravamen of the Applicants' complaint inboth sets of submissions
is the practice of apartheid which they Sayis, by its nature, oppressive,
arbitrary and inhuman, and, thercfore, incompatible with the Respon-
dent's obligations under Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Mandate. That
complaint has not changed and ren~aiilsthe same in the original as well
as in the final submissions.
The facts relied upon by the Applicants in support of their Sub-
missions 3 and 4 are certain Iaws, regulations and official measures
introduced in the territory by the Respondent which are listed in the

484 qu'elles sont inscrites dansla Charte des Nations Unies et la Décla-
ration des droits de l'homme; ..les actes ci-dessus de l'Union violent
l'article 2 du Mandat et l'article 22 du Pacte; et ...l'Union a le
devoir de cesser et de s'abstenir sur-le-champ de toute action qui
entrave le développementrégulierde l'autonoinie dans le Territoire.
1. L'Union a exercé des pouvoirs d'administration et de Iégis-
lation sur le Territoire incompatibles avec le statut international
du Territoire; ..l'action susdite de l'Union constitue une violation
de l'article 2 du Mandat et de l'article 22 du Pacte; ..l'Union a le
devoir de s'abstenir de tous actes d'administration et de législation
qui soient incompatibles avec le statut international du Territoire. 1)

Dans leurs c~nclusions finales, les demandeurs ont suppriméles cinq
conclusions ci-dessus et les ont remplacéespar les conclusions no" et 4
ainsi libellée:

«3. Par les lois et règlements et par les méthodeset actes officiels
décritsdans les écritures,le défendeura pratiquél'apartheid, c'est-à-
dire qu'il a établi une distinction fondée sur la race, la couleur,
l'origine nationale ou tribale, lorsqu'il a fixéles droits et devoirs
des habitants du Territoire; ...cette pratique constitue une violation
de ses obligations telles qu'elles figurent à l'article 2 du Mandat
et à l'article 22 du Pacte de la Société desNations; et ...le défen-
deur a le devoir de cesser sur-le-champ de pratiquer l'apartheid
dans le Territoire.
4. Par l'effet des principes économiques, politiques, sociaux et
éducatifsappliqués dans le Territoire, par les lois et règlements et
par les méthodes et actes officiels décrits dans les écritures, le
défendeur, au regard des ((standards » internationaux applicables

ou de la norme juridique internationale applicable ou de ces deux
critères àla fois, n'a pas accru, par tous les moyens en son pouvoir,
le bien-être matérielet moral ainsi que le progrès socialdes habitants
du Territoire; ...cette carence constitue une violation de ses obliga-
tions telles qu'elles figurentà l'article 2 du Mandat et à l'article 22
du Pacte; et ...le défendeur a le devoir de mettre sur-le-champ
un terme aux violations indiquées ci-avant et de prendre.toutes les
mesures possibles pour remplir ses obligations aux termes desdits
articles.1)

Dansles deux sériesde conclusions, les demandeurs font porter leur
grief essentiel sur la pratique de l'apartlzeidqui, pour eux, est par nature
une pratique oppressive, arbitraire et inhumaine, donc incompatible
avec les obligations du défendeur telles qu'elles découlent du deuxième
alinéa de l'article 2 du Mandat. Ce grief n'a pas varié et se retrouve
aussi bien dans les conclusions initiales que dans les conclusions finales.
Les faits qu'invoquent les demandeurs à l'alpui de leurs conclusions
nos 3 et 4 consistent en des lois, règlements et mesures officielles appli-
quésdans leterritoire par le défendeur, quisont indiquésdans lesrequêtesApplications and amplified in the Memorials. A few of them may be
mentioned here :

(a) The census classification groups the population as "Whites",
"Natives", "Coloureds" and "Asiatics". FVIzitesare defined as
persons who in appearance obviously are, or who are generally
accepted as white persons, but excluding persons who although
in appearanceare obviously white, are generally accepted as coloured
persons. Natives are persons who in fact are, or who are generally
accepted as members of any aboriginal race or tribe of Africa.
Colouvedsare al1personswho areneither Whites,Natives nor Asiatics.
Applicants Saythat rights and burdens are allotted, by Governrnent
policy and actions, on the basis of membership in a racial group
irrespective of individual quality or capacity.

(b) Natives are not entitled to obtain permanent residential rights
or ownership in urban areas in the Police Zone. This restriction

applies to any association, corporate or incorporate, in which a
Native has any interest and relates to rriral townships as well as
urban areas.

(c) Probationary leases contain conditions providing for their immediate
cancellation in the event of a lessee marrying a Native or Coloured
person and prohibitinp any transfer of the lease to Natives, Asiatics
or Coloured persons.
(d) Within the area of the Police Zone, excluding the Native reserves
and the Rehoboth Gebiet, licences to prospect for minerals may
be issued only to Europeans and European-owned companies.

(e) In al1 mining enterprises owned by Europeans, Natives may not
occupy any of the following posts: Manager; Assistant, Sectional
or Underground Manager; Mine Overseer; Shift Boss; Ganger;
Person in charge of boilers, engines and machinery; Sürveyor;
Engineer; Winding Engine Driver; Banksman or Onsetter.

(f) In the legislation in the territory relating to registration of trade
unions and settlement of individual disputes there is no provision
for the registration of Native trade unions and no provision for
conciliation of disputesin so far as a Native employee is concerned.
The provisions concerning labour disputes and conciliation do not
apply to disputes among or between Native labourers and the
others. A European Inspector represents the interests of Native
employees in proceedings of conciliation boards, the members of
which can be only Europeans or Coloured persons. et précisésdans les mémoires.Il y a lieu de reprendre ici certains d'entre
eux:

a) Le recensement distingue quatre groupes ethniques respectivement
dénommés blancs, indigènes, métis et asiatiques. Les blancs sont
définiscomme les personnes qui par leur apparence sont évidemment
de race blanche ou sont généralement considérées comine telles,
à l'exclusion des personnes qui, bien qu'étant apparemment de
race blanche, sont généralement considérées comine des nzétis.Les
indigènessont les personnes qui appartiennent en fait à toute race
ou tribu ab2rigène d'Afrique ou qui sont considéréescomine y

appartenant. Les métis sont toutes les persoiines qui ne figurent
dans aucun des trois autres groupes, blanc, indigène, ou asiatique.
Les demandeurs déclarent que les droits et les charges sont répartis,
d'après la politique et l'action gouverneinentales, en fonction de
l'appartenance à l'un de ces groupes raciaux, compte non tenu des
qualités ou aptitudes de l'individu.
b) Les indigènes ne sont pas autorisésà obtenir des droits de résideIlce
permanente ni des droits de propriété permanente dans les régiorls
urbaines de la zone de police. Cette restriction est applicable à
toute association, constituée ou non, dans laquelle un indigène a
un intérêtquelconque, et elle vise les municipalités rurales comme
les régionsurbaines.
c) Les concessions contiennent des dispositions prévoyant leur annu-
lation immédiate au cas où le bénéficiaireépouserait une personne

indigène ou métisseet prohibant la cession du bail à des indigènes,
à des asiatiques, ouà des métis.
d) Dans les limites de la zone de police, exception faite des réserves
indigènes et du territoire de Rehoboth, des permis de prospcction
minière ne peuvent êtredélivrésqu'à des europée:.iset à des sociétés
détenuespar des européens.
e) Dans toutes les sociétésminières détenues par des européens, il
est interdit aux indigènes d'occuper l'un quelconque des postes sui-
vants: directeur; directeur adjoint, chef de service ou chef d'exploi-
tation au fond; surveillant de mine; chef de brigade;chef d'équipe;
surveillant des chaudières,machines et autre matériel; contrôleur;
mécanicien,conducteur de machine d'extraction; receveur ou porion
de surface.

f) La législation du territoire relativeà l'e~lregistreme~îtdes syndicats
et au règlement des différendsindividuels ne contient aucune disposi-
tion sur l'enregistrement des syndicats indigènesou la conciliation de
différends auxquels seraient parties des employés indigènes. Les
dispositions concernant les conflits du travail et la conciliation ne
s'appliquent pas non plus aux différendsqui peuvent s'éleverentre
les travailleurs indigènes ou entre les travailleurs indigènes et les
autres travailleurs. C'estn inspecteur européen qui représente les
intérêts des employés indigènea su sein des comités de conciliation,
dont les membres 11epeuvent êtreque des européens ou des métis.(g) It is a criminal offencefor a Native employee to refuse to commence
service under a contract of service at a stipulated time, to absent
himselffrom his master'spremiseswithout leaveor other lawfulcause,

to refuse to obey any order of his master or to leave his master's
service with intent not to return thereto. An employee charged with
any of the above rnay on conviction be sentenced to a term of
imprisonment and on release from prison must return to his master's
service unless the contract of service has been cancelled. If he fails
to do so he rnay be sentenced to successive periods of further irn-
prisonment, provided that no servant rnay be iinprisoned continu-
ously for longer than six months in all.

(17) Only Europeans rnay enter into contracts of apprenticeship in the
territory.
(i) Only White persons are allowed to vote at an election of members
of the Legislative Assembly. Non-Whites are excluded by law from
serving as members of the Legislative Assembly, the Executive
Committee or of the South African Parliament and excluded by
practice from being appointed as administrators of the territory.
No person other than a European rnay vote in any municipal
council elections or qualify for election to a municipal council.

According to the Respondent these are political institutions devised
and intended only for the White population group. Native affairs
at local government level are handled through Native Advisory
Boards who possess no legislative or executive powers. Membership
of local government institutions for Natives is shared equally
between Natives and Whites.
An authorized officer may, whenever he has reason to believe that
any Native within an urban or a proclaimed area is an idle person,
without warrant, arrest that Native and cause him to be brought
before a Native Commissioner or Magistrate wlio shall require the
Native to give a good and satisfactory account of hirnself and if
the Native fails to do so: to declare him an idle person. If the Magis-
trate declares him an idle person he shall by warrant addressed to
any police officerrder that such Native be removed fr~m the urban
or proclaimed area and sent home or to a place indicated by the
Magistrate and that he be detained in custody pending his re-
moval.

(k) No unexempted Native rnay remain for more than 72 hours in an
urban area unless permission to remain has been granted thein by
a designated person.
(1) An unexempted male Native over the age of 14years is not permitted
to travel beyond his place of residence or employment in the Police
Zone unless he is in possession of a pass issued by an authorized
person [the Police Zone is more than 50 per cent. of the whole
Territory]. The pass must be produced on demand.g) C'est une infraction pénale pour un employé indigène de refuser
de commencer son service au moment stipulé dans soi1 contrat de
travail, de s'absenter de son lieu de travail sans en avoir obtenu
l'autorisation ou sans autre motif légitime, de refuser d'obéirà un
ordre émanant de son employeur ou de quitter le service de celui-ci
avec l'intention de ne pas le reprendre. L'employéreconnu coupable
de l'une quelconque des infractions ci-dessus peut être condamné

à des peines d'emprisonnemeilt, aux termes desquelles il doit se
remettre au service de son patron, à moins que son contrat n'ait
étéannulé. S'il ne le fait pas, il est passible de nouvelles peines
d'emprisonnement, étant entendu toutefois qu'aucun employé ne
peut être emprisonnéplus de six mois d'affilée.
h) Seuls les européens sont autorisés à signer des contrats d'apprentis-
sage dans le territoire.
i) Seuls les blancs ont le droit de vote aux élections des représentants
à l'Assemblée législativeL. a loi empêche lesnon-blancs d'être élus
à l'Assemblée législative,au comité exécutifou au Parlement sud-
africain et la pratique leur interdit en faitd'exercer les fonctions
d'administrateur dans le territoire. Seuls les européens sont élec-
teurs et éligibleslors des élections aux conseilsinu~icipaux. Selon
le défendeur, il s'agità d'institutions politiques conçues exclusive-

ment pour le groupe blanc. A l'échelonde l'administration locale,
les affaires indigènessont du ressort de conseils consultatifs indigènes
qui ne possèdent ni pouvoirs législatifs ni pouvoirs exécutifs. Au
sein des institutions locales qui s'occupeiit des affaires indigènes,
les sièges sont répartis également entre les indigènes et les blancs.

j) Tout fonctionnaire qui en a l'autorisation peut, sans mandat, toutes
les fois qu'il a lieu de croire qu'un indigène se trouvaiit dans les
limites d'une zone urbaine ou proclaimed area est une personne
oisive, appréhender l'intéresséet le conduire devant unconlmissaire
ou magistrate aux indigènes, lequel exigera de l'intéresséqu'il rei:de
compte de ses activités de façon satisfaisante, faute de quoi il sera
réputé personne oisive. Si le nzagistrate le déclare personne oisive,

mandat est donné à tout fonctionnaire de la police de procéder à
son expulsion de la zone urbaine ou proclaiiîzedareaet de le renvoyer
dans son foyer d'origine,ou en un lieu à préciserpar le rnagistrate,
et il est incarcéréjusqu'au moment de l'expulsion.
k) Aucun indigène non muni d'une exemption n'est autorisé à séjourner
plus de soixante-douze heures dans une zone urbaine, sauf si l'auto-
risation lui en a été accordépar une personne habilitéeà la délivrer.
1) Aucun indigène de sexe masculin lion muni d'une exemption et
âgé de plus de quatorze ans n'est autorisé à se déplacer dans la
zone de police, en dehors des limites de son lieu de résidence ou
de travail,à moins d'êtreen possession d'un laissez-passer délivré
par les autorités [la zone de police couvre plus de la moitié de la
superficie totale du territoire]. Le laissez-passer doit être produit
toute réquisition. (m) An adult male Native who is not exempted must obtain a pass to
leave the territory for the Republic of South Africa. This provision
does not apply to White or Coloured inhabitants.

(n) Non-White persons working in urban areas in the Police Zone are
restricted to segregated areas in the cities and buses and are not
permitted to reside in what are considered to be "White" areas
Save on the premises of their employers in the White residential
areas.
(O) The educational system of the territory is organized in three separate
divisions, and the educational facilities and opportunities are made
available according to whether the child is classifiedas "European",

"Coloured" or "Native". This is in accordance with government
policy of separate development in which the child's ability is never
taken into account. A consequence of this system is that Native
pupils are restricted to limited vocational training opportunities
intended for members of the Native group. Opportunity for higher
education virtually does not exist for the Native.

These facts and their sources are not in dispute between the Parties.
The Applicants by the amendments Saythat as a matter of governmental
policy they are, judged by acceptable international norms and/or stan-
dards, in violation of the Respondent's Mandate obligations. By doing
so the Applicants were introducing a measure by which the conduct of
the Respondent should be jugded. What the amendments have done is
to bring out the essentially legal character of the dispute as one relating
to the icterpretation and application of the provisions of the Mandate.
They have not in any material sense altered the basic complaint of the
Applicants which is that the practice of apartheid is discriminatory,
unwarranted, inhuman and, therefore, inherently and per se incompatible
with, and in violation of, Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Mandate. The

obligation of the Mandatory under Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Mandate
to promote to the utinost the material and moral well-being and the
social progress of the inhabitants of the territory is in terms mandatory
and any action of the Respondent with respect to the Territory must be
judged in that light.

1think it convenient to Saystraight away that 1hold the view that the
Applicants have established sufficientlegalinterest in the subject-matter
of the claim to entitle them, on the evidencebefore the Court, to succeed
in some, if not all, of the claims; in particular, 1hold that the followi~lg
claims have on the evidence and the law been established and that the
Court should have pronounced favourably on them :

(a) that South West Africa is a territory under the Mandate assumed
by the Respondent on 17December 1920;

487 m) L'indigèneadulte de sexe masculin non muni d'une exemption doit
obtenir un permis pour quitter le territoire et se rendre en Répu-
blique sud-africaine. Cette disposition ne s'applique ni aux habitants
blancs ni aux habitants métisdu territoire.

n) Les non-blancs qui ont un emploi dans les régions urbaines de la
zone de police font l'objet d'une ségrégation, qu'ils'agisse du lieu
de leur résidencedans les villes ou des transports urbains, et ne sont
autorisés à résider dans les zones dites ((blanches ))qu'au domicile
de leur employeur dans les zones de résidence blanche.
O) Le systèn~ed'enseignement dans le territoire est organisé en trois
sections distinctes et les moyens d'enseignement comme les débou-
chéssont différentsselon que l'enfant est classédans le groupe des

((européens », des métis )ou des ((indigènes ».Ce système est con-
formr à la politique gouvernementale de développement séparé
qui ne tient jamais compte des aptitudes de l'enfant. Il a pour effet
ie diriger les enfants indigènes exclusivement vers les moyens de
farination professionnelle limitésqui sont destinésaux membres du
groupe indigène. L'indigène n'apratiquement pas accès à l'enseigne-
ment supérieur.

Ces faits, et les sources qui permettent de les établir, ne font l'objet
d'aucun litige entre les Parties. Dans les amendements apportés à leurs
conclusioiis, les demandeurs déclarent que ces faits, étant imputables
à une pûlitique officielle des pouvoirs publics, constituent, au regard
des normes internationales et/ou des ((standards ))internationaux accep-

tables, une violation des obligations que le Mandat impose au défendeur.
Cefaisant, les demandeurs ont introduit un élément demesurepermettant
d'évaluerle comportement du défendeur. Ces amendements ont donc
fait ressortir le caractère essentiellement juridique du différend qui
porte sur l'interprétation et l'application des dispositions du Mandat.
Ces amendements n'ont pas modifié substantiellement le grief essentiel
des demandeurs qui est que la pratique de l'apartheid estdiscriminatoire,
injustifiée,inhumaineet, par suite,intrinsèquement et en soi incompatible

avec le deuxième alinéa de l'article 2 du Mandat dont elle constitue
une violation. L'obligation qui incombe au Mandataire aux termes du
deuxièmealinéade l'article 2 du Mandat d'accroître, par tous les moyens
en son pouvoir, le bien-êtrematériel et moral et le progrès social des
habitants du territoire est dans ses termes mêmesabsolue et tout acte
du défendeur concernant le territoire doit êtrejugé en conséquence.
Je crois devoir dire d'embléequ'à mon avis les demandeurs ont éta-
bli un intérêjturidique suffisant au regard de l'objet de leur plainte pour

pouvoir, vu les élémentsde preuve dont la Cour est saisie, obtenir gain
de cause quant à certaines de leurs demandes, sinon toutes; en particu-
lier,j'estime qu'en droit et en fait, vu les élémentsde preuve fournis,
les demandes suivantes sont justifiées et auraient dû êtreaccueillies
favorablement par la Cour :

a) le Sud-Ouest africain est un territoire placé sous le Mandat que
le défendeur a acceptéd'exercer le 17décembre 1920;(b) that the Respondent continues to have the international obligations
stated in Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations and
in the Mandate for South West Africa;
(c) that the policy of apartheid is inherently incompatible with the
mandate obligations of the Respondent and that the Respondent
by practising apartheid has violated its obligations as stated in
Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Mandate;
(d) that the Respondent is legally bound not to modify or to attempt
to modify or to terminate the Mandate without the consent of the
United Nations ;
(e) that the Respondent is accountable to the United Nations for the
proper discharge of its obligations under the Mandate and that the
United Nations has a corresponding right of supervision;
(f) that the Respondent has a legal obligation to report to the United
Nations.

1have stated my conclusions on some of the Applicants' submissions
without going into the argument urged against or in support of them or
givingmyreasons for so finding, because 1feel that it is on the basis that
the claims, or some of them, at any rate, are established or are not
unfounded, and in that context, that one can in the merits phase of the
cases legitiinately proceed to deal with the question of Applicants'
legal interest and of the applicability of Article 7 (2). Both Parties have
gone into a great deal of trouble and expense to bring al1the facts and
arguments relied upon by them before the Court in sittings lasting 100
days and it would have been more rewarding to them if the Court had
stated its views or conclusions on the allegations. As the Court has not
considered these claims 1 have reserved the reasons for my findings on
them and shall, in this opinion, confine myself to dealing with the points
on which 1 disagree with the Court's Judgment.

1 feel rather unhappy about the Court's analysis of the mandates

system. It pays little attention to the ideals of the Mandate and devotes
a disproportionate amount of space to details. The approach, if 1may
be permitted to draw an analogy, is like that of an artist who, perhaps
unconsciously~ has distorted the appearance of a building by over-
emphasizing details of sections of it. The emphasis, it seerns to me,
should be onthe appearance and framework and not onthe components,
some of which might not be necessary to support or characterize the
building.
In its Judgment the Court begins with two fine but in my view un-
necessary distinctions: firstly, a distinction between the Applicants'
standing in the present phase of the proceedings and their standing
before the Court itself and says that the latter was the subject of the
Court's decision of 1962. This distinction ignores the fact that the
Applicants' standing before the Court dealt with in the 1962Judgment
was in respect of the same dispute which the Court has to decide in the
present phase of the proceedings. The Applicants in respect of that
dispute have no two standings before the Court.The need to establish a

488b) le défendeur demeure soumis aux obligations internationales énon-
céesà l'article 22 du Pacte de la Sociétdes Nations et dans le Man-
dat pour le Sud-Ouest africain;
c) la politique d'apartheid est intrinsèquement incompatible avec les
obligations que le Mandat impose au défendeur et le défendeur,
en pratiquant I'apartlzeid, a violéses obligations telles qu'elles sont

énoncéesau deuxième alinéa del'article 2 du Mandat;
d) le défendeurest juridiquement tenu de n'apporter aucune modifica-
tion au Mandat, ou de ne pas tenter de le modifier ni d'y mettre
fin, sans avoir obtenu au préalable l'autorisation des Nations Unies;
e) le défendeurest responsable devant lesNations Unies dela bonne exé-
cution des obligations qui luiincombent auxtermes du Mandat et l'Or-
ganisation des Nations Unies a parallèlement un droit de surveillance;
f) le défendeur a l'obligation juridique de rendre compte aux Nations
Unies.
Je dis ce que je pense de certaines des conclusions des demandeurs

sans analyser les arguments présentés à l'appui ou à l'encontre de ces
conclusions et sans motiver mon jugement, parce que, à inon sens, c'est
à partir du moment où les demandes ou tout au moins certaines d'entre
elles sont justifiéesou en tout cas ne sont pas sans fondement, et dans
cette perspective, que l'on peut légitimement examiner au stade du
fond la question de l'intérêt juridiquedes demandeurs et des conditions
d'application du deuxièmealinéa del'article 7. Les Parties se sont donné
de part et d'autre la peine de produire à grands frais devant la Cour,
au long de cent audiences, tous les faits et arguments dont elles voulaient
faire étatet l'effort leur eût paru moins stérilesi la Cour avait indiqué
ses vues ou conclusions sur ces allégations.Comme la Cour n'a pas exa-
minéles demandes, je m'abstiens de dire pour quels motifs je suis parve-
nu à mes conclusions et je me bornerai àétudierdansla présenteopinion
les points sur lesquels je me trouve en désaccordavec l'arrêt dela Cour.

Je ne suis pas très satisfait de la manière dont la Cour analyse le sys-
tème des Mandats. Elle fait peu de cas de l'idéalque le Mandat devait
servir pour accorder une place démesurée à des détails.On dirait, si je
puis me permettre cette comparaison, d'un artiste qui, inconsciem-
ment peut-être,fausse l'allure générale d'unédificeen soulignant exagé-
rément quelques détailsdans certaines de ses parties. A mon avis, I'ac-
cent devrait porter sur l'allure générale etla structure et non sur les élé-
ments composants, dont certains ne sont prut-être pas indispensables
au soutènement ou à l'originalité del'édifice.
Dans son arrêt, la Cour commence par établir deux distinctions sub-
tiles mais selon moi inutiles: elle établit en premier lieu une distinction
entre la qualité des demandeurs en la phase actuelle de la procédure
et leur aptitude à se présenter devant la Cour, pour déclarer que cette
seconde question a été tranchéepar l'arrêt de1962.En faisant cette dis-

tinction, la Cour ne tient pas compte de ce que l'aptitude des deman-
deurs à se présenter devant la Cour, question tranchée par l'arrêtde
1962, concernait le mêmedifférend qur celui sur lequel la Cour doit
statuer en la présente phase de l'instance. En ce qui concerne ce diffé-substantive right or legal interest in the merits phase of the case will,
in the circumstances of the present case, arise only if, as a matter of
evidence, it is necessary for proving any item of the Applicants' claims.
That is not the case here where the Applicants have claimed no damages
and where their request is for a declaratory judgment. The question of
Applicants' interest was treated by the Parties and by this Court in 1962
as an element of the issue of the capacity of the Applicants to invoke
the compromissory clause in respect of the present dispute. The Court
in the present Judgment, zlthough it says that the question of Applicants'
legal interest is an issue on the merits, deals with it in the context of the
scope and applicability of Article 7 (2)-an approach which relates
more to admissibility than to the merits.

Secondly, the Court draws a distinction between what it terms "con-
duct" and "special interests" provisions of the mandate instrument,
and imports the distinction into its interpretation of Article 7 (2) of the
Mandate. Article 7 (2) is a compromissory clause and does not, as it

stands, permit of any such distinction. To do so, as 1 shall show later,
is to do violenceto the actual words of the text and isinthe circumstances
impermissible.

The Court's interpretation of the Mandate, pursued to its logical
conclusion, leaves the Mandatory without any enforceable obligations
except in relation to Articleof the Mandate. It is stated in the Judgment
that it was never contemplated that the Council of the League should
ever impose its views on the Mandatory or that the "conduct" clauses
should be subject to adjudication under the compromissory clause of
Article 7 (2). On that view the Mandatory could become as intransigent
as it wished, and could ignore the decisions of the Council of the League
and even modify the terms of the Mandate without any legal sanction.
The only legal sanction envisaged, according to the Judgment, is in
respect of what it calls "special interests" provisions. The Respondent
had the right under the Covenant of the League to participate in the

proceedings of the Council of the League, when the latter was dealing
with matters appertaining to the Mandate for South West Africa and
could thus paralyse the proceedings of the Council by the use of its
right of veto. It isno answer to Saythat this had not happened throughout
the League's existence. The fact is that it could have happened and, if
it did, the legal consequences would have been, in the Court's opinion,
as stated in the Judgment. A consequence of the Court's interpretation,
if al1 the Council has to do is to use persuasion on the Respondent,
would be to place the Mandate, juridically, on the same plane with
annexation, the very thing that was condemned by the Peace Treaties,
and which the Principal Allied and Associated Powers wished to avoid
by the creation of the Mandates. If the view expressed in the Judgment
was what the Principal Allied and Associated Powers had in mind when
they set up the mandates system and agreed to Article 7 (2) of the
Mandatefor South West Africa, then the operation would appear to look rend, les demandeurs n'ont pas qualitéà deux titres distincts pour saisir
la Cour. Il ne serait indispensable d'établirun droit ou intérêjturidique
au stadedu fond que sicela serévélait nécessaires,ur le plan de la preuve,
vour établir un certain élément desdemandes rése enté eOsr.. tel n'est
pas le cas, les demandeurs n'ayant pas réclaméde dommages-intérêts
et ne sollicitant qu'un jugement déclaratoire. La question de l'intérêt
des demandeurs a été traitéepar les Parties et par la Cour en1962 dans
le cadre de la question plus large del'aptitude des demandeursàinvoquer

la clause compromissoire relativement au présent litige. Dans l'arrêt
qu'elle rend aujourd'hui, la Cour, tout en disant que la question de l'in-
térêt juridiquedes demandeurs intéresse lefond, l'étudieeu égard à la
portéeet à l'applicabilitédu deuxièmealinéa del'article 2- perspective
qui relève plus de la recevabilité que du fond.
En second lieu, la Cour établit une distinction entre ce qu'elle appelle
les ((dispositions du Mandat relatives à la gestion» et les ((dispositions
relatives aux intérêts particulierset elle applique cette distinctiànson
interprétation du deuxièmealinéa del'article 7 du Mandat. Le deuxième
alinéa del'article7 est une clause compromissoire et, tel qu'il se présente,
il n'autorise pas semblable distinction. Recourir à celle-ci, c'est, je le
montrerai plus loin, déformer les termes mêmesdu texte, ce qui est,
dans les circonstances, inadmissible.
Si l'on adopte l'interprétation que la Cour donne du Mandat, en

poussant le raisonnement jusqu'à sa conclusion logique, le Mandataire
n'est plus soumis à la moindre obligation exécutoire, si ce n'est par
rapport à l'article 5 du Mandat. La Cour déclaredans son arrêtqu'il
n'ajamais étéprévuque le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations puissejamais
imposer son point de vue au Mandataire, ni que les dispositions relatives
à la gestion puissent faire l'objet d'un recours en justice par application
de la clause compromissoire du deuxièmealinéa del'article 7. Dans ces
conditions, le Mandataire pouvait devenir aussi intransigeant qu'il le
voulait, passer outre aux décisions du Conseil et même modifier les
dispositions du Mandat sans risquer la moindre sanction juridique. La
seule sanction juridique envisagée,d'après l'arrêt, concernaitce que la
Cour appelle les dispositions relatives aux intérêts particuliers. Le dé-
fendeur avait le droit, en vertu du Pacte de la Société desNations, de
participer aux débats du Conseil, lorsque celui-ci examinait des questions

relatives au Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain, et pouvait donc paraly-
ser le Conseil en usant de son droit de veto. Ce n'est pas un argument
de dire que cela ne s'est jamais produit du temps de la Société des
Nations. Le fait est que cela aurait pu se produire; en ce cas, les consé-
quencesjuridiques auraient étéd , e l'avisde la Cour, cellesqu'elleindique
dans son arrêt.Si vraiment le Conseil ne pouvait, comme le veut l'inter-
prétation de la Cour, que recourirà la persuasionà l'égarddu défendeur,
cela aurait eu pour effet de placer juridiquement le Mandat sur le même
plan qu'une annexion, principe que les traités depaix avaient condamné
et dont les Principales Puissances alliéeset associéesavaient entendu
éviterl'application en créant les Mandats. Si les conclusions de l'arrêt
correspondaient bien aux intentions qu'ont eues les Principales Puis-like a form of chicanerypractised on mankind in the name of civilization

-a subterfuge "intended to avoid, throughits operation, the appearance
of taking enemy territory as spoils of war". 1 do not, however, believe
that that was so and, for that reason, 1 feel 1 cannot associate myself
with the Court's interpretation of the Mandate.

This Court in its Advisory Opinion of 1950 on the Status of South
West Africa said of the Mandate @. 132):
"The terms of this Mandate, as wellas the provisions of Article 22
of the Covenant and the principles embodied therein, show that
the creation of this new international institution did not involve
any cession of territory or transfer of sovereignty to the Union

of South Africa. The Union Government was to exercise an inter-
national function of administration on behalf of the League,
with the object of promoting the well-being and development of
the inhabitants."
And again in 1962 in its Judgment on the preliminary objections the
Court stated (p. 329):
"The essential principles of the Mandates System consist chiefly
in the recognition of certain rights of the peoples of the under-

developed territories; the establishment of a regime of tutelage for
each of such peoples to be exercised by an advanced nation as a
'Mandatory' 'on behalf of the League of Nations'; and the re-
cognition of 'a sacred trust of civilization' laid upon the League
as an organized international community and upon its Member
States. This system is dedicated to the avowed object of promoting
the well-being and development of the peoples concerned and is
fortified by setting up safeguards for the protection of their rights."
1 consider the idea of the sacred trust of civilization given juridical
expression in the mandates system and, in particular, in the "conduct"
clauses, more important and more deserving of judicial protection than
the "special interests" of members of the League. Speaking,juridically

such concepts as "rights", "duties" and "obligations" have no meaning
or effect unless they are legally cognizable, and enforceable in a court
of law.

A rigid distinction is drawn in the Judgment between the League and
its members. 1 do not think that the distinction need be so rigid. The
League is the aggregation of its members and when it takes a decision
it does so on behalf ofand in the interest of its members. Strictlyspeaking
the League vis-à-vis the mandates system should have no interest
different from that of its members.

The League may, in a sense, therefore, be likened to a members' club
(and here 1 have in mind the common law concept of such clubs). Any sances alliéeset associéeslorsqu'ellesont élaboréle système desMandats

et sont convenues des dispositions du deuxième alinéa del'article 7 du
Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain, il y aurait eu une sorte de duperie
pratiquée aux dépens de l'humanitéet au nom de la civiIisation, un
subterfuge ((parlequel on a voulu simplement ne pas avoir l'air de s'em-
parer d'un territoire ennemi comme d'un butin de guerre ».Je ne crois
pas, pour ma part, qu'il en ait été ainsiet c'est pourquoi je ne saurais
souscrire à l'interprétation quela Cour donne du Mandat.
Dans son avis consultatif de 1950sur le Statut international du Sud-

Ouest africain, la Cour a dit à propos du Mandat (p. 132):
((11ressort des termes de ce Mandat, ainsi que des dispositions
de l'article 22 et des principes qui y sont énoncés,que la création
de cette nouvelle institution internationale n'impliquait ni cession
de territoire, ni transfert de souveraineté à l'Union sud-africaine.
Le Gouvernement de l'Union devait exercer une fonction d'admi-
nistration internationale au nom de la Société desNations, aux

fins de favoriser le bien-êtreet le développement des habitants. ))

A nouveau, dans l'arrêtqu'elle a rendu en 1962sur les exceptions préli-
minaires, la Cour a déclaré(p. 329):

«Les principes essentiels du système des Mandats consistent
avant tout dans la reconnaissance de certains droits des peuples
des territoires sous-développés;dans l'établissenlent d'un régime
de tutelle exercésur chacun de ces peuples par une nation dévelop-
pée,en qualité de «Mandataire » et((au nom de la Société desNa-
tions »;et dans la reconnaissance d'une ((mission sacréede civilisa-
tion »incombant à la Sociétéen tant que communauté internationale
organiséeet à ses Etats Membres. Ce systèmea pour objet reconnu

le bien-êtreet le développement de ces peuples et il s'assortit de
garanties visant la protection de leurs droits.))
J'estime que l'idéede la mission sacréede civilisation qui a reçu une
expression juridique dans le système desMandats, et en particulier dans
les dispositions relatives à la gestion, est plus importante et plus digne

d'une protection judiciaire que les intérêts particuliers des Membres
de la Société desNations. Juridiquement parlant, des concepts comme
ceux de droits, de devoirs, et d'obligations n'ont ni sens ni effet s'ilsne
sont pas reconnus en droit et ne peuvent être sanctionnéspar les tribu-
naux.
L'arrêtde la Cour fait une distinction rigide entre la Société desNa-
tions et ses Membres. Je ne crois pas que la distinction doive être si
rigide. La Sociétédes Nations était la réunion del'ensemble de ses Mem-
bres et, lorsqu'elle prenait une décision, c'étaitau nom de ses Membres

et dans leur intérêt. A strictement parler, la Société desNations ne
devait pas avoir vis-à-vis du système des Mandats un intérêtdifférent
de celui de ses Membres.
On pourrait donc d'une certaine façon comparer la Société des Nations
à un club - j'entends ici club au sens de la common law.Tout membre

490member of a club can sueforthe club'sproperties and can by appropriate

action restrain the officers of the club from acting contrary to the aims
and purposes of the club. A member can even proceed against an agent
of the club or a third person in order to protect or recover the club's
property where the officers of the club fail to do so. That, however,
does not mean that the club cannot legally act as a body through its
executive or trustees, or that it has ceased to possess a separate function.
If the analogy of a members' club is in that limited sense accepted,
1 do not see anything extraordinary in the provision of Article 7 (2)
of the Mandate allowing a member of the League to refer to court
any dispute with the Mandatory, whether or not it relates to what the
Court calls the "conduct" or "special interests" provisions relating
to the interpretation and application of the provisions of the Mandate,
especially as by Article 34 of the Court's Statute the League, not being
a State, could not itself be a party to an action in the International
Court. Only States or members of the League could be parties in cases
before the Court.

It is clear both from the Applications and from the submissions
that the Applicants' claim was of a declaratory nature. The Applicants
have never alleged that they suffered any individual loss or damage and
have not asked the Court to assess any damages in their favour. It
is important to bear this in mind when dealing with the question of
substantive rights or legal iizterestof the Applicants as an issue on the
merits in the present cases.
No issue was raised in the final submissions of the Parties in the
present phase of the proceedings regarding the non-existence of a legal
interest appertaining to the Applicants in the subject-matter of the
dispute. The Applicants in their oral argument regarded the issue of
legal interest as settled by the 1962 Judgment on the preliminary ob-
jections. The Respondent referred to it in Book II of the Counter-
Memorial, Chapter V, Part B, only in connection with the scope and
purpose of the compromissory clause and in the context of the lapse
of the Mandate as a whole. The argument in support of that thesis was
largely a verbatirn repetition of the argument advanced in Chapter V

of its Preliminary OLjectionsin support of its third preliminary objection.
To emphasize that the issue was raised only in the context of the lapse
of the Mandate, the Respondent at the end of Book IIof the Counter-
Memorial makes the following submissions :

"For the reasons hereinbefore advanced, supplemented as may be
necessary in later stages of these Proceedings, Respondent, as far
as this portion of its Counter-Memorial is concerned, prays and
requests :
(a) that al1of Applicants' Submissions 1 to 9 be dismissed, on the
ground that the Mandate for South West Africa lapsed intoto
upon dissolution of the League of Nations;

49 1 d'un club peut intenter une action visant les biens du club et peut par
les moyens voulus empêcher lesdirigeants d'agir de façon contraire aux
buts et aux finsduclub. Un membre peut mêmepoursuivre un agent du
clubou un tiers pour protégerles biens du club ou les recouvrer lorsque
les dirigeants ne le font pas eux-mêmes.Cela ne veut toutefois pas
dire que leclub ne puisse pas agirjuridiquement en tant qu'organe, par
l'intermédiaire de son administrateur agrééou de ses trustees, ni qu'il
ait cessépour autant d'avoir une fonction distincte. Si l'on acceptecette

comparaison avec un club en ce sens limité, je ne vois riend'extraordi-
naire dans la disposition du deuxième alinéade l'article 7 du Mandat
habilitant un Membre de la Société desNations à déféreren justice
tout différendentre lui et le Mandataire quant à l'interprétation età
l'application des dispositions du Mandat - qu'il s'agisse ou non de ce
que la Cour appelle les dispositions relativesla gestion ou les disposi-
tions relatives aux intérêts particuliers, d'autant qu'en vertu de l'ar-
ticle 34 du Statutde la Cour la Société desNations, n'étant pasun Etat,
n'avait pas elle-mêmequalitépour se présenterdevant la Cour interna-
tionale. Seuls les Etats ou les Membres de la Société desNations avaient
qualité pour se présenter devant la Cour.
Il ressort clairement de leurs requêtescomme de leurs conclusions
que les demandeurs ont formuléune demande decaractère déclaratoire.

Ils n'ont jamais prétendu avoir subi à titre individuel des pertes oii des
dommages et ils n'ont pas invitéla Cour àfixer des dommages-intérêts
en leur faveur. C'est là un fait à ne pas oublier lorsqu'on étudie la
question du droit ou intérêt juridiquees demandeurs au stade du fond
en la présente instance.
Dans leurs conclusions finales en la présente phase de l'instance,
les Parties n'ont pas fait état de l'inexistence d'unintérêjturidique des
demandeurs au regard de l'objet du différend. Les demandeurs ont
considérédans leurs plaidoiries que la question de l'intérêt juridique
avait étérégléepar l'arrêtde 1962 sur les exceptions préliminaires. Le
défendeurn'en a parlé, au livre II de son contre-mémoire (chapitre V,
partie B), qu'à propos de la portéeetdubut de la clause compromissoire
considérésdans le contexte de la caducitédu Mandat dans son ensemble.

A l'appui de sa thèse, le défendeurn'a fait essentiellement que répéter
mot pour mot les arguments qu'il avait présentésau chapitre V de ses
exceptions préliminaires pour soutenir la troisième exception. Pour bien
montrer que la question ne se posait que dans le contexte de la caducité
du Mandat, le défendeur a énoncéles conclusions ci-après à la fin du
livreII de son contre-mémoire:

((Pour les raisons présentées précédemmene t,t qui pourront être
complétées à des stades ultérieurs de la procédure, le défendeur
prie la Cour de dire et juger, pour ce qui est de cette partie du
contre-mémoire, que :
a) les conclusions nos 1 à9des demandeurs doivent êtrerejetées,au
motif que le Mandatpour le Sud-Ouest africain est devenu caduc
dans son ensemble lors de la dissolutionde la SociétédeNations; (b) alternatively, and in the eveiit of the Honourable Court fiiiding
that the Mandate for South West Africa is still in existence:
that Applicants' Submissions Nos. 7 and 8 be dismissed, as
well as theirSubmissioii No. 2 in so far as it relates to petitions,
annual reports and supervisory functions, on the ground that
Respondent's former obligations to report and account to,
and to submit to the supervision of, the Council and the
League of Nations, lapsed upon dissolution of the League and
have not been replaced by any similar obligations relative to
supervision by any organ of the United Nations or any other
organization or body." (Counter-Memorial, Book II, Chap. VI,
p. 257.)

Likewise in their final submissions, the Respondent raised no issue
as to lack of substantive rights or legal interest of the Applicants in
the subject-matter of the claim. The Parties placed before the Court
in their submissions the basic points of difference-the real issues-
between them for decision. That being so, the question might well be
asked whether it is open to the Court, of its own motion, to raise as a
point for decision on the merits an issue not raised by the Parties in
their final submissions. No reason has been given by the Court in its
Judgment for adopting such a course. This is particularly important
since the question of Applicants' legal interest is not aii issue for decision
upon the evidence required in support of any of the claims in the Appli-
cants' final submissions. The Respondent has throughout regarded the
question of Applicants' legal interest as an issue relevant in the context
of the scope and applicability of Article 7 (2) of the Mandate, and as
such an issue of admissibility. It was in that respect that the issue was
raised and decided in the 1962Judgment.

In the Judgment of the Court in the present phase of the proceedings
it is stated that the issue before the Court in 1962was essentially one of
the capacity of the Applicants to invoke the jurisdictional clause and
that the only test of capacity predicated by this clause, the only qualifica-
tion required by it to be fulfilledtionepersonae, was that the Applicants
should be members of the League. The Court, in my view, went further
than that, as indeed it was required to do by the Respondent's submis-
sions, and held that the dispute before it was within the ambit of the
jurisdictional clause,ratione materiae.The nature of the dispute appeared
clearlp in the Applications and it was on that basis that the Respondent
filed its preliminary objections.
The Applications were filed on 4 November 1960and were duly served
on the Respondent. On 30November 1961within the time-limit fixedfor
the formulation of its first pleading, the Respondent filed preliminary
objections. The proceedings on the merits were accordingly suspended
by virtue of the provisions of Article 62, paragraph 3, of the Rules of
Court. The fact that the proceedings were so suspended did not and

492 b) subsidiairement, au cas où la Cour estimerait que le Mandat
pour le Sud-Ouest africain est toujours en vigueur, les conclu-
sions nos 7 et 8 des demandeurs doivent êtrerejetées,de même
que la conclusion no 2 dans la mesure où elle concerne les pé-
titions, les rapports annuels et les fonctions de surveillance,
au motif que les obligations qui incombaient auparavant au
défendeur de faire rapport et de rendre compte au Conseil et
à la Société desNations et de se soumettre à leur surveillance

ont pris fin lors de la dissolution de la Société desNations et
n'ont pas étéremplacéespar des obligations similaires concernant
une surveillance par un organe quelconque des Nations Unies,
oupar tout autre organisation ou organisme. ))(Contre-mémoire,
livre II, chap. VI, p. 257.)
De même, ledéfendeur ne s'est nullement arrêté dansses conclusions
finales sur l'absence de droit ou intérêjturidique chez les demandeurs
au regard de l'objet de la demande. Dans leurs conclusions, les Parties

ont saisi la Cour des points de divergence fondamentaux, des problèmes
véritables, qu'ilsvoulaient voir trancher. Cela étant, on pourrait très
bien se demander s'il étaitloisible à la Cour de soulever de sa propre
initiative, pour fonder sa décisionau stade du fond, un point que les
Parties elles-mêmesn'ont pas soulevé dans leurs conclusions finales.
Dans l'arrêt,la Cour n'explique pas son attitude. Le fait est d'autant
plus important que la question de l'intérêt juridiquedes demandeurs
ne concerne pas les moyens de preuve requis pour étayer lesdemandes
présentéespar les demandeurs dans leurs conclusions finales. Le défen-
deur n'ajamais cesséde considérerque la question de l'intérêt juridique
des demandeurs avait trait à la portée et à l'applicabilité du deuxième

alinéa del'article7 du Mandat et constituait à cet égard une question
de recevabilité. C'estsur ce plan que la question a étésoulevéeet tranchée
dans l'arrêt de 1962.

La Cour déclaredans l'arrêtrendu en la présente phase de la procé-
dure que la question dont elle étaitsaisie en 1962concernait essentielle-
ment l'aptitude des demandeurs à invoquer la clause juridictionnelle
et que le seul critère prévupar ladite clause, la seule conditionremplir
ratione personae, étaitque les demandeurs fussent Membres de la Socié-
tédes Nations. La Cour, à mon avis, est allée plusloin que cela, comme
du reste le défendeur le lui demandait dans ses conclusions, et elle a

jugéque le différenddont elle étaitsaisie relevait égalementde la clause
juridictionnelleratione materiae. La nature du différendressortait claire-
ment des requêteset c'est sur cette base que le défendeur a présentéses
exceptions préliminaires.
Lesrequêtesont été déposées le 4novembre 1960etdûment notifiéesau
défendeur. Le30 novembre 1961,dans les délaisfixéspour le dépôt de sa
premièrepiècede procédureécrite,le défendeur a présenté des exceptions
préliminaires. La procéduresur le fond a donc étésuspendue, conformé-
ment aux dispositions de l'article 62. paragraphe 3, du Règlement de la
Cour. Cette suspension de la procéduren'a pas eu, et d'après moi ne peut

492 could not in my view effect the binding force of the 1962 Judgment
(which has not been challenged) on the issues raised in the submissions
and decided by the Court.
In dealing with the 1962Judgment it will be helpful to set out in full
the grounds of the Respondent's preliminary objections as stated in its
final submissions. They were that the Applicants-

". ..have no locusstandi in these contentious proceedings, and that
the Court has no jurisdiction to hear or adjudicate upon the ques-
tions of law and fact raised in the Applications and Memorials,
more particularly because :

Firstly, by reason of the dissolution of the League of Nations,
theMandatefor South WestAfrica is no longer a 'treaty or conven-
tion in force', within the meaning of Article 37 of the Statute of
the Court, this submission being advanced-
(a) with respect to the said Mandate Agreement as a whole,
including Article 7 thereof, and
(b) in any event, with respect to Article 7 itself;
Secorzdly,neither the Government of Ethiopia nor the Govern-
ment of Liberia is 'another Member of the League of Nations', as
required for locus standi by Article 7 of the Mandate for South

West Africa;
Thirdly, the conflict or disagreement alleged by the Governments
of Ethiopia and Liberia to exist between them and the Government
of the Republic of South Africa, is by reason of its nature and
content not a 'dispute' as envisaged in Article 7 of the Mandate
for South West Africa, more particularly inthat no material interests
of the Governments of Ethiopia and/or Liberia or of their nationals
are involved therein or affected thereby;

Fourthly, the alleged conflict or disagreement is as regards its
state of development not a 'dispute' which 'cannot be settled by
negotiation' within the meaning of Article 7 of the Mandate for
South West Africa."
The Applicants joined issue with the Respondent on al1the points
raised in the submissions.

In dealing with the preliminary objections the Court had two courses
open to it under Article 62, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court. It
could either give its decision on them or join the objections or any of
them to the merits. The Court chose the first course and gave its decision
on al1 the objections raised by the Respondent in their submissions.
In doing so it was unavoidable, having regard to the nature of the
objections and the manner in which the Respondent presented its
arguments, that it would touch on points which are also relevant to the
merits of the case, e.g., the survival of the Mandate. In my separate
opinion on the preliminary objections 1 said that a great deal of the
argument on the first three preliminary objections in the Judgment
493pas avoireu, d'influencesurl'effetobligatoire del'arrêtde 1962(qui n'a du
reste pas étécontesté)quant aux questions soulevéesdans les conclusions
et tranchéespar la Cour.
11est utileà propos de l'arrêtde 1962,dereprendre le texte intégraldes
motifs des exceptions préliminaires telsque le défendeurles a éconcés
dans ses concfusions finales. Aux termes de ces conclusions, les deman-
deurs

((n'ontpas de locus standi dans la présenteprocédure contentieuse
et ..la Cour n'a pas compétencepour connaître des questions de
droit et de fait soulevéesdans les requêteset les mémoires,ni pour
statuer sur ces questions, et cela plus particulièrement parce que:
Premièrement,enraison dela dissolution dela Sociétédes Nations,
le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain n'est plus un traité ou une

convention en vigueur »au sens de l'article37duStatutdelaCour, la
présente conclusionvisant:
a) ledit accord de Mandatdansson ensemble,ycompris l'article7,et

b) en tout cas, l'article 7 même;
Deuxièmement,ni le Gouvernement de l'Ethiopie ni le Gouverne-

ment du Libéria nesont «un autre Membre dela SociétédeN s ations ))
ainsi que l'article 7 du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain l'exige
pour qu'il y ait locusstandi;
Troisièmement,le conflit ou désaccordque les Gouvernements de
1'Ethiopieet du Libériaprétendentexister entre eux et le Gouverne-
ment de la Républiquesud-africaine n'est pas, eu égard à sa nature
et à sa teneur, un ((différend» comme il est prévu à l'article 7 du
Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain, et cela plus particulièrement en
tant qu'aucun intérêt concred tes Gouvernements de 1'Ethiopieetlou
du Libériaou de leurs ressortissants n'est en cause ou n'est affecté
enl'espèce ;

Quatrièmement, le prétendu conflit ou désaccord n'est pas,eu
égard à son état d'avancement, un ((différend ... qui ne soit pas
susceptible d'êtreréglépar des négociations )au sens de l'article 7
du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain. ))
Les demandeurs se sont opposés au défendeur sur tous les points
soulevésdans les conclusions de celui-ci.
En ce qui concerne les exceptions préliminaires,la Cour avait, aux
termes del'article62,paragraphe 5,de son Règlement,lechoix entre deux
possibilités. Ellepouvait soit statuer sur les exceptions, soit lesjoindre au

fond en tout ou en partie. Elle a choisi la première voie et statué sur
toutes les exceptions soulevéespar le défendeurdans ses conclusions.
Ce faisant, eu égard àla nature des exceptions età la façon dont le défen-
deur présentaitsesarguments, elle ne pouvait éviterd'aborder des points
qui touchaient égalementau fond de l'affaire, comme le maintien en
vigueur du Mandat. Dans mon opinion individuelle sur les exceptions
préliminaires,j'ai déjà dit qu'une grande partie du raisonnement de
l'arrêttouchant les trois premières exceptions préliminairesconcernaitle went to the merits of the case. But the fact that it was so did not detract
from the effect of the Judgment of the Court on the issues decided.

It only meant that whatever the Court found in that phase of the pro-
ceedings should not prejudice its findings subsequently on any issue
relevant to the merits. The question of Applicants' legal interest was
raised as an issue of jurisdiction, the submission being that the dispute
was one in which neither the national interest of the Applicants, nor
that of their own nationals was prejudiced, and consequently, that it
was not covered by the compromissory clause of Article 7 (2) of the
Mandate. The Court and the Parties regarded it, as in truth it was,
as an issue of jurisdiction and treated it as such.

On the facts and law before it the Court rejected al1the Respondent's
objections and found that Article 7 (2)-

"... refers to any dispute whatever relatingnot to any oneparticular
provision or provisions, but to 'the provisions' of the Mandate,
obviously meaning al1 or any provisions, whether they relate to
substantive obligations of the Mandatory toward the inhabitants
of the Territory or toward the other Members of the League or to
its obligation to submit to superVisionby the League under Article 6
or to protection under Article 7 itself. For the manifest scope and
import of the provisions of this Article indicate that the Members
of the League were understood to have a legal right or interest in
the observance by the Mandatory of its obligations both toward the
inhabitants of the Mandated Territory, and toward the League of
Nations and its Members." (I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 343.)

That was the finding of the Court on the scope and applicability of
Article 7 (2) of the Mandate and remains so today.
It is said in the Judgment of the Court that this is a finding which
goes not to the issue ofjurisdiction but to the merits of the case and was
in consequence irrelevant to the decision. The question of jurisdiction
under Article 7 (2) of the Mandate has two aspects; one aspect is the
cornpetence of the Court to hear the case, and the other is the locusstandi

of the Applicants, j.e., the capacity of the Applicants to seise the Court
with jurisdiction to decide the dispute before it. Both these matters
were dealt with by the Court in 1962as issues of jurisdiction. The Court
said in 1962that with respect to the "dispute" before it the Applicants
had the right to invoke the compromissory clause. Once the Court has
said that, the Applicants would not, in my view, be required to show
further, as a matter of evidence, that they have a substantive right or
legal interest in the subject-matter of the claim. They would be required
to do so only if they were alleging damage or prejudice to their individual
interests. What the Applicants are asking the Court to do is to declare
that on a proper interpretation of certain provisions of the Mandate the
494fond du différend.Mais cela n'ôtait rieà la valeur de l'arrêt rendu parla
Cour sur les points ainsitranchés. Cela signifiait simplementque, quelles
que fussent les conclusions de la Couràce stade de la procédure, ellesne
devaient pas préjuger les conclusions que la Cour formulerait ultérieure-
ment sur toute question relevant du fond. La question de l'intérêt juri-
dique des demandeurs avait été soulevéeau sujet de la compétence: le
différend,disait-on, étaittel que ni l'intértational des demandeurs ni
celui de leurs ressortissants n'était léséet, en conséquence, il ne relevait
pas de la clausecompromissoireénoncéeau ckuxièmealinéade l'article 7
du Mandat. La Cour et les Parties considéraient que cette question visait,
comme c'étaiteffectivement le cas, la compétenceet l'ont traitéecomme

telle.
La Cour a estimé devoir rejeter en fait comme en droit toutes les
exceptionsdu défendeur, déclarant que les termes du deuxièmealinéade
l'article 7
((seréfèrentà tout différend,quel qu'il soit, relatif non àune ou
plusieurs dispositions particulières mais «aux dispositions » du

Mandat, entendant par là, de toute évidence, l'ensemble ou une
quelconquede ces dispositions, qu'ellesaient-trait aux obligationsde
fond du Mandataire à l'égard deshabitants du territoire oàl'égard
desautres Membresde la SociétédesNations ouencore à l'obligation
du Mandataire de se soumettre à la surveillance de la Société des
Nations aux termes de l'article 6 ou à la protection prévue par
l'article7même.Laportéeetl'objet manifestes desdispositions decet
article indiquent en effet qu'on entendait par là que les Membres de
la SociétédesNations eussent un droit ou un intérêt juridique à ce
que le Mandataire observât ses obligations à la foisà l'égard des
habitants du territoire sous Mandat et à l'égardde la Société des
Nations et de ses Membres. »(C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 343.)

Telle a étéla conclusion de la Cour sur la portéeet l'applicabilitédu
deuxièmealinéade l'article 7 du Mandat, telle elle subsiste aujourd'hui.
La Cour dit dans leprésentarrêt quecetteconclusion ne concernait pas
la compétencemaislefond del'affaireet qu'elleétaitdoncsanspertinence
pour la décisionprise alors. La question de compétence (jurisdiction)
que pose le deuxièmealinéade l'article 7 du Mandat a un double aspect;
il s'agit d'une part de la compétence (cornpetence) de la Cour pour

connaître de l'affaire et d'autre part de la qualité des demandeurs pour
agir (locus standi), c'est-à-dire de leur aptitàdsaisir la Cour de telle
façon que celle-ci ait compétence(jurisdiction) pour trancher le différend
portédevant elle. En 1962,la Cour a traité de ces deux questions comme
relevant de la compétence;elle a dit que, en ce qui concernele ((différend))
dont elle étaitsaisie, les demandeurs avaient le droit d'invoquer la clause
compromissoire. La Cour ayant dit cela, les demandeurs, à mon avis,
n'ont pas àétabliren outre,sur leplan de la preuve, qu'ils ont un droit ou
intérêjturidique au regard del'objet de la demande. Ils n'y seraient tenus
que s'ils prétendaient avoir subi des dommages ou des préjudices dans
leurs intérêts propres. Or,les demandeurs prient la Cour de déclarer que

494Respondent by its laws, policies and measures has committed breaches
of those provisions. 1 find myself unable to accept the view that with
respect to the same dispute the Applicants will have the capacity to
bring the dispute before the Court but cannot recover unless they can
show that their substantive rights or legalinterests were directly involved

or prejudiced, even though they have not alleged any damage and have
not asked for reparation.

The Judgment of the Court says that in the present cases the dispute
between the Parties relates exclusively to the "conduct" provisions of
the Mandate, and does not relate in any way at al1 to the "special
interests" provisions. While it is true toythat the practice of apartheid
was the chief complaint of the Applicants, it must be noted that Sub-
mission No. 9 has implications far beyond the "conduct" clauses. The
Applicants in Submission No. 9 Saythat the Respondent has attempted
to modify the terms of the Mandate and that it has no power to do so
without the consent of the United Nations. If that subrnission should
fail, and should the Court also find that the Respondent has no enforce-
able obligations under the Mandate, outside Article 5,it would follow
that the Respondent could modify even the "special interests" clause of
the Mandate. In the same way the failure or successof Submissions 1,2
and 6 could have consequenceswhich would materially affectthe "special

interests" of members of the League. The distinction which the Court
tries to draw betweenthe "conduct" and the "special interests" provisions
would appear, therefore, as a matter of treaty interpretation, to be
illusory in relation to those submissions.

Article 7 (2) is a provision of the Mandate. It gives a member of the
League the right to take the Mandatory to court and places on the
Mandatory the corresponding obligation to accept adjudication. The
Court in its Judgment seeks to restrict this right to be exercised only
in respect of the provisions of Article 5 of the Mandate. The Court,
even on its own line of reasoning, accepts that Article 7 (2) did confer
the right of recourse to court. That right was conferred in respect of
any disputerelating to theinterpretationand application of the Mandate.
The Court says that the mandates system being an activity of the League
of Nations, rights cannot be derived from the mere fact of membership
of the organization itself. This rigid distinction between the League and
its members ignores the fact that the League existedbecause its members

were there to run it and that any rights which States other than the
Mandatory derived from the Mandate sprang from the fact that they
were members of the League. The right to veto given to members of the
Council of the League was preciselyto emphasize the individualinterests
of members in the working of the system. There is no such water-tight
division between the legal interest of the League and that of its members
in the working of the system. There is in the mandates system a division
of functions but not of interests. The League had identical interests
with its members in the proper working not only of the Mandate but of
the League system as well.
495 vu l'interprétation qu'il convient de donnerà certaines dispositions du
Mandat, le défendeura violéces dispositionsà raison dela législation, de
la politique et des mesures appliquéespar lui. Il m'est impossible d'ad-
mettre que, s'agissant d'un mêmedifférend, lesdemandeurs ont qualité
pour saisir la Cour mais ne peuvent obtenir de décisionmoins de prou-
ver qu'ils ont été directementatteints ou lésésdans leurs droits ou inté-
rêtsjuridiques,quand bien mêmeils n'ont faitétatd'aucun dommagesubi
par eux et n'ont pas demandéréparation.
La Cour dit dans son arrêt que le présent différendentre les Parties
concerne exclusivementles dispositions duMandat relatives àla gestion et
nullement lesdispositionsrelatives auxintérêtparticuliers. S'ilest exactde

direque lapratiqueel'apartheidconstitueleprincipalgrief desdemandeurs,
ily a néanmoins lieu denoter que la conclusion no 9 a des incidences qui
dépassent deloin la portéedes dispositions relatives à la gestion. Dans
leur conclusion no9,les demandeurs disent quele défendeura tentéd'ap-
porter des modifications aux dispositions du Mandat et qu'il n'est pas
habilité àle faire sans l'autorisation des Nations Unies. Or, si la Cour
rejetait cette conclusion et si ellejugeait en même tempsque le défendeur
n'a d'obligation exécutoireenvertu du Mandat qu'au regard del'article5,
ils'ensuivrait que le défendeurpourrait aller jusqu'à modifierla disposi-
tion du Mandat relative à des intérêts particuliers.De même,le fait de
retenir ou de rejeter les conclusions nos1,2 et 6 des demandeurs pourrait
avoir des conséquencesde nature à retentir sensiblement sur les intérêts
particuliers des Membres dela Société desNations. La distinction que la
Cour s'efforced'établirentre les dispositions relatives la gestion et les

dispositions relatives aux intérêts particulierssemblerait donc illusoire,
surleplan del'interprétation destraités,pour cequi est de cesconclusions.
Ledeuxièmealinéade l'article 7est une disposition duMandat. Celle-ci
donne à tout Membre de !a Société desNations le droit de poursuivre le
Mandataire en justice et impose au Mandataire l'obligation correspon-
dante d'accepter le règlementjudiciaire. Dans son arrêt, laCour cherche
à restreindre ce droit, qui ne pourrait êtreexercéque relativement aux
dispositions del'article 5duMandat.Pourtant, dans lecadre mêmedeson
raisonnement, la Cour reconnaît que le deuxième alinéade l'article 7
conféraitbien un droit de recours judiciaire. Ce droit était confépour
êtreexercé à propos de tout différendrelatifà l'interprétation ouàl'ap-
plication du Mandat. La Cour dit d'autre part que, le système des Man-
dats constituant une activité de la Société desNations, des droits ne

pouvaient naître de la simple appartenance à l'organisation. Cette dis-
tinction rigide entre la Société desNations et ses Membres ne tient pas
compte du fait que la Société n'existaitque grâce àses Membres et que
tous les droits que les Etats autres que le Mandataire pouvaient tenir du
Mandat procédaient deleur appartenance à la Société desNations. Le
droit de veto donné aux membres du Conseil de la Société visait pré-
cisément à souligner l'intérêtpropre des Membres au fonctionnement
du système. Il n'existait pas de cloison aussi étanche entre l'intérêt
juridique de la Société desNations et celui de ses Membres quant au
fonctionnement du système.Il y avait dans le système des Mandats une
séparationrelativement aux fonctions mais non aux intérêts. LaSociété The Court dealing with the 1962Judgment said that when it decided
that the Mandate had the character of a treaty or convention and was
still in force, this must be understood as a decision concerning the

basis of survival. This, with respect, is an inadequate assessment of the
Judgment. The 1962Judgment decided more than that. It decidedfurther,
that the articles of the Mandate, in particular Article 7 (2), as part
of that treaty, also survived, was still in force and was applicable to
the present dispute. It was on the basis that Article 7 (2) was in force
and was applicable that the Court held that it had jurisdiction to hear
the present case.

The Respondent in presenting its argument in 1962 did so on the
assumption that the Mandate did in some form survive. It had to take
that line because if the Mandate did survive as a treaty or convention
in force it must also have survived in some form in an objective or
institutionalsense since the territory and the Mandatory are still identi-
fiable.The existenceof the Mandate as a treaty or convention assumesits
existence as an institution. The issue rnight arise as to whether al1the

obligations in the Mandate were enforceable but that is a different
matter. The fact is that the Mandate could not survive as a treaty or
convention without at the same time surviving in some form as an
institution. The Court in the Advisory Opinion of 1950 said "that the
Union of South Africa continues to have the international obligations
stated in Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations and in the
Mandate for South West Africa .. .".

The Respondent in its argument against the survival of the Mandate,
in the merits stage,proceeded on the basis that Article 6 was so essential
to the Mandate that if, because of the dissolution of the League, it
ceasedto have any effect,then its disappearance would involvethe dernise
of the Mandate as a whole;-it would carry to its grave al1the other
obligations which legally would have survived with the Mandate. The
distinction between the survival of the Mandate as an institution and
its survivalas a treaty or convention is drawn onlyin thesenseof showing
that the Mandate could survive as an institution-as an embodiment

of real rights-even though the treaty creating it could have come to an
end. But the converse has not been shown to be the case, namely that
it could surviveas a treaty without at the sametime survivingobjectively.
If the Mandate survived as a treaty or as an institution, what survived
are the rights and obligations created by the treaty. So that the finding
of the Court that the Mandate survived as a treaty or convention in
force carries with it the implication that the Mandate must have survived
also in an objective or institutionalsense. It means that the rights and
obligations created by the Mandate remained enforceable at law.
496desNations et sesMembres avaient un intérêitdentique non seulement au
bon fonctionnement du systèmede Mandat, mais aussi au bon fonction-
nement de la Société.
LaCourdit, à propos deson arrêtde 1962,que, dans la décisiond'après
laquelle le Mandat avait le caractère d'un traitéou d'une convention et
était encore en vigueur, il ne faut voir qu'une décisionconcernant le
fondement dela survivance du Mandat. C'est là,je me permets de le dire,
analyser l'arrêtdemanièrepeu exacte. L'arrêtde 1962est alléplus loin.II
a décidéen outre que les articles de l'acte de Mandat, notamment le
deuxième alinéa de l'article 7, faisant partie intégrante de ce traité,

avaient également survécu,étaienttoujours en vigueur et étaient appli-
cables au présent différendC. 'estprécisément parce qu'elleestimaitquele
deuxièmealinéadel'article 7étaiten vigueur et applicable en l'espèceque
la Cour a décidé qu'elle avait compétencepour connaître de la présente
affaire.
En présentant son argumentation, en 1962,le défendeurest parti de
l'hypothèseque le Mandat survivait de quelque manière. Cette prise de
position s'imposait, puisque,s'ilsurvivait en tant que traitéouconvention
en vigueur, le Mandat devait aussi subsister en un sensobjectif ou institu-
tionnel, sous une forme ou sous une autre, du fait que le territoire et le
Mandataire sont toujours identifiables. Pour pouvoir exister en tant que
traitéou convention, le Mandat devait exister en tant qu'institution. La
question pourrait se poser de savoir si toutes les obligations énoncées
dans le Mandat étaient ou non exécutoires, maisc'est là un problème

différent.Le fait est que le Mandat ne pouvait pas survivre en tant que
traité ouconvention en vigueur s'ilne subsistait pas en même tempssous
une forme quelconque en tant qu'institution. Dans son avis consultatif de
1950la Cour a déclaré que [YUnionsud-africaine continue à êtresoumise
aux obligations internationales énoncées à l'article 22 du Pacte de la
Société desNations et au Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain ..»
En présentantau stade du fond son argumentation contre le maintien
en vigueur du Mandat, le défendeur estparti de l'hypothèseque l'article 6
avait une importance à ce point capitale pour le Mandat que, si, à
raison de la dissolution de la Société desNations, il cessait de pouvoir
s'appliquer, son extinction entraînerait la caducitédu Mandat dans son
ensemble; il ferait tomber avec lui toutes les autres obligations qui
auraient juridiquement survécu avecle Mandat. On n'a établi de dis-
tinction entre la survivance du Mandat en tant qu'institution et sa sur-

vivance en tant quetraité ou convention qu'à seulefin de montrer que le
Mandat pouvait survivre en tant qu'institution - c'est-à-direcomme un
ensemble de droits réels- mêmesile traitéqui l'avait créé avait pris fin.
Mais l'inverse - à savoir que le Mandat pouvait survivre en tant que
traité sanssubsister en mêmetemps objectivement - n'a pas été démon-
tré.Si le Mandat survivait en tant que traité ou en tant qu'institution,
c'étaientles droits et les obligations crééspar le traitéqui subsistaient.
Cela étant, laconclusion de la Cour selon laquelle le Mandat a survécu
en tant quetraitéou convention en vigueur implique que le Mandat doit
nécessairement subsister aussi enun sens objectif ou institutionnel. Cela 1have already stated that, in my view, the Applicants have not modi-
fiedthe claimsin their final submissions and consequently that the nature
of the dispute had not altered. The dispute relates to the interpretation

and application of the terms of the Mandate and was therefore well
within the textual ambit of Article 7 (2) of the Mandate.
The words of Article 7 (2)do not admit of anyrestrictedinterpretation.
The Article reads :
"The Mandatory agrees that, if any dispute whatever should
arise between the Mandatory and another Member of the League
of Nations relating to the interpretation or the application of
the provisions of the Mandate, such dispute, if it cannot be settled
by negotiation, shall be submitted to the Permanent Court of
International Justice provided for by Article 14 of the Covenant
of the League of Nations."

These words were considered by the Permanent Court in the Mavromma-
tis case (Series A, No. 2) and by this Court in its Judgment on the
preliminary objections in the present cases. Both Courts took the view
that the words were wide and include al1disputes relating to the inter-
pretation and application of the terms of the Mandate. There is nothing
in Article 7 (2) which limits its application to disputes relating to the
material interests of the Applicants. The Mandate for South West Africa
contains several articles defining the obligations which the Mandatory
owesto the League and its members and those it owesto the inhabitants
of the territory. Ofthese, only Article 5 contains provisions which may
be said to givemembers of the League individualrights. Article 5 reads:

"Subject to the provisions of any local law for the maintenance
of public order and public morals, the Mandatory shall ensure in
the territory freedom of conscienceand the free exerciseof al1forms
of worship, and shall allow al1missionaries, nationals of any State
Member of the League of Nations, to enter into, travel and reside
in the territory for theurpose of prosecutingtheir calling."

The Judgment says that the right to invoke the compromissory clause
of Article 7 (2) wasgivento members of the League specificallyto protect
such individual rights as they might possess under Article 5 bf the
Mandate. It is said that it is only in respect of these provisions of that
Article that a member of the League could say that its legal interests
were or could be affected. In support of this interpretation, reference
is made to the context in the travauxpréparatoiresin which clause 7 (2)
cameto be introduced. The contention isthat Article 7(2)wasintroduced
into the Mandate at the same time as the provision for "special interests"
was discussed and agreed to, and that there was nothing to suggest that

497signifiedoncque les droits et obligations crééspar le Mandat demeurent
exécutoiresen droit.
J'ai déjàfait observer qu'à mon avis les demandeurs n'ont pas modifié

leurs demandes dans leursconclusions finaleset que par suitele différend
n'a pas changé de nature. Ce différendporte sur l'interprétation et
l'application des dispositions du Mandat et s'inscrit donc bien dans le
cadre mêmedu deuxièmealinéade l'article 7 du Mandat.
Le texte du deuxième alinéa del'article 7 n'autorise aucune inter-
prétationrestrictive. Le voici:
aLe Mandataire accepte que tout différend, quelqu'il soit, qui
viendraità s'éleverentre lui et un autre Membre de la Société des
Nations relatifà l'interprétation ouà l'application des dispositions

du Mandat, et qui ne soit pas susceptible d'êtreréglépar des négo-
ciations, soit soumis la Cour permanente de Justiceinternationale,
prévuepar l'article 14 du Pacte de la Société desNations. 1)

Ce texte a étéexaminépar la Cour permanente à l'occasion de l'affaire
des ConcessionsMavrommatis (C.P.J.I. sérieA no 2) et par la Cour
actuelle dans l'arrêt rendusur les exceptions préliminaires enla présente
instance. Les deux Cours ont jugéque celibellé estd'une portéegénérale
et vise tous les différends relatifs'interprgtation età l'application des

dispositions du Mandat. Il n'y a rien dans le deuxième alinéa de l'ar-
ticle7 qui en limite l'application à des différendsconcernant les intérêts
concrets des demandeurs. Le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain contient
plusieurs articles définissant les obligationsdu Mandataire à l'égard de
la Société desNations et de ses Membres, d'une part, et à l'égard des
habitants du territoire, de l'autre. Parmi ces articles, seul l'article-
tient des dispositions dont on peut dire qu'ellesdonnent aux Membres de
la Société desNations des droits propres. L'article 5 est rédigécomme
suit:

((Sousréserve desdispositions de la législation localeconcernant
le maintien de l'ordre public et des bonnes mŒurs, le Mandataire
assurera, danstoute l'étenduedu territoire, la libertédeconscienceet
lelibre exercicede tous lescultes etdonneraà tous les missionnaires,
sujets ou citoyens de tout Membre de la Société desNations, la
facultéde pénétrer,de circuler et de résiderdans le territoire dans le
but d'exercerleur ministère.))

Selon l'arrêt,le droit d'invoquer la clause compromissoire figurant
au deuxième alinéade l'article 7 a étéspécifiquement conféré aux Mem-
bres de la SociétédesNations pour la protection des droits propres qu'ils
pourraient tenir de l'article5 du Mandat. Ce serait exclusivement par
rapport à cet article qu'un Membre de la Société desNations pourrait
dire que ses intérêtsjuridiques sont lésés,ou peuvent l'être. A l'appui
de cette interprétation, on fait appel aux travaux préparatoires: on sou-
tient que le deuxième alinéa de l'article a étéintroduit dans le Mandat
au moment où la disposition relative à des intérêtsparticuliers a été
discutée et acceptée etque rien n'autorise à penser que cet alinéaétait

497 Article 7 (2) was meant to apply to the "conduct" clauses. A point of

significance however is that nowhere was it stated that Article 7 (2)
should be so limited in its application. The reference to the travaux
préparatoiresis, however, in my view,not justified in the present instance.
Itcan bejustified only as an aid to the plain words of the text or if there
is any ambiguity in the words of Article 7 (2). In the absence of any such
ambiguity it would be wrong for the Court to read into the words of the
text an idea or an intention which would be contrary to the plain terms
of the Article.In the S.S. Wimbledon, Series A, No. 1 (1923),page 24,
the Permanent Court of International Justice recognizing the fact that
Germany had to submit to an important limitation of the exercise ofthe
sovereignrights which shepossessed over the Kiel Canal, said:

"this fact constitutes a sufficient reason for the restrictive inter-

pretation, in case of doubt of the clause which produces such a
limitation. But the Court feelsobliged to stop at thepoint where the
so-called restrictive interpretation would be contrary to the plain
terms of the article and would destroy what had been clearly
granted." (Italics added.)

In the S.S. Lotus, Series A, No. 10 '(1927),the French Government
sought to interpret the phrase "principles of international law" which
appears in Article 15 of the Convention of Lausanne of 24 July 1923,
in the light of an amendment which Turkey had tried to introduce in

the Drafting Committee. The French and Italian representatives had
reservations on the amendment but the British definitely rejected it.
The Drafting Committee confined itself to a declaration to the effect
that al1 questions of jurisdiction should "be decided in accordance
with the principles of international law". The French Government
sought to use the proposed amendment as indicating the intentions
which guided the Drafting Committee when it used the phrase "al1
questions of jurisdiction shall, as between Turkey and the other con-
tracting Powers, be decided in accordance with the principles of inter-
national law", and maintained that the meaning of the expression
"principles of international law", should be sought in the light of the
evolution of the Convention. The Permanent Court of International
Justice in dealing with the French contention recalled what it had said
in some preceding judgments and opinions, namely "that there is no
occasion to have regard to preparatory work if the text of a convention
is sufficientlyclear in itself."

In the Memel case, Series AIB, No. 47, page 249,the Permanent Court
of International Justice alsosaid:

"As regards the arguments based on the history of the text, the
Court must fust of al1point out that, as it has constantly held, the

498 censés'appliquer aux dispositions relativesà la gestion. Il y a toutefois
lieu de noter un point important: il n'était ditnulle part que le deuxième

alinéade l'article7 dût être d'applicationsi limitée.De toute façon,
l'appel aux travaux préparatoires ne sejustifie pas,à mon avis, en l'oc-
currence. Il ne pourrait sejustifier que pour confirmer le sens évident des
termesdel'alinéa,oubienaucasoùcetexte contiendrait une ambiguïté.En
l'absence de toute ambiguïtéde de genre, la Cour aurait tort de vouloir
déduiredu libellémêmede l'alinéa uneidéeou une intention qui serait
contraire à ses termes formels. Dans l'affaire du Vapeur Wimbledon
(1923, C.P.J.I. sérieA no1, p. 24), la Cour permanente de Justice inter-
nationale, reconnaissant que 1'Etat allemand s'était vu imposer une
limitation importante de l'exercicedu droit de souveraineté qu'il déte-
nait sur le canal de Kiel, a déclaré:

«et cela suffit pour que la clause qui consacre une telle limitation
doive, en cas de doute, être interprétée restrictivement. Toutefois,
la Cour ne saurait aller, sous couleur d'interprétation restrictive,
jusqu7à refuser à l'article 380 le sens qui est commandé par ses
termes formels. Ce serait une singulièreinterprétation que de faire
direà un traitéexactement le contraire de ce qu'ildit. »(Lesitaliques
sont de nous.)

Dans l'affairedu Lotus (1927, C.P.J.I. sérieA noIO) ,e Gouvernement
français a cherché à interpréter l'expression ((principes du droit inter-
national »qui figureà l'article 15de la convention de Lausannedu 24juil-
let 1923,en tenant compte d'un amendement que la Turquie avait voulu
apporter au projet de texte au sein du comitéde rédaction.Les représen-
tants de la France et del'Italie avaientformulédes réservessur cet amen-
dement, que le représentant de la Grande-Bretagne avait formellement
repoussé.Le comitéde rédaction s'étaiten définitiveborné à déclarer
que toutes les questions de compétence judiciaire seraient ((réglées

d'accord avec les principes du droit international ».Le Gouvernement
français a voulu utiliser ce projet d'amendement, l'estimant révélateur
des intentions auxquelles le comité de rédaction avait obéi lorsqu'il
avait dit:«les questions de compétence judiciaire seront, dans les rap-
ports entre la Turquie et les autres Puissances contractantes, réglées
conformément aux 'principesdu droit international »;le Gouvernement
français a soutenu que le sens de l'expression ((principesdu droit inter-
national »devrait êtrerecherché à la lumièrede la genèsede la conven-
tion précitée.En examinant la thèse française, la Cour permanente de
Justice internationale a rappeléce qu'elle avait dit dans certains de ses
arrêts etavis précédents, à savoir cqu'il n'y a pas lieu de tenir compte

des travaux préparatoires si le texte d'une convention est en lui-même
suffisamment clair)).
Dans l'affaire relative à l'Interprétation du statutdu territoire de
Memel (C.P.J.I. série AIB no47, p. 249), la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale a dit également:
([Quant aux considérations d'ordre historique, la Cour doit
avant tout rappeler que, selon sa jurisprudence constante, les tra- preparatory work cannot be adduced to interpret a text which is,
in itself, sufficiently clear."
In the Advisory Opinion on the Competenceof the GeneralAssembZy
for the Admission of a State to the UnitedNations (I.C.J. Reports 1950,
p. 8) this Court said:

"The Court considers it necessary to Saythat the hst duty of a
tribunal which is called upon to interpret and to apply the provisions
of a treaty, is to endeavour to give effectto them in their natural
and ordinary meaning in the context in which they occur. If the
relevant words in their natural and ordinary meaning make sense
in their context, that is the end of the matter."
On the ground that the text of Article 7 (2) is clear, it is not in my

view necessary to have recourse to the travaux préparatoiresin inter-
preting it. It may be said that in spite of the views expressed above, the
courts have in most cases had recourse to travaux préparatoiresin
interpreting provisions of treaties, but where they have done so the
purpose has been to support rather than contradict the plain words of
the text.
TheMandate was an attempt by the members of the League of Nations
to introduce a new concept in international law. The Mandate, as this
Court has said in its Advisory Opinion on the International Status of
South West Africa (I.C.J. Reports 1950) and in the 1962 Judgment,
created a new régimein international law. Al1the members of the League
had an interest in the proper working of this new experiment. The
political or humanitarian interest of members of the League proclaimed
in paragraph 1 of Article 22 of the Covenant was, as the Court has
stressed in its Judgment, given legal character by the other provisions
of that Article and, with respect to South West Africa, the mandate
instrument under consideration. By agreeing or subscribing to these
provisions each member of the League manifested an interest in the
proper working of the scheme and in the fulfilment of its ultimate
purpose, and that notwithstanding that its individual interest may not
be involved. Each member has therefore an interest in seeing that the
provisions of the Mandate are properly observed and carried out by the
Mandatory.

This Court in its Advisory Opinion in 1950said, at page 133:
"The essentially international character of the functions which
had been entrusted to the Union of South Africa ... appears from
the fact that any Member of the League could, according to Art-
icle7 of the Mandate, submit to the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice any dispute with the Union Government relating
to the interpretation or the application of the provisions of the
Mandate."
In the same Advisory Opinion, Sir Arnold McNair in his separate
opinion said :

"Although there is no longer any League to supervisethe exercise
499 vaux préparatoires ne sauraient êtreinvoquéspour interpréter un
texte qui est en lui-même suffisamment clair. ))

Dans l'avis consultatif qu'elle a donné à propos de la Compétence
de l'Assembléegénérale pour l'admission d'un Etat aux Nations Unies
(C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 8), la Cour actuelle a déclaré:

((La Cour croit nécessairede dire que le premier devoir d'un
tribunal, appelé à interpréter et à appliquer les dispositions d'un
traité, est de s'efforcer dedonner effet, selon leur sens naturel et
ordinaire, à ces dispositions prises dans leur contexte. Si les mots
pertinents, lorsqu'on leur attribue leur signification naturelle et
ordinaire, ont un sens dans leurcontexte, l'examendoits'arrêter là.1)

Etant donné que le texte du deuxièmealinéade l'article 7 est clair,
il està mon avis inutile, pour l'interpréter, de recourir aux travaux
préparatoires. On pourra rétorquer que, contrairement aux vues expo-
séesci-dessus, les tribunaux ont fait appel dans la plupart des cas aux
travaux préparatoires pour interpréter des dispositions convention-
nelles; mais en pareil cas ils ont cherchéconfirmer plutôt qu'à contre-
dire ce que le texte disait clairement.
Avec le Mandat, les Membres de la Société des Nations se sont effor-
césd'introduire en droit international un tconcept nouveau. Comme
la Cour l'a dit dans son avis consultatifconcernant le Statut international
du Sud-Ouest africain (C.I.J. Recueil 1950) et dans l'arrêt qu'elle a
rendu en 1962,le Mandat instituait un régimenouveau en droit inter-

national. Tous les Membres de la Sociétédes Nations avaient intérêt
à la bonne marche de ce systèmenouveau. L'intérêt politique ou huma-
nitaire des Membres de la Société des Nations proclaméau paragraphe 1
de l'article 22 du Pacte a, comme la Cour l'a soulignédans son arrêt,
pris un caractère juridique grâce aux autres dispositions dudit article
et, en ce qui concerne le Sud-Ouest africain, grâce à l'acte de Mandat
visé enla présente instance. En donnant son accord ou en souscrivant
à ces dispositions, tout Membre de la Sociétédes Nations manifestait
un intérêt à la bonne marche du systèmeet à la réalisation de ses fins
ultimes, et celamême siaucun de sesintérêtsparticuliersn'étaie tn cause.
Tout Membre a donc intérêt à ce que les dispositionsdu Mandat soient

dûment respectéeset exécutées par le Mandataire.
Dans son avis consultatif de 1950, la Cour a dit (p. 133):
«Le caractère essentiellement international des fonctions dont
était chargée l'Union sud-africaine ...ressort ...du fait que tout
Membre de la Sociétédes Nations pouvait, conformément à l'ar-
ticle du Mandat, soumettre à la Cour permanente de Justice inter-
nationale tout différendavec le Gouvernement de l'Union, relatif
à l'interprétation ouà l'application des dispositions du Mandat. ))

A la suite du mêmeavis consultatif, sir Arnold McNair a déclaré
dans son opinion individuelle :
((Bien qu'il n'existe plus de Sociétédes Nations pour surveiller

499 of the Mandate, it would be an error to think that there is no
control over the Mandatory. Every State which was a Member of
the League at the time of its dissolution still has a legalnterest in
the proper exercise of the Mandate.''

The Applicants in their Applications and in their Memorials state
that they have a legal interest in the proper administration of the Man-
date. The Judgment of the Court does not deny that they have an interest
but says that it is political or humanitarian and not legal.
The right of a State to bring an action for the protection of acornmon
interest has been recognized in international law. Rosenne, at page 520
of The Law and Practice of the International Court States:

"Another form of legal interest which it is believed is recognized
automatically is that which is based upon participation by the
applicant State in a treaty to which the respondent State is also a
party, at al1events so long as the treaty is still in forc... where
such a treaty contains a compromissory clause, the jurisdiction
may be invoked in accordance with that clause even if material
interests of a concrete character cannot be shown by the applicant
State ...This principle, which appears to be incontestable, isleading
to two developments. The first is recognition of a treaty situation
in which the contesting States do not have any interests of their
own but a common interest, the accomplishment of the purpose
of the convention. Any party to such a treaty has a legal interest
sufficient to entitle it to invoke the compromissory clause against
any other party."

The right to invoke the compromissory clause against a party implies
or includes the right to recover on the claim if the evidence justifies it.
The Applicant in such a case does not have to establish damage or
prejudice'to its material interests in order to succeed, unless it was
claiming damages. Al1it needs to prove is that it belongs to the class of
States to whom the right to bring the action is givenin the compromissory
clause.
The principle of cornmon interest in the execution of a multilateral
treaty was recognized by the Permanent Court of International Justice
in theS.S. Wimbledon,Series A, JudgmentNo. 1,where it was stated that
the Court could take cognizance of the suit in spite of the fact that the
Applicants could not al1adduce a prejudice to some pecuniary interest;
for they had a "clear interest in the execution of the provisions [of the
Treaty of Versailles] relating to the Kiel Canal, since they al1possess
fleets and merchant vessels flyingtheir respective flags".

The similarity of the position in the S.S. Wimbledon vis-à-vis those
States parties to the treaty that cannot adduce a prejudice to some
pecuniary interest and the instant cases is clear, and it is not destroyed
by saying that those States owned ships and could conceivably hd
500 l'exercice du Mandat, ce serait une erreur de croire que le Man-
dataire n'est soumis à aucun contrôle. Tous les Etats qui faisaient
partie de la Société desNations à l'époquede sa dissolution ont

encore un intérêjturidique à ce que le Mandat soit exercécomme
il convient.))
Dans leurs requêtes etdans leur mémoires,les demandeurs déclarent
qu'ils ont un intérêt juridique à la bonne administration du Mandat.
Dans son arrêt, la Cour ne nie pas qu'ils aient un intérêtmais déclare

qu'il s'agitd'un intérêptolitique ou humanitaire et non pas juridique.
Le droit pour un Etat d'intenter une action en vue de la protection
d'un intérêt commun aétéreconnu en droit international. Voici ce qu'a
dit M. Rosenne à la page 520 de son ouvrage intitulé The Law and
Practice of the International Court:
(Une autre forme d'intérêjturidique qui est, semble-t-il,reconnue
automatiquement est celui qui se fonde sur la participation de

1'Etat demandeur à un traité auquel 1'Etat défendeur est également
partie, en tout cas tant que le traitédemeure en vigueur ...Lorsque
ce-traité renferme une clause compromissoire, le recours judiciaire
est possible, conformément à ladite clause, mêmesi 1'Etat deman-
deur ne peut faire la preuve d'intérêts matérield s'un caractère
concret ..Ce principe, qui semble incontestable, a deux conséquen-
ces. La première est que, s'agissant d'un traité, il peut y avoir des
cas où les Etats en litige n'ont pas d'intérêtpropres à faire valoir
mais un intérêtcommun qui est l'accomplissement de l'objectif

de cet instrument. Toute partie audit traité a un intérêjturidique
suffisant pour pouvoir invoquer la clause compromissoire à l'en-
contre de n'importe quelle autre partie. ))
Le droit d'invoquer la clause compromissoire contre une partie im-
plique ou comporte le droit d'obtenir gain de cause si les preuves four-
nies à l'appui de la demande le justifient. En pareil cas, le demandeur

n'a pas démontré qu'il a subiun dommage ou un préjudice dans ses
intérêtsconcrets, sauf s'il réclame des dommages-intérêts. Il dcit sim-
plement prouver qu'il appartient à la catégorie d'Etats auxquels la
clause compromissoire donne le droit d'intenter l'action.
Le ~rinci~e de l'intérêt commun à l'exécutiond'un traité multilaté-
ral a été reconnupar la Cour permanente de Justice internationale dans
l'arrêt qu'elle a rendu en l'affaire du Vapeur Wimbledon (C.P.J.I.
sérieA no 1) ;la Cour a déclaréqu'elle étaitcompétentepour connaître
de l'affaire car, bien qu'elles ne pussent justifier d'un intértécuniaire

lésé;les Puissances demanderesses avaient un intérêtévident à l'exé-
cution des stipulations [du traitéde Versailles]qui concernent le canal de
Kiel, puisqu'elles [avaient] toutes des flottes et des navires marchands
battant leur pavillon 1).
S'agissant d'Etats partiesà un traitéqui ne peuvent justifier d'un inté-
rêt pécuniairelésé,l'analogie est évidenteentre les présentes affaires
et celle du Vapeur Wimbledon; le fait que, dans cedernier cas, ces
Etats demandeurs possédaient des flottes et pouvaient se trouver dansthemselves in the position that France was in in that case. In this con-
nection it may be mentioned, although that point has not been taken up
in the arguments that the apartheid residential laws of the Respondent
in the mandated territory of South West Africa would adversely affect
the freedom of movement of any nationals of the Applicant States who,
not being "Whites" within the census classification of South West Africa,
may choose to go there in the exercise of the rights given to nationals
of members of the League under Article 5 of the Mandate in the same
way as they affect the "Natives" of the territory. "Natives" by the
census classification, as has been noted above, are persons who in fact
are, or who are generally accepted as members of any aboriginal race or
tribe of Africa.

Under the segregation laws Natives can only live in areas set apart
for them. Natives living on land reserved for "European" owned
commercial firms at the time of its allocation may be required under
the land settlement laws either to move or to work for the "European"
firm. A Native missionary from any of the Applicant States will not
enjoy the same or equal right of residencewithin the territory as a White
missionary. He will be subject to al1the apartheid discriminatory laws.
The Minister of Native Affairs has certain powers over "Natives" (in-
cluding "Native" missionaries) which he does not have over "White"
missionaries. It is appreciated that no issue has been raised about
missionaries, if any, from Applicant States, but the question whether
or not the Mandate survives or can unilaterally be modified, which are
some of the issues for decision on the Applicants' claims, can have
consequences which are likely to affect the rights of nationals of the
Applicant States going to the territory to exercise any of the rights
allowed them under Article 5 of the Mandate. But that notwithstanding,
the Applicants as members of the League have severally an interest in

the proper carrying out of the terms of the Mandate by the Respondent.

In the Advisory Opinion on Reservations to the GenocideConvention
(I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 23), this Court, dealing with the special charac-
teristics of the Genocide Convention, said:

"The originsand character ofthat Convention,the objects pursued
by the General Assembly and the contracting parties, the relations
which exist between the provisions of the Convention, inter se, and
between those provisions and these objects, furnish elements of

interpretation of the will of the General Assembly and the parties.
501 la situation qui était en l'espècecelle de la France ne lui retire rien de sa
valeur. A cet égard,il y a lieu de signaler, bien qu'on n'en ait pas fait
mention dans les plaidoiries, que la législationd'apartheid du défendeur

appliquée dans le territoire sous Mandat du Sud-Ouest africain pour ce
qui est de la résidence estde nature à entraver la liberté de mouvement
des ressortissants des Etats demandeurs, lesquels ne sont pas blancs 1)
au sens des débitions du recensementmais peuvent déciderde se rendre
dans le territoire pour exercer les droits attribués aux ressortissants
d'Etats Membres de la Sociétédes Nations par l'article 5 du Mandat;
ils seront dans le mêmecas que les ((indigènes » du territoire. D'après
la classification établie aux fins du recensement, les ((indigène» sont,
comme je l'ai rappeléci-dessus, des personnes qui appartiennent en

faità toute race ou tribu aborigène d'Afrique ou qui sont considérés
comme y appartenant.
En application des lois relatives à la ségrégation,les indigènes ne
peuvent vivre que dans les zones qui leur sont réservéesL. es ((indigènes)
résidant sur des terres réservées à l'implantation de sociétés commer-
ciales ((européennes » peuvent se voir contraints, en vertu des lois sur
la mise en valeur des terres, soit de se déplacersoit d'entrer au service
de la société((européenne »au moment où, les terres sont allouées.Le
missionnaire ((indigène » originaire de l'un des Etats demandeurs ne
bénéficierapas, dans les limites du territoire, de droits de résidence

semblables ou équivalents à ceux qu'on accordera à un missionnaire
((blanc)). Il sera soumis à toutes les lois discriminatoires d'apartheid.
Le ministre des affaires indigènes exerce sur les ((indigènes»,y compris
les missionnaires ((indigènes »,certains pouvoirs qu'il n'exerce pas sur
les missionnaires blancs 1).Sans doute aucune question n'a-t-elle été
soulevée,au cours de l'instance, en ce qui concerne les missionnaires
qui seraient, le cas échéant,originaires des Etats demandeurs, mais la
question de savoir si le Mandat subsiste ou non ou s'ilpeut ou non être
unilatéralement modifié - c'est l'une des auestions sur lesauelles les
demandeursprient la Cour de seprononcer - peut avoir des conséquen-

cessur lesdroits desressortissants des Etats demandeurs qui serendraient
dans le territoire afin d'y exercer l'un quelconque des droits que leur
donne l'article 5 du Mandat. Indépendamment de cela, les demandeurs
ont à titre individuel, en leur qualité de Membres de la Société des Na-
tions, un intérêt à la bonne exécutiondes dispositions du Mandat par
le défendeur.
Dans l'avisconsultatif qu'elle a rendu sur les Réservesà la convention
pour la préventionet la répressiondu crime de génocide (C.I.J. Recueil
1951, p. 23), la Cour, étudiant les traits particuliers que présente la

convention sur le génocide,a dit:

«Les origines et le caractèrede la Convention, les fins poursuivies
par l'Assembléegénéraleet par les parties contractantes, les rap-
ports que présentent les dispositions de la Convention entre elles
et avec ces fins, fournissent des élémentsd'interprétation de la
volonté de l'Assembléegénéraleet des parties ... The objects of such a convention must also be considered. The

Convention was manifestly adopted for a purely humanitarian and
civilizing purpose. It is indeed difficult to imagine a convention
that might have this dual character to a greater degree, since its
object on the one hand is to safeguard the very existence of certain
human groups and on the other to confirm and endorse the most
elementary principles of morality. In such a convention the con-
tracting States do not have any interest of their own; they merely
have, one and all, a common interest, namely the accomplishment
of those high purposes which are the raisond'êtreofthe Convention.
Consequently, in a convention of this type one cannot speak of
individualadvantages or disadvantages to States, or of the mainten-
ance of a perfect contractual balance between rights and duties.
The high ideals which inspired the Convention provide, by virtue
of the common will of the parties, the foundation and measure of
al1its provisions."

The same principle was also stated by C. Wilfred Jenks in his book
The Prospects of International Adjudicationat page 524, in the following
passage :
"Speaking more generally, ever'yparty to a treaty has at least a
potential legal interest in any breach of its provisions, and any
breach of a rule of international law ... prejudices at least poten-
tially, the rights of al1other subjects of international law o... of
al1 subjects of the law who may be affected by it. Remoteness of
interest may limit any reparation due but is unlikely to destroy the
legal interest which is the source of liability for, as the Mavrommatis
Palestine Concessions(Merits) case shows, the existence of a legal

interest does not, in international law, depend onthe actual suffrance
of damage."

Enough has been said to show that there is support in international
law that a State can have a legal interest in the prosecution of a common
interest the subject-matter of a multilateral treaty like the Covenant of
the League of Nations to which that State is a party.
The idea of the Mandate was in 1920 a new one and it would be a
denial of its very purpose to Say that when Article 7 (2) was drafted
and accepted by members of the League, those founder-fathers were
thinking only of the commercial or missionaryinterests of their nationals
and not the main purpose of the Mandate also.

It has been said that nowhere in the Mandate was it stated that
members of the League should have the right of protecting the Mandate.
The answer is that itdoes not need to be so stated. The existence of such
a right is inherent in the very act of creating the Mandate on behalf of

the League and Article 7 (2) emphasizes the existence of such a right in
the members of the League. It seems to me that this is a logical reason Les fins d'une telle convention doivent égalementêtreretenues.
La Convention a étémanifestement adoptée dans un but purement
humain et civilisateur. On ne peut mêmepas concevoir une con-
vention qui offrirait à un plus haut degré ce double caractère,
puisqu'elle vise d'une partà sauvegarder l'existence mêmede cer-

tains groupes humains, a'autre part à confirmer et à sanctionner
les principes de morale les pliis élémentaires.Dans une telle con-
vention, les Etats contractants n'ont pas d'intérêtspropres; ils ont
seulement, tous et chacun, un intérêt commun,celui de préserver
les fins supérieuresqui sont la raison d'être de la convention. 11
en résulteque l'on nesaurait, pour une convention de ce type, par-
ler d'avantages ou de désavantages individuelsdes Etats, non plus
que d'un exact équilibre contractuel à maintenir entre les droits
et les charges. La considération des fins supérieuresde la Conven-
tion est, en vertu de la volontécommune des parties, le fondement
et la mesure de toutes les dispositions qu'elle renferme. ))

Le mêmeprincipe se trouve également énoncé par M. C. Wilfred
Jenks dans son ouvrage intitulé The Prospects of International Adjudi-
cation où, à la page 524, il déclare ceci:

aPlus généralement,chaque partie à un traité a, du moins vir-
tuellement, un intérêt juridiqueen cause lorsque l'une quelconque
des dispositions dudit traité est violée et toute violation d'une
règlede droit international..porte préjudice virtuellementdu moins
aux droits de tous autres sujets de droit international ou..de tous
sujets de droit qui peuvent s'en trouver atteints. Le caractère loin-
tain de l'intérêtlésépeut limiter la réparation éventuelle,mais ne
supprimera vraisemblablement pas l'intérêt juridique quiest la
source de la responsabilité, car, comme le montre l'affaire des

Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine (fond), l'existence d'un in-
térêt juridiquene dépendpas, en droit international, de la réalité
du préjudice subi. ))
Nous en avons assez dit pour montrer que le droit international est
favorable à l'idéequ'un Etat peut avoir un intérêtjuridique à défendre
un intérêtcommun faisant l'objet d'un traité multilatéral auquel il
est partie, comme le Pacte de la Sociétédes Nations.
La notion de Mandat était nouvelle en 1920et ce serait aller à l'en-
contre de son objectifmêmeque de dire que, au moment où le deuxième
alinéade l'article7 a été élaboré e atccepté par les Membres de la So-

ciétédeN s ations, ceux-cipensaient exclusivement aux intérêtscommer-
ciaux ou culturels de leurs ressortissants et non pas à l'objet principal
du Mandat.
Le Mandat ne précisenulle part, a-t-on dit, que les Membres de la
Sociétédes Nations doivent avoir le droit de protéger le Mandat. La
réponse à cela est que cette précision est inutile. L'existence d'un tel
droit est inhérenteà la créationmêmedu Mandat au nom de la Société
des Nations et le deuxièmealinéade l'article 7 souligne l'existence de
ce droit chez les Membres de l'organisation. Cela me paraît du reste

502for drafting Article 7 (2)in such wideterms. Article 7 (2) of the Mandate
as a provision of the Mandate should be interpreted in a manner to
ensure the purpose of the Mandate. To do otherwise would be to corrupt
both the letter and the spirit of the Article.

The members of the League have, by virtue of their membership, a
common interest in the proper exercise of the Mandate. That interest
is a legal one and in the light of Article 7 (2) gives each member the
right to take a delinquent Mandatory to court.

The Applicants are asking the Court to declare that certain actions
of the Respondent as listed in the Memorials and in the oral hearings
amount to a breach of the obligations of the Respondent as Mandatory
under the Mandate. Assuming that the League was still in existence
and a situation was reached as is the case now, where the Respondent

was bent on pursuing policies which the overwhelming majority of
members of the Leaguefelt were out of linewith its mandate obligations,
at the same time maintaining that its policies were not in breach of the
mandate provisions and would not agree to change them or agree to
any compromise solution, how was the difference to be resolved? The
Judgment saysthat the Mandate provides no remedy for such a situation
and that is was a risk the League members took with their eyes wide
open. It seemsto me that it was toeet such a situation that Article 7 (2)
was introduced. The League itself cannot invoke the compromissory
clause and 1see nothing incompatible with Article 7 (2) in any member
of the League who wished to carry the burden, making the difference
or dispute its own and invoking the compromissory clause in order to
ensure due compliance with the terms of the Mandate. To invoke the
clause insuch circumstances does not and cannot destroy the character
of the League nor that of the Mandate. On the contrary, it would be in
keeping with its duty as a member of the League to do so for the safe-
guarding of the sacred trust to which it had subscribed.

(Signed Louis MBANEFO. une raison logique qui explique pourquoi le deuxièmealinéade l'article 7
est rédigé sous uneforme aussi générale.Le deuxième alinéade l'ar-
ticle7 du Mandat, étant une disposition du Mandat, doit recevoir une
interprétation qui serve les fins du Mandat. A procéder autrement, on
dénaturerait les dispositions de cet article dans leur lettre et dans leur
esprit.
Les Membres de la Société des Nations ont, en vertu de leur apparte-

nance à l'organisation, un intérêt commun à la bonne exécution du
Mandat. Cet intérêtest juridique et, par le jeu du deuxièmealinéa de
l'article7, donne a chacun des Membres le droit de poursuivre en
justice un Mandataire délinquant.
Les demandeurs prient la Cour de déclarerque certains actes du dé-
fendeur, qui ont étéénuméréd sans les mémoireset dans les plaidoiries,
constituent une violation des obligations que le Mandat impose au dé-
fendeur, en qualitéde Mandataire. A supposerque la Société des Nations
existe encore et que l'on se trouve dans une situation semblable à la
situation actuelle- le défendeurtenant à appliquer une politique jugée
contraire aux obligations du Mandat par la très grande majorité des
Membres del'organisation, soutenant en mêmetemps que cette politique
ne viole pas les dispositions du Mandat et se refusant à la modifier ou
à accepter la moindre solution de compromis -, comment le désaccord

serait-il résolu?L'arrêtdit que le Mandat ne prévoitpas de remède à
pareille situation et que c'est là un risque que les Membres de la Société
des Nations ont acceptéen parfaite connaissance de cause. Il me semble
que c'est précisémentpour faire face à une telle situation que le deuxiè-
me alinéade l'article 7 a étéinscrit dans le Mandat. Puisque la Société
des Nations elle-même nepeut pas invoquer la clause compromissoire;
je ne vois pas en quoi il serait incompatible avec le deuxièmealinéade
l'article qu'un Membre quelconque de la Société veuille se charger de
cette tâche, fasse sien le désaccordou le différend etinvoque la clause
compromissoire pour assurer la bonne exécution des dispositions du
Mandat. Invoquer la clause en pareilles circonstances ne détruit pas,
et ne saurait détruire, le caractère propre de la Sociétédes Nations ni
celui du Mandat. Au contraire, un Etat qui agirait de la sorte se confor-

merait au devoir que lui impose son appartenance à la Sociétédes Na-
tions et qui est de sauvegarder la mission sacréede civilisation qu'il a
approuvée.

(SignéL )ouis MBANEFO.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Sir Louis Mbanefo

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