Dissenting Opinion of Judge Forster (translation)

Document Number
046-19660718-JUD-01-09-EN
Parent Document Number
046-19660718-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE FORSTER
[Translation]

However learned the reasoning of the majority Judgment, declaring
the claim of Liberia and Ethiopia to be inadmissible and consequently
rejecting it,1 am unable to subscribe to it.
In my view, the very essence of the Mandate for South West Africa
demands that the Court should examine the complaints against the
Mandatory, namely the Republic of South Africa, and then declare
whether they are justified or not.
The sacred trust laid by the League of Nations on the Union of South
Africa is defined in the second paragraph of Article 2 of the Mandate for
German South West Africa, of 17 December 1920,which provides:

"The Mandatory shall promote to the utmost the material and
moral well-being and the social progress of the inhabitants of the
territory subject to the present Mandate."
When it was requested to give its view on the international status of

South West Africa, the International Court of Justice, on II July 1950,
gave the following Opinion :
"that South West Africa is a territory under the international
Mandate assumed by the Union of South Africa on December 17th,
1920;
that the Union of South Africa continues to have the international
obligations stated in Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of
Nations and in the Mandate for South-West Africa as well as the
obligation to transmit petitions from the inhabitants of that Terri-
tory, the supervisory functions to be exercisedby the United Nations,
to which the annual reports and the petitions are to be submitted,
and the reference to the Permanent Court of International Justice to

be replaced by a reference to the International Court ofJustice, in
accordance with Article 7 of the Mandate and Article 37 of the
Statute of the Court;
that the provisions of Chapter XII of the Charter are applicable
to the Territory of South-West Africa in the sense that they provide
a means by which the Territory may be brought under the Trustee-
ship System;
that the provisions of Chapter XII of the Charter do not impose
onthe Union of South Africa a legal obligation to place the Territory
under the Trusteeship System;
"that the Union of South Africa acting alone has not the competence
to modify the international status of the Territory of South-West
Africa, and that the competence to determine and modify the inter- national status of the Territory rests with the Union of South Africa
acting with the consent of the United Nations."
There were two further Advisory Opinions of this Court, relating to
the Mandate for South West Africa, given on 7 June 1955and 1 June
1956concerning the voting procedure and hearings of pvtitioners.

On 4 November 1960 the Registrar of the International Court of
Justice received two Applications, each instituting proceedings against

the Government of the Union of South Africa relating to "the continued
existence of the Mandate for South West Africa and the duties and
performance of the Union, as Mandatory, thereunder". One of these
Applications was submitted on behalf of the Government of Ethiopia,
and the other on behalf of the Government of Liberia.
To found the jurisdiction of the Court in the proceedings thus insti-
tuted, the Applications, having regard to Article 80, paragraph 1, of the
Charter of the United Nations, relied on Article 7 of the Mandate of
17December 1920for German South West Africa and Article 37 of the
Statute of the International Court of Justice.
The Applications of Ethiopia and Liberia asked the Court to adjudge
and declare that:

"A. South West Africa is a Territory under the Mandate con-
ferred upon His Britannic Majesty by the Principal Allied and
Associated Powers, to be exercisedon his behalf by the Government
of the Union of South Africa, accepted by His Britannic Majesty
for and on behalf of the Government of the Union of South Africa,
and confirmed by the Council of the League of Nations on December
17, 1920; and that the aforesaid Mandate is a treaty in force, within
the meaning of Article 37 of the Statute of the International Court
of Justice.
B. The Union of South Africa remains subjectto the International
obligations setforth in Article 22 of the Covenant of the League
of Nations and in the Mandate for South West Africa, and that the
General Assembly of the United Nations is legally qualified to

exercisethe supervisory functions previously exercisedby the League
of Nations with regard to the administration of the Territory, and
that the Union is under an obligation to submit to the supervision
and control of the General Assembly with regard to the exercise
of the Mandate.
C. The Union of South Africa remains subject to the obligations
to transmit to the United Nations petitions from the inhabitants
of the Territory, as well as to submit anannual report to the satis-
faction of the United Nations in accordance with Article 6 of the
Mandate.
D. The Union has substantially modifiedthe terms of the Mandate
without the consent of the United Nations; that such modification
is a violation of Article 7 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the
Covenant; and that the consent of the United Nations is a necessary

473 prerequisite and condition to attempts on the part of the Union
,directlyor indirectly to modify the terms of the Mandate.

E. The Union has failed to promote to the utmost the material
and moral well-being and social progress of the inhabitants of the
Territory;its failure to do so is a violation of Article 2 of the Man-
date and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that the Union has the
duty forthwith to take al1practicable action to fulfil its duties under
such Articles.
F. The Union, in administering the Territory, has practised
apartheid, i.e. has distinguished as to race, colour, national or
tribal origin, in establishing the rights and duties of the inhabitants
of the Territory; that such practice is in violation of Article 2 of the

Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that the Union has
the dutyforthwith to ceasethe practice of apartheid in the Territory.

G. The Union, in administering the Territory, has adopted and
applied legislation, regulations, proclamations, and administrative
decrees which are by their terms and in their application arbitrary,
unreasonable, unjust and detrimental to human dignity; that the
foregoing actions by the Union violate Article 2 of the Mandate
and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that the Union has the duty
forthwith to repeal and not to apply such legislation, regulations,
proclamations, and administrative decrees.

H. The Union has adopted and applied legislation, administrative
regulations, and officia1 actions which suppress the rights and
liberties of inhabitants of the Territory essential to their orderly
evolution toward self-government, the right to which is implicit in
the Covenant of the League of Nations, the terms of the Mandate,

and currently accepted international standards, as embodied in
the Charter of the United Nations and the Declaration of Human
Rights; that the foregoing actions by the Union violate Article 2
of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that the Union
has the duty forthwith to cease and desist from any action which
thwartsthe orderlydevelopment of self-government in the Territory.
1. The Union has exercised powers of administration and legis-
lation over the Territory inconsistent with the international status
of theTerritory ;thatthe foregoingaction bythe Union isin violation
of Article 2 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant; that
the Union has the duty to refrain from acts of administration and
legislation which are inconsistent with the international status of
theTerritory.
J. The Union has failed to render to the General Assembly of
the United Nations annual reports containing information with
regard to the Territory and indicating the measures it has taken to
carry out its obligations under the Mandate; that such failure is

a violation of Article6 of the Mandate; and that the Union has the duty forthwith to render such annual reports to the General As-
sembly.
K. The Union has failed to transmit to the General Assembly
of the United Nations petitions from the Territory's inhabitants
addressed to the General Assembly; that such failure is a violation
of the League of Nations rules; and that the Union has the duty
to transmit such petitions to the General Assembly."

The Union of South Africa replied by raising preliminary objections:

"For al1or any one or more of the reasons set out in its written
and oral statements, the Government of the Republic of South
Africa submits that the Governments of Ethiopia and Liberia have

no locusstandi in these contentious proceedings, and that the Court
has no jurisdiction to hear or adjudicate upon the questions of law
and fact raised in the Applications and Memorials, more particu-
larly because :

Firstly, by reason of the dissolution of the League of Nations,
the Mandate for South West Africa is no longer a 'treaty or con-
vention in force' within the meaning of Article 37 of the Statute
of the Court, this submission being advanced-

(a) with respect to the said Mandate Agreement as a whole, in-
cluding Article 7 thereof, and
(b) in any event, with respect to Article 7 itself;
Secondly,neither the Government of Ethiopia nor the Govern-
ment of Liberia is 'another Member of the League of Nations',
as required for locusstandi by Article 7 of the Mandate for South
West Africa;
Thirdly,the conflict or disagreement allegedby the Governments
of Ethiopia and Liberia to exist between them and the Govern-
ment of the Republic of South Africa, is by reason of its nature
and content not a 'dispute' as envisaged in Article 7 of the Man-

date for South West Africa, more particularly in that no material
interests of the Governments of Ethiopia andlor Liberia or of
their nationals are involved therein or affected thereby;

Fourthly, the alleged conflict or disagreement is as regards
its state of development not a 'dispute' which'cannot be settled
by negotiation' within the meaning of Article 7 of the Mandate
for South West Africa."
In its Judgment of 21 December 1962the Court dismissed al1four of
these preliminary objections and found as follows:

"The Court concludes that Article 7 of the Mandate is a treaty
or convention still in force within the meaning of Article 37 of the
Statute of the Court and that the dispute is one which is envisaged
in the said Article 7 and cannot be settled by negotiation. Con-
475 sequently the Court is competent to hear the dispute on the merits.

For these reasons, the Court, by eight votes to seven, finds that
it has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the merits of the dispute."

Thereafter the second phase of the case was opened and the pro-
ceedings on the merits resumed. During these proceedings the facts were
abundantly canvassed, the law keenly debated, and witnesses and experts
examined and cross-examined, al1 of which took many long months.
And now today this same Court, which gavethe three above-mentioned
Advisory Opinions in 1950, 1955and 1956and which in 1962delivered
a judgment upholding its jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the merits of
the dispute, this Court now declares the claim to be inadmissible and
rejects it on the ground that Ethiopia and Liberia have no legal interest
in the action.
This passes my understanding.
It is not that 1 turn a blind eye on the old maxim "no interest, no
action", but 1 find it difficult to believe that in proceedings concerning

the interpretation and application of an international mandate based
on the altruistic outlook of the time, legal interest can be straight-
jacketed into the narrow classical concept of the individual legal interest
of the applicant State.
The requirement that there should be an individual interest is no doubt
the rule, but every rule has its exceptions. In international law there
exists a form of legal interest which may, in certain circumstances, be
quite separate from the strictly individual interest of the applicant State.
1find evidence of this, for example, in the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. In its Advisory Opinion of
28 May 1951, the Court he:d as follows:

"In such a convention the contracting States do not have any
interests oftheir own; they merely have, one and al], a common
interest, namely, the accomplishment of those high purposes which
arethe raisodn 'êtreof the convention. Consequently,in a convention
of this type one cannot speak of individual advantages or dis-
advantages to States, or of the maintenance of a perfect contractual
balance between rights and duties. The high ideals which inspired
the Convention provide, by virtue of the common will of the parties,
the foundation and measure of al1its provisions."

The concept of a legal interest separate from the individual interest
of the applicant State is thus not unknown in international law. It can
even be clearly seen in certain international treaties for the protection
of minoritiesconcluded after the Great War of 1914-19 18. It there takes

theform of a compulsoryjurisdiction clausewhich confers the status of in-
ternational dispute on any difference of opinion in regard to questions of
law or of fact concerning the application of the treaty between the min-
ority State and any Power which was a member of the Council of the
League of Nations. It was not required that the Power which was amember of the Council of the League of Nations should be a contracting

party to the minorities treaty, nor was it required it should have an
individual legal interest. It was sufficientfor it to apply to the Court in
the general interest of a correct application of the régime.
In my view the circumstances are similar in this case. It was in the
interest of the Native inhabitants that the Mandate for German South
West Africa was instituted, and its essential provisions have no other
purpose than "to promote to the utmost the material and moral well-
being and the social progress of the inhabitants of the territory". The
Mandate was not concluded in the interests of the State Members of the
League of nations or in that of the League itself.It was concluded in the
interest of Native peoples not yet capable of governing themselves. It
was a "sacred trust" conferred and accepted without any corresponding
advantagefor either the Mandator orthe Mandatory. The circumstances
were those of complete altruism. However, the beneficiaries of the
generous provisions of the Mandate, namely the Natives of South West

Africa, have no capacity to seise the International Court of Justice as
they do not yet constitute a sovereign State. Nor do they enjoy the
nationality ofa Statecapable of seisingthe Court for the protection of its
nationals. This being so, what is the compelling rule which prevents
the Court, in examining the admissibility of the claim, also taking into
account, as in the field of international protection of minorities, the
principle of the general interest in a correct application of the mandate
régime?Ethiopia and Liberia were Members of the League of Nations,
and can it not be said that here the legal interest consists of the interest
possessed by any Member in securing observance of a convention
prepared in a League in which it participated? While it is true that the
Mandate for South West Africa does not contain terms which are
absolutely indentical with those in the compulsory jurisdiction clause in
the treaties for the international protection of minorities to whichhave
referred, there is at least the following provision in the second paragraph

of Article 7:
"The Mandatory agrees that, if any dispute whatever should
arise between the Mandatory and another Member of the League of
Nations relating to the interpretation or the application of the
provisions of the Mandate, such dispute, if it cannot be settled by
negotiation, shall be submitted to the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice (SC.the International Court of Justice) provided

for by Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations."
Contrary to the view taken by the majority, 1personally am convinced
that this provision made it possible for the Court to declare admissible
the claims of Ethiopia and Liberia which, having been Members of the
League of Nations, retain a legal interest in securing observance by the
Mandatory of its undertakings so long as its presence in South West
Africa continues. 1 find it hard to believe, as is held by the majority,

that the second paragraph of Article 7 of the Mandate, providing for
resort to an international tribunal, covered disputes relating only to the
477 individual interests of States under the provisions of Article 5. It is not
possible for me to accept that the authors of a Mandate, the essential
(and highly altruistic) purpose of which was the promotion by al1the
means in the Mandatory's power of the material and moral well-being
and social progress of the inhabitants of the territory, when they came
to Article 7 had lost the generous impulses by which they were inspired
at the beginning and, selfishly, no longer had in mind, in the event of
resort to international justice, anything more than the individual legal
interest of States Members. This would not fit in with the context or
with the terms of the provision itself, which reads:

" ... if any dispute whatevershould arise between the Mandatory
and another Member of the League of Nations relating to the in-
terpretation or the application ofthe provisions oftheMandate .. .".

1therefore believethe claims of Ethiopia and Liberia to be completely
admissible.

1 therefore consider that it was the duty of the Court to examine the
Applicants' complaints, and adjudge and declare them to be well-
founded or otherwise.
It was the duty of the Court to declare whether South Africa, as
Mandatory, is properly and conscientiously performing its obligations
under the Mandate.
For example, the Court was under a duty to declare:
whether or not racial discrimination, erected into a doctrine by the
Mandatory, instituted by law and systematically applied in South
West Africa, is likely to promote "the material and moral well-being
and the socialprogress of the inhabitants of the territory" as required
by the second paragraph of Article 2 of the Mandate;
whether or not laws and regulations based on apartheid and reflected
in measures which are for the most part disadvantageous or offensive
to people of colour are likely to promote "the material and moral
well-being and the social progress of the inhabitants of the territory"
as required by the second paragraph of Article 2 of the Mandate;
whether or not the exclusion of the Natives from certain occupations
because of their race, colour or tribal origin is likely to promote "the

material and moral well-beingandthe socialprogress of the inhabitants
of the territory" as required by the second paragraph of Article 2 of
the Mandate;
whether ornot theprohibition wherebyNatives, because of their race and
colour, are forbidden to live in a particular district, stay in a partic-
ular hotel, be on the streets at particular times and occupy particular
seatsiripublic transport is likely to promote "the material and moral
well-being and the social progress of the inhabitants of the territory"
as required by the second paragraph of Article 2 of the Mandate.
Certainly the Mandatory is given a very wide latitude in the choice of
methods of administration by the first paragraph of Article 2 of the
Mandate, which reads as follows:

478 "The Mandatory shall have full power of administration and
legislation over the territory subject to the present Mandate as an
integral portion of the Union of South Africa, and may apply
the laws of the Union of South Africa to the territory, subject to
such local modifications as circumstances may require." (First
paragraph of Article 2 of the Mandate for German South West
Africa.)

However, this discretionary power is by no means synonymous with
arbitrary power. It may be lawfully used only for the achievement of the
purposes laid down in the Mandate, namely the promotion of "the
material and moral well-being and the social progress of the inhabitants
of the territory", and must only be so used. For in the last resort, however
complete the powers conferred on the Mandatory, they stop short of
sovereignty over South West Africa. Therefore the discretionary power
cannot cover acts performed for a purpose different from that stipulated
in the Mandate. Such acts would be an abuse of power [détournement de
pouvoir]. In my view it was the Court's duty to list and analyse the laws
and regulations applied by the Mandatory in the mandated territory, to
probe the Mandatory's acts, and then to adjudge and declare whether
or not such laws, regulations and acts are designed to promote "the
material and moral well-being and the social progress of the inhabitants
of the territory" as required by the second paragraph of Article 2 of the
Mandate.

Itis not playing politics or taking into account only ethical or humani-
tarian ideals to ascertain whether the Mandatory's policies are a breach
of the provisions of the Mandate, which is the subject-matter of the
dispute;for a Court seised of a breach of obligationsunder the Mandate
is competent to appraise al1the methods used in the application of the
Mandate, including the political methods. The Court would be within
its powers in declaring whether or not the policy of apartheid on which
the laws and regulations applied in the Mandated Territory of South
West Africa are based is conducive to thepurpose laid down in the second
paragraph of Article 2 of the Mandate. In fact by now the Court is the
only body which can do so, sincethe Mandatory has obstinately declined
to accept any international supervision.
The Court's silence concerning the Mandatory's conduct is disturbing
when it is recalled that the very same Court, in its earlier Judgment of
1962,upheld its jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the merits of the dispute.
TheCourt now declines to giveeffectto the claim of Ethiopia and Liberia
on the ground that the Applicants have no legal interest in the action.

1repeat once again my conviction that the classic notion of individual
legal interest is not the only acceptable one, and that it is not necessarily
applicable in proceedings instituted with reference to the interpretation
and application of an international mandate, the beneficiaries of whose
provisions are not the States which subscribed to them but African
peoples who have no access to the Court because they do not yet con-
stitute a state. Nor is the doctrine of legal interest one of crystallineclarity. Distinguished lawyers when discussing the subject have on
occasion had to admit that "the concept of interest is however inherently
vague and many-sided ..." (Paul Cuche, quondam Dean of the Grenoble
Law Faculty; Jean Vincent, Professor of Law and Economics at Lyon
University. Précis Dalloz, 12th ed., 1960, p. 19.)

Can it be categorically affirmed that Ethiopia and Liberia have no
legalinterest at al1in securing the proper application of an international

mandate held on behalf of the League of Nations of which they were
Members? 1 do not think so.
What is to happen now? How is a peaceful solution to the present
dispute to be found? In the reasoning of its earlier judgment of 21
December 1962inthe same case, the International Court of Justice held:
"The administrative supervision by the League constituted a
normal security to ensure full performance by the Mandatory of
the 'sacred trust' toward the inhabitants of the mandated territory,
but the specially assigned role of the Court was even more essen-

tial, since it was to serve as the final bulwark of protection by
recourse to the Court against possible abuse or breaches of the
Mandate.
The raison d'êtreof this essential provision in the Mandate is
obvious. Without this additional security the supervision by the
League and its Members could not be effective in the last resort."
(South West Africa, Preliminary Objections, I.C.J. Reports 1962,
p. 336.)

And now the position today. What value does this Court now attach
to "the final bulwark of protection by recourse to the Court against
possible abuse or breaches of the Mandate"? Apparently al1that is now
relevant is the individual legalinterest of the Applicant States, and re-
course to the Court no longer appears, as in 1962, as the final bulwark
of protection against possible abuse or breaches of the Mandate. Who
lienceforward will be able to seise the Court of the possible abuses or
breaches of the Mandate of which thousands of Africans may be the
victims?
Since in 1962the Court upheld its "jurisdictioi~to adjudicate upon the
merits of the dispute" it was its duty, today, to declare whether or not
South Africa has committed abuses in South West Africa and is in
breach of its obligationsunder the Mandate. For that is the real merits
of the dispute, not merely an arid scrutiny and relentless analysis of the
individual legal interest of the Applicant States, Ethiopia and Liberia,
which, in the last resort, did no morethan have recourse legitimately and
legally to "the final bulwark of protection ... against possible abuse
or breaches of the Mandate" (to use the Court's own terms).

If the Court had only consented to take its examination of the merits
a little further ituld have found the multiplicity of impediments put
in the way of coloured people in al1fields of social life. Barriers aboun:
480in admission to employment, in access to vocational training, in con-
ditions placed on residence and freedom of movement; even in religious
worship and at the moment ofholy communion.

Creating obstacles and multiplying barriers is not, in my view, a way
to contribute to the promotion of "the material and moral well-being
and the social progress of the inhabitants of the territory". Itis, on the
contrary, a manifest breach of the second paragraph of Article 2 of the

Mandate.

(Signed) Isaac FORSTER.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. FORSTER

Si savamment motivé que puisse êtrel'arrêtrendu par la majorité
de la Cour déclarantirrecevable la demande du Libériaet de 1'Ethiopie
et la rejetant en conséquence, ne je peux y souscrire.
A mon avis l'essence même duMandat sur le Sud-Ouest africain

commande àla Cour d'examiner les griefs articuléscontre le Mandataire,
àsavoir; la République sud-africaine, pour ensuite dire s'ils sont justifiés
OU non.
La mission sacréeconfiéepar la Sociétédes Nations à l'union sud-
africaine est définie l'article 2, alinéa 2,du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest
africain allemand, en date du 17 décembre 1920, qui dispose:

((Le Mandataire accroîtra, par tous les moyens en son pouvoir,
le bien-être matérielet moral ainsi que le progrèssocial des habitants
du territoire soumis au présentmandat. 1)
Appelée à donner son sentiment sur le statut international du Sud-
Ouest africain, la Cour internationale de Justice émettait, leIl juillet
1950,l'avis

((que le Sud-Ouest africain est un territoire soumis au Mandat
international assumépar l'Union sud-africaine le 17décembre1920;

que l'union sud-africaine continue à êtresoumise aux obligations
internationales énoncées à l'article 22 du Pacte de la Société des
Nations et au Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain ainsi qu'à l'obli-
gation de transmettre les pétitions des habitants de ce territoire,
les fonctions de contrôle devant être exercéespar les Nations Unies
auxquelles les rapports annuels et les pétitions devront être soumis,
et la référence à la Cour permanente de Justice. internationale

devant être remplacéepar la référence à la Cour internationale
de Justice, conformément à l'article 7 du Mandat eà l'article 37du
Statut de la Cour;
que les dispositions du chapitre XII de la Charte s'appliquent
au territoire du Sud-Ouest africain en ce sens qu'elles fournissent
le moyen de placer le territoire sous le régimede tutelle;

que les dispositions du chapitre XII de la Charte n'imposent pas
à l'Union sud-africaine l'obligation juridique de placer le territoire
sous le régimede tutelle;
que l'Union sud-africaine agissant seule n'est pas compétente pour

modifier le statut international du territoire Sud-Ouest africain,
et que la compétence pour déterminer et modifier ce statut inter-
472 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE FORSTER
[Translation]

However learned the reasoning of the majority Judgment, declaring
the claim of Liberia and Ethiopia to be inadmissible and consequently
rejecting it,1 am unable to subscribe to it.
In my view, the very essence of the Mandate for South West Africa
demands that the Court should examine the complaints against the
Mandatory, namely the Republic of South Africa, and then declare
whether they are justified or not.
The sacred trust laid by the League of Nations on the Union of South
Africa is defined in the second paragraph of Article 2 of the Mandate for
German South West Africa, of 17 December 1920,which provides:

"The Mandatory shall promote to the utmost the material and
moral well-being and the social progress of the inhabitants of the
territory subject to the present Mandate."
When it was requested to give its view on the international status of

South West Africa, the International Court of Justice, on II July 1950,
gave the following Opinion :
"that South West Africa is a territory under the international
Mandate assumed by the Union of South Africa on December 17th,
1920;
that the Union of South Africa continues to have the international
obligations stated in Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of
Nations and in the Mandate for South-West Africa as well as the
obligation to transmit petitions from the inhabitants of that Terri-
tory, the supervisory functions to be exercisedby the United Nations,
to which the annual reports and the petitions are to be submitted,
and the reference to the Permanent Court of International Justice to

be replaced by a reference to the International Court ofJustice, in
accordance with Article 7 of the Mandate and Article 37 of the
Statute of the Court;
that the provisions of Chapter XII of the Charter are applicable
to the Territory of South-West Africa in the sense that they provide
a means by which the Territory may be brought under the Trustee-
ship System;
that the provisions of Chapter XII of the Charter do not impose
onthe Union of South Africa a legal obligation to place the Territory
under the Trusteeship System;
"that the Union of South Africa acting alone has not the competence
to modify the international status of the Territory of South-West
Africa, and that the competence to determine and modify the inter- national appartientà l'Union sud-africaine agissant avec le consen-
tement des Nations Unies ».
Emanant de la mêmeCour, deux autres avis consultatifs, respective-

ment datés des 7 juin 1955et ler juin 1956,traitant encore du Mandat
pour le Sud-Ouest africain, furent donnés sur le systèmede vote et sur
les audiencesà accorder aux pétitionnaires.
Le 4 novembre 1960,le Greffier de la Cour internationale de Justice
recevait deux requêtesintroduisant chacune, contre le Gouvernement
de l'Union sud-africaine, une instance relativà ccl'existence persistante
du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain et les devoirs et le comportement
de l'Union, en sa qualité de Mandataire découlant du Mandat 1)L'une
des requêtesétait présentéeau nom du Gouvernement de l'Ethiopie,
l'autre étaitprésentéeau nom du Gouvernement du Libéria.
Pour établir lajuridiction de la Cour dans les instances ainsi intro-

duites, les requêtes,se référanà l'article 80, paragraphe 1, de la Charte
des Nations Unies, invoquaient l'article 7 du Mandat du 17 décembre
1920 pour le Sud-Ouest africain allemand, ainsi que l'article 37 du
Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice.
Les requêtes de 1'Ethiopie et du Libéria tendaient à ce qu'il plaise
à la Cour dire et juger que:

((A. Le Sud-Ouest africain est un territoire sous Mandat con-
férépar les Principales Puissances alliéeset associéàsS.M. britan-
nique pour êtreexercéen son nom par le Gouvernement de l'Union
de l'Afrique du Sud, accepté par S.M. britannique agissant pour
le Gouvernement de l'Union de l'Afrique du Sud et en son nom,
et confirmépar le Conseil de la Société desNations le 17décembre
1920; et que ledit Mandat est un traité en vigueur au sens de
l'article 37 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice.

B. L'Union sud-africaine demeure soumise aux obligations inter-
nationales énoncéesà l'article 22 du Pacte de la Société dNations

et dans le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain, et que l'Assemblée
générale desNations Unies estjuridiquement qualifiéepour exercer
les fonctions de surveillance exercéesauparavant par la Société
des Nations en ce qui concerne l'administration du territoire, et
que l'Union est tenue de se soumettre àla surveillance et au con-
trôle de l'Assembléegénéraleen ce qui concerne l'exercice du
Mandat.
C. L'Union sud-africaine demeure soumise à l'obligation de
transmettre aux Nations Unies les pétitions des habitants du terri-
toire et d'adresser un rapport annuel satisfaisant les Nations Unies,
conformément àl'article 6 du Mandat.

D. L'Union a apporté aux dispositions du Mandat des modi-

fications de fond sans l'autorisation des Nations Unies; que cette
modification est une violation de l'article du Mandat et de l'ar-
ticle 22 du Pacte; et que l'autorisation des Nations Unies est une national status of the Territory rests with the Union of South Africa
acting with the consent of the United Nations."
There were two further Advisory Opinions of this Court, relating to
the Mandate for South West Africa, given on 7 June 1955and 1 June
1956concerning the voting procedure and hearings of pvtitioners.

On 4 November 1960 the Registrar of the International Court of
Justice received two Applications, each instituting proceedings against

the Government of the Union of South Africa relating to "the continued
existence of the Mandate for South West Africa and the duties and
performance of the Union, as Mandatory, thereunder". One of these
Applications was submitted on behalf of the Government of Ethiopia,
and the other on behalf of the Government of Liberia.
To found the jurisdiction of the Court in the proceedings thus insti-
tuted, the Applications, having regard to Article 80, paragraph 1, of the
Charter of the United Nations, relied on Article 7 of the Mandate of
17December 1920for German South West Africa and Article 37 of the
Statute of the International Court of Justice.
The Applications of Ethiopia and Liberia asked the Court to adjudge
and declare that:

"A. South West Africa is a Territory under the Mandate con-
ferred upon His Britannic Majesty by the Principal Allied and
Associated Powers, to be exercisedon his behalf by the Government
of the Union of South Africa, accepted by His Britannic Majesty
for and on behalf of the Government of the Union of South Africa,
and confirmed by the Council of the League of Nations on December
17, 1920; and that the aforesaid Mandate is a treaty in force, within
the meaning of Article 37 of the Statute of the International Court
of Justice.
B. The Union of South Africa remains subjectto the International
obligations setforth in Article 22 of the Covenant of the League
of Nations and in the Mandate for South West Africa, and that the
General Assembly of the United Nations is legally qualified to

exercisethe supervisory functions previously exercisedby the League
of Nations with regard to the administration of the Territory, and
that the Union is under an obligation to submit to the supervision
and control of the General Assembly with regard to the exercise
of the Mandate.
C. The Union of South Africa remains subject to the obligations
to transmit to the United Nations petitions from the inhabitants
of the Territory, as well as to submit anannual report to the satis-
faction of the United Nations in accordance with Article 6 of the
Mandate.
D. The Union has substantially modifiedthe terms of the Mandate
without the consent of the United Nations; that such modification
is a violation of Article 7 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the
Covenant; and that the consent of the United Nations is a necessary

473 condition préalable indispensable à toute tentative de la part de
l'Union de modifier directement ou indirectement les dispositions
du Mandat.

E. L'Union n'a pas accru, par tous les moyens en son pouvoir,
le bien-êtrematérielet moral ainsique le progrès socialdes habitants
du territoire; que cette carence est une violation de l'article2 du
Mandat et l'article22du Pacte; etque l'Union a le devoir de prendre
sur-le-champ toutes les mesures possibles pour remplir ses obliga-
tions aux termes de ces articles.
F. Dans l'administration du territoire, l'Union a pratiqué l'apart-
heid, c'est-à-dire qu'elle a établitle discrimination fondée sur la
race, lacauleur, l'origine nationale ou tribale, lorsqu'elle a fixéles
droits et devoirs des habitants du territoire; que cette pratique
constitue une violation de l'article2 du Mandat et de l'article 22
du Pacte; et que l'Union a le devoir de cesser sur-le-champ de
pratiquer l'apartheid dans le territoire.
G. Dans l'administration du territoire, l'union a adopté et
appliqué une législation, des règlements, des proclamations et
des ordonnances administratives qui par leurs termes et dans

leur application sont arbitraires, déraisonnables, injustes et con-
trairesà la dignitéhumaine; que les mesnres officielles de l'Union
mentionnées ci-avant violent l'article 2 du Mandat et l'article 22
du Pacte; et que l'Union a le devoir de rapporter sur-le-champ
et de ne pas appliquer ces législations, règlements,proclamations
et ordonnances administratives.
H. L'Union a adopté et appliqué une législation, des règlements
administratifs et des mesures officielles qui suppriment les droits
et les libertésdes habitants du territoire, droits essentiels'évolu-
tion régulière versl'autonomie,à laquelleleur donnent implicitement
droit le Pacte de la Société desNations, les dispositions du Mandat
et les normes internationales couramment acceptéestelles qu'elles
sont inscrites dans la Charte des Nations Unies et la Déclaration
des droits de l'homme; que les actes ci-dessus de l'union violent
l'article du Mandat et l'article 22 du Pacte; et que l'Union a le
devoir de cesser et de s'abstenir sur-le-champ de toute action qui

entrave le développementrégulierde l'autonomie dans le territoire.
1. L'Union a exercé despouvoirs d'administration et de légis-
lation sur le territoire incompatibles avec le statut international
du territoire; que l'action susdite deUnion constitue une violation
de l'article2 du Mandat et de l'article 22 du Pacte; que l'Union
a le devoir de s'abstenir de tous actes d'administration et de légis-
lationqui soient incompatibles avec le statut international du terri-
toire.
J. L'Union n'a pas envoyé à l'Assembléegénérale desNations
Unies des rapports annuels contenant des informations intéressant
le territoire et indiquant les mesures qu'elle a prises pour assurer ses
engagements aux termes du Mandat; que cette carence est une
violation de l'article6 du Mandat; et que l'Union a le devoir

474 prerequisite and condition to attempts on the part of the Union
,directlyor indirectly to modify the terms of the Mandate.

E. The Union has failed to promote to the utmost the material
and moral well-being and social progress of the inhabitants of the
Territory;its failure to do so is a violation of Article 2 of the Man-
date and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that the Union has the
duty forthwith to take al1practicable action to fulfil its duties under
such Articles.
F. The Union, in administering the Territory, has practised
apartheid, i.e. has distinguished as to race, colour, national or
tribal origin, in establishing the rights and duties of the inhabitants
of the Territory; that such practice is in violation of Article 2 of the

Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that the Union has
the dutyforthwith to ceasethe practice of apartheid in the Territory.

G. The Union, in administering the Territory, has adopted and
applied legislation, regulations, proclamations, and administrative
decrees which are by their terms and in their application arbitrary,
unreasonable, unjust and detrimental to human dignity; that the
foregoing actions by the Union violate Article 2 of the Mandate
and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that the Union has the duty
forthwith to repeal and not to apply such legislation, regulations,
proclamations, and administrative decrees.

H. The Union has adopted and applied legislation, administrative
regulations, and officia1 actions which suppress the rights and
liberties of inhabitants of the Territory essential to their orderly
evolution toward self-government, the right to which is implicit in
the Covenant of the League of Nations, the terms of the Mandate,

and currently accepted international standards, as embodied in
the Charter of the United Nations and the Declaration of Human
Rights; that the foregoing actions by the Union violate Article 2
of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that the Union
has the duty forthwith to cease and desist from any action which
thwartsthe orderlydevelopment of self-government in the Territory.
1. The Union has exercised powers of administration and legis-
lation over the Territory inconsistent with the international status
of theTerritory ;thatthe foregoingaction bythe Union isin violation
of Article 2 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant; that
the Union has the duty to refrain from acts of administration and
legislation which are inconsistent with the international status of
theTerritory.
J. The Union has failed to render to the General Assembly of
the United Nations annual reports containing information with
regard to the Territory and indicating the measures it has taken to
carry out its obligations under the Mandate; that such failure is

a violation of Article6 of the Mandate; and that the Union has the d'envoyer sur-le-champ ces rapports annuels à l'Assembléegéné-
rale.
K. L'Union n'a pas transmis à l'Assembléegénéraledes Nations
Unies les pétitions des habitants du territoire adresséesà 1'Assem-
bléegénérale;que cette carence est une violation de la règle de la
Société desNations; et que l'Union a le devoir de transmettre
ces pétitionsà l'Assemblée général »e.

L'Union sud-africaine riposta en soulevant des exceptions prélimi-
naires:

((Pour un ou plusieurs des motifs énoncésdans ses écritures
et plaidoiries ou pour tous ces motifs à la fois, le Gouvernement
de la Républiquesud-africaine conclut à ce que les Gouvernements
de 1'Ethiopie et du Libéria n'ont pas de locus standi dans la pré-
sente procédure contentieuse et àce quela Cour n'a pas compétence
pour connaître des questions de droit et de fait soulevéesdans les
requêteset les mémoires, nipour statuer sur ces questions, et cela
plus particulièrement parce que:

Premièrement, en raison de la dissolution de la Sociétédes
Nations, le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain n'est plus «un
traité ou une convention en vigueur ))au sens de l'article 37
du Statut de la Cour, la présente conclusionvisant:

a) ledit accord de Mandat dans son ensemble, y compris l'ar-
ticle 7, et
b) en tout cas, l'article 7 même;
Deuxièmement, ni le Gouvernement de 1'Ethiopie ni le Gou-
vernement du Libéria ne sont ((un autre Membre de la Société
des Nations »,ainsi que l'article 7 du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest
africain l'exigepour qu'il y ait locusstandi;

Troisièmement,le conflit ou désaccordque les Gouvernements
de lYEthiopieet du Libéria prétendent exister entre eux et le
Gouvernement de la République sud-africainen'est pas, eu égard
à sa nature età sa teneur, un ((différend))comme il est prévu à
l'article 7 du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain, et cela plus
particulièrement en tant qu'aucun intérêt concretdes Gouverne-
ments de 1'Ethiopie etlou du Libéria ou de leurs ressortissants
n'est en cause ou n'est affecté en l'espèce;
Quatrièmement, le prétendu conflit ou désaccord n'est pas,

eu égard à son état d'avancement, un (('différend ...qui ne soit
pas susceptible d'êtreréglépar aes négociations » au sens de
l'article 7 du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain. ))
La Cour rejeta toutes ces quatre exceptions préliminaires par un
arrêten date du 21 décembre1962où l'on peut lire:

((La Cour conclut que l'article 7 du Mandat est un traité ou
une convention encore en vigueur au sens de l'article 37 du Statut
de la Cour, que le différendest de ceux qui sont prévus audit ar-
ticle 7et qu'il n'estpas susceptible d'êtreréglépar des négociations.
475 duty forthwith to render such annual reports to the General As-
sembly.
K. The Union has failed to transmit to the General Assembly
of the United Nations petitions from the Territory's inhabitants
addressed to the General Assembly; that such failure is a violation
of the League of Nations rules; and that the Union has the duty
to transmit such petitions to the General Assembly."

The Union of South Africa replied by raising preliminary objections:

"For al1or any one or more of the reasons set out in its written
and oral statements, the Government of the Republic of South
Africa submits that the Governments of Ethiopia and Liberia have

no locusstandi in these contentious proceedings, and that the Court
has no jurisdiction to hear or adjudicate upon the questions of law
and fact raised in the Applications and Memorials, more particu-
larly because :

Firstly, by reason of the dissolution of the League of Nations,
the Mandate for South West Africa is no longer a 'treaty or con-
vention in force' within the meaning of Article 37 of the Statute
of the Court, this submission being advanced-

(a) with respect to the said Mandate Agreement as a whole, in-
cluding Article 7 thereof, and
(b) in any event, with respect to Article 7 itself;
Secondly,neither the Government of Ethiopia nor the Govern-
ment of Liberia is 'another Member of the League of Nations',
as required for locusstandi by Article 7 of the Mandate for South
West Africa;
Thirdly,the conflict or disagreement allegedby the Governments
of Ethiopia and Liberia to exist between them and the Govern-
ment of the Republic of South Africa, is by reason of its nature
and content not a 'dispute' as envisaged in Article 7 of the Man-

date for South West Africa, more particularly in that no material
interests of the Governments of Ethiopia andlor Liberia or of
their nationals are involved therein or affected thereby;

Fourthly, the alleged conflict or disagreement is as regards
its state of development not a 'dispute' which'cannot be settled
by negotiation' within the meaning of Article 7 of the Mandate
for South West Africa."
In its Judgment of 21 December 1962the Court dismissed al1four of
these preliminary objections and found as follows:

"The Court concludes that Article 7 of the Mandate is a treaty
or convention still in force within the meaning of Article 37 of the
Statute of the Court and that the dispute is one which is envisaged
in the said Article 7 and cannot be settled by negotiation. Con-
475 En conséquence,la Cour est compétentepour connaîtredu différend
au fond.
Par ces motifs, la Cour, par huit voix contre sept, dit qu'elle
est compétente pour statuer sur le fond du différend. ))
Après quoi s'ouvrit la seconde phase de l'instance, cellede la reprise

de la procédure sur le fond, au cours de laquelle furent amplement
débattus les faits, âprement discutéle droit, interrogés et contre-inter-
rogésles témoinset les experts. Cela dura de très longs mois!
Et voici qu'aujourd'hui, cette mêmeCour qui, en 1950, 1955et 1956,
émit les trois avis susvisés, celle-là mêmequi, en 1962, rendit l'arrêt
affirmant sa compétence pour statuer sur le fond du différend, cette
Cour, à présent, déclareirrecevable la demande et la rejette: motif
pris de ce que 1'Ethiopie et le Libéria n'ont point d'intérêt juridique
à l'action!
Cela dépasse mon entendement!

Non pas que je veuille ignorer le vieil adage: ((Pas d'intérêt,pas
d'action )),mais j'ai peine à croire que dans ce procès touchant l'inter-
prétation et l'exécution d'un Mandat international, inspiré par les
sentiments altruistes de l'époque, l'intérêtjuridique puisse s'enfermer
dans le carcan de l'étroite conception classique de l'intérêtjuridique
personnel de 1'Etatdemandeur.
L'exigence d'unintérêt personnelest sans doute la règle; mais il n'y a
point de règlesans exceptions. Il existe, en droit international, un intérêt
juridique pouvant dans certains cas être nettement distinct de l'intérêt
strictement personnel de 1'Etat demandeur. J'en trouve, par exemple,
une preuve dans la convention pour la prévention et la répression du

crime de génocide.Voici cequ'en disait la Cour internationale de Justice,
dans un avis du 28 mai 1951 :
((Dans une telle convention, les Etats contractants n'ont pas
d'intérêtspropres; ils ont seulement, tous et chacun, un intérêt
commun, celui de préserver les finssupérieures qui sont la raison
d'être dela convention. Il en résulte que l'on ne saurait, pour une

convention de ce type, parler d'avantages ou de désavantages
individuels des Etats, non plus que d'un exact équilibre contrac-
tuel à maintenir entre les droits et les charges. La considération
des fins supérieures de la Convention est, en vertu de la volonté
commune des parties, le fondement et la mesure de toutes les
dispositions qu'elle renferme. ))
La notion d'un intérêtjuridique distinct de l'intérêt personnel de
1'Etat demandeur n'est donc pas inconnue du droit international. Elle
apparaît mêmeclairement dans certains traités de protection inter-

nationale des minorités conclus après la Grande Guerre de 1914-1918.
Elle y figure sous forme d'une clause de juridiction obligatoire érigeant
en différendinternational toute divergence d'opinions sur des questions
de droit ou de fait qui viendrait à surgir au sujet de leur application
entre 1'Etat minoritaire et toute Puissance, membre du Conseil de la
Société desNations. Il n'étaitpoint exigéque cette Puissance, membre
476 sequently the Court is competent to hear the dispute on the merits.

For these reasons, the Court, by eight votes to seven, finds that
it has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the merits of the dispute."

Thereafter the second phase of the case was opened and the pro-
ceedings on the merits resumed. During these proceedings the facts were
abundantly canvassed, the law keenly debated, and witnesses and experts
examined and cross-examined, al1 of which took many long months.
And now today this same Court, which gavethe three above-mentioned
Advisory Opinions in 1950, 1955and 1956and which in 1962delivered
a judgment upholding its jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the merits of
the dispute, this Court now declares the claim to be inadmissible and
rejects it on the ground that Ethiopia and Liberia have no legal interest
in the action.
This passes my understanding.
It is not that 1 turn a blind eye on the old maxim "no interest, no
action", but 1 find it difficult to believe that in proceedings concerning

the interpretation and application of an international mandate based
on the altruistic outlook of the time, legal interest can be straight-
jacketed into the narrow classical concept of the individual legal interest
of the applicant State.
The requirement that there should be an individual interest is no doubt
the rule, but every rule has its exceptions. In international law there
exists a form of legal interest which may, in certain circumstances, be
quite separate from the strictly individual interest of the applicant State.
1find evidence of this, for example, in the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. In its Advisory Opinion of
28 May 1951, the Court he:d as follows:

"In such a convention the contracting States do not have any
interests oftheir own; they merely have, one and al], a common
interest, namely, the accomplishment of those high purposes which
arethe raisodn 'êtreof the convention. Consequently,in a convention
of this type one cannot speak of individual advantages or dis-
advantages to States, or of the maintenance of a perfect contractual
balance between rights and duties. The high ideals which inspired
the Convention provide, by virtue of the common will of the parties,
the foundation and measure of al1its provisions."

The concept of a legal interest separate from the individual interest
of the applicant State is thus not unknown in international law. It can
even be clearly seen in certain international treaties for the protection
of minoritiesconcluded after the Great War of 1914-19 18. It there takes

theform of a compulsoryjurisdiction clausewhich confers the status of in-
ternational dispute on any difference of opinion in regard to questions of
law or of fact concerning the application of the treaty between the min-
ority State and any Power which was a member of the Council of the
League of Nations. It was not required that the Power which was a du Conseil de la Société desNations, fût partie contractante du traité
des minorités; et il n'était pas davantage exigéqu'elle eût un intérêt
juridique propre. Il suffisait qu'elle s'adressâà la Cour dans l'intérêt
général d'une exacte application du régime.
Nous nous trouvons, à mon avis, dans le mêmeclimat. C'est dans
l'intérêdtes populations indigènes que fut institué le Mandat pour le

Sud-Ouest africain allemand; et les stipulations essentielles qu'il con-
tient n'ont d'autre but que celui «d'accroître le bien-être matérielet
moral ainsi que le progrès social des habitants du territoire)Le Man-
dat n'était conclu nidans l'intérêt destats Membres de la Société des
Nations, ni dans celui de la Société desNations elle-même. Il était
conclu dans l'intérêt dep sopulations indigènes encore incapables de se
gouverner. Il s'agit d'une ((mission sacrée)) donnée et acceptée sans
aucune contrepartie avantageuse pour le Mandant ni pour le Manda-
taire. Nous sommes en plein domaine de l'altruisme. Or, les bénéfi-
res des dispositions généreusesdu Mandat, à savoir les indigènes du
Sud-Ouest africain, n'ont point qualitépour saisir la Cour internationale

de Justice, du fait qu'ils ne forment pas encore un Etat souverain. Ils
ne jouissent pas davantage d'une nationalité faisant d'eux des ressor-
tissants d'un Etat habile à nous saisir pour la protection de ses natio-
naux. Dès lors, quelle règle impérative nous empêche,dans l'examen
de la recevabilitéde la demande, de prendre égalementen considération,
comme en matière de protection internationale des minorités, le prin-
cipe de l'intérêt général d'une exac ateplication du régimede Mandat?
L'Ethiopie et le Libéria étaient Membres dela Société desNations, ne
peut-on pas dire qu'ici l'intérêt juridique résideans l'intérêqtue tout
Membre a à faire respecter une convention élaboréeau sein d'une
Sociétédont il faisait partie? Si dans le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest

africain 011ne trouve pas, il est vrai, des termes absolument identiques
à ceux dont use la clause de juridiction obligatoire des traitésde protec-
tion internationale des minorités à laquelle je fais allusion, du moins
trouve-t-on à l'alinéa2 de l'article 7 la disposition suivante:
((Le Mandataire accepte que tout différend, quel qu'il soit,

qui viendraità s'éleverentre lui et un autre Membre de la Société
des Nations relatifà l'interprétation ouà l'application des dispo-
sitions du Mandat, et qui ne soit pas susceptible d'êtreréglépar
des négociations,soit soumis à la Cour permanente de Justice inter-
nationale [lisez Cour internationale de Justice], prévue par I'ar-
ticle 14 du Pacte de la Sociétédes Nations. ))

Contrairement à l'opinion dela majoritéde la Cour, je suis personnel-
lement convaincu que cette disposition permettait à la Cour de décla-
rer recevables les demandes de 1'Ethiopie et du Libéria qui, ayant été
Membres de la Sociétédes Nations, conservent un intérêjturidique à
voir le Mandataire respecter ses engagements, tant qu'il se maintient
dans le Sud-Ouest africain. J'ai peineà croire, comme l'estime la majo-
rité,que l'article, alinéa2, du Mandat visant le recours à la juridiction
internationale n'envisageait que les différends relatifs aux intérêts

477member of the Council of the League of Nations should be a contracting

party to the minorities treaty, nor was it required it should have an
individual legal interest. It was sufficientfor it to apply to the Court in
the general interest of a correct application of the régime.
In my view the circumstances are similar in this case. It was in the
interest of the Native inhabitants that the Mandate for German South
West Africa was instituted, and its essential provisions have no other
purpose than "to promote to the utmost the material and moral well-
being and the social progress of the inhabitants of the territory". The
Mandate was not concluded in the interests of the State Members of the
League of nations or in that of the League itself.It was concluded in the
interest of Native peoples not yet capable of governing themselves. It
was a "sacred trust" conferred and accepted without any corresponding
advantagefor either the Mandator orthe Mandatory. The circumstances
were those of complete altruism. However, the beneficiaries of the
generous provisions of the Mandate, namely the Natives of South West

Africa, have no capacity to seise the International Court of Justice as
they do not yet constitute a sovereign State. Nor do they enjoy the
nationality ofa Statecapable of seisingthe Court for the protection of its
nationals. This being so, what is the compelling rule which prevents
the Court, in examining the admissibility of the claim, also taking into
account, as in the field of international protection of minorities, the
principle of the general interest in a correct application of the mandate
régime?Ethiopia and Liberia were Members of the League of Nations,
and can it not be said that here the legal interest consists of the interest
possessed by any Member in securing observance of a convention
prepared in a League in which it participated? While it is true that the
Mandate for South West Africa does not contain terms which are
absolutely indentical with those in the compulsory jurisdiction clause in
the treaties for the international protection of minorities to whichhave
referred, there is at least the following provision in the second paragraph

of Article 7:
"The Mandatory agrees that, if any dispute whatever should
arise between the Mandatory and another Member of the League of
Nations relating to the interpretation or the application of the
provisions of the Mandate, such dispute, if it cannot be settled by
negotiation, shall be submitted to the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice (SC.the International Court of Justice) provided

for by Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations."
Contrary to the view taken by the majority, 1personally am convinced
that this provision made it possible for the Court to declare admissible
the claims of Ethiopia and Liberia which, having been Members of the
League of Nations, retain a legal interest in securing observance by the
Mandatory of its undertakings so long as its presence in South West
Africa continues. 1 find it hard to believe, as is held by the majority,

that the second paragraph of Article 7 of the Mandate, providing for
resort to an international tribunal, covered disputes relating only to the
477 personnels des Etats touchant les matières de l'article 5. Il m'est impos-
sible d'admettre que les auteurs d'un mandat, dont l'objet essentiel
(altruiste au possible!) est d'accroître par tous les moyens au pouvoir
du Mandataire le bien-être matérielet moral, ainsi que le progrès so-

cial des habitants du territoire, n'aient plus songé, égoïstement, qu'à
l'intérêjturidique personnel des Etats Membres en cas de recours à
la justice internationale, perdant ainsi,à l'article 7, le souffle généreux
qui les animait au commencement! Cela jurerait avec le contexte et le
texte lui-mêmequi dispose :

tout dzfférend,quel qu'il soit qui viendrait à s'éleverentre lui

[le Mandataire] et un autre Membre de la Sociétédes Nations rela-
tif l'interprétation ouà l'application des dispositions du Mandat )),
etc.
Je crois donc parfaitement recevables les demandes de 1'Ethiopie
et du Libéria.
Je crois donc que la Cour devait examiner les griefs articuléspar les

demandeurs pour ensuite dire et juger s'ils sont bien ou mal fondés.

La Cour devait dire si, oui ou non, l'Union sud-africaine, Manda-
taire, remplit correctement et consciencieusement les obligations dé-
coulant du Mandat.
La Cour devait dire, par exemple:
si, oui ou non, la discrimination raciale, érigéen doctrine par le Man-
dataire, légalement instituée et systématiquement appliquée dans le

Sud-Ouest africain, est de nature à ((accroître le bien-être matériel
et moral ainsi que le progrès social des habitants du territoire »,
comme le prescrit l'article 2, alinéa2, du Mandat;
si, oui ou non, une législationet une réglementationinspiréesde l'apart-
heid, se traduisant par des mesures le plus souvent désavantageuses
ou insultantes pour l'homme de couleur, sont de nature à ((accroître
le bien-être matérielet moral ainsi que le progrès social des habitants
du territoire»,comme le prescrit l'article 2, alinéa2, du Mandat;
si, oui ou non, l'interdiction à l'indigène, en raison de sa race, de sa

couleur ou de son origine tribale, de pratiquer telle profession, est de
nature à ((accroître le bien-être matérielet moral ainsi que le progrès
social des habitants du territoire)), comme le prescrit l'article 2,
alinéa 2, du Mandat;
si, oui ou non, l'interdictionà l'indigène, en raison de sa race et de sa
couleur, d'habiter tel quartier, de descendre dans tel hôtel, de circuler
à telle heure, de s'asseoirà telle place d'un transport public, est de
nature à ((accroître le bien-être matérielet moral ainsi que le progrès
social des habitants du territoire », comme le prescrit l'article 2,
alinéa 2, du Mandat.

Le premier paragraphe de l'article 2 du Mandat accorde, certes, au
Mandataire une très grande latitude quant au choix des moyens d'ad-
ministration : individual interests of States under the provisions of Article 5. It is not
possible for me to accept that the authors of a Mandate, the essential
(and highly altruistic) purpose of which was the promotion by al1the
means in the Mandatory's power of the material and moral well-being
and social progress of the inhabitants of the territory, when they came
to Article 7 had lost the generous impulses by which they were inspired
at the beginning and, selfishly, no longer had in mind, in the event of
resort to international justice, anything more than the individual legal
interest of States Members. This would not fit in with the context or
with the terms of the provision itself, which reads:

" ... if any dispute whatevershould arise between the Mandatory
and another Member of the League of Nations relating to the in-
terpretation or the application ofthe provisions oftheMandate .. .".

1therefore believethe claims of Ethiopia and Liberia to be completely
admissible.

1 therefore consider that it was the duty of the Court to examine the
Applicants' complaints, and adjudge and declare them to be well-
founded or otherwise.
It was the duty of the Court to declare whether South Africa, as
Mandatory, is properly and conscientiously performing its obligations
under the Mandate.
For example, the Court was under a duty to declare:
whether or not racial discrimination, erected into a doctrine by the
Mandatory, instituted by law and systematically applied in South
West Africa, is likely to promote "the material and moral well-being
and the socialprogress of the inhabitants of the territory" as required
by the second paragraph of Article 2 of the Mandate;
whether or not laws and regulations based on apartheid and reflected
in measures which are for the most part disadvantageous or offensive
to people of colour are likely to promote "the material and moral
well-being and the social progress of the inhabitants of the territory"
as required by the second paragraph of Article 2 of the Mandate;
whether or not the exclusion of the Natives from certain occupations
because of their race, colour or tribal origin is likely to promote "the

material and moral well-beingandthe socialprogress of the inhabitants
of the territory" as required by the second paragraph of Article 2 of
the Mandate;
whether ornot theprohibition wherebyNatives, because of their race and
colour, are forbidden to live in a particular district, stay in a partic-
ular hotel, be on the streets at particular times and occupy particular
seatsiripublic transport is likely to promote "the material and moral
well-being and the social progress of the inhabitants of the territory"
as required by the second paragraph of Article 2 of the Mandate.
Certainly the Mandatory is given a very wide latitude in the choice of
methods of administration by the first paragraph of Article 2 of the
Mandate, which reads as follows:

478 «Le Mandataire aura pleins pouvoirs d'administration et légis-
lation sur le territoire faisant l'objet du Mandat. Ce territoire sera
administré selon la législation du Mandataire comme partie inté-
grante de son territoire. Le Mandataire est en conséquenceautorisé
àappliqueraux régionssoumisesau Mandat la législationde l'Union
de l'Afrique du Sud sous réserve des modifications nécessitées
par les conditions locales. (Article 2, alinéa 1, du Mandat pour
le Sud-Ouest africain allemand.)

Mais ce pauvoir discrétionnaire n'est nullement synonyme de pou-
voir arbitraire.Il ne doit et ne peut êtrelégalement utiliséque pour at-
teindre les fins précisesdu Mandat, savoir ((accroître le bien-êtrematé-
riel et moral ainsi que le progrès social des habitants du territoire)).
Car enfin, si entiers que puissent êtreles pouvoirs conférés, ils n'attri-
buent certainement pas la souveraineté à l'union sud-africaine dans le
Sud-Ouest africain. Il en résulteque le pouvoir discrétionnaire ne couvre
point les actes faits dans un but différentde celui qui se trouve défini
au Mandat. De tels agissements constitueraient un détournement de
pouvoir. La Cour devait, à mon avis, inventorier et analyser les lois et
règlements mis en vigueur dans le territoire sous Mandat par le Manda-

taire, elle devait sonder ses agissements pour ensuite dire et juger si,
oui ou non, une telle législation, de tels règlements et une telle action
tendent à ((accroître le bien-être matérielet moral ainsi que le progrès
social des habitants du territoire)) comme le prescrit l'article 2, ali-
néa 2.du Mandat.
Ce n'est nullement faire de la politique, ni tabler uniquement sur
un idéalmoral ou humanitaire que de rechercher si la politique du Man-
dataire contrevient aux dispositions du Mandat, objet du litige; car
l'appréciation de tous les moyens (y compris les moyens politiques)
employésdans l'exécutiondu Mandat est de la compétencedu juge saisi
de la violation des obligations découlant du Mandat. Le juge demeure
dans sa fonction lorsqu'il dit si, oui ou non, la politique de l'apartheid
qui inspire la législationet lesrèglements appliquésdans le territoire sous
Mandat du Sud-Ouest africain conduit au but assigné par l'article 2,

alinéa 2, du Mandat. Il se trouve mêmequ'aujourd'hui le juge est le
seul qui puisse le dire puisque le Mandataire se refuse obstinément à
tout contrôle international.
Et le silence gardé par la Cour internationale de Justice sur la conduite
du Mandataire déco-ncertequand on songe que cette mêmeCour a,
dans un précédentarrêt,datant de 1962, affirmé sacompétence pour
statuer sur le fond du différend.La Cour refuse aujourd'hui de donner
suite à la demande de 17Ethiopieet du Libéria, motif pris de ce que
les demandeurs n'ont point d'intérêt juridique à l'action. Je répèteici
ma conviction que la conception classique de l'intérêt juridique person-
nel n'est pas la seule et unique conception admissible et qu'elle n'est
pas nécessairementde rigueur dans ce procès né à propos de l'interpré-
tation et de l'exécutiond'un Mandat international dont les stipulations

sont en faveur, non pas des Etats qui les ont souscrites, mais de popu-
lations africaines qui n'ont pas accèsà notre prétoire parce qu'elles ne "The Mandatory shall have full power of administration and
legislation over the territory subject to the present Mandate as an
integral portion of the Union of South Africa, and may apply
the laws of the Union of South Africa to the territory, subject to
such local modifications as circumstances may require." (First
paragraph of Article 2 of the Mandate for German South West
Africa.)

However, this discretionary power is by no means synonymous with
arbitrary power. It may be lawfully used only for the achievement of the
purposes laid down in the Mandate, namely the promotion of "the
material and moral well-being and the social progress of the inhabitants
of the territory", and must only be so used. For in the last resort, however
complete the powers conferred on the Mandatory, they stop short of
sovereignty over South West Africa. Therefore the discretionary power
cannot cover acts performed for a purpose different from that stipulated
in the Mandate. Such acts would be an abuse of power [détournement de
pouvoir]. In my view it was the Court's duty to list and analyse the laws
and regulations applied by the Mandatory in the mandated territory, to
probe the Mandatory's acts, and then to adjudge and declare whether
or not such laws, regulations and acts are designed to promote "the
material and moral well-being and the social progress of the inhabitants
of the territory" as required by the second paragraph of Article 2 of the
Mandate.

Itis not playing politics or taking into account only ethical or humani-
tarian ideals to ascertain whether the Mandatory's policies are a breach
of the provisions of the Mandate, which is the subject-matter of the
dispute;for a Court seised of a breach of obligationsunder the Mandate
is competent to appraise al1the methods used in the application of the
Mandate, including the political methods. The Court would be within
its powers in declaring whether or not the policy of apartheid on which
the laws and regulations applied in the Mandated Territory of South
West Africa are based is conducive to thepurpose laid down in the second
paragraph of Article 2 of the Mandate. In fact by now the Court is the
only body which can do so, sincethe Mandatory has obstinately declined
to accept any international supervision.
The Court's silence concerning the Mandatory's conduct is disturbing
when it is recalled that the very same Court, in its earlier Judgment of
1962,upheld its jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the merits of the dispute.
TheCourt now declines to giveeffectto the claim of Ethiopia and Liberia
on the ground that the Applicants have no legal interest in the action.

1repeat once again my conviction that the classic notion of individual
legal interest is not the only acceptable one, and that it is not necessarily
applicable in proceedings instituted with reference to the interpretation
and application of an international mandate, the beneficiaries of whose
provisions are not the States which subscribed to them but African
peoples who have no access to the Court because they do not yet con-
stitute a state. Nor is the doctrine of legal interest one of crystallineforment pas encore un Etat. L'intérêt juridiquene se présente pas d'ail-

leurs comme un dogme lumineux! D'éminents juristes, traitant le sujet,
ont dû parfois avouer: ((La notion d'intérêtest cependant en soi indé-
cise et multiforme ..))(Paul Cuche, ancien doyen de la facultéde droit
de Grenoble - Jean Vincent, professeur à la faculté de droit et des
scienceséconomiques de Lyon, PrécisDalloz, Procédure civile et comrner-
ciale, 12eéd.,1960,p. 19.)
Peut-on affirmer catégoriquement que 1'Ethiopie et le Libéria n'ont

point un intérêt juridique à voir exécuter correctement un Mandat
international exercéau nom de la Société desNations dont ils étaient
Membres? Je ne le crois pas.
Et maintenant? Ou trouver solution pacifique au présent différend?
Dans les motifs de son précédentarrêtdu 21 décembre1962,rendu dans
la mêmecause, la Cour internationale de Justice affirmait:

((Lasurveillance administrative exercéepar la Société desNations
représentait une garantie normale visant à assurer la pleine exécu-
tion par le Mandataire de sa ((mission sacrée ))à l'endroit des habi-
tants du territoire sous Mandat, mais le rôle spécialement imparti
à la Cour était encore plus essentiel puisqu'elle devait servir d'ul-

time moyen de protection par voie de recours judiciaire contre
tous abus ou violations possibles du Mandat.
La raison d'êtrede cette disposition essentielle du Mandat est
évidente. A défautde cette garantie supplémentaire, la surveillance
exercéepar la Sociétéet par ses Membres ne pouvait en définitive
êtreefficace. ))(Sud-Ouest africain, exceptions préliminaires,arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 336.)

Et aujourd'hui? Quel cas la mêmeCour fait-elle de ((l'ultime moyen
de protection par voie de recours judiciaire contre tous abus ou viola-
tions possibles du Mandat ))?Apparemment il n'est plus question que
de l'intérêt juridique personneldes Etats demandeurs; et le recours judi-

ciaire ne semble plus être,comme en 1962,l'ultime moyen de protection
contre tous abus ou violations possibles du Mandat. Qui donc, désor-
mais, pourra saisir la Cour des ((abusou violations possibles du Mandat ))
dont peuvent êtrevictimes des milliers d'Africains?

Puisque la Cour, en 1962, affirmait sa ((compétencepour statuer sur
le fond du différend ))elle devait aujourd'hui dire si, oui ou non, l'Union

sud-africaine commettait des abus dans le Sud-Ouest africain et violait
ses obligations découlant du Mandat. Car c'est cela, en vérité,le fond
du différend,et non pas seulement l'examen aride et l'implacable analyse
de l'intérêt juridique personneldes Etats demandeurs, 1'Ethiopie et le
Libéria qui, en somme, n'ont fait que recourir, légitimement et légale-
ment, à ((l'ultime moyen de protection contre tous abus et violations du
Mandat )(pour emprunter à la Cour ses propres termes).

Pour peu que la Cour eût consenti à pousser plus avant l'examen du
fond, elle aurait constaté la multiplicité des obstacles dressésdevant
l'homme de couleur qui lui barrent le chemin et cela dans tous les do-
480clarity. Distinguished lawyers when discussing the subject have on
occasion had to admit that "the concept of interest is however inherently
vague and many-sided ..." (Paul Cuche, quondam Dean of the Grenoble
Law Faculty; Jean Vincent, Professor of Law and Economics at Lyon
University. Précis Dalloz, 12th ed., 1960, p. 19.)

Can it be categorically affirmed that Ethiopia and Liberia have no
legalinterest at al1in securing the proper application of an international

mandate held on behalf of the League of Nations of which they were
Members? 1 do not think so.
What is to happen now? How is a peaceful solution to the present
dispute to be found? In the reasoning of its earlier judgment of 21
December 1962inthe same case, the International Court of Justice held:
"The administrative supervision by the League constituted a
normal security to ensure full performance by the Mandatory of
the 'sacred trust' toward the inhabitants of the mandated territory,
but the specially assigned role of the Court was even more essen-

tial, since it was to serve as the final bulwark of protection by
recourse to the Court against possible abuse or breaches of the
Mandate.
The raison d'êtreof this essential provision in the Mandate is
obvious. Without this additional security the supervision by the
League and its Members could not be effective in the last resort."
(South West Africa, Preliminary Objections, I.C.J. Reports 1962,
p. 336.)

And now the position today. What value does this Court now attach
to "the final bulwark of protection by recourse to the Court against
possible abuse or breaches of the Mandate"? Apparently al1that is now
relevant is the individual legalinterest of the Applicant States, and re-
course to the Court no longer appears, as in 1962, as the final bulwark
of protection against possible abuse or breaches of the Mandate. Who
lienceforward will be able to seise the Court of the possible abuses or
breaches of the Mandate of which thousands of Africans may be the
victims?
Since in 1962the Court upheld its "jurisdictioi~to adjudicate upon the
merits of the dispute" it was its duty, today, to declare whether or not
South Africa has committed abuses in South West Africa and is in
breach of its obligationsunder the Mandate. For that is the real merits
of the dispute, not merely an arid scrutiny and relentless analysis of the
individual legal interest of the Applicant States, Ethiopia and Liberia,
which, in the last resort, did no morethan have recourse legitimately and
legally to "the final bulwark of protection ... against possible abuse
or breaches of the Mandate" (to use the Court's own terms).

If the Court had only consented to take its examination of the merits
a little further ituld have found the multiplicity of impediments put
in the way of coloured people in al1fields of social life. Barriers aboun:
480maines de l'activité sociale.Des barrières?11s'en trouve à foison: bar-
rièredans l'admission aux emplois, barrière dans l'accès à la formation
professionnelle, barrière dans les conditions de résidenceet de libre
circulation; et...jusque dans le culte religieux se dresse la barrière de
couleur dans l'égliseet à l'heure dela sainte communion!
Semer les obstacles et multiplier les barrières ne peuvent,mon avis,
contribuer à ((accroîtrele bien-être matérieelt moral ainsi que le progrès
social des habitants du territoire.» C'est, au contraire, manifestement
violer l'article, alinéa 2, du Mandat.

(SignéI) saac FORSTER.in admission to employment, in access to vocational training, in con-
ditions placed on residence and freedom of movement; even in religious
worship and at the moment ofholy communion.

Creating obstacles and multiplying barriers is not, in my view, a way
to contribute to the promotion of "the material and moral well-being
and the social progress of the inhabitants of the territory". Itis, on the
contrary, a manifest breach of the second paragraph of Article 2 of the

Mandate.

(Signed) Isaac FORSTER.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Forster (translation)

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