Dissenting Opinion of Judge Padilla Nervo

Document Number
046-19660718-JUD-01-08-EN
Parent Document Number
046-19660718-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE PADILLA NERVO

1voted against the decision of the Court because 1 am convinced that
it has been established beyond any doubt, that the Applicants have a
substantive right and a legalinterest in the subject-matter of their claim;
the performance by the Mandatory of the sacred trust of civilization,
by complying with the obligations stated in Article 22 of the Covenant
of the League of Nations; and in the Mandate for German South
West Africa.
Furthermore, the Applicants, by virtue of Article 7 of the Mandate
(an instrument which is "a treaty or convention in force", within the
meaning of Article 37 of the Statute), have a right to submittheir dispute
with the Respondent, to this International Court of Justice.

The present case is not an ordinary one, it is a sui generis case with
far-reaching implications of juridical,soci,aland political nature. It has
been, since its inception, a complex, difficult and controversial one, as
can be seen, by the fact that the present decision of the Court, to which
1 am in fundamental disagreement, rests on a technical or statutory
majority, resulting from the exercise by the President of his prevailing
vote, in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 55 of the Statute of the
Court, which reads :
"1. Al1 questions shall be decided by a mgjority of the Judges
present.
2. In the event of an equality of votes, the President or the Judge
who acts in his place, shall have a casting vote." (Italics added.)

The Court has dealt with one single question, namely: Have the Appli-
cants a,legal interest in the subject-matter of the claim? Upon this the
Court has found-
"that the Applicants cannot be considered to have established any
legal right or interest appertaining to them in the subject-matter
of the present claims: and that, accordingly, the Court must decline
to give effecttothem. For these reasons, the Court decides to reject
the claims of the Empire of Ethiopia and the Republic of Liberia."

The Court, in my view,has been able to do that from an unwarranted

assumption of the presumed intentions of the framers of the Covenant
and the mandates system in 1919, and from an analysis and inter-
pretation of such instruments consequent with the particular assumption,
which serves as basis or premise of the Court's analysis and reasoning.
This process, has accordingly led the Court to its present decision. The Court answered that question in due application of paragraph 2
of Article 55. In consequence, the Court's present decision states the
reasons and arguments, in view of which, it hds that the Applicants
do not have a substantive right or legal interest in the claim.

Since 1 hold that the Court has jurisdiction to pass on the merits of
the Applicants' claim and that the claim is admissible because the
Applicants have the legal interest and other qualifications entitling them
to recoverjudgment on those claims, 1am bound to express my opinion
on the issues raised by the Parties' submissions.
As an introduction to my reasons for disagreeing with the Court's
decision, 1will make some observations regarding the characteristics of
the Covenant of the League of Nations, the nature and implications of
the sacred trust, established by Article 22, and the significance and
purpose of the mandates system.
1 will start by quoting the Parties' submissions, which have been
presented, explained and developed through such a long period of time,
effort and expense, in the written and oral proceedings.
In the oral proceedings, the following final submissions werepresented
by the Parties:

On behalf of the Governmentsof Ethiapia andLiberia, at the hearing
on 19May 1965:
"Upon the basis of allegations of fact, and statements of law
setforth in the written pleadings and oral proceedings herein, may
it please the Court todjudge and declare, whether the Government
of the Republic of South Africa is present or absent, that:
(1) South West Africa is a territory under the Mandate conferred
upon His Britannic Majesty by the Principal Allied and Associated
Powers, to be exercised on his behalf by the Government of the
Union of South Africa, accepted by His Britannic Majesty for and
on behalf of the Government of the Union of South Africa, and
confirmed by the Council of the League of Nations on 17 Decem-

ber 1920;
(2) Respondent continues to have the international obligations
stated in Article22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations and
in the Mandate for South West Africa, as well as the obligation
to transmit petitions from the inhabitants of that Territory, the
supervisory functions to be exercised by the United Nations, to
which the annual reports and the petitions are to be submitted;
(3) Respondent, by laws and regulations, and officia1methods
and measures, which are set out inthe pleadings herein, has practised
apartheid, i.e., has distinguished as to race, colour, national or
tribal origin in establishing the rights and duties of the inhabitants
of the Territory; thatsuch practice is in violation of its obligations
as stated in Article of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant
ofthe Leagueof Nations; and that Respondent has the duty forth-
with to cease the practice of apartheid in the Territory; (4) Respondent, by virtue of economic, political, social and
educational policies applied within the Territory, by means of laws
and regulations, and officia1methods and measures, which are set

out in the pleadings herein, has, in the light of applicable inter-
national standards or international legal norm, or both, failed to
promote to the utmost the material and moral well-being and social
progress of the inhabitants of the Territory; that its failure to do
so is in violation of its obligations as stated in Article 2 of the
Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that Respondent has
the duty forthwith to cease its violations as aforesaid and to take
al1practicable action to fulfil its duties under such Articles;

(5) Respondent, by word and by action, has treated the Territory
in a manner inconsistent with the international status of the Terri-
tory, and has thereby impeded opportunities for self-determination
by theinhabitants of theTerritory ;that such treatment isin violation
of Respondent's obligations as stated in the first paragraph of
Article 2 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant; that

Respondent has the duty forthwith to cease such actions, and to
refrain from similar actions in the future; and that Respondent has
the duty to accord full faith and respect to the international status
of the Territory;

(6)Respondent has established military bases within the Territory
in violation of its obligations as stated in Article 4 of the Mandate
and Article 22 of the Covenant; that Respondent has the duty
forthwith to remove al1such military bases from within the Terri-
tory; and that Respondenthas the duty to refrain from the establish-
ing of military bases within the Territory;
(7) Respondent has failed to render to the General Assembly of
the United Nations annual reports containing information with
regard to the Territory and indicating the measures it has taken to
carry out its obligations under the Mandate; that such failure is
a violation of its obligations as stated in Article 6 of the Mandate;
and that Respondent has the duty forthwith to render such annual

reports to the General Assembly;
(8) Respondent has failed to transmit to the General Assembly
of the United Nations petitions from the Territory's inhabitants
addressed to the General Assembly; that such failure is a violation
of its obligations as Mandatory; and that Respondent has the duty
to transmit such petitions to the General Assembly;
(9) Respondent has attempted to modify substantially the terms
of the Mandate, without the consent of the United Nations; that
such attempt is in violation of its duties as stated in Article 7 of
the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that the consent

Italics added.

443 of the United Nations is a necessary prerequisite and condition

precedent to attempts on the part of Respondent, directly or in-
directly, to modify the terms of the Mandate.
May it also please the Court to adjudge and declare whatever
else it may deem fit and proper in regard to these submissions, and
to make al1 necessary awards and orders, including an award of
costs, to effectuate its determinations."

On behalf of the Government of South Africa, at the hearing on
5 November 1965:
"We repeat and re-affirmour submissions, as set forth in Volume

1, page 6, of the Counter-Memorial and confirmed in Volume II,
page 483, of the Rejoinder. These submissions can be brought
up-to-date without any amendments of substance and then they
read as follows:
Upon the basis of the statements of fact and law as set forth in
Respondent's pleadings and the oral proceedings, may it please the
Court to adjudge and declare that the submissions of the Govern-
ments of Ethiopia and Liberia, as recorded at pages 69-72 of the
verbatim record of 19 May 1965, C.R. 65/35, are unfounded and
that no declaration be made as ciaimed by them.
In particular, Respondent submits-
(1) That the whole Mandate for South West Africa lapsed on
the dissolution of the League of Nations and that Respondent is,
in consequence thereof, no longer subject to any legal obligations

thereunder.
(2) In the alternative to (1) above, and in the event of it being
held that the Mandate as such continued in existence despite the
dissolution of the League of Nations:
(a) Relative to Applicants' submissions numbers 2, 7 and 8,
that the Respondent's former obligations under the Mandate
to report and account to, and to submit to the supervision,
of the Council of the League of Nations, lapsed upon the
dissolution of the League, and have not been replaced by any
similar obligations relative to supervision by any organ of
the United Nations or any other organization or body. Respon-
dent is therefore under no obligation to submit reports con-
cerning its administration of South West Africa, or to transmit
petitions from the inhabitants of that Territory, to the United

Nations or any other body;

(b) Relative to Applicants' submissions numbers 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9,
that the Respondent has not, in any of the respects alleged,
violated its obligations as stated in the Mandate or in Article
of the Covenant of the League of Nations." The majority of the Court is reproducing on the present occasion the
arguments adduced in dissenting opinions against the Judgment of 1962.
In my view the Court has been able to arrive at its conclusion by
assuming,beforehand, the correctness of its interpretationof Article 7 (2)
of the Mandate for German South West Africa, which is the main basis
of its reasoning.
The questions raised by the Parties' submissions in the present
proceedings (relevant to the Court's present decision) are in fact a
repetition of the submissions presented by the Parties in 1962 (South
West Africa, Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962,
pp. 322-328).
Those questions have been already decided by the Court in its 1962

Judgment and, among them, those regarding the Applicants' locusstandi
and the admissibility of their claim.
On page 328, the Court then said:
"To found the jurisdiction of the Court in the proceedings, the
Applicants, having regard to Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Charter
of the United Nations, relied on Article 7 of the Mandate of 17De-
cember 1920 for South West Africa, and Article 37 of the Statute
of the Court. In response to the Applications and Memorials of
Ethiopia and Liberia, the Government of South Africa filed Pre-
liminary Objections to the jurisdiction of the Court."

Such Preliminary Objections read as follows (ibid., p. 326):
"On behalf of the Government of South Africa, in the Preliminary
Objections :

'For al1 or any of the reasons set out in these Preliminary Ob-
jections, the Government of the Republic of South Africa submits
that the Governments of Ethiopia and Liberia have no locus standi
in these contentious proceedings and that the Honourable Court
has no jurisdiction to hear, or adjudicate upon, the questions of
law and fact raised in the Applications and Memorials; and prays
that the Court may adjudge and determine accordingly.'

On behalf of tlzeGovernmentsof Ethiopia and Liberia,in the written
Observations on the Preliminary Objections :
'May it please this Honourable Court to dismiss the Preliminary
Objections raised by the Government of the Republic of South
Africa in the South West Africa cases, and to adjudge and declare
that the Court has jurisdiction to hear and adjudicate the questions
of law and fact raised in the Applications and Memorials of the
Governments of Ethiopia and Liberia in these cases.'"

In the oral proceedings the following submissions were presented by
the Parties:
"On behalf of the Government of South Africa, at the hearing on
11 October 1962:

445 'For al1or any one or more of the reasons set out in its written
and oral statements, the Government of the Republic of Sourii
Africa submits that the Governments of Ethiopia and Liberia have
no locus standiin these contentious proceedings, and that the Court
has no jurisdiction to hear or adjudicate upon the questions of law
and fact raised inthe Applications and Memorials, more particularly
because :

Firstly, by reason of the dissolution of the League of Nations,

the Mandatefor South West Africa is no longer a "treaty or conven-
tion in force" within the meaning of Article 37 of the Statute of
the Court, this submission being advanced-
(a) with respect to the said Mandate Agreement as a whole,
including Article 7 thereof, and
(b) in any event, with respect to Article 7 itself;
Secondly,neither the Government of Ethiopia northe Government
of Liberia is"another Member ofthe League of Nations", asrequired
for locus standiby Article 7 of the Mandate for South West Africa;

Thirdl-v,the conflictor disagreement allegedby the Governments of
Ethiopia and Liberia to exist between thern and the Government of
the Republic of South Africa, is by reason of its nature and content
not a "dispute" as envisaged in Article 7 of the Mandate for South
WestAfrica, more particularly in that no material interests of the Go-
vernments of Ethiopia and/or Liberia or of their nationals are in-
volved therein or affected thereby ;
Fourthly,the allegedconflictordisagreement isasregards itsstate of
development nota "dispute" which"cannot besettledbynegotiation"
withinthe meaning ofArticle 7oftheMandate for South WestAfrica.'

On behaIfof the Governmentsof Ethiopia and Liberia,at the hearing
on 17October 1962:
'May it please the Court to dismiss the Preliminary Objections
raised by the Government of the Republic of South Africa in the
South West Africa cases, and to adjudge and declare that the Court
has jurisdiction to hear and adjudicate the questions of law and
fact raised in the Applications and Memorials of the Governments
of Ethiopia and Liberia in these cases.' "

Questions having been put to the Parties by two Judges, the Court
decided that the answers to them should be given after the oral rejoinder,
first on behalf of the Republic of South Africa and then on behalf of
Ethiopia and Liberia; and that, in the same order, the Agents should be
called upon to indicate whether those questions and the answers given
to them had led them to amend their respective submissions and, if so,
to present the amended submissions.
Availing themselves of this decision, the Agents of the Parties gave
their answers on 22 October 1962.The Agent of the Republic of South Africa amended the submissions which he had read at the hearing on

11 October by substituting the following paragraph for the paragraph
commencing with the word "Firstly" :
"Firstly, the Mandate for South West Africa has never been, or
at anyrate is sincethe dissolution of the League ofNations no longer,
a 'treaty or convention in force' within the meaning of Article 37 of
the Statute of the Court, this Submission being advanced-
(a) with respect to the Mandate as a whole, including Article 7
thereof; and
(b) in any event, with respect to Article 7 itself."
After due consideration of the issues involved, the Court in its 1962

Judgment, rejected the four Preliminary Objections and decided that:

(1) the Applicants have locus standi;
(2) the Applicants were Members of the League and could then and
can now invoke the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice
in accordance with Article 37 of the Statute;

(3) a dispute, as envisaged in Article 7 of the Mandate, does exist
betweenthe Parties;
(4) the dispute cannot be settled by negotiation.

In respect to the Respondent's contention: that the dispute brought
before the Court by the Applicants does not affect any material interest
of the Applicant States or their nationals, and their further contention
that the League Members have no legalright or interest in the observance
by the Mandatory of its duties to the inhabitants; the Court then said:

"The question which calls for the Court's consideration is whether
the dispute is a 'dispute' as envisagedin Article 7 of the Mandate
and within the meaning of Article 36of the Statute of the Court.
The Respondent's contention runs counter to the natural and
ordinary meaning ofthe provisions ofArticle 7of theMandate, which
mentions 'any dispute whatever' arising between the Mandatory

and another Member of the League of Nations 'relating to the
interpretation or the application of the provisions of the Mandate'.
Thelanguage used isbroad, clear and precise: it gives rise to no ambi-
guity andit permits of no exception. It refersto any dispute whatever
relating not to any one particular provision or provisions, but to
'the provisions'of the Mandate, obviouslymeaning ail or any provis-
ions,whether they relate to substantive obligations of theMandatory
toward the inhabitants of the Territory or toward the other Members
of the League or to its obligation to submit to supervision by the
League under Article 6 or to protection under Article 7 itself. For
the manifest scope and purport of the provisions of this Article
indicate that the Members of the League were understood to have a
legal right or interest in the observance by the Mandatory of its
obligations both toward the inhabitants of the Mandated Territory,

447 and toward the League of Nations and its Members." (South West
Africa, Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962,
p. 343.)

Such was the analysis made by the Court in its 1962Judgment, of the
relevant texts of the Mandate, regarding, in particular, the wording of

Article 7 and the meaning of the term: "the provisions ..."
Now the Court's majority makes a contrary interpretation, and for the
purpose of its argument, artificially divides the "provisions" in the
Mandate into two different categories, with different effects and impli-
cations, in support of its argument.
The Court now asserts that there are on the one hand, what it calls
"conduct of the Mandate" provisions; and on the other hand "special
interest" provisions. (This is also the Respondent's contention.)

1believethat such classificationand the meaning and function givento
it,does not follow from the letter or the spirit of the Mandate; and that
the Court's interpretation in 1962 is the correct one.
Those mentioned above were, among others, the main findings of
the Court in 1962. The considerations and reasons for its findings are
summarized in the following statements, contained in the Court's
Judgment (ibid., pp. 328-347), which in my opinion, should have been
confirmed by the Court today if it had decided, in relation to the merits,
to examine the Applicants' claim and to adjudicate on the Parties'
submissions; after having heard the Parties on al1the elements involved,
as indeed it did.
Such statements assert that:

(a) the Applicants do have locus standi;
(b) the Court has jurisdiction to hear and adjudicate the question of
law and fact, raised by the Applicants;
(c) the Mandate is a "treaty or convention in force" within the meaning
of Article 37 of theStatute. It is an international agreement, having
that character;
(d) a dispute exists between the Parties before the Court, constituted by
their opposing attitude relating to the performance of the obligations
of the Mandate (ibid., p. 328);
(e) the Mandate is an international instrument of an institutional
character (ibid., p. 332);
(f) the authority which the Respondent exercises over South West
Africa is based on the Mandate. If the Mandate lapsed, so did the

Respondent's authority. To retain rights and deny obligations, is
not justified (International Status of South West Africa, Advisory
Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950; South West Africa, Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962,p. 333);
(g) the obligation to submit to international supervision, is of the very
essence of the Mandate and cannot be excluded;
448 (h) the Union of South Africa is under an obligation to accept the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, according to Article 37 of the
Statute and Article 80 (1) of the Charter (International Status of
South WestAfrica, Advisory Opinion,I.C.J. Reports 1950) ;
(i) the finding that Article 7 is "still in force", was unanimous in 1950
and continues to reflect the Court's Opinion in 1962 (South West
Africa, Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962,
p. 334);
(j) the obligation to submit to compulsory jurisdiction was effectively
transferred to the International Court before the dissolution of the
League ;

(k) the Mandate as a whole, including of course Article 7, is still in
force (ibid.,p. 335);
(1) judicial protection of the "sacred trust" was an essential feature
of the mandates system,the duty and right of insuring the perfor-
mance of this trust was given to the League, its organs and al1its
Members ;
(m) in the event of a veto by the Mandatory under the unanimity rule
(Articles4 and 5, Covenant), the only course left to defend the inter-
ests of the inhabitants would be to obtain adjudication by the Court
(ibid.,p. 337);
(n) as neither the Council nor the League was entitled to appear before
the Court, the only effectiverecourse for protection of the sacred
trust would be for a Member or Members of the League to invoke
7 and bring the dispute to the Permanent Court for adjudi-
Article
cation. Article 7 played an essential part as one of the securities in
the mandates system (ibid., p. 337);
(O) the right to implead the Mandatory before the Permanent Court,
was specially and expressly conferred on the Members of the
League because it was the most reliable procedure of ensuring
protection ;
(p) the clear and precise language of Article 7 refers to any dispute
relating to "the provisions", meaning al1 or any provisions (ibid.,
p. 343);
(q) the scope and purport of Article 7 indicate that the Members of the
League were understood to have a legal right or interest in the
observance of the Mandatory's obligations towards the inhabitants
of the territory (ibid., p. 343);

(r) article 7 is clearly in the nature of implementing one of the "se-
curities for the performance of this trust", mentioned iri Article
22 (1);
(s) the present dispute is a dispute as envisaged in Article 7;
(t) repeated negotiations over a period of more than ten years, in the
General Assembly and other organs of the United Nations had
reached a deadlock before 4 November 1960 and the impasse
continues to exist. No reasonable probability exists that further
negotiations would lead to a settlement;
(u) diplomacy by conference or parliamentary diplomacy, has come

449 to be recognized as one of the established modes of international

negotiation, and in caseswhere the disputed questions are ofcommon
interest to a group of States on one side or the other in an organized
body, it has often been found to be the most practical form of
negotiation. If the question at issue is one of mutual interest to
many States, there is no reason why each of them should go through
the formality and pretence of direct negotiation with the common
adversary State, after they have participated in the collective ne-
gotiation with the same State in opposition;
(v) the Court concludes that Article 7 is a treaty or convention still in
force and that the dispute cannot be settled by negotiation. Con-
sequently, the Court is competent to hear the dispute on the merits
(ibid., p. 347).

In the present proceedings, the Court has jurisdiction to adjudicate
upon the merits of the dispute (South West Africa, Preliminary Objections,

Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 347).
The merits of the dispute have been presented and developed before
the Court through the written and oral arguments of the Parties to the
present case.
Much time, effort and expense have been used in these pleadings, and
the Court is acquainted with al1the necessary elements to form a con-
sidered opinion and to pass on the merits of the Applicants' claim.
This, in my opinion, the Court should have done, and the majority
should not havelimited and restricted the whole field of these contentious
proceedings on the merits to the narrow point of the question regarding
legal interest or substantive right.
It cannot be ignored that the status of the mandated territory of
South West Africa is the most explosive international issue of the post-
war world; and the question whether the officia1policy of "apartheid"
as practised in the Territory, is or is not compatible with the principles
and legal provisions stated in the Covenant, in the Mandate and in the
Charter of the United Nations, begs an answer by the Court which, at

the present stage, is dealing with the merits of the case.
During these proceedings of exceptionally long duration, the Court
has been hearing and examining the arguments of the opposing Parties
in support of their respectivesubmissions,requesting theCourt to adjudge
and declare upon them. Nevertheless, the majority of the Court has
deemed fit and proper not to do this, thus rendering it unnecessary for
it to pass on the main issues on the ground that "the Applicants cannot
be considered to have established any legal right or interest appertaining
to them in the subject-matter of the present claims".
1 disagree-as 1 said before-with this finding of the Court which,
in my opinion, isunjustified.This point was not inissue in the proceedings
at the present stage; the question of the legal right or interest of the
Applicants was already decided by this Court-expressly or by impli-
cation-in its 1962Judgment. 1 believe tbat the Applicants' legal interest in the performance by the
Mandatory of its obligations under the Mandate derives not only from
the spirit, but from the very terms of the Covenant and the Mandate,
and is clearly expressed in Article 7 (2).
The Court now decided to examine first the questions which it con-
sidered of antecedent and fundamental character, "in the sense that a
decision respecting any of them might render unnecessary an enquiry
into other aspects of the case".
1 cannot agree with the Court in the assertion that: "it became the
Court's duty" to follow that course; because such course unavoidably
prevented adjudicationin respect to the main issues of the officia1policy
of apartheid andthe compliance with the obligations stated in the Cove-
nant and in Article 2 (2) of the Mandate. In my opinion, the duty of the
Court was to adjudicate on such main issues.

The Covenant is in the nature of a constitutional legal instrument,
which is the source of rights and obligations relating to the system of
mandates, and to the securities and safeguards for the performance
of the sacred trust.
The principle proclaimed in Article 22 and its provisions, are binding
on the Members of the League, which werewillingto accept the tutelage
and exercise it as mandatories on behalf of the League, in the interest
of the indigenous population.
The Council of the League defined the degree of authority, control,
or administration to be exercised by the Mandatory for South West
Africa, in the terms that the Principal Allied and Associated Powers
did propose that the Mandate should be formulated.
The purpose of the Mandate for South West Africa-in the terms
defined by the Council-is to give practical effectto the principle of the
sacred trust of civilization. The Mandate is the "method" chosen by the

Allied and Associated Powers to accomplish that end.
The legal obligations stated in the Covenant were translated and
spelled out in the specific case of each mandate, "according to the stage
of development of the people, the geographical situation of the territory,
its economic conditions and other similar circumstances".
Al1 mandates-regardless of their differences in character-had a
common denominator; al1wereestablished forthe same reason, and with
the object and purpose of givingpractical effect,to the principle that the
well-being and development of the peoples inhabiting the territories
concerned, form a sacred trust of civilization.
The sacred trust is not only a moral idea, it has also a legal character
and significance; it is in fact a legal principle. This concept wasincor-
porated into the Covenant after long and difficult negotiations between
the parties over the settlement of the colonial issue. It has been observed in that respect that:
"It was clearly understood by al1 concerned that what was in-
volved was the adoption, with respect to the treatment of indigenous
peoples in certain areas of Africa and Asia, of a principle entirely
differentfrom that in effectuntilthen. The newprinciple was that, as
a matter of international law, the well-being and social progress
of such peoples would be the responsibility of the 'organized inter-
national community', insuredby legal, rather than by solely moral,
considerations."

The Court givesthe followingaccount on thisquestion:
"Inasmuch as the grounds on which the Preliminary Objections
rely are generally connected with the interpretation of the Mandate
Agreement for South West Africa, it is also necessary at the outset
to give a brief account of the origin, nature and characteristics of

the Mandates System established by the Covenant of the League
of Nations.
Under Article 119 of the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919,
Germany renounced in favour of the Principal Allied and Associated
Powers al1her rights and titles over her overseas possessions. The
said Powers, shortly before the signature of the Treaty of Peace,
agreed to allocate them as Mandates to certain Allied States which
had already occupied them. The terms of al1the 'C'Mandates were
drafted by a Committee of the Supreme Council of the Peace
Conference and approved by the representatives of the Principal
Allied and Associated Powers in the autumn of 1919, with one
reservation which was subsequently withdrawn. Al1 these actions
were taken before the Covenant took effect and before the League
of Nations was established and started functioning in January 1920.
The terms ofeach Mandate weresubsequentlydefinedand confirmed
by the Council in conformity with Article 22 of the Covenant.
The essential principles of the Mandates System consist chiefly
in recognition of certain rights of the peoples of the underdeveloped

territories; the establishment of a régimeof tutelage for each ofch
peoples to be exercised by an advanced nation as a 'Mandatory'
'on behalf of the League of Nations'; and the recognition of 'a
sacred trust of civilization' laid upon the League as an organized
international community and upon its Member States. This system
is dedicated to the avowed object of promoting the well-being and
development of the peoples concerned and is fortified by setting
up safeguards for the protection of their rights.
These features are inherent in the Mandates System as conceived
by its authors and as entrusted to the respective organs of the
League and the Member States for application. The rights of the
Mandatory in relation to the mandated territory and the inhabitants

452 have their foundation in the obligations of the Mandatory and they
are, so to speak, mere tools givento enable it to fulfilits obligations.
The fact isthat each Mandate under the Mandate Systemconstitutes
a new international institution, the primary, overriding purpose of
which is to promote 'the well-being and development' of the people
of the territory under Mandate." (South West Africa, Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962,p. 328.)

The United Nations and the General Assembly were entrusted with
special tasks under the Charter of the United Nations and, among

other tasks, to "encourage and promote respect for human rights and
for fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to rac...etc."
-Article 76 (c), Article 1 (3). The General Assembly has competence
in respect of the interpretation of the Charter, and power to enact
recommendations-regarding racial discrimination-which have evolved
as principles or standards of generalinternational acceptance.
The principle of non-discrimination on account of race or colour
has a great impact in the maintenance of international peace, and the
Organization has the duty to ensure that al1 States-even those which
arenot Members-shall act, in accordance with the principles of Article 2
of the Charter, in the pursuit of the purposes stated in Article 1-
among them-to promote and encourage respect for human rights
and fundamental freedoms for all, without racial discrimination (Ar-
ticle1 (3)).

Nobody would dispute the powers of the General Assembly to discuss
these matters, like racial discrimination, in general, but especially when
it occurs in a mandated territory which has an international status, and
is an institution or régimeof its concern.

The International Court is guided by its Statute and its Rules, but
even the Court's functions and powers may be discussed by the General
Assembly, which may make recornrnendations (to the United Nations
Members) in respect to them, and propose or evolve additional sub-
sidiary means, which the Court should apply for the determination of
rules of law.
The numerous and almost unanimous recommendations regarding
"apartheid" and racial discrimination, are made to the Members of
the United Nations and not to the members of the Court, but the Court
cannot overlook or minimize their overriding importance and relevance
in these particular cases. Those recommendations might be considered,

453 in fact, as a manifestation of some of the directives that the Court
should apply, in accordance with Article 38, in the performance of its
function.
An important question in the present cases is whether or not the
road we follow leads us to a conclusion which is just, fair and capable
of contributing to the maintenance of world peace. Such a conclusion
cannot run contrary to the essential principles of the mandates system
or those of the trusteeship system, and should be in harmony with
world opinion and the constitutional practice of States regarding racial
discrimination, human rights and fundamental freedoms. These declara-
tions are guides of conduct and rules, having their rightful source in
the Charter and in the binding decisions, on al1 Member States, ema-
nating from the General Assembly and other organs of the United
Nations.
There were times when certain words and their obvious or hidden
meanings were taboo for the common man and abhorrent to the legal
mind; but wisemen made from those revolutionaryconcepts, universally
accepted principles: "Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité"; "The Government

of the people, for the people, by the people".
Constitutional instruments, like the Constitution of the United States,
which were proclaimed "in the name of the people", were received at
the time with ironical surprise in certain parts of the civilized world.
One century and 70 years later, the Charter of San Francisco began:
"We the peoples of the United Nations determined ..."
Al1 these considerations do not run counter to the main task of the
Court to "declare" the law. They are in fact-1 believe-expressed or
implied in the juridical and learned reasoning and decisions given in
the Opinions of 1950and 1956, and in the Judgment pronounced by
this Court in 1962.

This idea of concern for the people, for the recognition of the role
of the common man, and especially for the peoples "not yet able to
stand for themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern
world", was the one that moved the authors of the Covenant and is at
the roots of the Mandate.
For the interpretation of the Mandate according to its spirit and its
letter, the dissolution or liquidation of the League is not of permanent
importance, since the Mandate did survive and is in existence. But for a
just interpretation of its terms and spirit, it is important to keep in mind
that such interpretation is being made today; that this Court is Sitting
in 1966and not in 1920,and that the international community of today,
the United Nations, has the right and the duty to see that the sacred

trust is perfomed. For that reason and to that effect, many resolu-
tions were adopted in the General Assembly, and are relevant and
ofthe greatest importance in the consideration ofthe South West Africa
cases.

Important also is the fact that the 1950 Opinionis the "law recognized
454by the UnitedNations" l and the Respondent, as a member State, should
comply with it. The Court should not disregard such Opinion or the
pronouncements made in its 1962 Judgment. Nor should the Court
ignore that the Respondent is obliged to account and report to the
satisfaction of the supervisory organ, since "the securities for the
performance of the sacred trust of civilization, are the supervision and
control by the International Organization".
Itis therefore in the exercise of its rights and duties that the General

Assembly, through its resolutions, has judged the application in the
mandated territory of the officia1policy of racial discrimination, and
recognized the rules and standards which the Mandatory by this policy
of apartheid contravenes, in violation of its obligations under the
Mandate, obligations which are not dormant at al], but alive and in
action, asare equally wellaliveand not dormant the rights of the peoples
of the Territory who arethe beneficiaries ofsuch obligations.

No argument of strict, specificor classical law may justify a reversion
ofthe Judgrnent of 1962,or ignore the claimsand hopes ofpublic opinion
the world over, regarding respect for human rights and fundamental

freedoms for all, without racial discrimination.

A new order based on the proposition that "al1 men are by nature
equally free and independent", has conquered solemn recognition in the
basic law of many nations and is today-in one form or another-
customary declaration, norm and standard in the constitutional practice
of States. "Equality before the law", or in the words of the Charter:
"International cooperation in the promotion and respect of human
rights and fundamental freedoms for al1 without distinction as to
race ..."

This fundamental resolve will inspire the vision and the conduct of

peoples the world over until the goal of self-determination and in-
dependence is reached.

THE1950 ADVISORO YPINION AND THE 1962JUDGMENT

The concepts expressed on the occasion of the 1950 Opinion are
fundamental for the consideration of the case in the present procedure.
The 1962Judgment is based on this Opinion and the Court, in my view,
is bound to abide by the conclusions given in that Judgment in respect
to the legal interest of the Applicants and the admissibility of the
claim. Furthermore, the Court cannot ignore the conclusions arrived

After the 1950 Opinion had been accepted and approved by the General
Assembly it was thelaw recognized by the United Nations". (Judge Lauterpacht,
in Admissibility of Hearings of Petitioners by the Comrnittee on South West Africa,
I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 46.)
455at in its Advisory Opinions of 1950and 1956,taking into account that:

"In exercising its discretion [to give an Advisory Opinion] the
International Court of Justice, like the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice, has always been guided by the principle which the
Permanent Court stated in the case concerning the Status of Eastern
Carelia" (Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Article 17,
paragraph2, of the Charter), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1962,

P. 159,
to the effectthat:
"The Court, being a Court of Justice cannot, even in giving
advisory opinions, depart from the essential rules guiding their
activity as a Court." (Statusof Eastern Carelia, Advisory Opinion,

1923, P.C.I.J., Series B, No. 5, p. 29.)
In order to omit quotations from the Court's Opinions, while dealing
with particular issues, 1will emphasize at the outset some of the points,
reasoning and conclusions of the Court in its 1950 Advisory Opinion
and in its 1962Judgment, in which 1find support for my own views.

An international régime, the mandates systern, was created by
Article 22 with a view to givingpractical effectto the two principles of
(a) non-annexation, and (b) that the well-beingand development of the
peoples inhabiting the mandated territories, not yet able to stand by
themselves, form "a sacred trust of civilization".

The creation of this new international institution did not involve any
cession of territory or transfer of sovereignty, and the Union was to

exercise an international function of administration on behalf of the
League of Nations.
The Mandate was created in the interests of the inhabitants and of
humanity in general, as an international institution with an international
object-a sacred trust of civilization.
The international rules regulating the Mandate constituted an inter-
national status for the territory.
The functions were of international character and their exercise,
therefore, was subjected to the supervision of the Council of the

Hammarskj~ild, La juridiction internationale (Leyde, 1938), p. 289. He also
that the view that advisory opinions are not binding more theoretical than real.
(Series E, No. 4, p. 76.)
"In this connexion, it may be recalled that in using judicial decisions ase
of law' by virtue of Article 38 (1) (d) of the Statute, no distinction at al1is made
between judicial decisions given in the form of a judgment, and judicial decisions
given in the form of an advisory opinion. Recourseis equally had to both types
of judicial decision." (Rosenne,he International Court of Justice, 1957, p. 493,
note 2.)League of Nations and to the obligation to submit annual reports.

Obligations: (a) administration as a "sacred trust"; (b) machinery
for implementation, supervision and control as "securities for the
performance of this trust". These obligations represent the very essence
of the "sacred trust". Their fulfilment could not be brought to an end,
nor the rights of the population with the liquidation of the League, as
they did not depend on the existence of the League.

The provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 80 of the Charter presuppose
that the rights of States and peoples shall not lapse automatically on the
dissolution of the League.
The resolution of the League's Assembly of 18 April 1946 had to
recognize that the functions of the League terminated with its existence,
at the same time the Assembly recognized that Chapters XI, XII and
XII1 of the Charter embodied the principles declared in Article 22 of
the Covenant of the League of Nations.

In paragraph 4 of that resolution, the Mandatory Powers recognized
that some time would lapse from the termination of the League to the
implementation of the trusteeship system, and assumed the obligation
to continue nevertheless, in the meantirne, to administer the territories
under mandate, for the well-being ofthe peoples concerned, until other
arrangements have been agreed between them and the United Nations.

The Assembly understood that the mandates were to continue in
existence until "other arrangements" were established, concerning the
future status of the territory.
Maintaining the "status quo" meant: to administer the territory
as a sacred trust and to give account and report on the acts of ad-
ministration.
There are decisive reasons for an affirmative answer to the question
whether the supervisory functions of the League are to be exercised by
the new international organization created by this Charter.

The authors of the Covenant considered that the effectiveperformance

of the sacred trust of civilization required that the administration
of the mandated territories should be subjected to international super-
vision.
The necessityfor supervision continues to exist. It cannot be admitted
that the obligation to submit to supervision has disappeared, merely
because the supervisory organ under the mandates system has ceased to
exist, when the United Nations has another international organ per-
forming similar supervisory functions.
Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Charter, purports to safeguard the
rights of the peoples of mandated territories until trusteeship agreements
are concluded, but no such rights of the peoples could be effectively
457 safeguarded without international supervision and a duty to render
reports to a supervisory organ.
The resolution of 18 April 1946 of the Assembly of the League pre-

supposes that the supervisory functions exercised by the League would
be taken over by the United Nations, and the General Assembly has the
competence derived from the provisions of Article 10 of the Charter,
and is legally qualified to exercise such supervisory functions.
On 31 January 1923the Council of the League adopted certain rules
by which the mandatory governments were to transmit petitions. This
right which the inhabitants of South West Africa has thus acquired is
maintained by Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Charter.

The dispatch and examination of petitions form a part of the super-
vision, and petitions are to be transrnitted by the Union Government
to the General Assembly, which is legally qualified to deal with them.
The Court was of the opinion that Article 7 of the Mandate is still
in force and that having regard to Article 37 of the Statute of the inter-
national Court and Article 80 (1) of the Charter,the Union Government
isunder an obligation to accept the compulsoryjurisdiction of the Court.

The Union has no competence to modify unilaterally the international
status of the territory, asis shown by Article 7 of the Mandate. The
competence to determine and modify the international status of South
West Africa rests with the Government of South Africa acting with the
consent of the United Nations.

1 will now express my views on the points involved in what 1 believe

to be the main issues:
(a) that the Court has jurisdiction to adjudicate on the merits in the
present case ;
(b) that the claims are admissible;
(c) that the Mandate did not lapse, is in existence and still in operation;

(d) that the decision of the 1962Judgment, based on the 1950and 1956

Advisory Opinions, is resjudicata between the Parties, especially in
respect ofjurisdiction and the survival of the Mandate, and that the
issue of the locus standi of the Applicants is also resjudicata;

(e) that the Mandate is a "Treaty or Convention in force" within the
meaning of Article 37 of the Statute;
(f) that the Court-regardless of the question whether it is legally
bound by its previous judgments-has no grounds nor weighty
reasons to reconsider nor reverse the 1962 decision or to ignore the
moral, political and juridical authority of the 1950 and 1956 Ad-
visory Opinions ;
(g) that the Mandatory has the obligation to make annual reports

458 (Article 6), and transmit petitions, and submit to internationa
supervision ;
(h) that the General Assembly, after the dissolution of the League, is
the supervisory organ with the functions formerly performed by the
Council of the League, and this by virtue of the powers given to the

General Assembly by Article 10 of the Charter, and in compliance
with Article 80 and the spirit of Article 76, and the resolution of
18 April 1946of the Assembly of the League;

(i) that Articles 6 and 7 of the Mandate are in full force and should be
complied with, as being susceptible of performance toward the
United Nations, which now represents the "organized International
Community" created and intended to substitute the League of
Nations ;
(j) that the trusteeship system is the modern version of the mandates
system, established with the purpose of maintaining the principles
of it, and to transform every mandate into a trust territory or an
independent State.

The Respondent's contention that according to the wording in Ar-
ticle7,paragraph 2,oftheMandate, the Applicants havenot "locusstandi",
because since the dissolution of the League there could no longer be
"another Member of the League of Nations" today, was a contention
rejected by the Court in its 1962Judgment. The Court said then in this
respect :

"This contention is claimed to be based upon the natural and
ordinary meaning of the words employed in the provision. But
this rule of interpretation is not an absolute one. Where such a
method of interpretation results in a meaning incompatible with the
spirit,purpose and context of the clause or instrument in which
the words are contained, no reliance can be validly placed on it.
In the first place,judicial protection of the sacred trust in each
Mandate was an essential feature of the Mandates System. The
essence of this system as conceived by its authors and embodied in

Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, consisted,
as stated earlier, of two features: a Mandate conferred upon a
Power as 'a sacred trust of civilization' and the 'securities for the
performance of this trust'. Whilethe faithful discharge of the trust
was assigned to the Mandatory Power alone, the duty and the
right of ensuring the performance of this trust were given to the
League with its Council, the Assembly, the Permanent Mandates
Commission and al1its Members.within the limits of their respective
authority, power and functions, as constituting administrative
supervision, and the Permanent Court was to adjudicate and deter-
mine any dispute within the meaning of Article 7 of the Mandate.
459 The administrative supervision by the League constituted a normal
security to ensure full performance by the Mandatory of the 'sacred
trust' toward the inhabitants of the mandated territory, but the
specially assigned role of the Court was even more essential, since
it was to serve as the final bulwark of protection by recourse to the
Court against possible abuse or breaches of the Mandate."

"But neither the Council nor the League was entitled to appear
before the Court. The only effectiverecourse for protection of the
sacred trust would be for a Member or Members of the League
to invoke Article7 and bring the dispute as also one between them
and the Mandatory to the Permanent Court for adjudication."

It is said further in the same Judgment:
"... the Court sees no valid ground for departing from the con-
clusion reached in the Advisory Opinion of 1950to the effect that
the dissolution of the League of Nations has not rendered inoperable
Article7 of the Mandate. Those States who were Members of the
League at the time of its dissolution continue to have the right to
invoke the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, as they had the
right to do before the dissolution of the League. That right continues
to exist for as long as the Respondent holds on to the right to
administer the territory under the Mandate."

The Respondent, by virtue of its ratification of the United Nations
Charter since 7 November 1945, has been subjected to the obligations
and entitled to the rights thereunder, and is bound to accept the com-
pulsory jurisdiction of the International Court, to which it had originally
agreed to submit under Article 7 of the Mandate. Such obligation is
embodied in Article 37of the Statute, which forms an integral part of the
Charter.
This transferred obligation wasvoluntarily assumed by the Respondent
when joining the United Nations. There can be no question of lack of
consent as regard this transfer of Respondent's obligationto this Court,

under Article 7 of the Mandate, to submit to the compulsoryjurisdiction
of the Permanent Court.

The validity of Article 7, in the Court's view, was not affected by the
dissolution of the League, just as the Mandate as a whole is still in
force.
Paragraphs 2 and 3 of the last resolution of the League, adopted
unanimously on 18 April 1946, are in their letter and spirit principles
adopted by al1Members of the United Nations as binding commitments
under the Charter.

The principle that "no interest no action", does not necessarily mean
me mate riali"nterest, and the argument that the Applicants cannot invoke

460 the jurisdiction of the Court in a dispute with the Respondent, because
the said conflict or disagreement does not affect any material interest of
the Applicant States or their nationals, has no decisive weight.

When the Covenant and the Mandate were approved, the right of an
action before the Permanent Court was given to al1 Members of the
League, because they were understood to have an interest in the ob-
servance by the Mandatory of its obligations toward the inhabitants of
the territory and towards the Members of the League.
That interest was certainly far greater and superior to any material
interests of their own, and was the legal basis oftheir right of action.

The history of the Covenant and the mandates system, the purposes,
principles and conclusions embodied in them, give-in my view-solid
foundation for the opinions expressed in respect to the main issues.

The purposes and the acts which gavebirth to thefact of thepermanent
existence of the "sacred trust", and the machinery for the security of
its performance, are of overriding importance, continuous existence and
permanent value.
The States Members of the United Nations, the General Assembly,
the Parties and the Court in last instance, are bound by their rules and
principles, which peoples and governments alike are obliged to respect
and to follow.

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE INTERPRETATI OONTHE

COVENAN TND THE MANDATE

The interpretation of the Mandate and the obligations of thepon-
dent, is to be made, taking into account, besides the text and spirit of
the relevant instruments, the circumstances existing now in 1966, not
only those which prevailed in 1920.The aims, the convictions, the needs
of the peoples and States for the maintenance of peace. in the closely
interdependent world of Our days is, and should be a fundamental
consideration in the mind of this Court.

The world of 1920is gone; but the status and régimethat the framers

of the Covenant and the mandates system did establish, theinternational
institution they did create for the fulfilment of the "sacred trust of
civilization", will continue to be alive as long as there exist, anywhere,
non-self-governing peoples, in need of the protection recognized and
granted by those instruments, almost half a century ago.

The world of today is far removed and different from the one of the
First World War. New interests, new needs and new laws, customs,
norms, and standards of international behaviour are being created by
the relentless forces of public opinion, in search of recognition by the

461 legislative and judicial bodies al1 over the world; and are today pro-
claimed or enacted by peaceful and normal procedures, or put into
force by the sheer strength of peoples and States.

The statesmen, the jurists, legislators, and the courts of justice, they
al1have to recognizethe realities of today, for the sake of freedom, justice
and peace.
The Court is well aware of such realities and shall consider, in its
interpretation of the relevant international instruments and obligations,
the prevailing ideas and circumstances of today regarding human rights
and fundamental freedoms; as well as regarding the actual meaning
and universal recognition embodied now in the concepts "material and
moral well-being and social progress", which is a dynamic concept.

The Court, in my opinion, is not limited by the strict enumeration of
Article 38, whose prescriptions it is free to interpret in accordance with
the constant evolution of the concepts of justice, principles of law and
teachings of publicists.

Racial discrimination as a matter of officia1government policy is a
violation of a norm or rule or standard of the international community.

A norm of non-discrimination of universal application has been
drafted independently of the Mandate and which governs Article 2.
This is a problem, therefore, of the proper recognition and evaluation
of human rights and the impact of its observance on the peace of the
world.
This Court's highest and most authoritative opinion on the principle
of non-discrimination on account of colour, will have a far-reaching
impact on the battle of the races or on their pacificCO-existence.

It is not theuridical and learned legal opinion that matters only, but
the influencethe Court willhave on the behaviour of peoples and govern-
ments, al1over the world. The consequences, in the short and long run,
place on the Court a tremendous burden, which cannot be lightened by

the most profound and logical legal examination of any one single
aspect of the case, excluding thereby to adjudicate on the fundamental
issues raised in the submissions of the Parties.

The "tutelage" established by the Covenant was meant to endure as
long as the peoples concerned are-so to speak-under age. The sacred
trust of civilization is a legal principle and a mission, whose fulfilment

462was entrusted to more civilized nations until a gradua1 process of self-
determination makes the peoples of the mandated territories able to
"stand by themselves in the strenuous conditions of the modern world".

The Mandatories have the duty, not only to "promote to the utmost
the well-being and development" of such peoples entrusted to their care,
but to do it by means and methods most likely to achieve that end, and
which do not-by their very nature-run contrary to the intended goal.
The Charter prescribes the roads which will lead to it; those of non-
discrimination and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms,
among other ways and means which will help the peoples to overcome

the hardships and strains of Our time.

The dissolution of the League took place after the States Members of
the United Nations had signed the San Francisco Charter and were
bound by it as parties in a treaty that prevails over1others which may
be incompatible with the Charter prescriptions (Article 103).

One of the main principles which informs and gives new spirit to an
international instrument like the Covenant, was the principle of non-
annexation, a noble idea to deter the military powers from taking
advantage of the war situation, or claiming, by right of conquest,
sovereignty and ownership over peoples and territories, formerly pawns
in the colonial system or the reward of victory or of superior strength.

The new concept of the "sacred trust of civilization" created a new
sense of international responsibility, which requires consultation with
the peoples of the mandated territories and with the appropriate inter-

national organs, and to take into account their will and consent as a
sine qua non condition for effecting changes in the status of such terri-
tories.
These new ideas were intended to help in the organization of a new
world order, in which backward people, on al1continents, would have
a chance to be free from the former traditional chains of slavery, forced
labour, and preys of greedy masters.
Those noble ideas, principles and concepts, embodied in the Covenant,
were not born to have a precarious or temporary existence, tied up
to the mortal fate of a particular forum or to an international organi-
zation immune to changes.
They were intended to survive and prevail to guide the political
conduct of governments and the moral behaviour of men. They were
meant to persist and endure no matter what new social structures or
juridical forms will evolve and change through the passing of time in
this ever-changing world.
The dissolution of the League was not the funeral of the principles

and obligations consigned in the Covenant and the Mandate; they are
alive and will continue to be alive.
The Mandate has not lapsed, but has been, is and will be in existence,
463as long as South West Africa is not placed under the trusteeship system
by agreement between the Republic of South Africa and the United
Nations; or until the time comes when the peoples of the Territory are
able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the world
of today, or eventually become an independent State.
These are, 1believe,the only peaceable avenues which might lead to a
modification of the actual status of South West Africa.

The League of Nations was dissolved because the United Nations
had been established with a Charter which was an improvement on the
Covenant, whose essential principles and ideals were kept and embodied
in such Charter.
No time-limit was or could be established for the "sacred trust of

civilization".
The counterpart of annexation was to place the territories under a
régimeadministered internationally.
The character of the Mandate and the power of administration given
to the Mandatory in Article 2 (1) of the Mandate, has its foundation
in the reasoning and considerations stated in paragraphs 3 and 6 of
Article 22 of the Covenant Paragraph 6 contains the followingconcepts :
"There are territories, such as South West Africa ... which,
owing to the sparseness of their population . ..or their remoteness
from the centres of civilization, or their geographical contiguity
to the territory of the Mandatory ... can be best administered
under the laws of the Mandatory ... subject to the safeguards above
mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population."
Of no place in the world nowadays can one properly talk about
"their remoteness from the centres of civilization". Now al1 countries
and peoples everywhereare near and neighbours to each other. Isolation
does not really exist unless imposed by force.
The sparseness of population is becoming everywhere a thing of the
past; the birth rate and the number of people cannot be measured by
the figures of 50 years ago. The earth has become more than ever a
melting-pot, crowded to overflowing and is subject to the everlasting
pressure and impact of dynamic cross-currents of interchanging of
peoples, cultures, ideas and reciprocal influencesof al1conceivablekinds.

Much can be said also of the number, location and identity of the
"centres of civilization" which the framers of Article 22 of the Covenant
had in mind.
Sothe discretion in the power of administration and legislationclaimed
by the Mandatory was founded on reasons and circumstances which
half a centurylater have becomeand appear obsolete.Theywereintended
only to facilitate administration. (Article 2 (1) of the Mandate and
Article 22 (6) ofthe Covenant.) The exercise of such power was subject
to the obligations stated in the Covenant and in the Mandate. (Article 2
(2)among others.)
464 Obviously the power of administration and legislation could not

be legitimately exercised by methods which run contrary to the aims,
principles and obligations stated in Article2 of the Covenant, especially
in paragraphs 1, 2 and 6. Nor could be exercised today in violation of
the United Nations Charter'sprovisions-among others-those regarding
respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, or the prohibition
to discriminate on account of race or colour.

The assertion that "apartheid" is the only alternative to chaos, and
that the peoples of South West Africa are incapable of constituting a
political unity and be governed as a single State does not justify the
officia1policy of discrimination based on race, colour or membership
in a tribalgroup.
Paragraph 3 of Article 22 of the Covenant did not presuppose a static
condition of the peoples of the territories. Their stage of development
had to be transitory, and therefore the character of the Mandate, even
of a given mandate, could not be conceived as a static and frozen one;

it had to differasthe development of the people changed or passed from
one stage to another. Are the people of South West Africa in the same
stage of development as 50 years ago?

Are the economic conditions of the territory the same? Article 2 (2)
of the Mandate states:
"The Mandatory shall promote to the utmost the material and
moral well-being and the social progress of the inhabitants of the

territory subject to the present Mandate."
Even if the geographical situation is to be considered under the angle
of its remoteness from centres of civilization, and remoteness being a
relative term, can it be said that South West Africa is now as remote
as 50 years ago from centres of civilization?

1 do not share the view that the Court, in the interpretation and
application of the provisions of the Mandate, is limited or restricted

in its jurisdiction to the narrow term of Article7, paragraph 2, and has
not jurisdiction to consider the existence and applicability of a "norm"
and/or "standard" of international conduct of non-discrimination. In my
viewthe jurisdiction of the Court is not so limited or restricted.

The Court cannot be indifferent to the fact that the Mandate operates
under the conditions and circumstances of 1966, when the moral and
legal conscience of the world, andthe acts, decisions and attitudes of the
organized international community, have created principles, and evolved
rules of law which in 1920were not so developed, or did not have such
strong claimsto recognition. The Court cannot ignore that "the principle
of non-discrimination has been recognized internationally in most
solemn form" (Jenks).
Since the far away years of the drafting of the Mandate, the inter-

465 468 SOUTH WEST AFRICA (DISS. OP. PADILLA NERVO)

national community has enacted important instruments which the Court,
of course, must keep in mind, the Charter of the United Nations, the
Constitution of the International Labour Organisation, the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, the Declaration on Elimination of Al1
Forms of Racial Discrimination, and numerous resolutions of the
General Assembly and the Security Council, having al1a bearing on the
present case for the interpretation and application of the provisions of
the Mandate. Al1these instruments confirm the obligation to promote

respect forhuinan rights.
It has been said rather in soft terms, that "South African racial
segregation policies appear to be out of harmony with the obligation
under the Charter".
Al1 this must be taken into account by the Court in determining
whether it has been a breach of international law or of the obligation
of the Respondent under the Mandate, as interpreted by the Court.
There are cases where-in the absence of customary laws-it is
permissible to apply rules and standards arising from certain principles
of law above controversy. The principles enacted in the Charter of the
United Nations are-beyond dispute-of this nature.
.The resolutions of the General Assembly are the consequence of the
universal recognition of the principles consecrated in the Charter and of
the international need to give those principles their intended and legiti-
mate application in the practices of States.

The Court, as an organ of the United Nations, is bound to observe
the provisions of the Charter regarding its "Purposes and Principles",
which are of general application to the Organization as a whole and
hence to the Court, as one of the principal organs of the United Nations,
and whose Statute is an integral part of the Charter. As Rosenne re-
marks :
"In general it cannot be doubted that the mutual relations of the

principal organs ought to be based upon a general theory of co-
operation between them in the pursuit of the aims of the Organiza-
tion."
And Judge Azevedo: "The General Assembly has retained a right to
watch over al1matters concerning the United Nations." It has also been
recognized that:

"The Court must CO-operatein the attainment of the aims of the
Organization and strive to give effect to the decisions of other
principal organs, and not achieve resuIts which would render them
nugatory ."

The question whether or not the Respondent has complied with its
obligations under Article 2 (21,is a sociological fact which has to be
measured and interpreted by the current principles, rules and standards
generally accepted by the overwhelming majority of States Members of
the United Nations, as they were continuously expressed, through a great
number of years, in the relevant resolutions and declarations of the

466469 SOUTH WEST AFRICA (DISS. OP. PADILLA NERVO)

General Assembly and other organs of the international community, in
accordance with the binding treaty provisions of the Charter.

It might be said that the ultimate decision on this question is a political
one, to be evaluated by the General Assembly to whose satisfaction, as
today's supervisory organ, the Mandatory has to administer the territory
having an international status. The Court, liowever, in my view, should
declare whether or not an officia1policy of racial discrimination is in
conformity with the provisions of the United Nations Charter, and in
harmony with principles of equality and non-discrimination based
on race or colour, proclaimed and accepted by the international com-
munity.

prescnted by the Respondent for the
The arguments and evidence
purpose of attributing to the numerous resolutions on South West
Africa, adopted by the General Assembly during the past 20 years, a
political character and the claim that they have been politically inspired,
do in fact emphasize the duty of the Court to give weight and authority
to those resolutions of the General Assembly, as a source of rules and
standards of general acceptance by the States Members of the Inter-
national Organizatioii.
The Court should also recognize those decisions as embodying reason-
able and just ii-iterpretations of the Charter, from which has evolved
international legal norms and/or standards, prohibiting racial discrimi-
nation and disregard for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

Many of the aciivities of the General Assembly and the Security
Council-among them, those relating to the problem of South West
Africa-are in the nature of political events concerned with the mainten-
ance of international peace, which is also the concern of the Court, whose
task is the pacific settlement of international disputes.
From those activities and under the impact of political factors, new

legal norms or standards emerge.
Examiiiing the close interrelation between the political and legal
factors in the development of every branch of international law, Profes-
sor Rosenne makes some observations and comments which 1 consider
pertinent to quote:
"That interrelation explains the keenness with which elections of
Members of the Court are conducted .. . But that interrelation
goes further. It explains the conflict of ideologies prevalent today

regarding the Court." (Rosenne, The Law and Practice of tlzeInter-
nationnI Court, Vol. 1,p. 4.)
"The Charter of the United Nations and the urgency of current
international problems and aspirations have turned the course of
the Organized International Society into new directions ... The
intellectual atmosphere in which the application today of inter-
national law is called, has changed, and with it the character of the

467 Court, a5the Organ for applyinginternational law, is changingtoo."
(Ibid.,pp. 5-6.)

Rosenne remarks also that the full impact upon the Court of those
changes is found in the activities of the General Assembly and the
Security Council.
Whatever conclusions one might draw from these activities, it is
evident that their far-reaching significance is the fact that the struggle
towards ending colonialism and racism in Africa, and everywhere, is the
overwhelming will of the international commuiiity of our days.
The Court, in my view, should take into consideration that consensus
of opinion.

The General Assembly, as a principal organ of the United Nations,
empowered to "discuss any questions or any matters within the scope
of the present Charter" (Article IO),especially those questions "relating
to the maintenance of international peace" (Article 1 l),and to "recom-
mend measures for the adjustment of any situation resulting from a
violation of the provisions of the Charter, setting forth the purposes
and principles of the United Nations", has enacted, with respect to the
situation in South West Africa, numerous resolutions-in the legal
exercise of such functions and powers-resolutions which have the
character of rules of conduct, standards or norms of general acceptance,
condemning "racial discrimination" and violations of "human rights and
fundamental freedoms", as contrary to the Charter, the Covenant and
the Mandate.

There is no principle ofgeneral internationallaw which could be validly
iiîvoked to contradict, or destroy, the essential purpose and the funda-
mental sources of the legal obligations rooted in the very existenceof the
Covenant,the mandates system and the Charter of the United Nations.

The resolutions of the General Assembly adopted before 1960, when
the Application was made, are an almost unanimous expression of the
conviction of States against the officia1policy of apartheid as practised
in the mandated territory of South West Africa.

In conclusion I must repeat that-since I am in agreemen.t with the
findings of the Court in its 1950dvisory Opinion and with the judgment
rendered in 1962-1 believe that some of the points of law raised in
soine of the main submissions of the Parties in the present procedures,
have already been decided by the findings of the Courton such occasions
and that they should have been confirmed if the majority of the Court
today would have dealt with them.
There is no question in my mind that the Court's former interpretation
of the relevant instruments, its conclusions in law and its reasoning, are
beyond reproach from the point of view of a sound application of the
legal principlesinvolved therein. 471 SOUTH WEST AFRICA(DISS. OP. PADILLA NERVO)

It was held at that time that:
South West Africa is a territory under international mandate;
Respondent continues to have the international obligations stated in the
Covenant and in the Mandate;

the Mandate is a treaty or convention in force within the meaning of
Article 37 of the Statute;
Respondent is under an obligation to submit to the supervision of the
General Assembly with regard to the exercise of the Mandate;
Respondent remains subject to the obligations to render to the United
Nations annual reports and to transmit petitions from the inhabitants
of the territory;
the dispute is one which is envisaged in Article 7 and cannot be settled
by negotiation;
the Court has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the merits of the dispute;
Respondent acting alone has not the cornpetence to modify the inter-
national status of the territory of South West Africa; it needs the
consent of the United Nations;
the Members of the League were understood to have a legal right or

interest in the observance by the Mandatory of its obligations towards
the inhabitants of the territory.

The Court now considers that there are in the present case two fun-
damental questions which have an antecedent character :
(a) whether the Mandate still exists, and
(b) whether the Applicants have a legal right or interest in the subject-

matter of the claims.
1said at the outset of this dissenting opinion that 1cannot agree with
the decision of the Court. 1 disagree also with its reasoning and its
actual interpretation of the provisions of the Mandate.
It appears conclusive to me that in 1950and 1962the question of the
legal interest of any Member of the League of Nations in the conduct
of the Mandate was determined by the Court in holding that they had
the right to invoke the compromissory clause against the Mandatory.

Several Members of the Court in 1950 and in 1962,in their separate

opinions, then expressed their considered views on this question, as
follows :
Judge Sir Arnold McNair said:
"Although there is no longer any League to supervise the exercise
of the Mandate, it would be an error to think that there is no control
over the Mandatory. Every State which was a Member of the
League at the time of its dissolution still has a legalinterest in the
proper exercise of the Mandate. The Mandate provides two kinds
of machinery for its supervision-judicial, by means of the right
of any Member ofthe League under Article 7to bring the Mandatory

469 compulsorily before the Permanent Court, and administrative, by
means of annual reports and their examination by the Permanent
Mandates Commission of the League." (IrzternationalStatus of South
West Africa, Advisory Opinion,I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 158.)

Judge Read stated
"Each Member of the League had a legal interest, vis-à-visthe
Mandatory Power, in matters 'relating to the interpretation or the
application of the provisions of the Mandate'; and had a legal
right to assert its interest against the Union by invoking the com-
pulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court (Article 7 of the

Mandate Agreement). Further, each Member, at the time of disso-
lution, had substantive legal rights against the Union in respect of
the Mandate."
". .. 1 regard as significaiit the survival of the rights and legal
interests of the Members of the League; ... the same reasons
which justify the conclusion that the Mandate and the obligations
of the Union were not brought to an end by the dissolution of the
League, lead inevitably to the conclusion that the legal rights and
interests of the Members, under the Mandate, survived. If the
obligations of the Union, one of the 'Mandatories on behalf of
the League', continued, the legal rightsand interests of the Members
of the League must, by parity of reasoning, have been maintaiiled."

(Ibid., pp. 165, 166.)
Judge Bustamante said :

". .. Member States, as integral parts of the League itself, have
possessed a direct legal interest in the protection of underdeveloped
peoples. It is no doubt on the basis of these principles that the
Mandate Agreement, in its Article 7, conferred upon Member
States, in their individual capacity, the right to invoke the com-
promissory clause to require of the Mandatory a correct application
of the Mandate." (South West Africa, Preliminary Objccfions,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962,p. 380.)

"These States are not 'third parties' outside the Mandate but
jointly and severally responsible associates of the tutelary organiza-
tion entrusted with ensuring the proper application of the Mandate."
(Ibid., p. 355.)
"Should a dispute arise between the League and a Mandatory,
al1 the States Members would have the same legal interest as the
League in the dispute, and would be affected to the same extent by
violations of the agreements, one or more of those States having
the right to appear before the Court to defend the common cause."

(Ibid., p.61.) "Regard must be had to the fact that the wording of Article 7 of
the Mandate is broad, clear and precise: it gives rise to no ambi-
guity, it refers to no excepti...a restrictive interpretation which
would include only the material and individual interests of a State
Member must take a secondary indeed insignificant place." (Zbid.,
p. 381.)
1 agree with the aforementioned opinions; and it follows from what

1have already said that-in myview-the Applicants have a legal right
or interest in the subject-matter of the present claims.

(Signed Luis PADILLN AERVO.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE PADILLA NERVO

1voted against the decision of the Court because 1 am convinced that
it has been established beyond any doubt, that the Applicants have a
substantive right and a legalinterest in the subject-matter of their claim;
the performance by the Mandatory of the sacred trust of civilization,
by complying with the obligations stated in Article 22 of the Covenant
of the League of Nations; and in the Mandate for German South
West Africa.
Furthermore, the Applicants, by virtue of Article 7 of the Mandate
(an instrument which is "a treaty or convention in force", within the
meaning of Article 37 of the Statute), have a right to submittheir dispute
with the Respondent, to this International Court of Justice.

The present case is not an ordinary one, it is a sui generis case with
far-reaching implications of juridical,soci,aland political nature. It has
been, since its inception, a complex, difficult and controversial one, as
can be seen, by the fact that the present decision of the Court, to which
1 am in fundamental disagreement, rests on a technical or statutory
majority, resulting from the exercise by the President of his prevailing
vote, in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 55 of the Statute of the
Court, which reads :
"1. Al1 questions shall be decided by a mgjority of the Judges
present.
2. In the event of an equality of votes, the President or the Judge
who acts in his place, shall have a casting vote." (Italics added.)

The Court has dealt with one single question, namely: Have the Appli-
cants a,legal interest in the subject-matter of the claim? Upon this the
Court has found-
"that the Applicants cannot be considered to have established any
legal right or interest appertaining to them in the subject-matter
of the present claims: and that, accordingly, the Court must decline
to give effecttothem. For these reasons, the Court decides to reject
the claims of the Empire of Ethiopia and the Republic of Liberia."

The Court, in my view,has been able to do that from an unwarranted

assumption of the presumed intentions of the framers of the Covenant
and the mandates system in 1919, and from an analysis and inter-
pretation of such instruments consequent with the particular assumption,
which serves as basis or premise of the Court's analysis and reasoning.
This process, has accordingly led the Court to its present decision. OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. PADILLA NERVO

[Traduction]
J'ai voté contre la décision de la Cour, car je suis convaincu qu'il

a étéétabli de façon indiscutable que les demandeurs ont un droit ou
intérêtjuridiqueau regard de l'objet des demandes, à savoir l'accomplis-
sement par le Mandataire de la mission sacrée de civilisation, qui doit
résulter de l'exécution desobligations énoncées à l'article 22 du Pacte
de la Société desNations et dans le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain
allemand.
D'autre part, en vertu de l'article7 du Mandat, instrument qui est
«un traité ou une convention en vigueur » au sens de l'article 37 du
Statut, les demandeurs ont le droit de soumettreà la Cour internationale
de Justice le différendqui les oppose au défendeur.
Il ne s'agit pas en l'espèced'une affaire ordinaire mais d'une affaire

sui generis qui a desincidences d'une grande portée sur le plan juridique,
social et politique. Elle s'est dès le début révélécomplexe, difficile et
sujette à controverse, ainsi que cela ressort du fait que la présente
décision de la Cour, dont je me dissocie fondamentalement, repose
sur une majorité technique ou statutaire résultant de l'usage par le
Président de sa voix prépondérante, conformément à l'article 55, para-
graphe 2, du Statut de la Cour, qui est ainsi conçu:
(1. Les décisions de la Cour sont prises à la majoritédes juges

présents.
2. En cas de partage des voix, la voix du Président ou de celui
qui le remplace est prépondérante . (Les italiques sont de nous.)
La Cour n'a examiné qu'une seulequestion: les demandeurs ont-ils
un intérêt juridiqueau regard de l'objet de la demande? A cet égard,
la Cour a constaté

((que les demandeurs ne sauraient être considérés commeayant
établi l'existence leur profit d'un droit ou intérêt juridiqueau
regard de l'objet des présentesdemandes; en conséquence, la Cour
doit refuser d'y donner suite. Par ces motifs, la Cour décide de
rejeter les demandes del'Empire dYEthiopieet de la République du
Libéria.»
A mon avis, si la Cour a abouti à cette décision, c'estparce qu'elle
est partie d'une hypothèse injustifiéeconcernant lesintentions présumées
des auteurs du Pacte et du système des Mandats en 1919,ainsi que d'une

analyse et d'uneinterprétationde cesinstruments découlant de l'hypothèse
adoptée, laquelle a servi de base ou de prémisseà l'examen et au raison-
nement de la Cour. C'est cette façon de procéder qui a amenéla Cour
à la présente décision. The Court answered that question in due application of paragraph 2
of Article 55. In consequence, the Court's present decision states the
reasons and arguments, in view of which, it hds that the Applicants
do not have a substantive right or legal interest in the claim.

Since 1 hold that the Court has jurisdiction to pass on the merits of
the Applicants' claim and that the claim is admissible because the
Applicants have the legal interest and other qualifications entitling them
to recoverjudgment on those claims, 1am bound to express my opinion
on the issues raised by the Parties' submissions.
As an introduction to my reasons for disagreeing with the Court's
decision, 1will make some observations regarding the characteristics of
the Covenant of the League of Nations, the nature and implications of
the sacred trust, established by Article 22, and the significance and
purpose of the mandates system.
1 will start by quoting the Parties' submissions, which have been
presented, explained and developed through such a long period of time,
effort and expense, in the written and oral proceedings.
In the oral proceedings, the following final submissions werepresented
by the Parties:

On behalf of the Governmentsof Ethiapia andLiberia, at the hearing
on 19May 1965:
"Upon the basis of allegations of fact, and statements of law
setforth in the written pleadings and oral proceedings herein, may
it please the Court todjudge and declare, whether the Government
of the Republic of South Africa is present or absent, that:
(1) South West Africa is a territory under the Mandate conferred
upon His Britannic Majesty by the Principal Allied and Associated
Powers, to be exercised on his behalf by the Government of the
Union of South Africa, accepted by His Britannic Majesty for and
on behalf of the Government of the Union of South Africa, and
confirmed by the Council of the League of Nations on 17 Decem-

ber 1920;
(2) Respondent continues to have the international obligations
stated in Article22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations and
in the Mandate for South West Africa, as well as the obligation
to transmit petitions from the inhabitants of that Territory, the
supervisory functions to be exercised by the United Nations, to
which the annual reports and the petitions are to be submitted;
(3) Respondent, by laws and regulations, and officia1methods
and measures, which are set out inthe pleadings herein, has practised
apartheid, i.e., has distinguished as to race, colour, national or
tribal origin in establishing the rights and duties of the inhabitants
of the Territory; thatsuch practice is in violation of its obligations
as stated in Article of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant
ofthe Leagueof Nations; and that Respondent has the duty forth-
with to cease the practice of apartheid in the Territory; La Cour a répondu à la question en faisant dûment application de
l'article55, paragraphe 2. En conséquence, la Cour indique dans sa
décisionles motifs et les arguments sur lesquels elle se fonde pour dire
que les demandeurs n'ont aucun droit ou intérêtjuridiqueau regard de
la demande.
Comme j'estime que la Cour est compétente pour se prononcer sur
le fond de la demande et que la demande est recevable parce que les
demandeurs ont l'intérêt juridiqueet les autres titres qui leur permettent

d'obtenir une décision à son sujet, je suis tenu de donner mon avis
sur les questions soulevéesdans les conclusions des Parties.
Avant de préciser lesmotifs pour lesquels je me dissocie de la décision
de la Cour, je présenterai quelques observations sur les caractéristiques
du Pacte de la Société desNations, sur la nature et les incidences de
la mission sacrée decivilisation établiepar l'article 22 et sur le sens et le
but du système des Mandats.
Je commencerai par citer les conclusions des Parties qui ont étformu-
lées, expliquéeset commentées lors d'une procédure écrite et d'une
procédure orale qui ont coûté beaucoup de temps, d'efforts et d'argent.
Au cours de la procédure orale, les conclusions finales ci-après ont
étéprésentéespar les Parties:

Au nom des Gouvernementsde Z'Ethiopieet du Libéria, à l'audience
du 19 mai 1965:
((Vules allégations de fait et les considérations de droit énoncées
dans les écritures et les plaidoiries, plaisela Cour dire et juger,
tant en présence qu'en l'absence du Gouvernement de la Répu-
blique sud-africaine, que:
1. Le Sud-Ouest africain est un territoire sous Mandat conféré
par les Principales Puissances alliées et associées à Sa Majesté
britannique pour êtreexercéen son nom par le Gouvernement de
l'Union de l'Afrique du Sud, accepté par Sa Majesté britannique

agissant pour le Gouvernement de l'Union de l'Afrique du Sud
et enson nom, et confirmépar le Conseil de la SociétédesNations le
17 décembre 1920;
2. Le défendeur demeure soumis aux obligations internationales
énoncées à l'article 22 du Pacte de la Société desNations et dans
le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain, ainsi qu'à l'obligation de
transmettre aux Nations Unies les pétitions des habitants du Terri-
toire, lesfonctions desurveillance étantexercéespar lesNations Unies
auxquelles lesrapports annuels et les pétitionsdoivent être envoyés;
3. Par les lois et règlements et par les méthodes et actes officiels
décritsdans les écritures,le défendeur apratiquél'apartheid, c'est-à-
dire qu'il a établiune distinction fondée sur la race, la couleur, l'ori-
gine nationale ou tribale, lorsqu'il a fixélesits et devoirs des ha-
bitants du Territoire; que cette pratique constitue une violation
de ses obligations telles qu'elles figurentà l'article 2 du Mandat

et à l'article 22 du Pacte de la Société desNations; et que le défen-
deur a le devoir de cesser sur-le-champ de pratiquer l'apartheid
dans le Territoire;
442 (4) Respondent, by virtue of economic, political, social and
educational policies applied within the Territory, by means of laws
and regulations, and officia1methods and measures, which are set

out in the pleadings herein, has, in the light of applicable inter-
national standards or international legal norm, or both, failed to
promote to the utmost the material and moral well-being and social
progress of the inhabitants of the Territory; that its failure to do
so is in violation of its obligations as stated in Article 2 of the
Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that Respondent has
the duty forthwith to cease its violations as aforesaid and to take
al1practicable action to fulfil its duties under such Articles;

(5) Respondent, by word and by action, has treated the Territory
in a manner inconsistent with the international status of the Terri-
tory, and has thereby impeded opportunities for self-determination
by theinhabitants of theTerritory ;that such treatment isin violation
of Respondent's obligations as stated in the first paragraph of
Article 2 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant; that

Respondent has the duty forthwith to cease such actions, and to
refrain from similar actions in the future; and that Respondent has
the duty to accord full faith and respect to the international status
of the Territory;

(6)Respondent has established military bases within the Territory
in violation of its obligations as stated in Article 4 of the Mandate
and Article 22 of the Covenant; that Respondent has the duty
forthwith to remove al1such military bases from within the Terri-
tory; and that Respondenthas the duty to refrain from the establish-
ing of military bases within the Territory;
(7) Respondent has failed to render to the General Assembly of
the United Nations annual reports containing information with
regard to the Territory and indicating the measures it has taken to
carry out its obligations under the Mandate; that such failure is
a violation of its obligations as stated in Article 6 of the Mandate;
and that Respondent has the duty forthwith to render such annual

reports to the General Assembly;
(8) Respondent has failed to transmit to the General Assembly
of the United Nations petitions from the Territory's inhabitants
addressed to the General Assembly; that such failure is a violation
of its obligations as Mandatory; and that Respondent has the duty
to transmit such petitions to the General Assembly;
(9) Respondent has attempted to modify substantially the terms
of the Mandate, without the consent of the United Nations; that
such attempt is in violation of its duties as stated in Article 7 of
the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that the consent

Italics added.

443 4. Par l'effet des principes économiques, politiques, sociaux et
éducatifs appliqués dans le Territoire, par les lois et règlements
et par les méthodes et actes officiels décritsdans les écritures, le

défendeur, au regard des cstandards 1)internationaux applicables
ou de la norme juridique internationale applicable ou de ces deux
critèresà lafois, n'a pas accru,par tous les moyens en son pouvoil,
le bien-être matériel t oral ainsi que le progrès social deshabitants
du Territoire; que cette carence constitue une violation de ses
obligations telles qu'elles figurentà l'article 2 du Mandat et à
l'article 22 du Pacte; et que le défendeur a le devoir de mettre
sur-le-champ un terme aux violations indiquées ci-avant et de
prendre toutes les mesures passibles pour remplir ses obligations
aux termes desdits articles;

5. Le défendeur, par ses paroles et par ses actes, a agià l'égard
du Territoire d'une manière imcompatible avec le statut inter-
national du Territoire et a entravé par là les chances qu'avaient
les habitants du Territoire de s'engager dans la voie de l'autodéter-
mination;que ces agissements constituent une violation des obliga-
tions du défendeur telles qu'elles figurent au premier alinéa de
l'article2 du Mandat et à l'article 22 du Pacte; que le défendeur
a le devoir de mettre sur-le-champ un terme à ces agissements et
de s'abstenir dans l'avenir de pareils agissements; et que le défen-
deur a le devoir derespecter entoute bonne foi le statut international

du Territoire;
6. Le défendeur a établi des bases militaires sur le Territoire
en violation de ses obligations telles qu'elles figurentarticle 4 du
Mandat et à l'article 22 du Pacte; que le défendeur a le devoir
de supprimer sur-le-champ toutes les bases militaires établies sur
le Territoire; et que le défendeura le devoir de s'abstenir d'établir
des bases militaires sur le Territoire;
7. Le défendeur n'a pas envoyé à l'Assemblée générale des
Nations Unies des rapports annuels contenant des informations
intéressant le Territoire et indiquant les mesures qu'il a prises

pour assurer ses engagements aux termes du Mandat; que cette
carence est une violation de ses obligations telles qu'elles figurent
à l'article 6 du Mandat; et que le défendeur a le devoir d'envoyer
sur-le-champ ces rapports annuels à l'Assembléegénérale;
8. Le défendeur n'a pas transmis à l'Assemblée générale des
Nations Unies les pétitions des habitants du Territoire adressées
à l'Assembléegénérale;que cette carence est une violation de ses
obligations de Mandataire; et que le défendeur a le devoir de
transmettre ces pétitionsà l'Assembléegénérale;

9. Le défendeur a tenté d'apporter aux dispositions du Mandat
des modifications de fond sans l'autorisation des Nations Unies;
que cette tentative constitue une violationde ses obligations telles
qu'elles figurentà l'article 7 du Mandat et à l'article 22 du Pacte;

l Les italiques sont de nous. of the United Nations is a necessary prerequisite and condition

precedent to attempts on the part of Respondent, directly or in-
directly, to modify the terms of the Mandate.
May it also please the Court to adjudge and declare whatever
else it may deem fit and proper in regard to these submissions, and
to make al1 necessary awards and orders, including an award of
costs, to effectuate its determinations."

On behalf of the Government of South Africa, at the hearing on
5 November 1965:
"We repeat and re-affirmour submissions, as set forth in Volume

1, page 6, of the Counter-Memorial and confirmed in Volume II,
page 483, of the Rejoinder. These submissions can be brought
up-to-date without any amendments of substance and then they
read as follows:
Upon the basis of the statements of fact and law as set forth in
Respondent's pleadings and the oral proceedings, may it please the
Court to adjudge and declare that the submissions of the Govern-
ments of Ethiopia and Liberia, as recorded at pages 69-72 of the
verbatim record of 19 May 1965, C.R. 65/35, are unfounded and
that no declaration be made as ciaimed by them.
In particular, Respondent submits-
(1) That the whole Mandate for South West Africa lapsed on
the dissolution of the League of Nations and that Respondent is,
in consequence thereof, no longer subject to any legal obligations

thereunder.
(2) In the alternative to (1) above, and in the event of it being
held that the Mandate as such continued in existence despite the
dissolution of the League of Nations:
(a) Relative to Applicants' submissions numbers 2, 7 and 8,
that the Respondent's former obligations under the Mandate
to report and account to, and to submit to the supervision,
of the Council of the League of Nations, lapsed upon the
dissolution of the League, and have not been replaced by any
similar obligations relative to supervision by any organ of
the United Nations or any other organization or body. Respon-
dent is therefore under no obligation to submit reports con-
cerning its administration of South West Africa, or to transmit
petitions from the inhabitants of that Territory, to the United

Nations or any other body;

(b) Relative to Applicants' submissions numbers 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9,
that the Respondent has not, in any of the respects alleged,
violated its obligations as stated in the Mandate or in Article
of the Covenant of the League of Nations." et que l'autorisation des Nations Unies est une condition préalable
indispensable à toute tentative de la part du défendeurde modifier

directement ou indirectementles dispositions du Mandat.
Plaise également à la Cour se prononcer sur tout ce qu'elle
pourra estimer pertinent et convenable se rapportant aux présentes
conclusions et rendre toute décisionet prendre toute ordonnance,
y compris une décisionsur les dépens,pour donner effet àce qu'elle
aura statué.))
Au nom du Gouvernement de l'Afrique du Sud, à l'audience du
5 novembre 1965:

((Nous répétonset réitéronsles conclusions que nous avons
énoncéesdans le contre-mémoire, volume 1, page 6, et confirmées
dans la duplique, volume II, page 483. Ces conclusions, qui peuvent
êtremises à jour sans amendement de fond, sont les suivantes:

Vu lesconsidérationsde faitet dedroit énoncées dans les écritures
et les plaidoiries du défendeur, plaiseà la Cour dire et juger que
Lesconclusions des Gouvernements éthiopien et libérien figurant

au compte rendu de l'audience du 19mai 1965sont sans fondement
et que la Cour ne fera aucune des déclarations proposées par les
demandeurs.
Le défendeurconclut en particulier :
1. Que le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain dans son ensemble
est devenu caduc lors de la dissolution de la Société desNations
et que le défendeurn'est plus en conséquence soumis à aucune des

obligationsjuridiques découlant du Mandat.
2. Subsidiairement, au cas où l'on estimerait que le Mandat
en tant que tel est demeuréen vigueur malgréla dissolution de la
Société desNations:
a) en ce qui concerne les conclusions 2, 7 et 8 des demandeurs,
que les obligations incombant antérieurement au défendeur en
vertu du Mandat et consistant à faire rapport et à rendre
compte au Conseil de la Société desNations et à se soumettre

à la surveillance de ce Conseil ont pris fin lors de la dissolution
de la Sociétéet n'ont pas étéremplacéespar des obligations
similaires concernant une surveillance par un organe quelconque
des Nations Unies, par toute autre organisation ou par tout
autre organisme. Le défendeur n'estdonc tenu ni de présenter
des rapports relatifsà son administration du Sud-Ouest africain
ni de transmettre les pétitions des habitants du Territoire soit
aux Nations Unies soit à tout autre organisme;
b) en ce qui concerne les conclusions 3, 4, 5, 6 et 9 des demandeurs,
que le défendeur n'a, sur aucun des points allégués, violé les

obligations lui incombant d'après le Mandat ou l'article 22 du
Pacte de la Société desNations. )) The majority of the Court is reproducing on the present occasion the
arguments adduced in dissenting opinions against the Judgment of 1962.
In my view the Court has been able to arrive at its conclusion by
assuming,beforehand, the correctness of its interpretationof Article 7 (2)
of the Mandate for German South West Africa, which is the main basis
of its reasoning.
The questions raised by the Parties' submissions in the present
proceedings (relevant to the Court's present decision) are in fact a
repetition of the submissions presented by the Parties in 1962 (South
West Africa, Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962,
pp. 322-328).
Those questions have been already decided by the Court in its 1962

Judgment and, among them, those regarding the Applicants' locusstandi
and the admissibility of their claim.
On page 328, the Court then said:
"To found the jurisdiction of the Court in the proceedings, the
Applicants, having regard to Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Charter
of the United Nations, relied on Article 7 of the Mandate of 17De-
cember 1920 for South West Africa, and Article 37 of the Statute
of the Court. In response to the Applications and Memorials of
Ethiopia and Liberia, the Government of South Africa filed Pre-
liminary Objections to the jurisdiction of the Court."

Such Preliminary Objections read as follows (ibid., p. 326):
"On behalf of the Government of South Africa, in the Preliminary
Objections :

'For al1 or any of the reasons set out in these Preliminary Ob-
jections, the Government of the Republic of South Africa submits
that the Governments of Ethiopia and Liberia have no locus standi
in these contentious proceedings and that the Honourable Court
has no jurisdiction to hear, or adjudicate upon, the questions of
law and fact raised in the Applications and Memorials; and prays
that the Court may adjudge and determine accordingly.'

On behalf of tlzeGovernmentsof Ethiopia and Liberia,in the written
Observations on the Preliminary Objections :
'May it please this Honourable Court to dismiss the Preliminary
Objections raised by the Government of the Republic of South
Africa in the South West Africa cases, and to adjudge and declare
that the Court has jurisdiction to hear and adjudicate the questions
of law and fact raised in the Applications and Memorials of the
Governments of Ethiopia and Liberia in these cases.'"

In the oral proceedings the following submissions were presented by
the Parties:
"On behalf of the Government of South Africa, at the hearing on
11 October 1962:

445 La majoritéde la Cour reprend en l'occurrence lesarguments présentés
dans les opinions dissidentesjointes à l'arrêtde 1962.
A mon avis, si la Cour a pu aboutir à cette conclusion, c'est qu'elle
a présumé à l'avance l'exactitude de son interprétation du deuxième
alinéa de l'article7 du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain allemand,
qui constitue la base principale de son argumentation.
Les questions soulevéesen l'espècedans les conclusions des Parties,
qui ont de la pertinence eu égard à la présentedécisionde la Cour, ont
en fait déjà été évoquéd esns les conclusions présentéespar les Parties

en 1962 (Sud-Ouest africain, exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 1962, p. 322-328).
Ces questions, notamment celles qui concernent le locus standi des
demandeurs et la recevabilitéde leur demande, ont déjàététranchéep sar
la Cour dans son arrêt de 1962.
La Cour a dit alors (p. 328):
«Pour établir la compétence dela Cour en l'espèce, lesdeman-
deurs, se référant à l'article 80, paragraphe 1, de la Charte des

Nations Unies, ont invoqué l'article 7 du Mandat pour le Sud-
Ouest africain du 17décembre1920ainsi que l'article 37du Statut
de la Cour. En réponse aux requêteset mémoires de1'Ethiopie et
du Libéria,le Gouvernement sud-africain a soumis des exceptions
préliminairesà la compétencede la Cour. 1)
Ces exceptions préliminaires étaient les suivantes (ibid., p. 326):

«Au nom du Gouvernement sud-africain, dans les exceptions pré-
liminaires :
«Pour l'un quelconque des motifs énoncésdans les présentes
exceptions préliminaires ou pour tous ces motifs à la fois, le Gou-
vernement de la République sud-africaine conclut à ce que les

Gouvernements de 1'Ethiopie et du Libéria n'ont pas de locus
standi dans la présenteprocédure contentieuse et à ce que 1'Hono-
rable Cour n'a pas compétence pour connaître des questions de
droit et de fait soulevéesdans les requêteset les mémoires, nipour
statuer sur ces questions, et demande à la Cour de dire et juger
en conséquence. 1)
Au nom des Gouvernements de I'Ethiopie et du Libéria, dans les

observations écritessur les exceptions préliminaires:
((Plaiseà la Cour rejeter les exceptions préliminaires soulevées
par le Gouvernement de la République sud-africaine dans les
affaires du Sud-Ouest africain, et dire et juger que la Cour est
compétentepour connaître des questions de droit et de fait soulevées
dans les requêteset mémoires des Gouvernements d7Ethiopie et
du Libériaen ces affaires et pour statuer sur ces questions.1)

Dans la procédure orale les conclusions ci-après ont été prisespar les
Parties:
(<Aunom du Gouvernement sud-africain, à l'audience du 11 octobre

1962:
445 'For al1or any one or more of the reasons set out in its written
and oral statements, the Government of the Republic of Sourii
Africa submits that the Governments of Ethiopia and Liberia have
no locus standiin these contentious proceedings, and that the Court
has no jurisdiction to hear or adjudicate upon the questions of law
and fact raised inthe Applications and Memorials, more particularly
because :

Firstly, by reason of the dissolution of the League of Nations,

the Mandatefor South West Africa is no longer a "treaty or conven-
tion in force" within the meaning of Article 37 of the Statute of
the Court, this submission being advanced-
(a) with respect to the said Mandate Agreement as a whole,
including Article 7 thereof, and
(b) in any event, with respect to Article 7 itself;
Secondly,neither the Government of Ethiopia northe Government
of Liberia is"another Member ofthe League of Nations", asrequired
for locus standiby Article 7 of the Mandate for South West Africa;

Thirdl-v,the conflictor disagreement allegedby the Governments of
Ethiopia and Liberia to exist between thern and the Government of
the Republic of South Africa, is by reason of its nature and content
not a "dispute" as envisaged in Article 7 of the Mandate for South
WestAfrica, more particularly in that no material interests of the Go-
vernments of Ethiopia and/or Liberia or of their nationals are in-
volved therein or affected thereby ;
Fourthly,the allegedconflictordisagreement isasregards itsstate of
development nota "dispute" which"cannot besettledbynegotiation"
withinthe meaning ofArticle 7oftheMandate for South WestAfrica.'

On behaIfof the Governmentsof Ethiopia and Liberia,at the hearing
on 17October 1962:
'May it please the Court to dismiss the Preliminary Objections
raised by the Government of the Republic of South Africa in the
South West Africa cases, and to adjudge and declare that the Court
has jurisdiction to hear and adjudicate the questions of law and
fact raised in the Applications and Memorials of the Governments
of Ethiopia and Liberia in these cases.' "

Questions having been put to the Parties by two Judges, the Court
decided that the answers to them should be given after the oral rejoinder,
first on behalf of the Republic of South Africa and then on behalf of
Ethiopia and Liberia; and that, in the same order, the Agents should be
called upon to indicate whether those questions and the answers given
to them had led them to amend their respective submissions and, if so,
to present the amended submissions.
Availing themselves of this decision, the Agents of the Parties gave
their answers on 22 October 1962.The Agent of the Republic of South ((Pour un ou plusieurs des motifs énoncésdans ses écritures et
plaidoiries ou pour tous ces motifs à la fois, le Gouvernement de

la République sud-africaine conclut à ce que les Gouvernements
de 1'Ethiopieet du Libérian'ont pas de locusstandi dans la présente
procédurecontentieuse et à ce que la Cour n'a pas compétencepour
connaître des questions dedroit et de fait soulevéesdans les requêtes
et les mémoires, ni pour statuer sur ces questions, et cela plus
particulièrement parce que :
Premièrement, en raison de la dissolution de la Société desNa-

tions, le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain n'est plus ((un traité
ou une convention en vigueur » au sens de l'article 37 du Statut
de la Cour, la présente conclusion visant:
a) ledit accord de Mandat dans son ensemble, y compris l'ar-
ticle 7, et
b) en tout cas, l'article 7 même;
Deuxièmement,ni le Gouvernement de 1'Ethiopie ni le Gouverne-

ment du Libérianesont «un autre Membre de la SociétédesNations »,
ainsi que l'article 7 du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain l'exige
pour qu'il y ait locus standi;
Troisièmement,le conflit ou désaccordque les Gouvernements de
lY~thiopieet du Libériaprétendent exister entre eux et le Gouverne-
ment de la République sud-africainen'estpas, eu égard à sa nature et
à sa teneur, un«différend» comme il est prévu à l'article 7 du Man-
dat pour le Sud-Ouest africain, et cela plus particulièrement en tant
qu'aucun intérêctoncretdesGouvernements de 1'Ethiopieet/ou du Li-
bériaoudeleursressortissants n'est encauseoun'est affectéenl'espèce;

Quatrièmement,leprétenduconflit ou désaccordn'estpas, eu égard
à son étatd'avancement, un ((différend ...qui ne soit pas susceptible
d'êtreréglépar des négociations 1au sens de l'article 7 du Mandat
pour le Sud-Ouest africain. ))
Au nom des Gouvernementsde IYEthiopieet du Libéria, à l'audience
du 17 octobre 1962:

((Plaiseà la Cour rejeter les exceptions préliminaires soulevées
par le Gouvernement de la République sud-africaine dans les affaires
du Sud-Ouest africain, et dire et juger que la Cour est compétente
pour connaître des questions de droit et de fait soulevées dans
les requêtes et mémoires des Gouvernements d7Ethiopie et du
Libéria en ces affaires et pour statuer sur ces questions.))

Des questions ayant étéposéesaux Parties par deux juges, la Cour
a décidé qu'il y serait répondu aprèsla duplique orale, d'abord au nom
de l'Afrique du Sud, puis au nom de l'Ethiopie et du Libéria et que
les agents seraient invités, dans le mêmeordre, à faire savoir si les ques-
tions dont il s'agissait et les réponsesqui y seraient faites les amenaient
à amender leurs conclusions respectives et éventuellement à énoncer des
conclusions amendées.
Se prévalant de cette décision, les agents des Parties ont répondu le
22 octobre 1962. L'agent de l'Afrique du Sud a modifiéles conclusions Africa amended the submissions which he had read at the hearing on

11 October by substituting the following paragraph for the paragraph
commencing with the word "Firstly" :
"Firstly, the Mandate for South West Africa has never been, or
at anyrate is sincethe dissolution of the League ofNations no longer,
a 'treaty or convention in force' within the meaning of Article 37 of
the Statute of the Court, this Submission being advanced-
(a) with respect to the Mandate as a whole, including Article 7
thereof; and
(b) in any event, with respect to Article 7 itself."
After due consideration of the issues involved, the Court in its 1962

Judgment, rejected the four Preliminary Objections and decided that:

(1) the Applicants have locus standi;
(2) the Applicants were Members of the League and could then and
can now invoke the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice
in accordance with Article 37 of the Statute;

(3) a dispute, as envisaged in Article 7 of the Mandate, does exist
betweenthe Parties;
(4) the dispute cannot be settled by negotiation.

In respect to the Respondent's contention: that the dispute brought
before the Court by the Applicants does not affect any material interest
of the Applicant States or their nationals, and their further contention
that the League Members have no legalright or interest in the observance
by the Mandatory of its duties to the inhabitants; the Court then said:

"The question which calls for the Court's consideration is whether
the dispute is a 'dispute' as envisagedin Article 7 of the Mandate
and within the meaning of Article 36of the Statute of the Court.
The Respondent's contention runs counter to the natural and
ordinary meaning ofthe provisions ofArticle 7of theMandate, which
mentions 'any dispute whatever' arising between the Mandatory

and another Member of the League of Nations 'relating to the
interpretation or the application of the provisions of the Mandate'.
Thelanguage used isbroad, clear and precise: it gives rise to no ambi-
guity andit permits of no exception. It refersto any dispute whatever
relating not to any one particular provision or provisions, but to
'the provisions'of the Mandate, obviouslymeaning ail or any provis-
ions,whether they relate to substantive obligations of theMandatory
toward the inhabitants of the Territory or toward the other Members
of the League or to its obligation to submit to supervision by the
League under Article 6 or to protection under Article 7 itself. For
the manifest scope and purport of the provisions of this Article
indicate that the Members of the League were understood to have a
legal right or interest in the observance by the Mandatory of its
obligations both toward the inhabitants of the Mandated Territory,

447dont il avait donné lecture à l'audience du 11 octobre en substituant
au paragraphe commençant par ((premièrement » le texte ci-après:

((Premièrement,le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain n'a jamais
été,ou en tout cas n'est plus depuis la dissolution de la Société des
Nations, «un traité ou une convention en vigueur » au sens de l'ar-
ticle 37 du Statut de la Cour, la présente conclusion visant:
a) ledit accord de Mandat dans son ensemble, y compris l'ar-
ticle 7, et
b) en tous cas l'article 7 même. ))

Après avoir dûment examinéles questions qui lui étaient soumises,
la Cour a, dans son arrêtde 1962, rejetéles quatre exceptions prélimi-
naires et décidé cequi suit:
1) les demandeurs ont qualité pour agir;
2) les demandeurs étaient Membres de la Société desNations et

pouvaient alors, et peuvent encore maintenant, invoquer la juridiction
de la Cour internationale de Justice, conformément à l'article 37 du
Statut;
3) il existe entre les Parties unérendcomme il est prévu à l'article 7
du Mandat;
4) le différendn'est pas susceptibled'êtreréglé par des négociations.
En ce qui concerne les thèses du défendeur selon lesquelles, d'une
part, le différendsoumis à la Cour par les demandeurs n'affecterait au-

cun intérêt concretdes Etats demandeurs ni de leurs ressortissants et,
d'autre part, les Membres de la Société desNations n'auraient aucun
droit ou intérêjturidique quant à l'exécutionpar le Mandataire de ses
obligations envers les habitants du territoire, la Cour a dit alors:
((La question que la Cour doit examiner est celle de savoir si
ce différend est bien un ((différend))comme il est prévu à l'ar-
ticle 7 du Mandat et au sens de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour.

La thèsedu défendeur va à l'encontre du sens naturel et ordinaire
des dispositions de l'article du Mandat, lequel mentionne ctout
différend,quel qu'il soit»qui viendrait à s'éleverentre le Manda-
taire et un autre Membre de la Société desNations ((relatif à l'in-
terprétation ou à l'application des dispositions du Mandat ))Les
termes employéssont larges, clairs et précis: ils ne donnent lieu à
aucune ambiguïté et n'autorisent aucune exception. Ils se réfèrent
àtout différend,quel qu'il soit, relatif non pasà une ou plusieurs
dispositions particulières mais ((aux dispositions1) du Mandat,
entendant par là, de toute évidence, l'ensembleou une quelconque

de ces dispositions, qu'elles aient trait aux obligations de fond
du Mandataire à l'égard deshabitants du territoire ou à l'égard
des autres Membres de la Société desNations ou encore à l'obli-
gation du Mandataire de se soumettre à la surveillance dela Société
des Nations aux termes de l'article 6 ou à la protection prévue
par l'article7 même.La portée etl'ohjet manifestes des dispositions
de cet article indiquent en effet qu'on entendait par là que les

447 and toward the League of Nations and its Members." (South West
Africa, Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962,
p. 343.)

Such was the analysis made by the Court in its 1962Judgment, of the
relevant texts of the Mandate, regarding, in particular, the wording of

Article 7 and the meaning of the term: "the provisions ..."
Now the Court's majority makes a contrary interpretation, and for the
purpose of its argument, artificially divides the "provisions" in the
Mandate into two different categories, with different effects and impli-
cations, in support of its argument.
The Court now asserts that there are on the one hand, what it calls
"conduct of the Mandate" provisions; and on the other hand "special
interest" provisions. (This is also the Respondent's contention.)

1believethat such classificationand the meaning and function givento
it,does not follow from the letter or the spirit of the Mandate; and that
the Court's interpretation in 1962 is the correct one.
Those mentioned above were, among others, the main findings of
the Court in 1962. The considerations and reasons for its findings are
summarized in the following statements, contained in the Court's
Judgment (ibid., pp. 328-347), which in my opinion, should have been
confirmed by the Court today if it had decided, in relation to the merits,
to examine the Applicants' claim and to adjudicate on the Parties'
submissions; after having heard the Parties on al1the elements involved,
as indeed it did.
Such statements assert that:

(a) the Applicants do have locus standi;
(b) the Court has jurisdiction to hear and adjudicate the question of
law and fact, raised by the Applicants;
(c) the Mandate is a "treaty or convention in force" within the meaning
of Article 37 of theStatute. It is an international agreement, having
that character;
(d) a dispute exists between the Parties before the Court, constituted by
their opposing attitude relating to the performance of the obligations
of the Mandate (ibid., p. 328);
(e) the Mandate is an international instrument of an institutional
character (ibid., p. 332);
(f) the authority which the Respondent exercises over South West
Africa is based on the Mandate. If the Mandate lapsed, so did the

Respondent's authority. To retain rights and deny obligations, is
not justified (International Status of South West Africa, Advisory
Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950; South West Africa, Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962,p. 333);
(g) the obligation to submit to international supervision, is of the very
essence of the Mandate and cannot be excluded;
448 Membres de la Société desNations eussent un droit ou un intérêt
juridique à ce que le Mandataire observât ses obligations à la fois
à l'égard deshabitants du territoire sous Mandat et à l'égardde la

Société des Nations et de ses Membres. 1(Sud-Ouestafricain, excep-
tions préliminaires, arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 343.)
Telle a été l'analyse des textes pertinentdu Mandat faite par la Cour
dans son arrêt de 1962, notamment en ce qui concerne le libellé de

l'article 7 et le sens du terme ((dispositions».
Or, la majoritéde la Cour donne aujourd'hui une interprétation oppo-
séeet, aux fins de son raisonnement, divise artificiellementles cdisposi-
tions » du Mandat en deux catégoriesayant des incidences et des effets
différents.
La Cour dit maintenant qu'il y a, d'une part, ce qu'elle appelle les
dispositions relativesà la gestion» et, d'autre part, les (dispositions
relatives aux intérêtpsarticuliers)(ce qui est égalementla thèsesoutenue
par le défendeur).

J'estime que cette classification, ainsi que le sens et la fonction qu'on
lui attribue, ne ressort ni de la lettre ni de l'esprit du Mandat et que
l'interprétation présentéepar la Cour en 1962 étaitexacte.
Les conclusions qui précèdent figuraientparmi les principales conclu-
sions formuléespar la Cour en 1962. Les considérationset les motifs
qui les expliquaient ont été résumé dsans les indications suivantes de
l'arrêt dela Cour (ibid., p. 328-347)qui, à mon avis, auraient dû être
aujourd'hui confirmées,si la Cour avait décidé d'examinerau fond
la requête desdemandeurs et de se prononcer sur les conclusions des
Parties, après avoir entendu, comme elle l'a fait d'ailleurs, l'argumen-

tation des Parties sur tous les éléments pertinents.
Voici ces indications :
a) les demandeurs ont qualitépour agir;
b) la Cour est compétentepour se prononcer sur les questions de droit

et de fait soulevéespar les demandeurs;
c) le Mandat est ((untraité ou une convention en vigueur »au sens de
l'article 37 du Statut. C'est un accord international, qui présente
ce caractère;
d) il existe entre les Parties devant la Cour un différend résultant de
leurs attitudes opposées à propos de l'accomplissement des obli-
gations du Mandat (ibid., p. 328);
e) le Mandat est un acte international de caractère institutionnel
(ibid., p. 332);

f) l'autorité quele défendeurexerce sur le Sud-Ouest africain est fon-
déesur le Mandat. Sile Mandat est devenu caduc, il en est de même
de l'autoritédu défendeur. Rien ne permet de conserverdes droits
tout en répudiant des obligations (Statut international du Sud-Ouest
africain, avis consultatif,C.I.J. Recueil 1950; Sud-Ouest africain,
exceptionspréliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 333) ;
g) l'obligation de se .soumettre à une surveillance internationale est
de l'essence même du systèmedes Mandats et ne saurait êtreexclue;

448 (h) the Union of South Africa is under an obligation to accept the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, according to Article 37 of the
Statute and Article 80 (1) of the Charter (International Status of
South WestAfrica, Advisory Opinion,I.C.J. Reports 1950) ;
(i) the finding that Article 7 is "still in force", was unanimous in 1950
and continues to reflect the Court's Opinion in 1962 (South West
Africa, Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962,
p. 334);
(j) the obligation to submit to compulsory jurisdiction was effectively
transferred to the International Court before the dissolution of the
League ;

(k) the Mandate as a whole, including of course Article 7, is still in
force (ibid.,p. 335);
(1) judicial protection of the "sacred trust" was an essential feature
of the mandates system,the duty and right of insuring the perfor-
mance of this trust was given to the League, its organs and al1its
Members ;
(m) in the event of a veto by the Mandatory under the unanimity rule
(Articles4 and 5, Covenant), the only course left to defend the inter-
ests of the inhabitants would be to obtain adjudication by the Court
(ibid.,p. 337);
(n) as neither the Council nor the League was entitled to appear before
the Court, the only effectiverecourse for protection of the sacred
trust would be for a Member or Members of the League to invoke
7 and bring the dispute to the Permanent Court for adjudi-
Article
cation. Article 7 played an essential part as one of the securities in
the mandates system (ibid., p. 337);
(O) the right to implead the Mandatory before the Permanent Court,
was specially and expressly conferred on the Members of the
League because it was the most reliable procedure of ensuring
protection ;
(p) the clear and precise language of Article 7 refers to any dispute
relating to "the provisions", meaning al1 or any provisions (ibid.,
p. 343);
(q) the scope and purport of Article 7 indicate that the Members of the
League were understood to have a legal right or interest in the
observance of the Mandatory's obligations towards the inhabitants
of the territory (ibid., p. 343);

(r) article 7 is clearly in the nature of implementing one of the "se-
curities for the performance of this trust", mentioned iri Article
22 (1);
(s) the present dispute is a dispute as envisaged in Article 7;
(t) repeated negotiations over a period of more than ten years, in the
General Assembly and other organs of the United Nations had
reached a deadlock before 4 November 1960 and the impasse
continues to exist. No reasonable probability exists that further
negotiations would lead to a settlement;
(u) diplomacy by conference or parliamentary diplomacy, has come

449 h) l'Union sud-africaine est tenue d'accepter la juridiction obligatoire
de la Cour conformément à l'article 37 du Statut età I'article 80,
paragraphe 1, de la Charte (Statut international du Sud-Ouest afri-
cain, avis consultatif,.I.J. Recueil 1950) ;

i) la Cour s'en est tenue en 1962à la conclusion qu'elle a unanimement
adoptéeen 1950et d'après laquelle l'article7 est ((encoreen vigueur ))
(Sud-Ouest africain, exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1962, p. 334);
j) l'obligation de se soumettre à la juridiction obligatoire a étéeffecti-
vement transférée à la Cour internationale avant la dissolution de
la Société desNations;
k) le Mandat dans son ensemble, y compris naturellement l'article 7,
demeure en vigueur (ibid., p. 335);

1) la protection judiciaire de la ((mission sacréede civilisation))était
l'un des aspects essentiels du système des Mandats; le devoir et le
droit de veillerà l'accomplissement de cette mission ont étéconfiés
à la Société desNations, à ses organes et à tous ses Membres;
m) au cas où le Mandataire aurait opposé son veto en vertu de la règle
de l'unanimité (articles4 et 5 du Pacte), le seul moyen de défendre
les intérêtsdes habitants du territoire aurait été d'obtenirune déci-
sion de la Cour (p. 337);
n) comme ni le Conseil ni la Société n'étaiena tdmis à ester devant la
Cour, le seul recours efficace pour la protection de la mission sacrée

était qu'un ou plusieu~s Membres de la Société desNations invo-
quassent I'article 7 et soumissent le différendau jugement de la Cour
permanente. L'article 7 jouait un rôle essentiel comme l'une des
garanties du système des Mandats (ibid., p. 337);
O) le droit de citer la Puissance mandataire devant la Cour permanente
était spécialement et expressément conféréaux Membres de la
Société desNations parce qu'il étaitle moyen le plus sûr de rendre
la protection effective;
p) les termes clairs et précis de l'article 7 se réfèrent tout différend

relatif«aux dispositions», c'est-à-dirà l'ensemble ou à l'une quel-
conque de ces dispositions (ibid., p. 343);
q) la portée et l'objet de l'article 7 indiquent qu'on entendait par là
que les Membres de la Société desNations avaient un droit ou
intérêtjuridique à ce que le Mandataire observât ses obligations
à l'égard deshabitants du territoire (ibid., p. 343);
r) la nature de l'article 7 est évidemmentde pourvoir à la mise en Œuvre
d'une «des garanties pour l'accomplissement de cette mission »
mentionnées à l'article 22, paragraphe 1, du Pacte;
s) le présent différend est un différend commeil est prévu à l'article 7;

t) les négociations répétéeq sui se sont poursuivies pendant plus de
dix ans devant l'Assembléegénérale et d'autres organesdes Nations
Unies ont abouti à une impasse avant le 4 novembre 1960 et cette
impasse demeure. Il n'est pas raisonnablement permis d'espérer
que de nouvelles négociations aboutiraient à un règlement;
u) la diplomatie pratiquée aux fins des conférences,ou diplomatie par-

449 to be recognized as one of the established modes of international

negotiation, and in caseswhere the disputed questions are ofcommon
interest to a group of States on one side or the other in an organized
body, it has often been found to be the most practical form of
negotiation. If the question at issue is one of mutual interest to
many States, there is no reason why each of them should go through
the formality and pretence of direct negotiation with the common
adversary State, after they have participated in the collective ne-
gotiation with the same State in opposition;
(v) the Court concludes that Article 7 is a treaty or convention still in
force and that the dispute cannot be settled by negotiation. Con-
sequently, the Court is competent to hear the dispute on the merits
(ibid., p. 347).

In the present proceedings, the Court has jurisdiction to adjudicate
upon the merits of the dispute (South West Africa, Preliminary Objections,

Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 347).
The merits of the dispute have been presented and developed before
the Court through the written and oral arguments of the Parties to the
present case.
Much time, effort and expense have been used in these pleadings, and
the Court is acquainted with al1the necessary elements to form a con-
sidered opinion and to pass on the merits of the Applicants' claim.
This, in my opinion, the Court should have done, and the majority
should not havelimited and restricted the whole field of these contentious
proceedings on the merits to the narrow point of the question regarding
legal interest or substantive right.
It cannot be ignored that the status of the mandated territory of
South West Africa is the most explosive international issue of the post-
war world; and the question whether the officia1policy of "apartheid"
as practised in the Territory, is or is not compatible with the principles
and legal provisions stated in the Covenant, in the Mandate and in the
Charter of the United Nations, begs an answer by the Court which, at

the present stage, is dealing with the merits of the case.
During these proceedings of exceptionally long duration, the Court
has been hearing and examining the arguments of the opposing Parties
in support of their respectivesubmissions,requesting theCourt to adjudge
and declare upon them. Nevertheless, the majority of the Court has
deemed fit and proper not to do this, thus rendering it unnecessary for
it to pass on the main issues on the ground that "the Applicants cannot
be considered to have established any legal right or interest appertaining
to them in the subject-matter of the present claims".
1 disagree-as 1 said before-with this finding of the Court which,
in my opinion, isunjustified.This point was not inissue in the proceedings
at the present stage; the question of the legal right or interest of the
Applicants was already decided by this Court-expressly or by impli-
cation-in its 1962Judgment. lementaire, s'est fait reconnaître comme l'un des moyens établis
de conduire des négociations internationales et lorsque des ques-
tions en litige intéressent la fois un groupe d'Etats, de part et d'au-

tre, au sein d'un corps organisé,cette diplomatie s'est souvent avérée
la voie de négociationla plus pratique. Lorsqu'il s'agit d'une question
affectant lesintérêtsmutuelsde nombreuxEtats, iln'ya aucune raison
pour que chacun d'eux se conforme au formalisme et aux faux-sem-
blants d'une négociationdirecte avec 1'Etatauquel ils s'opposent, s'ils
ont déjàparticipéauxnégociationscollectivesaveccet Etat adverse;
v) la Cour a conclu que l'article 7 est un traité ou une convention
encore en vigueur et que le différend n'est pas susceptible d'être
réglépar des négociations. En conséquence, la Cour s'est déclarée
compétente pour connaître du différendau fond (ibid., p. 347).

Dans la présente affaire, la Cour est compétente pour statuer sur le
fond du différend (Sud-Ouest africain, exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 347).
Le fond a étéexposé et commenté devant la Cour dans les pièces
écrites et les plaidoiries des Parties la présente instance.

Cette procédure a coûté beaucoup de temps, d'efforts et d'argent
et la Cour est en possession de tous leséléments,dontelle a besoin pour
se faire une opinion motivéeet se prononcer sur le fond de la demande.
C'est ce que la Cour aurait dû faire àmon avis et la majorité n'aurait

pas dû limiter et restreindre le champ mêmede la procédure contentieuse
au fond à la question étroite du droit ou intérêt juridique.

Il est impossible d'ignorer que le problème du statut du territoire
sous Mandat du Sud-Ouest africain est le problème international le
plus explosif du monde d'après-guerre; la question de savoir si la po-
litique officielled'apartheid pratiquée dans le territoire est ou non com-
patible avec les principes et les dispositionsjuridiques énoncésdans le
Pacte, dans le Mandat et dans la Charte des Nations Unies exige une
réponse de la Cour, qui, au stade actuel, traite du fond de l'affaire.
Au cours de cette procédure d'une durée exceptionnelle, la Cour

a entendu et étudié les arguments présentéspar les Parties adverses
à l'appui de leurs conclusions, sur IesquelIes la Cour était priéede sta-
tuer. La majorité de la Cour n'en a pas moins jugébon de ne pas le faire,
rendant ainsi inutile un prononcé sur les questions principales puisque
les demandeurs cne sauraient êtreconsidérés commeayant établi l'exis-
tence à leur profit d'un droit ou intérêt juridique au regard de l'objet
des présentes demandes 1).
Comme je l'ai déjà dit, je désapprouve cette conclusion de la Cour,
selon moi injustifiée. La question ne se posait pas au présent stade de
l'instance; la question du droit ou intérêt juridiquedes demandeurs
a déjà été tranchéepar la Cour - expressément ou implicitement -

dans son arrêtde 1962. 1 believe tbat the Applicants' legal interest in the performance by the
Mandatory of its obligations under the Mandate derives not only from
the spirit, but from the very terms of the Covenant and the Mandate,
and is clearly expressed in Article 7 (2).
The Court now decided to examine first the questions which it con-
sidered of antecedent and fundamental character, "in the sense that a
decision respecting any of them might render unnecessary an enquiry
into other aspects of the case".
1 cannot agree with the Court in the assertion that: "it became the
Court's duty" to follow that course; because such course unavoidably
prevented adjudicationin respect to the main issues of the officia1policy
of apartheid andthe compliance with the obligations stated in the Cove-
nant and in Article 2 (2) of the Mandate. In my opinion, the duty of the
Court was to adjudicate on such main issues.

The Covenant is in the nature of a constitutional legal instrument,
which is the source of rights and obligations relating to the system of
mandates, and to the securities and safeguards for the performance
of the sacred trust.
The principle proclaimed in Article 22 and its provisions, are binding
on the Members of the League, which werewillingto accept the tutelage
and exercise it as mandatories on behalf of the League, in the interest
of the indigenous population.
The Council of the League defined the degree of authority, control,
or administration to be exercised by the Mandatory for South West
Africa, in the terms that the Principal Allied and Associated Powers
did propose that the Mandate should be formulated.
The purpose of the Mandate for South West Africa-in the terms
defined by the Council-is to give practical effectto the principle of the
sacred trust of civilization. The Mandate is the "method" chosen by the

Allied and Associated Powers to accomplish that end.
The legal obligations stated in the Covenant were translated and
spelled out in the specific case of each mandate, "according to the stage
of development of the people, the geographical situation of the territory,
its economic conditions and other similar circumstances".
Al1 mandates-regardless of their differences in character-had a
common denominator; al1wereestablished forthe same reason, and with
the object and purpose of givingpractical effect,to the principle that the
well-being and development of the peoples inhabiting the territories
concerned, form a sacred trust of civilization.
The sacred trust is not only a moral idea, it has also a legal character
and significance; it is in fact a legal principle. This concept wasincor-
porated into the Covenant after long and difficult negotiations between
the parties over the settlement of the colonial issue. J'estime que l'intérêjturidique des demandeurs àce que le Mandataire
s'acquitte des obligations imposéespar le Mandat découlenon seulement
de l'esprit mais aussi des termes mêmesdu Pacte et du Mandat et qu'il
est expressément stipuléau deuxième alinéade l'article 7.
La Cour a décidéd'examinerd'abord les questions ayant à son avisun

caractèreprioritaire etfondamental ((telqu'une décision àl'égardde l'une
d'entreellespeutrendre inutiletout examen des autres aspects del'affaire ».

Je ne puis accepter l'assertion de la Cour selonlaquelle ((ilest du devoir
de la Cour ))d'adopter cette procédure, car une telle manière de faire a
inévitablement empêché la Cour de statuer sur les questionsprincipales
que sont la politique officielled'apartheid et l'exécution des obligations
énoncéesdans le Pacte et au deuxième alinéade l'article 2 du Mandat.
Il étaitselon moi du devoir de la Cour de se prononcer sur ces questions

principales.

Le Pacte a le caractère d'un instrument juridique constitutionnel d'où
découlent lesdroits et obligations ayant trait au système des Mandats
ainsi qu'aux garanties et sauvegardes pour l'accomplissement de la
mission sacrée de civilisation.
Le principe formulé à l'article 22 et les dispositions de ce texte sont
obligatoires pour les Membres de la SociétédesNations qui ont consenti

à exercer la tutelle, en qualité de Mandataires et au nom de la Société
dans l'intérêtde la population indigène.
Le Conseil de la Société desNations a définile degréd'autorité, de
contrôle ou d'administration que devait exercer le Mandataire pour le
Sud-Ouest africain dans les termes proposés par les Principales Puis-
sances alliéeset associées.
Le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain a pour objet de réaliserpra-
tiquement - selon les termes définispar le Conseil - le principe de
la mission sacrée de civilisation. Le Mandat est la ((méthode ))choisie

par les Puissances alliéeset associéespour atteindre cet objectif.
Les obligations juridiques énoncéesdans le Pacte ont ététraduites
et préciséesdans le cas particulier de chaque Mandat ((suivant le degré
de développement du peuple, la situation géographique du territoire,
ses conditions économiques ettoutes autres circonstances analogues ».
Tous les Mandats, si différentsde nature soient-ils, ont un dénomina-
teur commun; ils ont tous étéétablispour la mêmeraison, afin de réali-
ser pratiquement le principe selon lequel le bien-êtreet le développement
des peuples habitant les territoires en question constituent une mission

sacrée de civilisation.
La mission sacrée n'estpas seulement une notion morale, elle a égale-
ment un caractère et une signification juridiques; il s'agit en réalité
d'un principe de droit. Cette conception a été introduite dans le Pacte
après de longues et laborieuses négociations entre les parties au sujet
du règlement de la question coloniale.

45 1 It has been observed in that respect that:
"It was clearly understood by al1 concerned that what was in-
volved was the adoption, with respect to the treatment of indigenous
peoples in certain areas of Africa and Asia, of a principle entirely
differentfrom that in effectuntilthen. The newprinciple was that, as
a matter of international law, the well-being and social progress
of such peoples would be the responsibility of the 'organized inter-
national community', insuredby legal, rather than by solely moral,
considerations."

The Court givesthe followingaccount on thisquestion:
"Inasmuch as the grounds on which the Preliminary Objections
rely are generally connected with the interpretation of the Mandate
Agreement for South West Africa, it is also necessary at the outset
to give a brief account of the origin, nature and characteristics of

the Mandates System established by the Covenant of the League
of Nations.
Under Article 119 of the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919,
Germany renounced in favour of the Principal Allied and Associated
Powers al1her rights and titles over her overseas possessions. The
said Powers, shortly before the signature of the Treaty of Peace,
agreed to allocate them as Mandates to certain Allied States which
had already occupied them. The terms of al1the 'C'Mandates were
drafted by a Committee of the Supreme Council of the Peace
Conference and approved by the representatives of the Principal
Allied and Associated Powers in the autumn of 1919, with one
reservation which was subsequently withdrawn. Al1 these actions
were taken before the Covenant took effect and before the League
of Nations was established and started functioning in January 1920.
The terms ofeach Mandate weresubsequentlydefinedand confirmed
by the Council in conformity with Article 22 of the Covenant.
The essential principles of the Mandates System consist chiefly
in recognition of certain rights of the peoples of the underdeveloped

territories; the establishment of a régimeof tutelage for each ofch
peoples to be exercised by an advanced nation as a 'Mandatory'
'on behalf of the League of Nations'; and the recognition of 'a
sacred trust of civilization' laid upon the League as an organized
international community and upon its Member States. This system
is dedicated to the avowed object of promoting the well-being and
development of the peoples concerned and is fortified by setting
up safeguards for the protection of their rights.
These features are inherent in the Mandates System as conceived
by its authors and as entrusted to the respective organs of the
League and the Member States for application. The rights of the
Mandatory in relation to the mandated territory and the inhabitants

452On a fait observer à ce sujet:

«Il était évidentpour tous les intéressksqu'il s'agissait, en ce
qui concerne le traitement des populations indigènes de certaines
régionsd'Afrique et d'Asie, de l'adoption d'un principe totalement
différentde celui qui était appliquéjusque-là. D'après ce nouveau
principe, endroit international, c'étaitlamunautéinternationale
organisée » qui devait êtreresponsable du bien-êtreet du progrès
social de ces populations, garantis par des considérations d'ordre

juridique et non par des considérationsd'ordre purement moral.

LE SYSTÈME DES MANDATS

Voici quelle a été l'opinionémisepar la Cour sur cette question:
«En tant que les motifs sur lesquels se fondent les exceptions
préliminairesse rattachent en généralà l'interprétation de l'accord
de Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain, il faut également, dèsle
départ,exposer brièvement l'origine,la nature et les caractéristiques
du système des Mandats établi par le Pacte de la Société des
Nations.
Aux termes de l'article 119du traitéde Versailles du8juin 1919,

l'Allemagne a renoncé,en faveur des Principales Puissances alliées
et associées,tous sesdroits ettitres sur ses possessions d'outre-mer.
Lesdites Puissances, peu de temps avant la signature du traité de
paix, sont convenues de conférer desMandats sur ces territoires
à certains Etats alliésqui les occupaient déjà. Lestermes de tous
les Mandats C » ont été préparés par unCeommission du Conseil
suprêmede la Conférence dela paix et approuvés en l'automne
de 1919par les représentants des Principales Puissances alliéeset
associées avecune réservequi a étéretiréepar la suite. Tout cela

s'est produit avant que le Pacte n'entre en vigueur et avant que
la Société desNations ne s'établisseet commence à fonctionner
en janvier 1920. Les termes de chacun des Mandats ont étédéfinis
et confirmésultérieurementpar le Conseil selon l'articledu Pacte.
Les principes essentiels du système desMandats consistent avant
tout dans la reconnaissance de certains droits des peuples des
territoires sous-développés;dans l'établissement d'un régime de
tutelle exercésur chacun de ces peuples par une nation développée,
en qualitéde (Mandataire » et« au nom de la Société desNations 1);

et dans la reconnaissance d'une ((mission sacréede civilisation »
incombant à la Société entant que communauté internationale
organisée età ses Etats Membres. Ce systèmea pour objet reconnu
le bien-êtreet le développementde ces peuples et il s'assortit de
garanties visant la protection de leurs droits.
Ces caractères sont inhérentsau système des Mandats tel que
ses auteurs l'ont conçu et tel qu'il a étéconfié pour application
aux divers organes de la Sociétéet à sesEtats Membres. Lesdroits
du Mandataire concernant le territoire sous Mandat et ses habi- have their foundation in the obligations of the Mandatory and they
are, so to speak, mere tools givento enable it to fulfilits obligations.
The fact isthat each Mandate under the Mandate Systemconstitutes
a new international institution, the primary, overriding purpose of
which is to promote 'the well-being and development' of the people
of the territory under Mandate." (South West Africa, Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962,p. 328.)

The United Nations and the General Assembly were entrusted with
special tasks under the Charter of the United Nations and, among

other tasks, to "encourage and promote respect for human rights and
for fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to rac...etc."
-Article 76 (c), Article 1 (3). The General Assembly has competence
in respect of the interpretation of the Charter, and power to enact
recommendations-regarding racial discrimination-which have evolved
as principles or standards of generalinternational acceptance.
The principle of non-discrimination on account of race or colour
has a great impact in the maintenance of international peace, and the
Organization has the duty to ensure that al1 States-even those which
arenot Members-shall act, in accordance with the principles of Article 2
of the Charter, in the pursuit of the purposes stated in Article 1-
among them-to promote and encourage respect for human rights
and fundamental freedoms for all, without racial discrimination (Ar-
ticle1 (3)).

Nobody would dispute the powers of the General Assembly to discuss
these matters, like racial discrimination, in general, but especially when
it occurs in a mandated territory which has an international status, and
is an institution or régimeof its concern.

The International Court is guided by its Statute and its Rules, but
even the Court's functions and powers may be discussed by the General
Assembly, which may make recornrnendations (to the United Nations
Members) in respect to them, and propose or evolve additional sub-
sidiary means, which the Court should apply for the determination of
rules of law.
The numerous and almost unanimous recommendations regarding
"apartheid" and racial discrimination, are made to the Members of
the United Nations and not to the members of the Court, but the Court
cannot overlook or minimize their overriding importance and relevance
in these particular cases. Those recommendations might be considered,

453 SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (OP.DISS. PADILLA NERVO) 455
tants se fondent sur les obligations du Mandataire et ils ne sont,
pour ainsi dire, que de simples instruments lui permettant de remplir

ses obligations. Le fait est que, dansle systèmedesMandats, chaque
Mandat constitue une institution internationale nouvelle dont
l'objectif principal est de promouvoir ((lebien-êtreet le dévelop-
pement despeuples du territoire sous Mandat. )(Sud-Ouestafricain,
exceptions préliminaires,arrêtC.I.J.Recueil 1962, p. 328.)

La Charte a confié à l'organisation des Nations Unies età l'Assemblée
généralecertaines tâches spéciales,notamment celle d'((encourager le
respect des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales pour tous,
sans distinction de race...etc., (article 76 c) et article 1, paragraphe 3).
L'Assemblée générala e compétence eu égard à l'interprétation de la
Charte et elle a le pouvoir d'adopter des recommandations qui, en
matière de discrimination raciale, se sont transformées en principes ou
(standards » généralement acceptéssur le plan international.
Le principe de la non-discrimination à raison de la race ou de la
couleur a une grande importance pour le maintien de la paix inter-

nationale et l'Organisation a le devoir de veillerce que tous les Etats,
même ceuxqui n'en sont pas membres, agissent conformément aux
principes de l'article 2 de la Charte en vue d'atteindre les objectifs
énoncés à l'article 1 et notamment de développer et d'encourager le
respect des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales pour tous,
sans discrimination raciale (article 1, paragraphe 3).

Personne ne conteste que l'Assemblée généralaele pouvoir de discuter
de questions comme la discrimination raciale d'une façon généraleet
que tel est plus particulièrement le cas lorsque cette discrimination se
produit dans un territoire sous Mandat jouissant d'un statut international
et lorsqu'il s'agit d'une institution ou d'un régime relevantdla compé-
tence de l'Assemblée générale.
La Cour internationale est guidéepar son Statut et son Règlement,
mais même lesfonctions et pouvoirs qui lui sont attribués peuvent
êtrediscutéspar l'Assemblée générale, laquellp eeut adresser des recom-

mandations à ce sujet aux Membres des Nations Unies et proposer ou
trouver des moyens auxiliaires de détermination des règles de droit
applicables par la Cour.
Les recommandations nombreuses et quasi unanimes concernant
l'apartheid et la discrimination raciale s'adressaient aux Membres des
Nations Unies et non aux membres de la Cour, mais la Cour ne saurait
ignorer ou minimiser leur importance primordiale et leur très grande
pertinence en l'espèce.En fait, ces recommandations peuvent être con-

453 in fact, as a manifestation of some of the directives that the Court
should apply, in accordance with Article 38, in the performance of its
function.
An important question in the present cases is whether or not the
road we follow leads us to a conclusion which is just, fair and capable
of contributing to the maintenance of world peace. Such a conclusion
cannot run contrary to the essential principles of the mandates system
or those of the trusteeship system, and should be in harmony with
world opinion and the constitutional practice of States regarding racial
discrimination, human rights and fundamental freedoms. These declara-
tions are guides of conduct and rules, having their rightful source in
the Charter and in the binding decisions, on al1 Member States, ema-
nating from the General Assembly and other organs of the United
Nations.
There were times when certain words and their obvious or hidden
meanings were taboo for the common man and abhorrent to the legal
mind; but wisemen made from those revolutionaryconcepts, universally
accepted principles: "Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité"; "The Government

of the people, for the people, by the people".
Constitutional instruments, like the Constitution of the United States,
which were proclaimed "in the name of the people", were received at
the time with ironical surprise in certain parts of the civilized world.
One century and 70 years later, the Charter of San Francisco began:
"We the peoples of the United Nations determined ..."
Al1 these considerations do not run counter to the main task of the
Court to "declare" the law. They are in fact-1 believe-expressed or
implied in the juridical and learned reasoning and decisions given in
the Opinions of 1950and 1956, and in the Judgment pronounced by
this Court in 1962.

This idea of concern for the people, for the recognition of the role
of the common man, and especially for the peoples "not yet able to
stand for themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern
world", was the one that moved the authors of the Covenant and is at
the roots of the Mandate.
For the interpretation of the Mandate according to its spirit and its
letter, the dissolution or liquidation of the League is not of permanent
importance, since the Mandate did survive and is in existence. But for a
just interpretation of its terms and spirit, it is important to keep in mind
that such interpretation is being made today; that this Court is Sitting
in 1966and not in 1920,and that the international community of today,
the United Nations, has the right and the duty to see that the sacred

trust is perfomed. For that reason and to that effect, many resolu-
tions were adopted in the General Assembly, and are relevant and
ofthe greatest importance in the consideration ofthe South West Africa
cases.

Important also is the fact that the 1950 Opinionis the "law recognized
454 456
SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (OP. DISS. PADILLANERVO)
sidéréescomme l'expression de certaines directives que la Cour doit
appliquerdans I'accomplissementdesa mission auxtermes del'article 38.

Une importante question qui se pose en l'espèce estcelle de savoir
si la voie que nous suivons nous amène à une conclusion juste, équitable
et capable de contribuer au maintien de la paix mondiale. Cette conclu-
sion ne peut aller à l'encontre des principes essentiels du système des
Mandats ou du régimede tutelle et doit êtreen harmonie avecl'opinion
mondiale comme avec la pratique constitutionnelle des Etats en ce qui
concerne la discrimination raciale, les droits de l'homme et les libertés
fondamentales. Ces déclarations constituent des guides et des règles

qui découlentdûment de la Charte et des décisionsémanant de 1'Assem-
blée générale et des autres organes des Nations Unies et liant tous les
Etats Membres.
Il fut un temps où certaines formules, par leur sens évidentou caché,
répugnaient au commun des mortels et plus encore aux juristes; mais
les sages ont fait de ces notions révolutionnaires des principes universel-
lement acceptés: «Liberté, égalitéf,raternité»; « Le gouvernement du
peuple pour le peuple par le peuple ».

Des instruments constitutionnels, proclamés (cau nom du peuple »,
comme la constitution des Etats-Unis, ont été accueillis à l'époqueavec
surprise et ironie dans certaines régionsdu monde civilisé.Cent soixante-
dix ans plus tard, la Charte de San Francisco commençait en ces termes:
Nous, les peuples des Nations Unies, résolus ..»
Toutes ces considérations ne vont pas à l'encontre de la principale
tâche de la Cour, qui consiste à ((dir))le droit. En fait, elles sont, je le
crois, exprimées expressémentou implicitement dans les décisionsque

constituent les avis de 1950 et de 1956 et l'arrêt rendupar la Cour
en 1962 ainsi que dans les exposés,savants et juridiques, des motifs
qui les expliquent.
L'idéequ'il faut s'intéresseraux populations, reconnaître le rôle de
l'homme du commun et veiller tout particulièrement aux peuples ((non
encore capables de se diriger eux-mêmesdans les conditions particu-
lièrementdifficilesdu monde moderne 1)est celle qui a inspiréles auteurs
du Pacte et qui est à la base du Mandat.

S'agissant d'interpréterle Mandat dans son esprit et dans sa lettre,
on ne doit pas considérer que la dissolution ou la liquidation de la
Société desNations présenteune importance de caractère permanent,
puisque le Mandat a survécu et qu'il est toujours en vigueur. Pour
interpréter ses termes et son esprit, il importe de ne pas oublier que
cette interprétation a lieu aujourd'hui, que la Cour siègeen 1966et non
en 1920et que la communauté internationale d'aujourd'hui - l'Organi-
sation des Nations Unies - a le droit et le devoir de veilàel'accomplis-

sement de la mission sacréede civilisation. C'est pour cette raison et à
cet effet que l'Assembléegénéralea adopté de nombreuses résolutions
qui sont pertinentes et qui revêtentla plus grande importance pour
l'examen des affairesdu Sud-Ouest africain.
Un autre fait important, c'est que l'avis de 1950 est «la loi reconnueby the UnitedNations" l and the Respondent, as a member State, should
comply with it. The Court should not disregard such Opinion or the
pronouncements made in its 1962 Judgment. Nor should the Court
ignore that the Respondent is obliged to account and report to the
satisfaction of the supervisory organ, since "the securities for the
performance of the sacred trust of civilization, are the supervision and
control by the International Organization".
Itis therefore in the exercise of its rights and duties that the General

Assembly, through its resolutions, has judged the application in the
mandated territory of the officia1policy of racial discrimination, and
recognized the rules and standards which the Mandatory by this policy
of apartheid contravenes, in violation of its obligations under the
Mandate, obligations which are not dormant at al], but alive and in
action, asare equally wellaliveand not dormant the rights of the peoples
of the Territory who arethe beneficiaries ofsuch obligations.

No argument of strict, specificor classical law may justify a reversion
ofthe Judgrnent of 1962,or ignore the claimsand hopes ofpublic opinion
the world over, regarding respect for human rights and fundamental

freedoms for all, without racial discrimination.

A new order based on the proposition that "al1 men are by nature
equally free and independent", has conquered solemn recognition in the
basic law of many nations and is today-in one form or another-
customary declaration, norm and standard in the constitutional practice
of States. "Equality before the law", or in the words of the Charter:
"International cooperation in the promotion and respect of human
rights and fundamental freedoms for al1 without distinction as to
race ..."

This fundamental resolve will inspire the vision and the conduct of

peoples the world over until the goal of self-determination and in-
dependence is reached.

THE1950 ADVISORO YPINION AND THE 1962JUDGMENT

The concepts expressed on the occasion of the 1950 Opinion are
fundamental for the consideration of the case in the present procedure.
The 1962Judgment is based on this Opinion and the Court, in my view,
is bound to abide by the conclusions given in that Judgment in respect
to the legal interest of the Applicants and the admissibility of the
claim. Furthermore, the Court cannot ignore the conclusions arrived

After the 1950 Opinion had been accepted and approved by the General
Assembly it was thelaw recognized by the United Nations". (Judge Lauterpacht,
in Admissibility of Hearings of Petitioners by the Comrnittee on South West Africa,
I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 46.)
455par les Nations Unies '))et que le défendeur,en tant qu7Etat Membre,
doit s'yconformer. La Courne doitpas négliger cet avis, ni lesprononcés

que contient l'arrêt de 1962. Elle ne doit pas oublier non plus que le
défendeur est tenu de rendre compte et de faire rapport à l'organe de
surveillance, à sa satisfaction, puisque les garanties pour l'accomplisse-
ment de la mission sacréede civilisation sont la surveillance et le con-
trôle par l'organisation internationale.
C'est donc dans l'exercicede ses droits et de ses devoirs que, par ses
résolutions,l'Assemblée générala e porté un jugement sur l'application
de la politique officiellede discrimination raciale dans le territoire sous

Mandat et qu'elle a reconnu l'existence des règles et des ((standards »
auxquels le défendeur contrevient par sa politique d'apartheid violant
les obligations du Mandat, obligations qui, loin d'êtreinopérantes, sont
actives et en vigueur, tout comme demeurent en vigueur aussi, loin
d'êtreinopérants, les droits des populations du territoire bénéficiaires
desdites obligations.
Aucun argument de droit strict, spécifiqueou classique ne permet
d'infirmer l'arrêt de1962 ou d'ignorer les aspirations et les espoirs
de l'opinion du monde entier en ce qui concerne le respect des droits

de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales pour tous, sans discrimination
raciale.
Un nouvel ordre fondé sur la proposition que ((tous les hommes sont
par nature également libres et indépendants)) a étésolennellement
reconnu dans la loi fondamentale de nombreuses nations et il est con-
sacré aujourd'hui couramment, sous une forme ou sous une autre, par
une déclaration, une norme et un standard », dans la pratique consti-
tutionnelle des Etats. On parle de l'((égalité devant la loi » ou, pour

employer les termes de la Charte, de ((coopérationinternationale ))en
vue de développer et d'encourager le ((respect des droits de l'homme
et des libertés fondamentales pour tous, sans distinction de race. ..»
Cette conception fondamentale inspirera la façon de voir et le com-
portement des peuples du monde entier jusqu'à ce que l'objectif d'auto-
détermination et d'indépendance soitatteint.

L'AVIS CONSULTATIF DE 1950 ET L'ARRÊT DE 1962

Les notions énoncéesdans l'avis de 1950 ont une importance fon-
damentale pour l'examen de l'affaire qui fait l'objet de la présente

instance. L'arrêtde 1962 est fondé sur cet avis et la Cour est obligée,
selon moi, de s'en tenir aux conclusions formulées dans ledit arrêt
pour ce qui est de l'intérêjturidique des demandeurs et de la recevabilité
de la demande. En outre, la Cour ne peut ignorer les conclusions aux-

' Une fois accepté et approuvé par l'Assembléegénérale,l'avis de 1950 est
devenu ala loi reconnue par les Nations Unia(sir Hersch Lauterpacht, Admissi-
bilité de l'audition de pétitionnaires par le Comité du Sud-Ouest africain,.
Recueit 1956, p. 46).
455at in its Advisory Opinions of 1950and 1956,taking into account that:

"In exercising its discretion [to give an Advisory Opinion] the
International Court of Justice, like the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice, has always been guided by the principle which the
Permanent Court stated in the case concerning the Status of Eastern
Carelia" (Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Article 17,
paragraph2, of the Charter), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1962,

P. 159,
to the effectthat:
"The Court, being a Court of Justice cannot, even in giving
advisory opinions, depart from the essential rules guiding their
activity as a Court." (Statusof Eastern Carelia, Advisory Opinion,

1923, P.C.I.J., Series B, No. 5, p. 29.)
In order to omit quotations from the Court's Opinions, while dealing
with particular issues, 1will emphasize at the outset some of the points,
reasoning and conclusions of the Court in its 1950 Advisory Opinion
and in its 1962Judgment, in which 1find support for my own views.

An international régime, the mandates systern, was created by
Article 22 with a view to givingpractical effectto the two principles of
(a) non-annexation, and (b) that the well-beingand development of the
peoples inhabiting the mandated territories, not yet able to stand by
themselves, form "a sacred trust of civilization".

The creation of this new international institution did not involve any
cession of territory or transfer of sovereignty, and the Union was to

exercise an international function of administration on behalf of the
League of Nations.
The Mandate was created in the interests of the inhabitants and of
humanity in general, as an international institution with an international
object-a sacred trust of civilization.
The international rules regulating the Mandate constituted an inter-
national status for the territory.
The functions were of international character and their exercise,
therefore, was subjected to the supervision of the Council of the

Hammarskj~ild, La juridiction internationale (Leyde, 1938), p. 289. He also
that the view that advisory opinions are not binding more theoretical than real.
(Series E, No. 4, p. 76.)
"In this connexion, it may be recalled that in using judicial decisions ase
of law' by virtue of Article 38 (1) (d) of the Statute, no distinction at al1is made
between judicial decisions given in the form of a judgment, and judicial decisions
given in the form of an advisory opinion. Recourseis equally had to both types
of judicial decision." (Rosenne,he International Court of Justice, 1957, p. 493,
note 2.)quelles elle a abouti dans ses avis consultatifs de 1950et de 1956,étant
donné que:
((Dans l'exercice de son pouvoir discrétionnaire [de donner un
avis consultatif], la Cour internationale de Justice, de mêmeque

la Cour permanente de Justice internationale, a toujours suivi le
principe énoncépar la Cour permanente en l'affaire du Statut de
la Carélieorientale ))(CertainesdépensesdesNations Unies(article17,
paragraphe 2, de la Charte), avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1962,
p. 155),

selon lequel :
((La Cour, étant une Cour de Justice, ne peut pas se départir
des règles essentielles qui dirigent son activité de tribunal, même

lorsqu'elle donne des avisconsultatifs )(Statut de la Carélieorientale,
avis consultatif, 1923, C.P.J.I. sérieB no 5, p. 29) l.
Pour éviter d'avoir à citer des passages des avis de la Cour à propos
de questions particulières, je soulignerai dès maintenant certains des

points, des motifs et desconclusions énoncéspar la Cour, qui me parais-
sent confirmer mes propres vues.

L'article 22 du Mandat a crééun régimeinternational, le système

des Mandats, en vue de donner pratiquement effet aux deux principes
suivants: a) celui de la non-annexion; b) celui d'après lequel le bien-
êtreet le développement des peupleshabitant les territoires sous Mandat
et non encore capables de se diriger eux-mêmesforment ((une mission
sacréede civilisation ».
La création de cette nouvelle institution internationale n'impliquait

ni cession de territoire, ni transfert de souveraineté et l'Union devait
exercer une fonction d'administration internationale au nom de la
Société des Nations.
Le Mandat a étéétablidans l'intérêt deh sabitants du territoire et de
l'humanité engénéral,comme une institution internationale à laquelle
était assignéun but international: une mission sacréede civilisation.

Les règles internationales régissant le Mandat constituaient pour le
territoire un statut international.
Les fonctions en cause avaient un caractère international, de sorte
que l'exercicede ces fonctions était soumis à la surveillance du Conseil

l Hammarskjold, La juridiction internationale, Leyde, 1938, p. 289. L'auteur
cite également le rapport soumis par MM. Loder, Moore et Anzilotti en 1927 où
il est dit que l'opinion selon laquelle les avis consultatifs ne sont pas obligatoires
est plus théorique que réelleérieE no4, p. 76):
«A ce sujet, il convient de noter que, en utilisant les décisionsjudiciaires comme
((sources de droitIaux termes de l'article 38, paragraphe 1 d), du Statut, on ne
fait aucune distinction entre les décisions judiciaires rendues sous forme d'arrêt
ou d'avis consultatif. On peut égalementrecourir aux deux catégories de décisions.
(Rosenne, The International Court of Justice, 1957, p. 493, note 2.)League of Nations and to the obligation to submit annual reports.

Obligations: (a) administration as a "sacred trust"; (b) machinery
for implementation, supervision and control as "securities for the
performance of this trust". These obligations represent the very essence
of the "sacred trust". Their fulfilment could not be brought to an end,
nor the rights of the population with the liquidation of the League, as
they did not depend on the existence of the League.

The provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 80 of the Charter presuppose
that the rights of States and peoples shall not lapse automatically on the
dissolution of the League.
The resolution of the League's Assembly of 18 April 1946 had to
recognize that the functions of the League terminated with its existence,
at the same time the Assembly recognized that Chapters XI, XII and
XII1 of the Charter embodied the principles declared in Article 22 of
the Covenant of the League of Nations.

In paragraph 4 of that resolution, the Mandatory Powers recognized
that some time would lapse from the termination of the League to the
implementation of the trusteeship system, and assumed the obligation
to continue nevertheless, in the meantirne, to administer the territories
under mandate, for the well-being ofthe peoples concerned, until other
arrangements have been agreed between them and the United Nations.

The Assembly understood that the mandates were to continue in
existence until "other arrangements" were established, concerning the
future status of the territory.
Maintaining the "status quo" meant: to administer the territory
as a sacred trust and to give account and report on the acts of ad-
ministration.
There are decisive reasons for an affirmative answer to the question
whether the supervisory functions of the League are to be exercised by
the new international organization created by this Charter.

The authors of the Covenant considered that the effectiveperformance

of the sacred trust of civilization required that the administration
of the mandated territories should be subjected to international super-
vision.
The necessityfor supervision continues to exist. It cannot be admitted
that the obligation to submit to supervision has disappeared, merely
because the supervisory organ under the mandates system has ceased to
exist, when the United Nations has another international organ per-
forming similar supervisory functions.
Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Charter, purports to safeguard the
rights of the peoples of mandated territories until trusteeship agreements
are concluded, but no such rights of the peoples could be effectively
457 de la Sociétédes Nations et à l'obligation de présenter des rapports
annuels.
Les obligations étaient les suivantes:a) administration au titre d'une
((mission sacréede civilisation 1);b) mécanismede mise en Œuvre, de

surveillance et de contrôle au titre des ((garantiespour l'accomplisse-
ment de cette mission ))Ces obligations représentaient l'essence même
de la ((mission sacrée decivilisation ))La liquidation de la Société des
Nations ne pouvait mettre un terme auxdites obligations ni aux droits
de la population, puisque leur exécutionne dépendaitpas de l'existence
de la Société des Nations.
Les dispositions du paragraphe 2 de l'article 80 de la Charte pré-
supposent que les droits des Etats et des peuples ne sont pas devenus
caducs par le simple effet de la dissolution de la Sociétédes Nations.

Dans sa résolution du 18 avril 1946, l'Assembléede la Sociétédes
Nations a dû reconnaître que la dissolution de la Sociétémettait fin
aux fonctions de cet organisme, mais elle a noté que des principes
correspondant à ceux que déclarait l'article22 du Mandat étaient in-
corporés dans les chapitres XI, XII et XII1 de la Charte des Nations
Unies.
Au paragraphe 4 de cette résolution, les Puissances mandataires
reconnaissaient qu'un certain temps s'écoulerait entre la dissolution
de la Sociétéet l'application du régimede tutelle et elles assumaient
l'obligation de continuer néanmoins à administrer dans l'intervalle les

territoires sous Mandat en vue du bien-êtreet du développement des
peuples intéressés, jusqu'àce que de nouveaux arrangements soient
pris entre elles et les Nations Unies.
L'Assemblée estimait que les Mandats demeureraient en vigueur
jusqu'à ce que de ((nouveaux arrangements 1)soient pris au sujet du
statÜt du territoire.
Maintenir le statu quo signifiait administrer le territoire dans le cadre
de la mission sacréede civilisation et présenter des rapports sur les
actes d'administration.
Ily a des raisons décisivesde répondrepar l'affirmative à la question

desavoir silesfonctions de surveillancede la Société des Nations doivent
êtreexercéespar la nouvelle organisation internatioi~ale crééepar la
Charte.
, Les auteurs du Pacte estimaient que, pour assurer effectivement
l'accomplissement de la mission sacréede civilisation, il importait de
soumettre à une surveillance internationale l'administration des terri-
toires sous Mandat.
La nécessitéd'une telle surveillance subsiste. On ne saurait admettre
que l'obligation de se soumettre à une surveillance ait disparu pour la

simple raison que l'organe de surveillance prévudans le système des
Mandats a cessé d'exister,alors que les Nations Unies offrent un autre
organe international chargé defonctions de surveillance analogues.
L'article 80, paragraphe 1, de la Charte a pour objet de garantir
les droits des peuples des territoires sous Mandat jusqu'à la conclusion
d'accords de tutelle, mais les droits de ces peuples ne sauraient être
457 safeguarded without international supervision and a duty to render
reports to a supervisory organ.
The resolution of 18 April 1946 of the Assembly of the League pre-

supposes that the supervisory functions exercised by the League would
be taken over by the United Nations, and the General Assembly has the
competence derived from the provisions of Article 10 of the Charter,
and is legally qualified to exercise such supervisory functions.
On 31 January 1923the Council of the League adopted certain rules
by which the mandatory governments were to transmit petitions. This
right which the inhabitants of South West Africa has thus acquired is
maintained by Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Charter.

The dispatch and examination of petitions form a part of the super-
vision, and petitions are to be transrnitted by the Union Government
to the General Assembly, which is legally qualified to deal with them.
The Court was of the opinion that Article 7 of the Mandate is still
in force and that having regard to Article 37 of the Statute of the inter-
national Court and Article 80 (1) of the Charter,the Union Government
isunder an obligation to accept the compulsoryjurisdiction of the Court.

The Union has no competence to modify unilaterally the international
status of the territory, asis shown by Article 7 of the Mandate. The
competence to determine and modify the international status of South
West Africa rests with the Government of South Africa acting with the
consent of the United Nations.

1 will now express my views on the points involved in what 1 believe

to be the main issues:
(a) that the Court has jurisdiction to adjudicate on the merits in the
present case ;
(b) that the claims are admissible;
(c) that the Mandate did not lapse, is in existence and still in operation;

(d) that the decision of the 1962Judgment, based on the 1950and 1956

Advisory Opinions, is resjudicata between the Parties, especially in
respect ofjurisdiction and the survival of the Mandate, and that the
issue of the locus standi of the Applicants is also resjudicata;

(e) that the Mandate is a "Treaty or Convention in force" within the
meaning of Article 37 of the Statute;
(f) that the Court-regardless of the question whether it is legally
bound by its previous judgments-has no grounds nor weighty
reasons to reconsider nor reverse the 1962 decision or to ignore the
moral, political and juridical authority of the 1950 and 1956 Ad-
visory Opinions ;
(g) that the Mandatory has the obligation to make annual reports

458 effectivement garantis sans une surveillance internationale et sans
l'obligation d'adresser des rapports à un organe de surveillance.
La résolution de l'Assembléede la Sociétédes Nations du 18 avril
1946présupposela prise en charge par les Nations Unies des fonctions
de surveillance exercéespar la Sociétédes Nations; l'Assembléegénérale
a la compétenceque les dispositions de l'article 10de la Charte lui con-
fèrent et elle est fondéeen droità exercer de telles fonctions.
Le 31janvier 1923,le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations avait adopté
certaines règles, d'après lesquelles les Gouvernements mandataires
devaient transmettre des pétitions. Le droit ainsi acquis par les habitants

du Sud-Ouest africain est maintenu par l'article 80, paragraphe 1, de
la Charte.
L'envoi et l'examen des pétitions font partie de la surveillance et
les pétitions doivent êtretransmises par le Gouvernement de l'Union
à l'Assemblée généralq eui est fondée en droit à les examiner.
La Cour a exprimé l'avisque l'article 7 du Mandat est encore en
vigueur et que, vu l'article 37 du Statut de la Cour internationale et
l'article 80, paragraphe 1, de la Charte, le Gouvernement de l'Union est
tenu d'accepter la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour.
L'Union n'est pas compétentepour modifier unilatéralement le statut
international du territoire, comme il ressort de l'article 7 du Mandat. La
compétencepour détermineret modifier cestatut internationalappartient

au Gouvernement sud-africain agissant avec le consentement des Na-
tions Unies.

Je vais maintenant donner mon opinion sur les points qu'impliquent
àmon avis les questions principales:

a) la Cour est compétentepour se prononcer sur le fond de la présente
affaire;
b) les demandes sont recevables;
c) le Mandat n'est pas devenu caduc, il existe encore et il est toujours en
vigueur ;
d) la décision prise dans l'arrêt de1962, qui est fondée sur les avis

consultatifs de 1950 et de 1956, a force de chose jugée entre les
Parties, spécialementen ce qui concerne la compétencede la Cour et
le maintien en vigueur du Mandat; la question de la qualité des
demandeurs pour agir est également passéeen force de chosejugée;
e) le Mandat est «un traité ou une convention en vigueur »au sens de
l'article 37 du Statut;
f) la Cour, qu'elle soit ou non liéeen droit par ses arrêtsantérieurs,n'a
aucune raison ni aucun motif sérieuxpour reconsidérer ou infirmer
sa décisionde 1962ou pour ne pas tenir compte de l'autorité morale,
politique etjuridique des avis consultatifs de 1950et de 1956;

g) le Mandataire est tenu de présenter desrapports annuels (article 6),

458 (Article 6), and transmit petitions, and submit to internationa
supervision ;
(h) that the General Assembly, after the dissolution of the League, is
the supervisory organ with the functions formerly performed by the
Council of the League, and this by virtue of the powers given to the

General Assembly by Article 10 of the Charter, and in compliance
with Article 80 and the spirit of Article 76, and the resolution of
18 April 1946of the Assembly of the League;

(i) that Articles 6 and 7 of the Mandate are in full force and should be
complied with, as being susceptible of performance toward the
United Nations, which now represents the "organized International
Community" created and intended to substitute the League of
Nations ;
(j) that the trusteeship system is the modern version of the mandates
system, established with the purpose of maintaining the principles
of it, and to transform every mandate into a trust territory or an
independent State.

The Respondent's contention that according to the wording in Ar-
ticle7,paragraph 2,oftheMandate, the Applicants havenot "locusstandi",
because since the dissolution of the League there could no longer be
"another Member of the League of Nations" today, was a contention
rejected by the Court in its 1962Judgment. The Court said then in this
respect :

"This contention is claimed to be based upon the natural and
ordinary meaning of the words employed in the provision. But
this rule of interpretation is not an absolute one. Where such a
method of interpretation results in a meaning incompatible with the
spirit,purpose and context of the clause or instrument in which
the words are contained, no reliance can be validly placed on it.
In the first place,judicial protection of the sacred trust in each
Mandate was an essential feature of the Mandates System. The
essence of this system as conceived by its authors and embodied in

Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, consisted,
as stated earlier, of two features: a Mandate conferred upon a
Power as 'a sacred trust of civilization' and the 'securities for the
performance of this trust'. Whilethe faithful discharge of the trust
was assigned to the Mandatory Power alone, the duty and the
right of ensuring the performance of this trust were given to the
League with its Council, the Assembly, the Permanent Mandates
Commission and al1its Members.within the limits of their respective
authority, power and functions, as constituting administrative
supervision, and the Permanent Court was to adjudicate and deter-
mine any dispute within the meaning of Article 7 of the Mandate.
459 de transmettre des pétitions et de se soumettre à une surveillance
internationale;
h) l'Assemblée générald ees Nations Unies, depuis la dissolution de la
Société des Nations, est l'organe de surveillance chargé des fonctions
exercéesantérieurement par le Conseil de la Sociétée ,t cela en vertu

des pouvoirs conférés à l'Assemblée généralp ear l'article 10de la
Charte et conformément à l'article 80,à l'esprit de l'article 76 eà
la résolution de l'Assembléede la Société desNations en date du
18avril 1964;
i) les articles 6 et 7 du Mandat sont pleinement en vigueur et il convient
de s'y conformer, car ils peuvent êtreappliqués pour ce qui est de
l'Organisation des Nations Unies, laquelle représente maintenant la
((communautéinternationale organisée »,crééeen vue de remplacer la
Sociétédes Nations;
j) le régimede tutelle est la version moderne du système desMandats;
il a été établein vue de maintenir les principes des Mandats et de

transformer chacun des territoires sous Mandat en un territoire
sous tutelle ou en un Etat indépendant.

L'argument du défendeur selon lequel, aux termes du deuxièmealinéa
de l'article 7 du Mandat, les demandeurs n'ont pas qualité pour agir,
parce que, depuis la dissolution de la Sociétédes Nations, il ne saurait
plus y avoir aujourd'hui d'cautre Membre de la Sociétédes Nations »
a étérejetépar la Cour dans son arrêtde 1962.La Cour a dit alors à ce
sujet:

((Cettethèse prétendse fonder sur le sens naturel et ordinaire des
termes employésdans la disposition. Mais il ne s'agit pas là d'une
règled'interprétation absolue. Lorsque cette méthode d'interpréta-
tion aboutit à un résultat incompatible avec l'esprit, l'objet et le
contexte de la clause ou del'acte où les termes figurent, on ne saurait
valablement lui accorder crédit.
En premier lieu, la protection judiciaire de la mission sacrée
contenue dans chaque Mandat constituait un aspect essentiel du
systèmedes Mandats. Tel que ses auteurs l'avaient conçu et inscrit
dans l'article22 du Pacte de la Sociétédes Nations, ce système,

comme il a déjà été dit, présentaitessentiellement deux traits princi-
paux: un Mandat conféré à une Puissance à titre de ((mission
sacréede civilisation))et (des garanties pour l'accomplissement de
cette mission».Sil'exécutionfidèledecette mission étaitassignée à la
seule Puissance mandataire, le devoir et le droit d'en assurer l'ac-
complissement étaient confiés à la Sociétédes Nations, avec son
Conseil, l'Assemblée,la Commission permanente des Mandats et
tous ses Membres dans les limites de leur autorité, de leur pouvoir et
deleursfonctions respectifs,cequiconstituait la surveillanceadminis-
trative, et la Cour permanente devait juger et trancher tout différend

459 The administrative supervision by the League constituted a normal
security to ensure full performance by the Mandatory of the 'sacred
trust' toward the inhabitants of the mandated territory, but the
specially assigned role of the Court was even more essential, since
it was to serve as the final bulwark of protection by recourse to the
Court against possible abuse or breaches of the Mandate."

"But neither the Council nor the League was entitled to appear
before the Court. The only effectiverecourse for protection of the
sacred trust would be for a Member or Members of the League
to invoke Article7 and bring the dispute as also one between them
and the Mandatory to the Permanent Court for adjudication."

It is said further in the same Judgment:
"... the Court sees no valid ground for departing from the con-
clusion reached in the Advisory Opinion of 1950to the effect that
the dissolution of the League of Nations has not rendered inoperable
Article7 of the Mandate. Those States who were Members of the
League at the time of its dissolution continue to have the right to
invoke the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, as they had the
right to do before the dissolution of the League. That right continues
to exist for as long as the Respondent holds on to the right to
administer the territory under the Mandate."

The Respondent, by virtue of its ratification of the United Nations
Charter since 7 November 1945, has been subjected to the obligations
and entitled to the rights thereunder, and is bound to accept the com-
pulsory jurisdiction of the International Court, to which it had originally
agreed to submit under Article 7 of the Mandate. Such obligation is
embodied in Article 37of the Statute, which forms an integral part of the
Charter.
This transferred obligation wasvoluntarily assumed by the Respondent
when joining the United Nations. There can be no question of lack of
consent as regard this transfer of Respondent's obligationto this Court,

under Article 7 of the Mandate, to submit to the compulsoryjurisdiction
of the Permanent Court.

The validity of Article 7, in the Court's view, was not affected by the
dissolution of the League, just as the Mandate as a whole is still in
force.
Paragraphs 2 and 3 of the last resolution of the League, adopted
unanimously on 18 April 1946, are in their letter and spirit principles
adopted by al1Members of the United Nations as binding commitments
under the Charter.

The principle that "no interest no action", does not necessarily mean
me mate riali"nterest, and the argument that the Applicants cannot invoke

460 au sens de l'article 7 du Mandat. La surveillance administrative
exercéepar la Société des Nations représentaitune garantie normale
visant à assurer la pleine exécutionpar le Mandataire de sa ((mission
sacrée )à l'endroit des habitants du territoire sous Mandat, mais le
rôle spécialement imparti à la Cour était encore plus essentiel
puisqu'elle devait servir d'ultime moyen de protection par voie de
recours judiciaire contre tous abus ou violations possibles du
Mandat. »
(Mais ni le Conseil ni la Société n'étaienatdmisà ester devant la
Cour. Le seul recours efficace pour la protection de la mission

sacréeétaitqu'un ou plusieurs Membres de la Sociétédes Nations
invoquassent l'article 7 et soumissent le différendau jugement de la
Cour permanente comme constituant égalementun litige entre eux
et le Mandataire.»
Il étaitdit plus loin dans le mêmearrêt:

<<la our ne voit aucun motif valable de s'écarterde la conclusion à
laquelle elle est parvenue dans son avisconsultatif de 1950et d'après
laquelle la dissolution de la Sociétédes Nations n'a pas rendu
l'article 7 du Mandat inapplicable. Les Etats qui étaient Membresde
la Sociétéà l'époquede sa dissolution continuent à avoir le droit
d'invoquer la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour, ainsi qu'ils avaient
ledroit delefaire avant la dissolution dela Sociét. edroit continue
à exister aussi longtemps que le défendeur maintient son droit
d'administrer le territoire sous Mandat.

Depuis le 7 novembre 1945, date à laquelle il a ratifiéla Charte des
Nations Unies, le défendeur est assujetti aux obligations et jouit des
droits énoncésdans la Charte et il est tenu d'accepter la juridiction
obligatoirede la Cour internationale, laquelle ilaconsentià sesoumettre
par l'articl7 du Mandat. Cette obligation est consignée à l'article 37 du
Statut, quifaitpartie intégrante de laCharte.

Le transfert d'obligation a étvolontairement acceptépar le défendeur
lorsqu'il est devenu Membre de l'Organisation des Nations Unies. On ne
saurait donc parler d'absence de consentement en ce qui concerne le
transfertà la Cour actuelle de l'obligation du défendeur dese soumettre
à la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour permanente en vertu de l'article 7
du Mandat.
Selon la Cour,la validitéde l'article 7 n'a pas étéaffectéepar la disso-
lution de la Société desNations, de mêmeque le Mandat dans son
ensemble est restéen vigueur.

Les paragraphes 2 et 3 de la dernière résolution de la Sociétédes
Nations, adoptée à l'unanimité le18avril 1946,consacrent, dans l'esprit
et dans la lettre, des principes adoptéspar tous les Membres de l'organi-
sation des Nations Unies en tant qu'engagements obligatoires aux termes
de la Charte.
Le principe ((pas d'intérêt, pad'action »,ne veut pas nécessairement
dire qu'il faille un intérêt ccconcret)),et l'argument selon lequel les the jurisdiction of the Court in a dispute with the Respondent, because
the said conflict or disagreement does not affect any material interest of
the Applicant States or their nationals, has no decisive weight.

When the Covenant and the Mandate were approved, the right of an
action before the Permanent Court was given to al1 Members of the
League, because they were understood to have an interest in the ob-
servance by the Mandatory of its obligations toward the inhabitants of
the territory and towards the Members of the League.
That interest was certainly far greater and superior to any material
interests of their own, and was the legal basis oftheir right of action.

The history of the Covenant and the mandates system, the purposes,
principles and conclusions embodied in them, give-in my view-solid
foundation for the opinions expressed in respect to the main issues.

The purposes and the acts which gavebirth to thefact of thepermanent
existence of the "sacred trust", and the machinery for the security of
its performance, are of overriding importance, continuous existence and
permanent value.
The States Members of the United Nations, the General Assembly,
the Parties and the Court in last instance, are bound by their rules and
principles, which peoples and governments alike are obliged to respect
and to follow.

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE INTERPRETATI OONTHE

COVENAN TND THE MANDATE

The interpretation of the Mandate and the obligations of thepon-
dent, is to be made, taking into account, besides the text and spirit of
the relevant instruments, the circumstances existing now in 1966, not
only those which prevailed in 1920.The aims, the convictions, the needs
of the peoples and States for the maintenance of peace. in the closely
interdependent world of Our days is, and should be a fundamental
consideration in the mind of this Court.

The world of 1920is gone; but the status and régimethat the framers

of the Covenant and the mandates system did establish, theinternational
institution they did create for the fulfilment of the "sacred trust of
civilization", will continue to be alive as long as there exist, anywhere,
non-self-governing peoples, in need of the protection recognized and
granted by those instruments, almost half a century ago.

The world of today is far removed and different from the one of the
First World War. New interests, new needs and new laws, customs,
norms, and standards of international behaviour are being created by
the relentless forces of public opinion, in search of recognition by the

461 demandeurs ne sauraient invoquer la compétence de la Cour dans un
différendavecle défendeurparce que leconflit ou ledésaccord en question
n'affecte aucun intérêt concretdes Etats demandeurs ou de leurs res-
sortissants n'a pasune importance décisive.
Lorsque le Pacte et le Mandat ont étéapprouvés, le droit de saisir la
Cour permanente a été conféré à tous les Membres de la Sociétédes
Nations, parce qu'on estimait qu'ils avaient un intérêt à ce que le Man-
dataire s'acquitte de ses obligations envers les habitants du territoire et
envers les Membres dela Société.
Cet intérêtétaitcertainement bien plus grand et bien plus élevéque

tout intérêt concretparticulier et constituait la base juridique de leur
droit d'action.
L'historique du Pacte et du système des Mandats, les objectifs, les
principes et les conclusions énoncésdans cesinstruments, donnent, à mon
avis, un fondement solide aux opinions que j'ai expriméesau sujet des
questions principales.
Les objectifs et les actes d'où découlentl'existence permanente de la
ccmission sacrée de civilisation 1)et le mécanisme établi pour garantir
l'accomplissement de cette mission ont une importance capitale, une
existence continue et une valeur permanente.

Les Etats Membres des Nations Unies, l'Assemblée générale,les
Parties et la Cour en dernière instance sont liéspar leurs règleset leurs
principes, que les peuples ainsi que les gouvernements sont tenus de
respecter et d'appliquer.

Pour interpréter le Mandat et les obligations du défendeur, il faut

tenir compte du texte et de l'esprit des instruments pertinents; il faut
tenir compte non seulement des circonstances qui existaient en 1920
mais aussi desconditions qui règnent actuellement, en 1966.Les objectifs,
les convictions, les besoins des peuples et des Etats pour ce qui est du
maintien de la paix dans le monde étroitement interdépendant d'au-
jourd'hui sont et doivent êtredes considérations fondamentales que la
Cour ne doit pas oublier.
Le monde de 1920n'est plus, mais le statut et le régimeque les auteurs
du Pacteetdu systèmedesMandats ont établis,l'institutioninternationale
qu'ils ont créée en vuede l'accomplissement de la mission sacrée de

civilisation, survivront aussi longtemps qu'il existera, dans une partie
quelconque du monde, des peuples ne jouissant pas de leur autonomie et
ayant besoin de la protection qui leur a étéreconnue et accordéepar ces
instruments, il y a prèsd'un demi-siècle.
Le monde d'aujourd'hui est bien éloignéet bien différentde celui de la
première guerre mondiale. Sous la pression incessante de l'opinion
publique, naissent constamment des intérêts nouveaux, des besoins
nouveaux, des lois et des coutumes nouvelles, des normes et des (stan-

46f legislative and judicial bodies al1 over the world; and are today pro-
claimed or enacted by peaceful and normal procedures, or put into
force by the sheer strength of peoples and States.

The statesmen, the jurists, legislators, and the courts of justice, they
al1have to recognizethe realities of today, for the sake of freedom, justice
and peace.
The Court is well aware of such realities and shall consider, in its
interpretation of the relevant international instruments and obligations,
the prevailing ideas and circumstances of today regarding human rights
and fundamental freedoms; as well as regarding the actual meaning
and universal recognition embodied now in the concepts "material and
moral well-being and social progress", which is a dynamic concept.

The Court, in my opinion, is not limited by the strict enumeration of
Article 38, whose prescriptions it is free to interpret in accordance with
the constant evolution of the concepts of justice, principles of law and
teachings of publicists.

Racial discrimination as a matter of officia1government policy is a
violation of a norm or rule or standard of the international community.

A norm of non-discrimination of universal application has been
drafted independently of the Mandate and which governs Article 2.
This is a problem, therefore, of the proper recognition and evaluation
of human rights and the impact of its observance on the peace of the
world.
This Court's highest and most authoritative opinion on the principle
of non-discrimination on account of colour, will have a far-reaching
impact on the battle of the races or on their pacificCO-existence.

It is not theuridical and learned legal opinion that matters only, but
the influencethe Court willhave on the behaviour of peoples and govern-
ments, al1over the world. The consequences, in the short and long run,
place on the Court a tremendous burden, which cannot be lightened by

the most profound and logical legal examination of any one single
aspect of the case, excluding thereby to adjudicate on the fundamental
issues raised in the submissions of the Parties.

The "tutelage" established by the Covenant was meant to endure as
long as the peoples concerned are-so to speak-under age. The sacred
trust of civilization is a legal principle and a mission, whose fulfilment

462 dards »decomportementinternational nouveaux, qui cherchent à se faire
reconnaître par les organes législatifs et judiciaires du monde entier;
ils sont aujourd'hui proclamésou appliquéspar la voie d'une procédure
normale et pacifique ou bien mis en Œuvrede force par les peuples et les
Etats.
Les hommes d'Etat, lesjuristes, les législateurset les tribunaux doivent
tous reconnaître les réalitésd'aujourd'hui dans l'intérêdtela liberté,de la
justice et de la paix.

La Cour est consciente de ces réalitéset, pour interpréter les obliga-
tions et les instruments internationaux pertinents, elle doit tenir compte
des idéeset des circonstances d'aujourd'hui en ce qui concerne les droits
de l'homme et les libertésfondamentales; elle doit envisager aussi, dans
leur contexte actuel, la signification et la reconnaissance universelle de la
notion de((bien-êtrematérielet moralet [de]progrès social »,car il s'agit
d'une notion dynamique.
A mon avis, la Cour n'est pas limitéepar la stricte énumérationde
l'article38 du Statut, dont elle est libre d'interpréter les prescriptions
compte tenu de l'évolution constante des notions de justice, des prin-

cipes'de droit et des doctrines des juristes.

La discrimination raciale, en tant que politique officielledes pouvoirs
publics, constitue une violation de la norme, de la règleou du (standard »
de la communautéinternationale.
Une norme de non-discrimination universellement applicable a été
établie indépendammentdu Mandat et régit l'article2.
La question qui sepose est donc celledela reconnaissance etdel'évalua-
tion des droits de l'homme et des conséquences que leur respect peut
avoir pour la paix mondiale.

Ce que la Cour peut dire de plus important et de plus autorisé sur le
principe de la non-discrimination à raison de la couleur aura des inci-
dences d'une grande portée en ce qui concerne la lutte des races ouleur
coexistence pacifique.
Ce n'est pas seulement l'opinion juridique mûrement réfléchiede la
Cour qui importe, c'est aussi l'influence qu'elleaura sur le comportement
des peuples et des gouvernements dans le mondeentier. Cesconséquences
imposent à la Cour, à long et à court terme, une tâche très lourde qu'elle
ne sauraitéluderenprocédant à un examenjuridique, minutieux et logique
d'un seul aspect de l'affaire et en s'abstenant ainsi de statuer sur les

questions fondamentales soulevéesdans les conclusions des Pa~ties.

La ((tutell)établiepar le Pacte étaitcenséedurer aussi longtemps que

les peuples en question seraient, pourrait-on dire, mineurs. La mission
sacréede civilisation est un principe juridique et constitue une mission
462was entrusted to more civilized nations until a gradua1 process of self-
determination makes the peoples of the mandated territories able to
"stand by themselves in the strenuous conditions of the modern world".

The Mandatories have the duty, not only to "promote to the utmost
the well-being and development" of such peoples entrusted to their care,
but to do it by means and methods most likely to achieve that end, and
which do not-by their very nature-run contrary to the intended goal.
The Charter prescribes the roads which will lead to it; those of non-
discrimination and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms,
among other ways and means which will help the peoples to overcome

the hardships and strains of Our time.

The dissolution of the League took place after the States Members of
the United Nations had signed the San Francisco Charter and were
bound by it as parties in a treaty that prevails over1others which may
be incompatible with the Charter prescriptions (Article 103).

One of the main principles which informs and gives new spirit to an
international instrument like the Covenant, was the principle of non-
annexation, a noble idea to deter the military powers from taking
advantage of the war situation, or claiming, by right of conquest,
sovereignty and ownership over peoples and territories, formerly pawns
in the colonial system or the reward of victory or of superior strength.

The new concept of the "sacred trust of civilization" created a new
sense of international responsibility, which requires consultation with
the peoples of the mandated territories and with the appropriate inter-

national organs, and to take into account their will and consent as a
sine qua non condition for effecting changes in the status of such terri-
tories.
These new ideas were intended to help in the organization of a new
world order, in which backward people, on al1continents, would have
a chance to be free from the former traditional chains of slavery, forced
labour, and preys of greedy masters.
Those noble ideas, principles and concepts, embodied in the Covenant,
were not born to have a precarious or temporary existence, tied up
to the mortal fate of a particular forum or to an international organi-
zation immune to changes.
They were intended to survive and prevail to guide the political
conduct of governments and the moral behaviour of men. They were
meant to persist and endure no matter what new social structures or
juridical forms will evolve and change through the passing of time in
this ever-changing world.
The dissolution of the League was not the funeral of the principles

and obligations consigned in the Covenant and the Mandate; they are
alive and will continue to be alive.
The Mandate has not lapsed, but has been, is and will be in existence,
463 SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (OP.DISS. PADILLA NERVO) 465
dont l'accomplissement a étéconfié à des nations plus civilisées,jusqu'au
moment où,par un processus progressif d'autodétermination, les peuples
des territoires sous Mandat seraient capables «de se diriger eux-mêmes

dans les conditions particulièrement difficiles du monde moderne ».
Non seulement les Mandataires ont le devoir d'accroître, «par tous les
moyens en [leur]pouvoir, le bien-êtreet le progrès» des peuples confiésà
leurs soins,mais encore ils doivent le faire par les moyens et les méthodes
qui permettent le mieux d'atteindre ce but et qui, par leur nature même,
nevont pas à l'encontre del'objectif recherché.LaCharte indique lesvoies
par lesquelles on peut atteindre cet objectif: la non-discrimination et le
respect des droitsde l'homme et deslibertésfondamentales sont parmi les
moyens qui aideront les peuples à surmonter les difficultéset les épreuves
de notre temps.
La Société desNations a été dissoutealors que les Etats Membres des

Nations Unies avaient déjà signéla Charte de San Francisco et qu'ils
étaient partiesà un traité,la Charte, qui les liait et qui prévalaitsur tous
lesinstrumentspouvant êtreincompatiblesavec sesprescriptions (Charte,
article103).
L'un des grands principes qui a inspiréun instrument international
comme le Pacte et lui a donnéun esprit nouveau est le principe de non-
annexion, noble idée destinée à empêcher lesPuissances militaires de
profiter de la situation crééepar la guerre, de revendiquer par droit de
conquêtela souveraineté ou la propriétéde peuples et de territoires
autrefois soumis au régimecolonial ou de tirer parti de leur victoire ou de
la supérioritédeleurs forces.
Le nouveau concept de cmission sacréede civilisation »a donné à la

responsabilitéinternationale un sens nouveau, qui exigequel'on consulte
les peuples des territoires sous Mandat et les organes internationaux
appropriéset que l'on considèreleur volontéet leur consentement comme
une condition sine qua non de toute modification au statut de ces ter-
ritoires.
Ces idées nouvelles devaientjouer un rôle dans l'organisation d'un
ordre mondial nouveau qui permettrait aux peuples arriérés detous les
continents de s'affranchir des chaînestraditionnelles de l'esclavageet du
travail forcéet de ne plus servir de proieàdes maîtres avides.
Les idées, principes et notions d'une grande noblesse que le Pacte
consacrait ne devaient pas vivre d'une existence précaireou temporaire,

ni dépendredu sort aléatoired'un organismeparticulier ou d'une organi-
sation internationale immuable.
Ils devaient survivre et continuer à guider l'action politique des
gouvernements et le comportement moral des hommes. Ils devaient
subsister et durer même siles structures sociales et les formes juridiques
évoluaient et se modifiaient avec le temps dans un monde en voie de
perpétuelletransformation.
La dissolution de la Sociétédes Nations n'a pas sonné le glas des
principes et des obligations énoncésdansle Pacte et le Mandat; ils sont
bien vivants etleresteront.
Le Mandat n'est pas devenu caduc; il a existé. ilexiste et il existeraas long as South West Africa is not placed under the trusteeship system
by agreement between the Republic of South Africa and the United
Nations; or until the time comes when the peoples of the Territory are
able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the world
of today, or eventually become an independent State.
These are, 1believe,the only peaceable avenues which might lead to a
modification of the actual status of South West Africa.

The League of Nations was dissolved because the United Nations
had been established with a Charter which was an improvement on the
Covenant, whose essential principles and ideals were kept and embodied
in such Charter.
No time-limit was or could be established for the "sacred trust of

civilization".
The counterpart of annexation was to place the territories under a
régimeadministered internationally.
The character of the Mandate and the power of administration given
to the Mandatory in Article 2 (1) of the Mandate, has its foundation
in the reasoning and considerations stated in paragraphs 3 and 6 of
Article 22 of the Covenant Paragraph 6 contains the followingconcepts :
"There are territories, such as South West Africa ... which,
owing to the sparseness of their population . ..or their remoteness
from the centres of civilization, or their geographical contiguity
to the territory of the Mandatory ... can be best administered
under the laws of the Mandatory ... subject to the safeguards above
mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population."
Of no place in the world nowadays can one properly talk about
"their remoteness from the centres of civilization". Now al1 countries
and peoples everywhereare near and neighbours to each other. Isolation
does not really exist unless imposed by force.
The sparseness of population is becoming everywhere a thing of the
past; the birth rate and the number of people cannot be measured by
the figures of 50 years ago. The earth has become more than ever a
melting-pot, crowded to overflowing and is subject to the everlasting
pressure and impact of dynamic cross-currents of interchanging of
peoples, cultures, ideas and reciprocal influencesof al1conceivablekinds.

Much can be said also of the number, location and identity of the
"centres of civilization" which the framers of Article 22 of the Covenant
had in mind.
Sothe discretion in the power of administration and legislationclaimed
by the Mandatory was founded on reasons and circumstances which
half a centurylater have becomeand appear obsolete.Theywereintended
only to facilitate administration. (Article 2 (1) of the Mandate and
Article 22 (6) ofthe Covenant.) The exercise of such power was subject
to the obligations stated in the Covenant and in the Mandate. (Article 2
(2)among others.)
464jusqu'à ce que le Sud-Ouest africain soit placésous le régimede tutelle
par un accord entre la République sud-africaine et l'Organisation des
Nations Unies, ou jusqu'à ce que les peuples du territoire soient capables
de se diriger eux-mêmesdans les conditions difficilesdu monde d'au-

jourd'hui ou que le territoire devienne un Etat indépendant.
Tellessont, à mon avis, les seulesvoies pacifiquesqui peuvent conduire
à une modification du statut actuel du Sud-Ouest africain.

La Sociétédes Nations a été dissoute parceque l'organisation des

Nations Unies avait étécréée aux termes d'une Charte qui marquait un
progrès sur le Pacte, tout en maintenant et en consacrant ses principes
et ses idéauxessentiels.
Aucun délain'étaitou ne pouvait êtrefixépour l'accomplissement de
la ((missionsacréede civilisation ».
Au lieu d'êtreannexés, lesterritoires ont étéplacéssous un régime
d'administration internationale.
La nature du Mandat et les pouvoirs d'administration conférésau
Mandataire par le premier alinéade l'article 2 du Mandat trouvaient
leurfondemelit dans les motifs et les considérations indiquées auxpara-
graphes 3 et 6 de l'article 22du Pacte. Le paragrqphe 6 énonçait:

((Enfinil y a des territoires, tels que le Sud-Ouest africain...qui
par suite de la faible densitéde la population ..de leur éloignement
des centres de civilisation, de leur contiguïté géographiqueau ter-
ritoire du Mandataire ...ne sauraient êtremieux administrés que
sous leslois du Mandataire ..sous réservedesgaranties prévuesplus
haut dans l'intérêt dlea population indigène. ))
On ne saurait dire aujourd'hui d'aucun endroit du monde qu'il soit
éloigné «des centres de civilisation ». Tous les pays et tous les peuples,
où qu'ils setrouvent, sont proches et voisins les uns des autres. En fait,
l'isolement n'existe que s'il est imposépar la force.
La faible deilsitéde la population est devenue partout un vestige du

passé; letaux de natalitéet le nombre d'habitants ne correspondent plus à
ce qu'ilsétaient ily a cinquante ans. La terre est plus quejamais devenue
un creuset rempli à ras bord et soumis aux pressions et aux chocs con-
tinuels descourants et contre-courants dynamiques créép sar les échanges
de peuples, de cultures, d'idéeset d'influencesde toutes sortes.
11y aurait beaucoup à dire aussi sur le nombre, l'emplacement et
l'identitédes ((centresde civilisation1)auxquels songeaient les auteurs de
l'article 22 du Pacte.
Ainsi les pouvoirs discrétionnaires d'administration et de législation
invoquéspar le Mandataire résultaient de raisons et de conditions qui,
un demi-siècleplus tard, sont devenues et paraissent dépassées. Ces
pouvoirs n'étaient destinésqu'à faciliter l'administration (Mandat,
article 2, premier alinéa, et Pacte, article 22, paragraphe 6). Leur
exercice étaitsoumis aux obligations stipuléesdans le Pacte et dans le

Mandat et notamment au deuxièmealinéade l'article 2du Mandat. Obviously the power of administration and legislation could not

be legitimately exercised by methods which run contrary to the aims,
principles and obligations stated in Article2 of the Covenant, especially
in paragraphs 1, 2 and 6. Nor could be exercised today in violation of
the United Nations Charter'sprovisions-among others-those regarding
respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, or the prohibition
to discriminate on account of race or colour.

The assertion that "apartheid" is the only alternative to chaos, and
that the peoples of South West Africa are incapable of constituting a
political unity and be governed as a single State does not justify the
officia1policy of discrimination based on race, colour or membership
in a tribalgroup.
Paragraph 3 of Article 22 of the Covenant did not presuppose a static
condition of the peoples of the territories. Their stage of development
had to be transitory, and therefore the character of the Mandate, even
of a given mandate, could not be conceived as a static and frozen one;

it had to differasthe development of the people changed or passed from
one stage to another. Are the people of South West Africa in the same
stage of development as 50 years ago?

Are the economic conditions of the territory the same? Article 2 (2)
of the Mandate states:
"The Mandatory shall promote to the utmost the material and
moral well-being and the social progress of the inhabitants of the

territory subject to the present Mandate."
Even if the geographical situation is to be considered under the angle
of its remoteness from centres of civilization, and remoteness being a
relative term, can it be said that South West Africa is now as remote
as 50 years ago from centres of civilization?

1 do not share the view that the Court, in the interpretation and
application of the provisions of the Mandate, is limited or restricted

in its jurisdiction to the narrow term of Article7, paragraph 2, and has
not jurisdiction to consider the existence and applicability of a "norm"
and/or "standard" of international conduct of non-discrimination. In my
viewthe jurisdiction of the Court is not so limited or restricted.

The Court cannot be indifferent to the fact that the Mandate operates
under the conditions and circumstances of 1966, when the moral and
legal conscience of the world, andthe acts, decisions and attitudes of the
organized international community, have created principles, and evolved
rules of law which in 1920were not so developed, or did not have such
strong claimsto recognition. The Court cannot ignore that "the principle
of non-discrimination has been recognized internationally in most
solemn form" (Jenks).
Since the far away years of the drafting of the Mandate, the inter-

465 Il est évident que les pouvoirs d'administration et de législation ne
pouvaient êtrelégitimement exercéspar des méthodes contraires aux
buts, aux principes et aux obligations énoncés à l'article 22 du Pacte,
et plus particulièrement aux paragraphes 1, 2 et 6. Ils ne peuvent pas
non plus êtreexercésaujourd'hui en violation des dispositions de la
Charte des Nations Unies et notamment de celles qui concernent le
respect des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales ou l'interdic-

tion d'établirune discrimination à raison de la race ou de la couleur.
Dire que l'apartheid est le seul moyen d'éviterle chaos et que les
peuples du Sud-Ouest africain ne peuvent constituer une unitépolitique
et êtregouvernéscomme un seul Etat nejustifie pas la politique officielle
de discrimination fondée sur la race, la couleur ou l'appartenance à un
groupe tribal.
Le paragraphe 3 de l'article 22 du Pacte ne présupposait pas I'immobi-
listne chez les peuples des territoires. Ils devaient passer par des étapes

transitoires de développement et il était en conséquence inconcevable
que les Mandats ou même unMandat déterminé eussentun caractère
statique et immuable; une transformation devait forcément se produire
à mesure que les peuples évoluaient ou passaient d'un stade de dévelop-
pement à un autre. Les peuples du Sud-Ouest africain en sont-ils au
mêmestade de développement qu'il y a cinquante ans?
La situation économique du territoire est-elle la même?Le deuxième
alinéa de l'article 2 du Mandat stipule:

((Le Mandataire accroîtra, par tous les moyens en son pouvoir,
le bien-êtrematériel et moral ainsi que le progrès social des habi-
tants du territoire soumis au présent Mandat. ))

Mêmeen considérant la situation géographique sous l'angle de l'é-
loignement par rapport aux centres de civilisation, l'éloignementétant
une notion toute relative, peut-on dire que le Sud-Ouest africain est
maintenant aussi éloigné descentres de civilisation qu'il y a cinquante
ans?

Je ne puis admettre que, s'agissant de l'interprétation et de l'appli-
cation des dispositions du Mandat, la compétence dela Cour soit limi-
téeou restreinte par les termes étroitsdu deuxième alinéa de l'article 7
et que la Cour ne soit pas compétente pour examiner la question de
l'existence et de l'applicabilité d'uneccnorme ))et/ou d'un (standard 1)
de comportement international de non-discrimination. A mon avis, la
compétence de la Cour n'est ni limitéeni restreinte de cette manière.
La Cour ne peut rester indifférenteau fait que le Mandat fonctionne

dans les conditions et les circonstances qui existent en66 à une époque
où la conscience morale et juridique du monde ainsi qur les actes, les
décisions et les attitudes de la communauté internationale organisée,
ont créé des principeset établides règlesde droit qui en 1920 n'exis-
taient pas de la mêmemanière ou ne s'imposaient pas avec autant de
force. La Cour ne peut ignorer que «le principe de non-discrimination
a étéreconnu internationalement de la façon la plus solennelle )(Jenks).
Depuis le temps lointain de l'élaboration des Mandats, la communau-

465 468 SOUTH WEST AFRICA (DISS. OP. PADILLA NERVO)

national community has enacted important instruments which the Court,
of course, must keep in mind, the Charter of the United Nations, the
Constitution of the International Labour Organisation, the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, the Declaration on Elimination of Al1
Forms of Racial Discrimination, and numerous resolutions of the
General Assembly and the Security Council, having al1a bearing on the
present case for the interpretation and application of the provisions of
the Mandate. Al1these instruments confirm the obligation to promote

respect forhuinan rights.
It has been said rather in soft terms, that "South African racial
segregation policies appear to be out of harmony with the obligation
under the Charter".
Al1 this must be taken into account by the Court in determining
whether it has been a breach of international law or of the obligation
of the Respondent under the Mandate, as interpreted by the Court.
There are cases where-in the absence of customary laws-it is
permissible to apply rules and standards arising from certain principles
of law above controversy. The principles enacted in the Charter of the
United Nations are-beyond dispute-of this nature.
.The resolutions of the General Assembly are the consequence of the
universal recognition of the principles consecrated in the Charter and of
the international need to give those principles their intended and legiti-
mate application in the practices of States.

The Court, as an organ of the United Nations, is bound to observe
the provisions of the Charter regarding its "Purposes and Principles",
which are of general application to the Organization as a whole and
hence to the Court, as one of the principal organs of the United Nations,
and whose Statute is an integral part of the Charter. As Rosenne re-
marks :
"In general it cannot be doubted that the mutual relations of the

principal organs ought to be based upon a general theory of co-
operation between them in the pursuit of the aims of the Organiza-
tion."
And Judge Azevedo: "The General Assembly has retained a right to
watch over al1matters concerning the United Nations." It has also been
recognized that:

"The Court must CO-operatein the attainment of the aims of the
Organization and strive to give effect to the decisions of other
principal organs, and not achieve resuIts which would render them
nugatory ."

The question whether or not the Respondent has complied with its
obligations under Article 2 (21,is a sociological fact which has to be
measured and interpreted by the current principles, rules and standards
generally accepted by the overwhelming majority of States Members of
the United Nations, as they were continuously expressed, through a great
number of years, in the relevant resolutions and declarations of the

466 téinternationale a adopté d'importants instruments dont la Cour doit
naturellement tenir compte, comme la Charte des Nations Unies, la
Constitution de l'Organisation internationale du Travail, la Déclara-
tion universelle des droits de l'homme, la déclaration sur l'élimination
de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale, ainsi que de nombreuses
résolutions de l'Assemblée générale et du Conseil de sécurité,tous ins-
truments qui ont une importance en l'espècepour l'interprétation et

l'application des dispositions du Mandat. Tous ces instruments confir-
ment l'obligation d'encourager le respect des droits de l'homme.
On a dit, en termes assez modérés, quela politique sud-africaine de
discrimination raciale ne paraissait pas compatible avec l'obligation
découlant de la Charte.
La Cour doit tenir compte de tout cela pour déterminer s'il y a eu
violation du droit international ou de l'obligation imposée au défen-

deur par le Mandat telle que la Cour l'interprète.
Il est des cas où, en l'absence de règlrscoutumières, il est permis d'ap-
pliquer des règleset des (standards 1découlant de certains principes juri-
diques non contestés.Les principes formulésdans la Charte des Nations
Unies ont indiscutablement ce caractère.
Les résolutions del'Assemblée généralre ésultent dela reconnaissance
universelle des principes consacréspar la Charte et de la nécessitéd'or-

dreinternational de veiller à ce que cesprincipes soient dûment appliqués,
comme ils sont censés l'êtredans la ~ratiaue des Etats.
En tant qu'organe des Nations ~iies, fa Cour est tenue d'observer
les dispositions de la Charte relatives aux (cbuts et principes ))lesquelles
s'appliquent de façon générale à l'Organisation dans son ensemble et
par suite à la Cour, du fait que celle-ci est l'un des organes principaux
des Nations Unies et que son Statut fait partie intégrante de la Charte.
Rosenne a fait observer:

((D'unefaçon générale,il est hors de doute que les relations mu-
tuelles entre les organes principaux doivent êtrefondéessur le prin-
cipe généralque ces organes doivent coopérer en vue de réaliser

les objectifs de l'Organisation. ))
De son côté, M. Azevedo a dit: cL'Assemblée générala e conservéun
droit de surveillance sur toutes les questions concernant lesNations Unies

Unies. ))On a également reconnu que:
«La Cour doit coopéreren vue de réaliser lesbuts de l'organisa-
tion et s'efforcerde donner effet aux décisions desautres principaux

organes et de ne pas aboutir à des résultatsqui les rendraient ineffi-
caces. ))
La question de savoir si le défendeur s'est acquitté des obligations

qui lui incombent aux termes du deuxième alinéade l'article 2 est un
fait sociologique qui doit êtreévaluéet interprété d'aprèsles principes,
les règles et les cstandards » acceptés à l'heure actuelle par l'écrasante
majorité des Etats Membres des Nations Unies, tels qu'ils n'ont cessé
d'êtreénoncésau cours de nombreuses années dans les résolutions et469 SOUTH WEST AFRICA (DISS. OP. PADILLA NERVO)

General Assembly and other organs of the international community, in
accordance with the binding treaty provisions of the Charter.

It might be said that the ultimate decision on this question is a political
one, to be evaluated by the General Assembly to whose satisfaction, as
today's supervisory organ, the Mandatory has to administer the territory
having an international status. The Court, liowever, in my view, should
declare whether or not an officia1policy of racial discrimination is in
conformity with the provisions of the United Nations Charter, and in
harmony with principles of equality and non-discrimination based
on race or colour, proclaimed and accepted by the international com-
munity.

prescnted by the Respondent for the
The arguments and evidence
purpose of attributing to the numerous resolutions on South West
Africa, adopted by the General Assembly during the past 20 years, a
political character and the claim that they have been politically inspired,
do in fact emphasize the duty of the Court to give weight and authority
to those resolutions of the General Assembly, as a source of rules and
standards of general acceptance by the States Members of the Inter-
national Organizatioii.
The Court should also recognize those decisions as embodying reason-
able and just ii-iterpretations of the Charter, from which has evolved
international legal norms and/or standards, prohibiting racial discrimi-
nation and disregard for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

Many of the aciivities of the General Assembly and the Security
Council-among them, those relating to the problem of South West
Africa-are in the nature of political events concerned with the mainten-
ance of international peace, which is also the concern of the Court, whose
task is the pacific settlement of international disputes.
From those activities and under the impact of political factors, new

legal norms or standards emerge.
Examiiiing the close interrelation between the political and legal
factors in the development of every branch of international law, Profes-
sor Rosenne makes some observations and comments which 1 consider
pertinent to quote:
"That interrelation explains the keenness with which elections of
Members of the Court are conducted .. . But that interrelation
goes further. It explains the conflict of ideologies prevalent today

regarding the Court." (Rosenne, The Law and Practice of tlzeInter-
nationnI Court, Vol. 1,p. 4.)
"The Charter of the United Nations and the urgency of current
international problems and aspirations have turned the course of
the Organized International Society into new directions ... The
intellectual atmosphere in which the application today of inter-
national law is called, has changed, and with it the character of the

467les déclarations pertinentes de l'Assemblée généraleet d'autres organes
de la communauté internationale, conformément aux dispositions con-
ventionnelles obligatoires de la Charte.
On pourrait soutenir que la décision finalesur cette question a un
caractère politique et doit êtreappréciéepar l'Assemblée générale à
la satisfaction de laquelle le Mandataire doit administrer le territoire
doté d'un statut international, puisque l'Assemblée est l'organe actuel-

lement chargé dela surveillance. La Cour n'en devrait pas moins dire, à
mon avis, si une politique de discrimination raciale est conforme aux
dispositions de la Charte des Nations Unies et est compatible avec les
principes d'égalité edte non-discrimination à raison de la race ou de la
couleur, qui sont proclamés et acceptéspar la communauté internatio-
nale.
L'argumentation et les témoignagesprésentéspar le défendeuren vue
d'attribuer un caractère politique aux nombreuses résolutions sur le
Sud-Ouest africain adoptées par l'Assemblée généraleau cours des
vingt dernières annéeset le grief selon lequel ces résolutions auraient
étéinspiréespar des motifs politiques, montrent bien en fait que la Cour
a le devoir de reconnaître l'importance et l'autorité deces résolutions
de l'Assemblée générale etn ant que règleset «standards » généralement

acceptés par les Etats Membres de l'organisation internationale.
La Cour doit égalementreconnaître que ces décisionscorrespondent
à des interprétations justes et raisonnables de la Charte, d'où découlent
les normes et/ou les « standards »juridiques internationaux interdisant
la discrimination raciale et exigeant le respect des droits de l'homme
et des libertés fondamentales.
De nombreuses activités de l'Assembléegénéraleet du Conseil de
sécurité,et notaminent celles qui concernent le problème du Sud-Ouest
africain, touchent par leur nature politique au maintien de la paix inter-
nationale, question qui est également du ressort de la Cour, laquelle
a pour tâche le règlement pacifique des différendsinternationaux.
Du fait de ces activitéset sous l'influence de facteurs politiques, des
normes et des ((standards 1)juridiques nouveaux apparaissent.

Examinant l'interdépendance étroite quiexiste entre les facteurs poli-
tiques et juridiques dans l'évolutionde chacune des branches du droit
international, Rosenne a formulé certaines observations que j'estime
pertinent de citer:
((Cette interdépendance explique le soin avec lequel on procède
àl'élection desMembres de la Cour ...Mais cette interdépendance

va plus loin. Elle explique les conflits d'idéologiequi existent aujour-
d'hui au sujet de la Cour. »(Rosenne, The Law and Practice of the
International Court, vol. 1, p. 4.)
«La Charte des Nations Unies et le caractère urgent des pro-
blèmes internationaux actuels et des aspirations qui se manifestent
sur le plan international ont orientél'action dela sociétéinternatio-
nale organisée versde nouvelles voies ...L'atmosphère intellectuelle

dans laquelle doit s'appliquer aujourd'hui le droit international Court, a5the Organ for applyinginternational law, is changingtoo."
(Ibid.,pp. 5-6.)

Rosenne remarks also that the full impact upon the Court of those
changes is found in the activities of the General Assembly and the
Security Council.
Whatever conclusions one might draw from these activities, it is
evident that their far-reaching significance is the fact that the struggle
towards ending colonialism and racism in Africa, and everywhere, is the
overwhelming will of the international commuiiity of our days.
The Court, in my view, should take into consideration that consensus
of opinion.

The General Assembly, as a principal organ of the United Nations,
empowered to "discuss any questions or any matters within the scope
of the present Charter" (Article IO),especially those questions "relating
to the maintenance of international peace" (Article 1 l),and to "recom-
mend measures for the adjustment of any situation resulting from a
violation of the provisions of the Charter, setting forth the purposes
and principles of the United Nations", has enacted, with respect to the
situation in South West Africa, numerous resolutions-in the legal
exercise of such functions and powers-resolutions which have the
character of rules of conduct, standards or norms of general acceptance,
condemning "racial discrimination" and violations of "human rights and
fundamental freedoms", as contrary to the Charter, the Covenant and
the Mandate.

There is no principle ofgeneral internationallaw which could be validly
iiîvoked to contradict, or destroy, the essential purpose and the funda-
mental sources of the legal obligations rooted in the very existenceof the
Covenant,the mandates system and the Charter of the United Nations.

The resolutions of the General Assembly adopted before 1960, when
the Application was made, are an almost unanimous expression of the
conviction of States against the officia1policy of apartheid as practised
in the mandated territory of South West Africa.

In conclusion I must repeat that-since I am in agreemen.t with the
findings of the Court in its 1950dvisory Opinion and with the judgment
rendered in 1962-1 believe that some of the points of law raised in
soine of the main submissions of the Parties in the present procedures,
have already been decided by the findings of the Courton such occasions
and that they should have been confirmed if the majority of the Court
today would have dealt with them.
There is no question in my mind that the Court's former interpretation
of the relevant instruments, its conclusions in law and its reasoning, are
beyond reproach from the point of view of a sound application of the
legal principlesinvolved therein. SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (OP. DISS: PADILLA NERVO) 470

s'est modifiée,de sorte que le caractère de la Cour, qui est l'organe
chargé d'appliquer le droit international, se modifie également. ))
(Zbid.,p. 5-6.)
Rosenne fait observer aussi que c'est en raison des activitésde l'As-
semblée généraleet du Conseil de sécuritéque ces transformations

touchent directement la Cour.
Quelles que soient les conclusions que l'on puisse tirer de ces activités,
il est évidentque leur importance considérablevient de ce que la commu-
nauté internationale d'aujourd'hui est résolue dans sa quasi-intégralité
à lutter pour mettre fin au colonialisme et au racisme.
La Cour devrait, à mon avis, tenir compte de cet accord général.

L'Assemblée générale, etn ant qu'organe principal des Nations Unies,
est habilitée à discuter ((toutes questions ou affaires rentrant dans le
cadre de la présenteCharte 11(article IO),et particulièrement toutes ques-
tions ((serattachant au maintien de la paix et de la sécuritéinternationa-
les 1(article 1l), eà ((recommander les mesures propres à assurer l'ajus-
tement pacifique de toute situation ...résultant d'une infraction aux
dispositions de la présente Charte où sont énoncésles buts et les prin-

cipes des Nations Unies 1);dans l'exercice régulierde ces fonctions et
pouvoirs, elle a adopté de nombreuses résolutions relatives à la situa-
tion au Sud-Ouest africain, résolutions qui ont le caractère de règlesde
comportement, de ccstandards ))ou de normes généralement acceptés
condamnant comme contraires à la Charte, au Pacte et au Mandat la
((discrimination raciale 1)et les violations des droits de l'homme et des
libertés fondamentales N.
On ne saurait légitimementinvoquer aucun principe de droit interna-

tional général à l'encontre de l'objectif essentiel et du fondement des
obligations juridiques qui découlent de l'existence mêmedu Pacte, du
système des Mandats et de la Charte des Nations Unies.
Les résolutions del'Assemblée généralaedoptées avant 1960,date du
dépôt des demandes, sont l'expression quasi unanime de l'opposition
convaincue des Etats à la politique officielled'apartheid pratiquée dans
le territoire sous Mandat du Sud-Ouest africain.

Pour conclure, je dirai encore une fois - puisque j'approuve les
conclusions formulées par la Cour dans son avis consultatif de 1950
et dans son arrêtde 1962 - qu'à mon sens quelqurs-uns des points de
droit soulevés dans certaines des principales conclusions des Parties
lors de la présente instanceont déjà été tranchéspar la Cour en ces deux
occasions rt que la solution donnée aurait dû êtreconfirmée sila majo-

rité de la Cour aujourd'hui les avait examinés.
Il ne fait selon moi aucun doute que l'interprétation antérieure des
instruments pertinents par la Cour, ses conclusions en droit et ses
motifs sont irréprochables du point de vue de la bonne application des
principes juridiques en cause.

468 471 SOUTH WEST AFRICA(DISS. OP. PADILLA NERVO)

It was held at that time that:
South West Africa is a territory under international mandate;
Respondent continues to have the international obligations stated in the
Covenant and in the Mandate;

the Mandate is a treaty or convention in force within the meaning of
Article 37 of the Statute;
Respondent is under an obligation to submit to the supervision of the
General Assembly with regard to the exercise of the Mandate;
Respondent remains subject to the obligations to render to the United
Nations annual reports and to transmit petitions from the inhabitants
of the territory;
the dispute is one which is envisaged in Article 7 and cannot be settled
by negotiation;
the Court has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the merits of the dispute;
Respondent acting alone has not the cornpetence to modify the inter-
national status of the territory of South West Africa; it needs the
consent of the United Nations;
the Members of the League were understood to have a legal right or

interest in the observance by the Mandatory of its obligations towards
the inhabitants of the territory.

The Court now considers that there are in the present case two fun-
damental questions which have an antecedent character :
(a) whether the Mandate still exists, and
(b) whether the Applicants have a legal right or interest in the subject-

matter of the claims.
1said at the outset of this dissenting opinion that 1cannot agree with
the decision of the Court. 1 disagree also with its reasoning and its
actual interpretation of the provisions of the Mandate.
It appears conclusive to me that in 1950and 1962the question of the
legal interest of any Member of the League of Nations in the conduct
of the Mandate was determined by the Court in holding that they had
the right to invoke the compromissory clause against the Mandatory.

Several Members of the Court in 1950 and in 1962,in their separate

opinions, then expressed their considered views on this question, as
follows :
Judge Sir Arnold McNair said:
"Although there is no longer any League to supervise the exercise
of the Mandate, it would be an error to think that there is no control
over the Mandatory. Every State which was a Member of the
League at the time of its dissolution still has a legalinterest in the
proper exercise of the Mandate. The Mandate provides two kinds
of machinery for its supervision-judicial, by means of the right
of any Member ofthe League under Article 7to bring the Mandatory

469 La Cour a dit alors:

le Sud-Ouest africain est un territoire placé sous Mandat international;
le défendeur continue à être soumis aux obligations internationales
énoncéesdans le Pacte et le Mandat;
le Mandat est un traité ou une convention en vigueur au sens de l'ar-
ticle37 du Statut;
le défendeur est tenu de se soumettre à la surveillance de l'Assemblée
générale ence qui concerne l'exercice du Mandat;
le défendeur demeure soumis à l'obligation de présenter des rapports
annuels auxNations Unies et de transmettre les pétitions des habitants
du territoire;
le différend estun différendcomme il est prévu à l'article 7 et il n'est
pas susceptible d'êtreréglépar des négociations;
la Cour est compétente pour se prononcer sur le fond du différend;

le défendeur agissant seul n'est pas compétent pour modifier le statut
international du Sud-Ouest africain; il doit obtenir l'autorisation des
Nations Unies;
il était admis que les Membres de la Société desNations avaient un
droit ou intérêjturidique au regard de l'exécutionpar le Mandataire
de ses obligations envers les habitants du territoire.

La Cour estime maintenant qu'il y a en l'espècedeux questions fon-
damentales présentant un caractère prioritaire:

a) le Mandat existe-t-il encore?
b) les demandeurs ont-ils un droit ou intérêt juridiqueau regard de
l'objet des demandes?
J'ai dit au début de la présente opinion dissidente que je ne pouvais
m'associer à la décisionde la Cour. Je ne souscris pas non plus aux
motifs qu'elle donne, nià son interprétation des dispositions du Mandat.
Il me paraît indiscutable qu'en 1950et en 1962la question de l'inté-
rêt juridique d'un Membre quelconque de la Société desNations au
regard de la gestion du Mandat a été tranchéepar la Cour, lorsqu'elle
a dit que les demandeurs avaient le droit d'invoquer la clause compromis-

soire contre le Mandataire.
En 1950 et en 1962, plusieurs membres de la Cour ont donné, dans
leur opinion individuelle, leur avis motivésur cette question; ils se sont
exprimés de la manière suivante.
Sir Arnold McNair a dit:
«Bien qu'il n'existe plus de Société desNations pour surveiller
l'exercice du Mandat, ce serait une erreur de croire que le manda-
taire n'est soumisà aucun contrôle. Tous les Etats qui faisaient par-
tie de la Société desNationsà l'époquede sa dissolution ont encore
un intérêtjuridique à ce que le Mandat soit exercécomme il con-
vient. Le Mandat prévoit, pour cette surveillance, deux sortes de

mécanismes - un mécanisme judiciairerésultant du droit que l'ar-
469 compulsorily before the Permanent Court, and administrative, by
means of annual reports and their examination by the Permanent
Mandates Commission of the League." (IrzternationalStatus of South
West Africa, Advisory Opinion,I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 158.)

Judge Read stated
"Each Member of the League had a legal interest, vis-à-visthe
Mandatory Power, in matters 'relating to the interpretation or the
application of the provisions of the Mandate'; and had a legal
right to assert its interest against the Union by invoking the com-
pulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court (Article 7 of the

Mandate Agreement). Further, each Member, at the time of disso-
lution, had substantive legal rights against the Union in respect of
the Mandate."
". .. 1 regard as significaiit the survival of the rights and legal
interests of the Members of the League; ... the same reasons
which justify the conclusion that the Mandate and the obligations
of the Union were not brought to an end by the dissolution of the
League, lead inevitably to the conclusion that the legal rights and
interests of the Members, under the Mandate, survived. If the
obligations of the Union, one of the 'Mandatories on behalf of
the League', continued, the legal rightsand interests of the Members
of the League must, by parity of reasoning, have been maintaiiled."

(Ibid., pp. 165, 166.)
Judge Bustamante said :

". .. Member States, as integral parts of the League itself, have
possessed a direct legal interest in the protection of underdeveloped
peoples. It is no doubt on the basis of these principles that the
Mandate Agreement, in its Article 7, conferred upon Member
States, in their individual capacity, the right to invoke the com-
promissory clause to require of the Mandatory a correct application
of the Mandate." (South West Africa, Preliminary Objccfions,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962,p. 380.)

"These States are not 'third parties' outside the Mandate but
jointly and severally responsible associates of the tutelary organiza-
tion entrusted with ensuring the proper application of the Mandate."
(Ibid., p. 355.)
"Should a dispute arise between the League and a Mandatory,
al1 the States Members would have the same legal interest as the
League in the dispute, and would be affected to the same extent by
violations of the agreements, one or more of those States having
the right to appear before the Court to defend the common cause."

(Ibid., p.61.) ticle 7 réserve à tout Membre de la Société desNations de citer

obligatoirement le mandataire devant la Cour permanente et
un mécanisme administratif, comprenant des rapports annuels et
l'examen de ces derniers par la Commission permanente des Man-
dats de la Société desNations. ))(Statut international du Sud-Ouest
africain, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 158.)

M. Read a déclaré:

((Chacun desMembres de la Société des Nations estjuridiquement
intéressé, vis-à-visde la Puissance mandataire, aux questions « rela-
tives à l'interprétation ou à l'application des dispositions du Man-
dat »,etjouit du droit d'affirmer son intérêtcontre l'Union en invo-
quant la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour permanente (article 7

de l'accord de Mandat). De plus, chaque Membre jouit, en matière
de Mandat, à l'époquede la dissolution, de droits positifs à l'en-
contre de l'Union. ))
((la survie des droits et intérêts juridiquesdes Membres de la So-

ciété desNations me paraît importante; ..les mêmesmotifs qui fon-
dent la conclusion suivant laquelle le Mandat et les obligations de
l'Union n'ont pas pris fin du fait de la dissolution de la Société
des Nations amènent nécessairement à conclure que les droits et
intérêts juridiques queles Membres tiennent du Mandat subsistent.
Si les obligations del'Union - un des ((Mandataires au nom de la
Société desNations 1)- continuent d'exister, les droits et intérêts

juridiques des Membres de la Société desNations doivent, par ana-
logie, avoir été maintenus. » (Ibid., p. 165-166.)

M. Bustamante a dit:
«les Etats Membres possèdent, en tant que parties intégrantes de

la Société, unintérêt juridique directdans la protection des peuples
sous-développés. C'estsans doute sur la base de ces principes que
l'accord de Mandat a, en son article 7, conféréaux Etats Membres,
en leur qualité individuelle, le droit d'invoquer la clause compro-
missoire pour exiger du Mandataire la juste application du Mandat. 1)
(Sud-Ouest africain, exceptions préliminaires, arrêl, C.I.J. Recueil
1962, p. 380.)

((Ces Etats ne sont pas des ((tiers Etats » étrangers au Mandat,
mais des associés solidairesde la Sociététutélaire chargéede soi-
gner la juste application du Mandat. » (Ibid., p. 355.)

((Aucas où un différendse produirait entre la Sociétéet un man-
dataire, tous les Etats Membres auraient le mêmeintérêt juridique
que la Sociétéau différend soulevé,et seraient affectésau même
degrépar les infractions des accord, un ou plusieurs de ces Etats

ayant le droit d'ester en justice pour défendrela cause commune. ))
(Ibid., p. 361.)
470 "Regard must be had to the fact that the wording of Article 7 of
the Mandate is broad, clear and precise: it gives rise to no ambi-
guity, it refers to no excepti...a restrictive interpretation which
would include only the material and individual interests of a State
Member must take a secondary indeed insignificant place." (Zbid.,
p. 381.)
1 agree with the aforementioned opinions; and it follows from what

1have already said that-in myview-the Applicants have a legal right
or interest in the subject-matter of the present claims.

(Signed Luis PADILLN AERVO. ((11faut considérer que letexte de l'article 7 du Mandat est large,
clair et précis:il ne donne lieuaucune ambiguïté,il ne mentionne
aucune exception ..l'interprétation restrictive qui vise uniquement
les intérêtsmatérielset individuels d'un desEtats Membres prend,
certes, une place toute secondaire et même insignifiante.» (Ibid.,
p. 381.)

Je souscris aux opinions qui précèdentet il ressort de ce que j'ai
déjàditque les demandeurs ont, àmon avis, un droit ou intérêjturidique
au regard de l'objet des présentesdemandes.

(SignéL )uis PADILLA NERVO.

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Dissenting Opinion of Judge Padilla Nervo

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