Dissenting Opinion of Sir Percy Spender

Document Number
045-19620615-JUD-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
045-19620615-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF SIR PERCY SPENDER

1 regret that 1am not able to associate myself with the Judgment
of the Court. The reasons which have led me to differ from the
conclusion at which the Court has arrived should 1think be stated.
In the nature of things different minds approach problems in
different ways. The approach to a legal problem is no exception.
What is to be solved will be solved ac~ording to the manner of him
who solves it.
The present proceedings are burdened with a great volume of
evidence, a considerable amount of which is quite irrelevant.
The task is to sift the wheat from the chaff.
The case, in my view, is peculiarly one in which a conclusion may
safely be reached only by a detailed examination of the evidence
and a strict application thereto of the relevant principles of inter-
national law.

My own examination has led me to the conclusion that Cambodia
has failed to make out any claim for relief.

Article 40 of the Statute of the Court provides that the Appli-
cation to the Court shall state the subject of the dispute. Article ;z
(2)of the Rules of Court provides thatit must also, as far as possible,
statethe precise nature of the claim and give an accurate statement
of the facts and grounds on which the claim is based.

The suhject of the dispute in this case is the Temple of Preah
Vihear (in Siamese called Phra Viharn) over which the Kingdom of
Cambodia claims sovereignty. Its claim as statedin the Application
is based upon the terms of international conventions delimiting the
frontier between it and Thailand.

The convention which the Application States is fundamental to
the present dispute is theTreaty of 1904.This Treaty, supplemented
by a protocol dated 29 June 1904, relates to a long line of frontier
between Thailand and Indo-China. Article I thereof which dealt
with a part of this frontier line stated, intzr alia, that on the moun-
tain chain of the Dangrek-on which the Temple happens to be
situate-the frontier line should follow the line of the watershed
until it reached a mountain range known as Pnom Padang, the
crest of which it should follow towards the east as dar as the river
Mekong. Article 3 stipulated that the delimitation of "the frontier

99determined by Article 1" should be carried out by a Mixed Com-
mission. Such a Commission was duly established.
Cambodia's contention, as stated in the Application and Memo-
rial, is that the work of delimitation was carried out from 1904

to 1907 and that, so far as concerns the delimitation of the frontier
on the chain of the Dangrek, "the final frontier line was adopted
by the Delimitation Commission during the year 1907" in the form
of a map or map sheet known in this case as Annex 1. On that
Annex the area where the Temple is situated is shown as within
Cambodia. This "frontier line" is stated in the Application as
having been "formally approved" by a Protocol to the Treaty
of 1907.
Aswillsubsequentlyappear thislast statement had no foundation.
The statement was a complete misapprehension of thetrue position,
first on the part of France, and later by Cambodia, and throws
considerablelight upon these proceedings and upon the reasons why
Cambodia ultimately became obliged to move away from her case
as formulated in her Application and resort to other and new
grounds upon which to seek a basis for her claim for relief. There
was no approval of the frontier line on anypart of the Dangrek by

the Protocol of 1907. The reference to what had been "formally
approved" related to a decision of the hlixed Commission recorded
at a meeting of 18 January 1907 when a point on the eastern ex-
tremity of the northern frontier between Indo-China and Siam, of
which frontier the Dangrek formed the western sector, was deter-
mined.

In the course of the oral proceedings Cambodia has endeavoured
to extend her claim as stated in the Application and Memorial and
the grounds on which it rests. But the principal ground on which it
relies remains that stated, namely, that Annex 1 represents the
delimitation of the Dangrek frontier by the Mixed Commission
under the Treaty of 1904.

In its Application and Memorial the Kingdom of Cambodia asked
the Court to declare that the territorial sovereignty over the Temple
belongs to it. In neither did it describe the actual Temple area over
which it claims sovereignty nor has it since done so. It is however
inherent in its Application and hlemorial that its claim of sover-
eignty over the Temple is based upon the proposition that Annex 1
was a delimitation of the Dangrek frontier by the Mixed Commission
established under the Treaty of 1904-and solely by that Commis-
sion. Sovereignty over the whole area shown on Annex I as south
of the frontier line was, it claims, accordingly vested in it. Thisarea in fact included thesite of the Temple andthe land immediately

siirrounding.

1 shall first address myself to the principal ground on which
Cambodia bases her claim to relief, the only ground indeed which
Cambodia, in accordance with her Application, came to the Court
to litigate.
The juridical foundation for the claim of Cambodia is to be found

in Articles I and 3 of the Treaty of 1904. The legal system by
virtue of which the frontier was to be delimited is set forth in
Article 3 and nowhere else. It was for the Mixed Commission to
be created under Article 3, and solely for that body, to make the
delimitation.
The Temple finds no mention in the Treaty. Refore a decision
can be made as to which State has sovereignty over the Temple it
is necessary to de~ermine what is the line of the frontier. This is
the central question.

The frontier was defined in Article I of the Treaty. What was
to constitute a sufficient delimitation of that frontier was for the
Mixed Commission to decide. It could, if it so wished in respect of
any part of the frontier, delimit it by a reference in terms to the
text of the Treatv and Protocol. That was a matter entirely for
itself to decide.

Whatever the delimitation made, however, it was not a delimi-
tation at large, it was controlled by Article I of the Treaty which
"determined" the frontier l.Subjecc to whatever power of adaption

the Mixed Commission may inherently have possessed, the delim-
itation had to be established on the basis of the criterion laid
down in Article I which on the Dangrek was the line of the water-
shed and only on the basis of this criterion. If it was not on the
basis of this criterion, any purported delimitation would lack any
lepl force.

The Minutes of the meeting of the Mixed Commission from the
date of its first meeting on 3 January 1905 to that of 18 Janua.~
1907, which was to prove its last, were placed before the Court by
Thailand.
In the course of oral argument it was faintly suggested by Cam-

SeeArticle 3 ofthe Treaty.

IO1bodia that perhaps one or more Minutes might be missing, or
perhaps al1decisions taken by the Mixed Commission had not been
recorded, or perhaps in particular a decision as to which State
sovereignty in the Temple should be attributed was not noted.

There is no foundation for these suggestions. For quite apart
from the internal evidence which the Minutes themselves provide
there is other documentary evidence which establishes beyond
reasonable controversy that the Minutes produced are a complete
record of the deliberations and the decisions of the Mixed Com-
mission. A report by Colonel Bernard, the President of the French
Commission of Delimitation, of 14 April1908 to theFrench Minister
of the Colonies in which he forwarded an original copy of the
Minutes indicating the number forwarded, establishes this. It is
utterly unlikely that any decision of delimitation failed to be rec-
orded in these Minutes.
The Minutes were the work of French and Siarnese secretaries
appointed by the Mixed Commission at its first meeting, who were
"responsible for drawing up the minutes". The practice was for

them to be drawn up by the French and submitted to the Siamese
for approval and thereafter to be signed respectively by the Presi-
dent of each Commission. The Minutes were manifestly prepared
with considerable care and in great detail. No record is to be found
within them to support in any way the contention of Cambodia
that a frontier line corresponding to Annex 1 or indeed a frontier
line on the Dangrek shown on any map or sketch was at any time
either discussed or decided upon by the Mixed Commission. Nor is
there any reference at al1 to the Temple of Preah Vihear which
indeed does not appear to have acquired any real importance for
either State until many years later.

The matter of the frontier on the Dangrek was referred to at the
first meeting of the Mixed Commission early in 1905. It was decided

that the work of delimitation of the frontier from the Great Lake
to the Dangrek and thence easterly to the Mekong should be post-
poned until a later season.
Nothing directed to this end was undertaken until December of
1906. It was not till then that the frontier line defined in ArticlI
of the Treaty of 1904 received any direct consideration.
At a meeting of the Mixed Commission held on the 2nd of that
month it was agreed to make a reconnaissance from the Great Lake
to the Dangrek and thence easterly to the river Mekong to the
point at which the crest of the mountain range known as the
Pnom Padang met that river. This reconnaissance was in fact made
and was completed by IO January 1907, and so far as the Dangrek
mountain range is concerned, apparently before the 3rd of that

month, since at that date the Mixed Commission was at Ban Mek
near the Mekong.
1OZ The labours of the Mised Commission had until December 1906

been directed to the region of Luang Prabang l,which was far to
the north of and beyond the Kinpdom of Cambodia, and to the
region, within the Kingdom, between the Great Lake and the sea
to the south.
In December 1906, when the labours of the Mixed Commission
were directed tothe frontier defined in Article I of the Treaty which
was north of the Great Lake, Colonel Bernard had already other
ideas as to where the western frontier line south of the Dangrek
should be, ideas which were not in conformity with the frontier

stipulated in Article I of the Treaty of 1904.
He was opposed to any part of the frontier being determined by
a parallel and a meridian as laid down in that Article. It is evident
from the Minutes of the Mixed Commission that he was determined.
if he could, to prevent this taking place. His constant view made
known at the first meeting of the Mixed Commission was that "it
was absolutely essential that there should, above all, be a frontier
that was visible and known to everyone". The frontier as stipulüted

in Article I of the Treaty north of the Great Lake, notwithstanding
the clear terms of that Article, was inadmissible 2.
At the first meeting of the Mixed Comniission in January 1905
he had lost no time in making his views known. The record of the
Minutes of that meeting reads as follows:

"Commandant Bernard said that the task which their respective
Govemments had entrusted to the Commission was that of de-
temining the frontier by following in its main lines the Treaty
concluded between France on 13 February 1904.. Thus as far as
that frontier was concerned to the north of the Great Lake, it was
stipulated that the frontier should start from the mouth of the river
Stung Roluos and should follow the parallel from that point east-
wards until it met the river Kompong Tiam; then turning north-
wards, it was to lie along the meridian from that meeting point to
the mountain chain of the Pnom Dangrek.
Such a frontier was inadmissible between two civilized nations
such as France and Siam. .."
He never departed from this view. As late as the last meeting
held by the Mixed Commission on 18 January 1907 he stated that :

" When accuratema@ wereavailable[italics added] a new frontier
defined by topographical features should be sought."

Unable, as the Minutes reveal, to persuade the leader of the
Siamese Commission to agree with his views on a new frontier line
to the north of the Great Lake-the latter who throughout the
work of the. Mixed Commission endeavoured as a general rule to

1 Article2of Treaty of 1904 and Article II of the Protocol.
a Minutes of Meeting of gr January 1905.

103adhere to the Treaty line, having made it clear that he was not
empowered to discuss "any frontier di8ereîztfrom thaof the Treaty"
jitalics addedl-Colonel Bernard conceded it was in those circum-

stances necessary for the Mixed Commission to define strictly the
parallel and meridian indicated in the Treaty. In sodoing, he stated,
they would have established the rights of the two States and this
would subsequently permit the final frontier in that region to be
settled by a system of compensation.
The record reveals that at this point of time Colonel Bernard,
and since October of the preceding year, had in mind plans to
extend the frontiers of France a considerable distance to the west
of those provided in the Treaty of 1904 and was concentrating his
efforts to carry them into effect.
This finally he succeeded in accomplishing through the Treaty
of 23 March 1907.

Tlie leader of the Siamese Commission having been insistent upon
following the Treaty line, the two Commissions on 5 December
1906, by compromise, agreed upon a point which should be deenied
to be the mouth of the river Stung Roluos within the meaning of
Article I of the Treaty of 1904, and on 3 January 1907, again by
compromise, agreed upon a point which should be deemed to be
where the parallel from the former point met the river Prec Kom-
pong Tiam within the meaning of the said Article.
Cntil these two points could be agreed upon it was not possible
either to fix the frontier line from the Great Lake north to the
Dangrek, or the commencing point on the frontier of the Dangrek
whence it ran in an easterly direction to the Mekong.
Only one further meeting of the 3TixeclCommission was in fact
to be held, namely, on 18 January 1907.
At its meeting of 2December 1906, when the Mixed Cnmmission's

reconnaissance of the Dangrek and easterly to the Mekong was
agreed to be made, it had been decided that a Captain Oum-an
officer in the French military forces-"would survey the whole
region of the Dangrek" whilst other French officerswould carry out
the survey measurements. A Captain Kerler with another French
officer was to start work from the Great Lake working north to
join up with the Dangrek where it was met by the meridian. The
survey work \vas done excluçively by French oficers, as was almost
universally the case throughout the whole of the frontier regions.
Captain Oum and Captain Kerler are those officers whose work on
the spot is noted on the left-hand top corner of Annex 1. The
topographical surveys could not in any manner constitute delimi-
tations. It is common groiind between the Parties that the tcpo-
graphical and survey officers were vested with no discretion and
had no power to delimit or discuss any question of delimitation ofany part of the frontier. Their duties were strictly technical.

Captain Oum was to commence his survey at the far eastern
extremity of the Dangrek. He could not have commenced much
before IO December. He worked from east to west. The reconnais-
sance made by the Mixed Commission was made from west to east
and to the north generally of the crest of the Dangrek. It is utterly
unlikely that the Mixed Commission and Captain Oum made any
contact and the Minutes do not su~gest they did nor does any
contemporary document.
On 18 January 1907 the topographical and survey officers were

still engaged on their work. As the Minutes of that date reveal,
the survey or map sheets of the region were still in course of prepa-
ration. Only a little over two weeks had expired since Captains
Oum and Kerler had received instructions to commence their sur-
veys, the former operatine; in particularly difficult terrain where
progress was bound to be slow. On 18 January the Mixed Com-
mission was at Pak-Moun on the Mekong. It had completed its
reconnaissance of the frontier from the Great Lake to the Mekong
at least a week before then.
The following dav the two Presidents signed a minute of delimi-
tation in respect of one of the small plots of land which had been
agreed to be ceded to France by Siam under Article S of the
Treaty of 1904. This proved to be the Mixed Commission's last

officia1act.

From as early as October 1906ColonelBernard had been agitating
his superiors to enter into riegotiations with the Siamese Govern-
ment with a view to acquirinq "al1 the old Cambodian provinces".
If this could be accomplished it would result in carrying the western
boundaries of Indo-China a considerable distance to the west. In
that same month he was successful in obtaining officia1approval
of his proposals. From that moment on his activities were mainly
directed to this end. It is evident he was anxious to accomplish his
purpose as soon as he could and then to wind up the Mixed Com-

mission.
In the first week of March, on the arrival in Bangkok of Mr.
Strobel, the adviser to the Siamese Government, his activities in-
creased in their intensity.
On his journey through Paris Mr. Strobel had been informed of
difficulties on the frontier north of the Great Lake. From the
moment of Mr. Strobel's arrival events moved rapidly. They throw
an interestin? light upon the circumstances in which the work of
the Mixed Commission came to an end.

10.5108 JEDGïiI. ï5 VI 62 (DISS.OP. SIR PERCY SPENDER)

The French topographical officers arrived in Bangkok at different
times between 18 February and 4 March. They had by this latter
date just completed their work in the field. Provisional maps of the
frontier region xverenot completed z~jztil5March, and no final maps
were in existence. A meeting of the Blixed Commission \vas pro-
visionally called for S March by Colonel Bernard.

On this day however the first steps were taken by Coloilel Bernard
in discussions with hlr. Strobel to negotiate a new boundary treaty
with Siam. The meeting of the hlixed Commission called for the
same day was "postponed indefinitely".
Colonel Bernard's conversations with hlr. Strobel continued for
six days.
At this point of time His Majesty the King of Siam was about
to depart on a visit to France. Mr. Strobel sought to postpone
solution of the question of absorption of the "old Cambodian

provinces" until the King's return. Colonel Bernard was insistent
upon it being settled before the King's departure.
Finally he persuaded hlr. Strobel to his point of vie~v. He was,
as the record abundantly reveals, an efficient officerand a domi-
nating personality.
From that moment events moved rapidly.
A draft treaty was first drawn up on 14 March. It \vas signed
on 23 hlarch. Colonel Bernard left Bangkok on the 26th and on
5 April he sailed from Saigon for France where he remained.

No further meeting of the hlixed Commission was held. It
dispersed and ceased to exist.
Colonel Bernard has given us his own commentary on thse
event s:
"LVe had to take as the frontier a certain parallel and then
discover at what point that parallel cut across a river called the
Preck Kompong Tiam-and from that point we had to draw a me-
ridian as far as the Dangrek mountains. But the river did not
esist...A fresh start had therefore to be made and we co~ld not
complete the delimitation without concluding what was really a
new treaty.
Moreoverthe need fortearing up the 190.4Treaty and forpreparing
a new one had become quite obvious to us the previous year."'

Annex 1 was one of eleven map sheets of the whole frontier
regions covered by the Treaty and Protocol of 1904. Whatever
survey sketches may have existed previously, these map sheets did
not come into being until Yovember of 1907. This is therefore a
critical date since at that point of time the Mixed Commission no

1 Lecture deliverby Colonel Bernard to the SocdetGéogvaphie20 Decem-
ber 1907.
I06longer existed. Since the Mixed Commission never met after
18January 1907andthe topographical officersdidnot complete their
work until at least a month later, it is evident that no report from
Captain Oum and no sketch or working map in relation to the
Dangrek frontier region of any description could ever have been
~laced before the Mixed Commission for discussion or decision.
None ever was.
In the face of the factstated-al1 of which are established beyond
controversy-it is an unproductive exercise to have recourse to
presumptions or inferences from the subsequent conduct of the
Parties in an effort to establish that the Mixed Commission must

in fact have made a decision delimiting the Dangrek by agreeing
to the frontier line shown in or in the form of Annex 1 or in the
form of any sketch or map.
No presumption can be made and no inference can be drawn
which is inconsistent with facts incontrovertibly established by the
evidence.
These facts admit of only one conclusion, namely: that the
frontier line on Annex 1 was not a line agreed upon by the Mixed
Commission as a delimitation of the frontier of the Dangrek.

Independently of the facts stated it would seem a little unlikely
to Say the least that, when the Treaty and Protocol of 1907 was
drafted, if there had been any map or sketch agreed to by the

Mixed Commission which delineated the frontier line on any part
of the Dangrek or the Pnom Padang east to the river Mekong tbat
no reference whatever to such a map or sketch would have been
made in the text of that Treaty.
Article 1 of the Protocol to the Treaty of 1907 described the new
frontier between Indo-China and Siam. Included within the de-
scription was the frontier which extended along the Dangrek-
from a point considerably west of the 1904 Treaty line-and ran
across the Pnom Padang easterly to the river Mekong. Yet no map
or sketch relating to the Dangrek is mentioned.

There was indeed in Article 1 of the Protocol of 1907 a reference
to a sketch of the frontier, butthis sketch did not cover the region
of the Dangrek show in Annex 1.There was alsoa reference therein
to a line (tracé) adopted by the Mixed Commission. This however

related to the eastern extremity of the frontier above mentioned,
and to a decision taken by the Mixed Commission at its last
meeting on 18 January 1907 and recorded in the Minutes of that
date to the effect that the thalweg of a certain river-the Huei
Don-should be the agreed point at which the crest of the Pnom
Padang met the river Mekong within the meaning of Article 1 of
the Treaty of 1904.
107 Colonel Bernard played the principal role in the drafting of the
Treaty and Protocol of 1907 particularly, 1 would think, in the
technical description of the frontier.If an inference may be drawn
it would seem permissible to assume, certainly al1the probabilities
would suggest, that at thedate of that Treaty and Protocol, namely
23 March 1907, if there had been any map or sketch which up to
that point of time had been agreed to by the Mixed Commission as
delimiting any part of the frontiers from the Kel Pass on the
Dangrek along the Pnom Padang to the east, it would at least have

warranted some reference. The fact that there is no mention of
any such decision is in the circumstances powerful, indeed, 1 think,
overwhelming evidence that no such delimitation had been made.

Moreover, having in mind the great importance which today is
said to have attached to the Temple in 1907-1908, it seems scarcely
conceivable that, if as has been suggested, the Mixed Commission
during its reconnaissance of the Dangrek made some decision of
delimitation dealing with the Temple or Temple area, or the frontier
in the region of the Temple, that it should be mentioned neither in
the Minutes nor in the Treaty and Protocol of 1907 nor in any
contemporaneous document.

The reference in Article 1 of the Protocol of 1907 to a sketch and

"tracéJ'immediately following the description of the frontier lineon
the Dangrek and Pnom Padang is, 1 think, of no little importance in
this case. It has a distinct bearing upon the manner in which Cam-
bodia has presented her case and why quite late in the proceedings
she shiftedfrom the ground on which she relied in her Application
and added grounds which were neither set forth nor foreshadowed
therein.

Itis evident from paragraph 6 of the Application that Cambodia
regarded this reference in Article 1 of the Protocol of 1907 as a
forma1 treaty confirmation of the frontier line shown in hnnex 1.

In this-a very important part of her case-she was mistaken. It
is evident also that France and later Cambodia were under a total
misapprehension as to the meaning of this reference in the Protocol
of 1907 for very many years.

When the meeting of the Mixed Commission of 18 January 1907
had concluded, ColonelBernard believed that the work of the Mixed
Commission, at least in the field, had been completed. He said so
in so many words in a telegram of the 28/29 January 190 j.
108III JUDGM . 5VI 62 (DISS. OP. SIR PERCY SPENDER)

Ifthere were any decision of the Mixed Commission made by it
during its reconnaissance of the Dangrek which, for some quite
unknown reason, was not in any manner referred to in either the
Minutes of 3 January or 18 January-or indeed on the next day
when they met again together-it is manifest that it could not
have been in the form of any line appearing on any sketch or map
since, not only was there not then even a topographical sketch map
of the frontier region in existence, but the topographical survey
work, without which no line of the watershed of any description
was capable of being drawn up and decided upon, was unfinished.

Captain Oum was still in the Dangrek.

If then there had been any prior decision delimiting the northern
frontier when the Mixed Commissionheld its meeting on 18January
1907 ,t could never have been a decision to adopt a line corre-
spondingwith that on Annex 1, or a line shown on a sketch or map.
It would seem probable that it could only have been one to the
effect that between the point on the Kel Pass on the west and an
agreed point at the Mekong on the east the frontier line would be
that stipulated in ArticleI of the Treaty, namely the line of the
watershed on the Dangrek and the crest on the Pnom Padang.

Although, however, it is established that therenever could have
been any delimitation which adopted a line on any sketch or map,
it does not follow that there was no delimitation of the Dangrek
by. the Mixed Commission.
The question whether there was any delimitation of the Dangrek,
either in itself, or as part of thetotal northern frontier, and, if there
were, in what form, will now be pursued.

Since the Minutes of the Mixed Commission cover, as 1 am satis-
fied they do, al1meetings of the Mixed Commission and record al1
decisions taken by it, if there were any delimitation of the northern
frontier line, in particular of the Dangrek, it should be capable of
being ascertained from them.

One possibility has been canvassed during the case, namely that
during the reconnaissance of the northern frontier made by the
Mixed Commission there may have been a decision taken by it,
in which it was decided that the frontier line in the region of the
Temple should for some local or other reason run in such a manner
that the Temple would be on the Cambodian side of the boundary.
Apart from what 1 think is the inherent unlikelihood of such a
decision, it is straining credulity tfar to suggest that it would
find no mention in the Minutes of the Mjxed Commission. 1 amquite unconvinced by attempts to explain this away by a suggestion
that perhaps there was not sufficient opportunity to record the
decision after the Mixed Commission had completed its reconnais-

sance, and that perhaps such a decision or -at least one which
related to the delimitation of the Dangrek generally would have
been recorded at the meeting called for 8 March had it been held.

There was an opportunity on 3 January to record whatever
decisions the Mixed Commission may have made in the course of
its reconnaissance. If that opportunity was not sufficient there was
another on the 18th of that month. Moreover, if any delimitation
in relation to the Temple region had been made by the Mixed Com-
mission it passes understanding why it-or any decision other than
those recorded in the Minutes-was not mentioned at any time by
Colonel Bernard in his numerous officia1letters and reports to his
superiors at the time, and in particular was not mentioned in his
report of 20 February 1907 to the French Minister in Bangkok-a
document of cardinal importance in the case-when he reviewed
in full the delimitationunder the 1904 Treaty made in the course

of its final campaign and covering as it did the frontier line from
the Great Lake to the Mekong.

Moreover ColonelBernard-as appears from his final report dated
14 April 1908 to the French Minister of the Colonies before referred
to, had "in letters written day by day" reported to the Minister
"al1 the incidents that occurred" during the course of the delimi-
tation. Yet not the slightesthint of any decision in connection with
the Temple area or the region of the Temple is to be found.

Colonel Bernard attached to this report a number of documents
including the Minutes of the Mixed Commission which in his view
were "from the diplomatic point of view of considerable im-
portance".
It does not seem likely that Colonel Bernard would have sent
incomplete minutes or if for any reason there had, on 18 January
1907, been any decisions of delimitation which had not been rec-

orded, particularly a decision relating to the Temple itself, that
he would have failed to make the record complete by referring to
them.

On IS January 1907 the Mixed Commission believed that it had
completed the task of delimitation assigned to it under the Treaty
of 1904.
The Minutes note that on that day it had fixed the point at
which the crest line of the Pnom Padang met the Mekong withinthe meaning of Article I of the Treaty of 1904. Immediately fol-
lowing this notation it is recorded that the frontier line had been
"thus determined".
N'bat frontier line is referred to? Was it just the frontier line at
the point at which the northern frontier line met the Mekong?
In my Mew the reference is to the whole frontier line from the
Great Lake to the Mekong which was the subject of the Mixed
Commission'sthird and last campaign directed to the delimitation
of the frontier defined in ArticleI of the Treaty of 1904.
The question is whether the evidence establishes that the Mixed
Commission did delimit the whole frontier line defined in that
Article; and if so whether there can, with sufficient certaintv, be
extracted from the Minutes the nature of the delimitation made on
the Dangrek.

No difficulty presents itself in ascertaining the delimitation made
by the Mixed Commission from the Great Lake to the Dangrek.
No difficultyarises in fixing on the Dangrek the western extremity
of the northern frontier as determined by it. None arises in respect
to the eastern extremity of that frontier.
The question however is whether there is evidence which suffi-
ciently establishes a delimitation-particularly on the Dangrek-
of the frontier between these two extremities.

Siilce there is not to be found in the Minutes of the Mixed Com-
mission a record of a decision of delimitation specifically referring
to the Dangrek, it might appear that the conclusion should be th&
there never was a delimitation of the Dangrek of any description.

In the course of sifting the evidence 1 have however become
persuaded to the opinion that the probabilities and the evidence
both point to the conclusion that the Mixed Commission did make
a decision delimitating the Dangrek and it did so by determinine
that, along the whole of the northern frontier between two agreed
points, one on its western, the other on its eastern extremity, the
frontier should follow the treaty line; that of the line of the water-
shed on the Dangrek and the crestline of the Pnom Padang.
The northern frontier from the Kel Pass which was its western
extremity, tothe point on the Mekong where the Pnom Padang ran
down to it which was its eastern, was one frontier line. Because
however the Temple happens to be situated on the Dangrek range
and because Annex 1 happens to cover that region of the Dangrek
on which the Temple is situated, attention throughout this case
has been concentrated on that part of the Dangrek which is within
the purview of Annex 1and more particularly on that smallportion
of the frontier line in Annex1 which is immediately adjacent to the

Temple. This fixation of attention on Annev 1 and upon this small
IIIsector of the frontier line adjacent to the Temple has tended to
distract attention from the fact that the northern frontier was not

a number of separate frontier sectors and was not considered by the
llixed Commission on that basis. It was one line of frontier and
the 9Iixed Commission dealt with it. as such.

The beginning of December 1906 niarked what Colonel Bernard
referred to as the third campaign of delimitation.
At that point of time the Commission had completed its task of
clelimitation of al1 the frontier defined in the Treaty and Protocol
of 1904 with the exception only of that from the Great Lake north
to the Ilangrek and thence easterly to the Mekong.
-4s has been noted the western frontier line north of the Great
Lake to the Dangrek had been delimited by decisions identifying

the meridian and the parallel. ColonelBernard remained dissatisfied.
He was awaiting preparation of the maps of the region known as
Siem Reap so as to take up again with the Siamese Commission the
nlatter of substituting a natiiral and visible line for what he re-
garded as the artificial line stipulated by the Treaty.

Subject however to this particular point which was not one of
delimitation but of exchange of territory to achieve a natural line
of frontier, the work of delimitation, in Colonel Bernard's view at
least, \vas completed.
It is unlikely that the fifixed Commission having, during the
season 1906-1907, set itself the task of delimiting the frontier from
the Great Lake to the Mekong would have left its work unfinished,
the northern frontier undelimited. It seems more probable that
their work was finished when the meeting of 18 January concluded,
and that the only reason why the meeting called for 8 March was
cancelled and the Mixed Commission thereafter ceased to function

was because the subject-matter on which it would have deliberated,
namely the substitution by way of a system of compensation of a
natural and visible line for the treaty line of the parallel and meri-
dian, \vas about to be settled by the Treaty of 1907.

It hardly seems reasonable to believe that Colonel Bernard would
have departed for France as he did unless he was fully satisfied
that, with the signing of the 1907 Treaty, not only had the problem
of the artificial line been resolved, but also the Mixed Commission
had completed its task of delimitation of the northern frontier.

That this is the view which he genuinely held appears from his
telegram of the end of January 1907 to the French Minister at
Bangkok, in which he said:

II2 "delimitation work accomplished without incident. Frontier line
definitively determinedexcept the Siem Reap region."

This is confirmed by a despatch dated 31 January 1907 on behalf
of the French Minister of Foreign Affairs to the French Minister of
the Colonies, in which it is said:
"The representative of the Republic in Siam informs me that
Colonel Bernard, after completing the work of delimitation of the
Siamese frontier, has just left Ubone for Bangkok where he is ex-
pected to arrive on IO February. 1understand that, throughout the
operations, relations with the Royal Commissionersleft nothing to
be desired and that the frontier line has been definitively determined
except in respect of the region of Siem Reap."

1 do not doubt that the view expressed in these two documents,
which is confirmed in other officia1 documents of the same time,
correctly represents the views of the Presidents of both the French
and the Siamese Commissions.
The statement that the frontier had been definitively determined
is consistent with the Minutes of the Second Mixed Commission
appointed under the Treaty of 1907 to delimit the new frontiers in
which, when dealing with a sketch of the proposed frontier of the
Dangrek west of the Kel Pass placed before it on 22 March 1908,
there appears the statement "the latter pass is the point where
the new frontier line rejoins the former one".
Since there is no reason to doubt the statements made by Colonel
Bernard at the time, it seems proper to conclude that the northern
frontier in fact had been delimited andthat such delimitation must
have been completed by 18 January 1907, the date of the Mixed
Commission's last meeting.

On that date the Minutes record as follows:
"Colonel Bernard passed to the question of the determination of
the frontier in thegionofPnom Pa Dang (PhuPha Dang). Accord-
ing to the terms of the treaty that frontier followedthe crest..as
far as the Mekong... In order to have a very distinct frontier in the
immediate neighbourhood of the river the thalweg of the Huei Don
could betaken asthe boundary.Thefrontier wouldgo up that thalweg
[i.e. of the Huei Don] as far as the source of the watercourse and
would then follow thecrestof thePhu Phu Dang tothe sozcthwest.The
valleys of al1the watercourses which flowedinto the Mekongto the
east and to the south ofthat linewouldbelongto French Indo-China
into the Semounonthe west and to the north wouldbelongto Siam."r

The President of the Siamese Cominission accepted this proposal,
immediately following which there appear the words previously
referred :

"The frontier line having been thus determined ..."
It is known that at this datethe topographical and survey officers
were in the field, from which they were not to return until a month116 JUDGh1. Ij VI 62 (DISS. OP. SIR PERCY SPENDER)

and more later. It would seem however that the Mixed Commission,
having made this decision-the last decision of delimitation set out
in the Minutes-regarded the frontier line as having been deter-
mined by it-at least so far as it could be done by it on the spot.

The statement that "The frontier line" had been "thus deter-
mined" is not free from doubt. It could and on its face appears to
refer solely to the fixing of the point at the Mekong and the frontier
immediately adjacent. Read however in the light of the repeated
statement of Colonel Bernard that the whole frontier had been

definitively determined, the Minutes of 18 January are 1 think a
reference to the whole frontier line to theouth west of the Mekong
-from the reconnaissance of which frontier the Mixed Commission
had just returned-and that the decision fixing the point at which
the frontier met the Mekong represented the last decision required
to be taken to complete the delimitation of the whole frontier.

A reading of the Minutes which covers this third and last cam-
paign of delimitation and of the contemporaneous documents in my
opinion confirms this.
It was for the Mixed Commission and for it alone to determine
what was a sufficient delimitation. It was at liberty to delimit any
part of the frontier by reference to its Treaty definition. It is signi-

ficant that the Mixed Commission under the 1907 Treaty in deli-
miting the frontier on the Dangrek west of Kel Passdidprecisely th:s.

Any agreement to deviate from the Treaty line of the watershed
on the Dangrek under any inherent power of adaptation is escluded
since, not only is there no evidence whatever to suggest that the
Nixed Commission ever contemplated any deviation from the
line of the watershed, hut at the very last meeting of the Mixed
Commission and on the same day on which the decision fixing the
frontier pointon the Mekong was noted, the President of the Siamese
Commission had made it clear he had no authority to discuss "any

frontier different from that of the Treaty". Furthermore, since any
question of there having been some unrecorded delimitation of or
in relation to the region of the Temple area or the Temple itself
must, for reasons already given, be dismissed from consideration,
there seems little doubt that, if the delimitation of the frontier
under the Treaty \vas completed, as Colonel Bernard specifically
States as the fact, and as the Minutes themselves go to indicate,
it must have been the ljne of the watershed on the 1)angrek which

114 it was agreed should constitute the frontier line in that region.

The Presidents of the two Commissions were practical men. The
mountain ranges of the Dangrek and the Pnom Pa Dang were in
inhospitable and forbidding terrain. They were called on to make
a practical decision.
No question of demarking the northern frontier ever arose and,
so far as the record shows, that frontier has never been demarked

during the fifty odd intervening years. It remains much the same
today as it was then. The Mixed Commission appears to have de-
cided to fix the points of the extremities of the northern frontier
on the west and on the east and to have agreed that between those
two points the frontier needed no further delimitation other than
the Treaty itself provided.
The stipulation of the line of the watershed on the Dangrek-and
the.crest line on the Pnom Padang was itself an obvious and ap-
propriate way of defining definitively and with certainty the north-
ern frontier line. There is no reason why the Mixed Commission
having once fixed or decided to fix the points of its extremities
should not liave delimited that frontier by reference to its definition
in the Treaty. The line of the watershed-and the crest line-were
natural and permanent lines. There are, as the Judgment of the
Court points out, boundary treaties which do no more than refer

to a watershed line or a crest line and which make no provision for
any further delimitation. It is not evident why the Mixed Com-
mission should have felt obliged to give to the line of the watershed
-or the crest line-any more specific delimitation than that which
the Treaty already provided. As already noted, the Mixed Com-
mission under the 1907 Treaty in delimiting the Dangrek west of
the Kel Pass did not feel obliged to do so. That Mixed Commission
recorded its decision specifically to read "From the last mentioned
point the frontier inclines to the East, following the watershedbe-
tween the basin of the Great Lake and that of the Semoun as far as
the Kel Pass."

It is a misconception of the functions of the Mixed Commission
to suggest that it was bound to give or should be expected to have
given a further definition to the northern frontier or any part of it

beyond that which the Treaty already provided.

The northern frontier was after al1a part only, and a lesser part
both in magnitude and importance, of the whole frontier described
in the Treaty and Protocol of 1904.
It is moreover in my opinion without warrant to suggest that
France and Siam did not attach any special importance to the line
of the watershed as such. This suggestion is not reconcilable with
115the fact that in the Treaty of 1907, more than two months after

the Mixed Commission had held its last meeting, it is the line of the
watershed which is again stipulated should be the frontier line on
the Dangrek and when in 1949 France and later Cambodia, in
1954, protested Thailand's occupancy of theTemple area, it was the
line of the watershed as defined in the Treaty of 1907 which, it was
insisted, continued to be the frontier between the two States.

In particular there is no reason whatever why the Rlixed Com-
mission should not have agreed that, from a fixed point on the
Dangrek where that range was met by the meridian, the frontier
should be the line of the watershed on the Dangrek until it joined
the Pnom Padang and then the line of the crest of that mountain
range as far as the fixed point at the Mekong. Indeed there seems
no practical reason why this should not have been precisely the
decision it did take.
Nor is there any reason why a delimitation of the Dangrek re-
quired any line shown on any rnap either to establish a delimitation

or to confirm one. Nowhere does the Treaty of 1904 give any in-
dication that any rnap was necessary or considered desirable to
accomplish a delimitation of any part of the frontier.

The assertion that it \vas the rnap line of the watershed, not the
Treaty line of the watershed, which was regarded as of overriding
importance, 1do not find supportable. If the assertion were correct,
it would mean that agreement between the two States was not in
1908-1909 a mere formality as has been contended; it was the very
gist of the delimitation of the Dangrek. The rnap would itself consti-
tute the delimitation. If the assertion were correct al1 that needs
to be said is that the two States in 1908-1909 could not have
conducted themselves in a more casual and inconsequential manner
in matters affecting territorial sovereignty.

If the delimitation of the northern frontier had been made by
the Mixed Conimission in 1906-1907 in terms of the line of the

watershed as defined in Article I of the Treaty of 1904, a rnap
subsequently produced by France or Siam was not in any manner
necessary to give effect to that decision. A frontier line shown on
such a rnap would possess no probative value-except to the extent
to which it was in conformity with the decision of delimitation of
which the rnap in a general sense might be said to have been an
outcome.
If the Mixed Commission did in fact tlelimit the Dangrek, it
would seem evident that it did so by reference to the Treaty line
of the watershed.
That this was the course followed by the Mixed Commission finds
1 think confirmation in a number of documents. In the first place the procedure followed accords with that laid
down by the Mixed Commission at the commencement of its labours
in 1905,namely that it would be sufficient to determine the principal
points through which the frontier in any region passedl.
It accords also with the procedure which, as will appear, was
followed in other frontier regions covered by the Treaty of 1904
where a watershed line was to form part of the frontier line2.

The procedure appears to have been constant.

Light upon the meaning of the decision of the Mixed Commission,
recorded in the Minutes of its Meeting of 18 January 1907, is shed
by a letter ofthe same date written by ColonelBernard immediately
after the meeting to the Governor-General of Indo-China in which
he said:

"The frontier line which 1 have indicated summarily on the
attached sheet is as follows:Starting from the Mekongthe frontier
followsthe course ofthe Nam Lonasfar asits sourceand thereafter
the cresof the PhuPhaDang[Pnom Padang]tothe southwest asfar
as the watershedbetweenthe Mekong and theNam Mourt. Thevalleys
ofal1the watercourseswhich are tributaries of the Mekongand are
situated to the east and south of the line belong to French Indo-
China..."

This is clearly enough a reference not only to the crest line on
the Pnom Padang which the frontier line was to follow but as well
to the watershed line on the Dangrek in terms of Article I of the
Treaty of 1904.
Attached to the letter was a rough sketch. It shows the point
at which the frontier met the Mekong, as agreed on IS January

1907, and the general direction of the line of frontier for a short
distance south west of that point.
The report by ColonelBernard of 20 February 1907to the French
Minister in Bangkok, already referred to, in which he reviewed at
length the third and last campaign of the Mixed Commission, affords
further confirmation.
Dealing with the frontier line of the Dangrek and the Pnom
Padang as far as the Mekong he had however little to say, but
what he did Say is eloquent enough. Read in the light of the facts

which have been established, it does more than negative any sug-
gestion that there may have been some special delimitation in
respect to the Temple area, or that the two Presidents may have
decided to depart from the Treaty line of the watershed; it also
establishes that a delimitation of the Dangrek was made and how
it was made.
Colonel Bernard reported as follows:

l Minute of Meeting of 7 Febmary 1905.
See Articl2of the Treaty and Articles 1 and II of the Protocol.
117120 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP. SIR PERCY SPENDER)
"Al1 alongthe Dangrekand as far as the Mekongthe fixing of the
frontier could not have involved any difficulty.It wasonlyaquestion
of determining at what point thePnom Padang adjoinsthe Mekong.
On this point there was no possiblediscussionforthe mountain joins
the river at one point only about seven kilometres belowPaknam."

At the date of this report itill be recalled not even a provisional
map of the Dangrek or Pnom Padang frontier regions was in
existence.
Further, in the Protocol of the Treaty of 23 March 1907, in the
drafting of which Colonel Bernard had played such a key part,
Article 1 thereof describes the new frontier which had been agreed

to in the March negotiations.
After describing the boundaries of the new frontiers in the south
and the west, it indicated the point some hundred kilometres more
or less to the west of the Kel Pass where the new western frontier
met the Dangrek. Itwent on to provide:
"From the above-mentioned point situated on the crest of the
Dang-Rek, the frontier followsthe watershedbetween the basin ofthe
Great Lake and the Mekongon the one sideand the basinofthe Nam
Mounonthe otherand reachesthe Mekongdownstream ofPak-Moun
at the mouth of the Huei-Doue [Huei Don], in conformitywith the
line [tracé]adopted by the preceding Commission of Delimitation
on the 18th January, 1907."

In the light of this treaty provision it cannot, 1 think, be con-
templated that any decision of the Mixed Commission under the
Treaty of 1904 could have departed in any way from the line of the
watershed.
Colonel Bernard, who knew exactly what was decided by the

Mixed Commission during the third campaign and the basis on
which the delimitation of the northern frontier was effected, must
have understood that the fixing of the point at which the Pnom
Padang adjoined the Mekong, as recorded in the Minutes of 18
January 1907, was the last decision necessary to be taken to delimit
the whole of the northern frontier.
The fact that the second Mixed Commission, under the Treaty and
Protocol of 1907, delimited the frontier from west of the Kel Pass
until it reached that pass by strictly adhering to the line of the
watershed, serves to show a consistency of treatment by both Com-
missions of the whole frontier line of the Dangrek.

When Colonel Bernard reported that the frontiers had been de-
finitively determined he was 1 think stating the fact. The manner

in which the delimitation of the northern frontier was effected is
apparent. Once the point on the Mekong had been agreed to, that
frontier followed the treaty line stipulated in Article1, namely the
crest of the Pnom Padang and the watershed of the Dangrek, until
118it reached the point at which on the latter mountain range it met
the meridian mentioned in the article. Whatever decision or view-

point was arrived at or expressed by the two Presidents during
their reconnaissance of the Dangrek and the Pnom Padang, or at
any time, would accord with this view.

Colonel Bernard has left his testimony.
In the lecture given by him in Paris on 20 December 1907, he
described the three campaigns of delimitation from 1905 to 1907.
What he has to Say he says with illuminating conciseness. These
are his words:
"Almost everywhere it was the watershed which formed the
frontier and there was roomfor argumentonlyutthetwoextremities."

His testimony remains to explain the meaning which should, 1
am convinced, be given to the Minutes which cover the third and
last campaign of the Mixed Commission. The view he expressed
seems eminently a commonsense one.

The review made of the Minutes and the contemporaneous docu-
ments lead 1think to the following conclusions:
I. There was no adaptation of the treaty line of the watershed
on the Dangrek by the Mixed Commission to meet any local or
special problem, condition or circumstance.

2. There was no decison of delimitation which specifically dealt
with the Temple region or area.
3. There was no decision of any kind to deviate from the line of
the watershed. On the contrary it must be inferred that the Mixed
Commission decided to adhere strictly to that line.

4. There was a delimitation of the northern frontier.This delimi-
tation included the Dangrek.
5. The delimitation of the frontier line on the Dangrek was that
it should follow the treaty line of the watershed.

It follows that if the frontier line shown on Annex 1 has any
probative value it must find its authority within the limits of the
'decisionof the Mixed Commission. It was the decision of the Mixed
Commission which was binding upon France and Siam, not any
map which purports to reflect that decision. The map merely notes
or purports to note that decision.
If the line of frontier shown on Annex 1 does not accord with
that decision to the extent to which it does not, it is devoid of
probative value, unless of course it has since acquired probative
force from some other source. Annex 1 in fact is not in conformity with the treaty line of the
watershed stipulated in Article I of the Treaty of 1904. Leaving
aside for the moment the comparatively small and limited area
immediately adjacent to the site of the Temple, elsewhere the fron-
tier line delineated in Annex1 deviates considerably from thetreaty
line of the watershed. Having regard to the expert evidence placed
before the Court by both Cambodia and Thailand, this cannot be
disputed.
This deviation was due to a serious mistake in the construction
of Annex 1 made in the line of the watershed close to the site of
the Temple, a mistake caused by an incorrect location of a river
known asthe O'Tasem. This rnistake resulted in throwing the fron-
tier line shown on Annex 1 completely out of alignment with the
line of the watershed in the region of the Temple. The result was
to leave the Temple wholly within the territory of Cambodia.

The experts from both sides are also in agreement that in the
small and limited area immediately adjacent to the Temple the
frontier line shown on Annex 1 is not today-and 1 am satisfied
was not in 1906-1908-the line of the watershed. They differed only
to the extent that whereas the experts on behalf of Cambodia
showed the line of the watershed as suddenly turning north from
the cliff face on theouth immediately before it reaches the western
and southernmost side of the Temple and so just barely bringing
the Temple'withinthe Cambodian side of the watershed line, those
on behalf of Thailand showed the watershed line as continuing to
follow generally the line of the cliff face and so bringing the Temple
within the Thai side of the line.

The error in the frontier line shown in Annex 1 caused by the

wrong location thereon of the river O'Tasem and the effect of that
error in relation to the frontier line near the Temple shown on
Annex 1 needs further explanation.

The river O'Tasem in fact passes to the south of a mountain
known as Pnom Trap-which is situate but a few kilometres to the
west of the Temple. The course of the river as it istodayis the same
as it was at the beginning of this century and for hundreds of years
before then. Annex 1 however places the river as running around
this mountain to the north of it.
The nature of the mistake is made clear by Professor Schermer-
horn, the Dean of the International Training Centre for Aerial
Survey at Delft, and his explanation was fully confirmed by the
observations and evidence of one of his officers, a Dr. Ackermann,
who went to the area to qualify himself to give evidence of what JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP. SIR PERCY SPENDER)
123
he observed on the spot.

Professor Schermerhorn in his evidence stated :

"It is obvious that the border line shown on the Annes 1 map
was drawn by constructing the watershed line in accordance with
the contour lines represented there. This construction was done
correctly on the basis of the given contour lines. However, due to
the mistake about the O'Tasem river, the line of the watershed is
shifted incorrectly to the north, placing the Pnom Trap mountain
completely in Cambodian territory that is to say south of the border
line as drawn in the Annex 1map. This displacement of the water-
shed line to the north goes up to two kilometres at certain points.
If this mistake is rectified in the Annex 1 map then the watershed
constructed on the basis of the correct contour lines would be in
agreement with the I.T.C. map [that of the International Training
Pnom Trap mountain and go from there along the southern rim ofe
the Phra Viharn mountain to the temple."

This was a fundamental error in the construction of the frontier
line in Annex 1. The significance of this mistake in relation to the
frontier line shown on Annex 1 in this region is evident having

regard to the close proximity of the Pnom Trap mountain to the
Temple andthe mountain on which it stands. By placing the river
O'Tasem to the north of Pnom Trap mountain the line of the
watershed as shown on Annex 1 was thrown considerably north of
the correct watershed line, attributing to Cambodia territory to
which she was not entitled. The fact that from the southern edge
of the cliff face on which the Temple issituate to the watershed line
shown on Annex 1 immediately and directly to the north thereof is
a distance of only some two kilometres is an indication of 'the im-
portance of this mistake.
The line of the watershed shown on Annex 1is also known to be
wrong at the Kel Pass, where it wrongly attributes certain territory
to Cambodia. Though this has no direct bearing on the Temple
area-it is far to the west of it-it has however a bearing on the
frontier line shown on Annex 1,more particularly so since this mis-
take was discovered in 1908 and corrected by two survey officers

appointed by the second Mixed Commission to put down boundary
marks in the vicinity of Kel Pass. The fact is that at the Kel Pass
the accepted boundary is not, and has not since 1908, been, that
shown on Annex 1.

Finally, having regard to the technical evidence presented to the
Court by both Cambodia and Thailand, 1 am left in no doubt that
the line. of the watershed today-and in 1904-runs along the
southern rim of the Phra Viharn mountain, thus placing the Temple
on the Thai side of the line. The frontier line placed on Annex 1 accordingly is not in con-
formity with the delimitation of the Dangrek by the Mixed Com-
mission. Alternatively if the fact be that there was no delimitation
by the Mixed Commission of the Dangrek the frontier line on Annex

1is not in conformity with the treaty line, in particular, in the
region of the Temple. The line shown on Annex 1 is not and was
not the line of the watershed.

In 1908, when Annex 1 came into existence, the law as between
France and Siam was the line of the watershed, whether based on
a decision of the Mixed Commission or-on the assumption there
was no delimitation-on the definition of the frontier in ArticleI
of the Treaty of 1904, or more precisely in Article1 of the Protocol
to the Treaty of 1907.This line could not be alteredby the unilateral
act of either France or Siam.

Neither France nor Siam, when the map was issued in 1908, was
aware that the frontier line shown in Annex 1was not in conformity
with the line of the watershed. France certainly believed it was. It
was in the confidence of that belief and on the basis that it was
correct that she distributed copies of the maps. Siam had noreason
to believe that it was not. The mistake in Annex 1 caused by the
misplacement of the river O'Tasem was indeed not discovered Ly
Thailand or France or Cambodia until these proceedings had been
commenced. Indeed Thailand had no cause to think of any error
inthe watershed line shown on Annex 1until an officer of the Royal
Thai Survey Department, during the course of a survey of the
border between Thailand and Indo-China, and taking the watershed
along the Dangrek range asthe dividing line, concluded that Mount
Phra T'iharn lay in Thai territory.

Another survey was carried out in 1937. Again the watershed line
was taken as the frontier line. The same conclusion was reached.

TJp till around 1935-1937 it would not appear there was any
particular reason why Thailand should have questioned the accuracy
of France's map.
Both France and Siam, acting in perfect good faith, believed the
line on Annex 1-as well no doubt the frontier lines shown on each
of the other ten map sheets-correctly translated the decisions of
the Mixed Commission. It was not until July of 1907 that Colonel Bernard, then in
France, sought the approval of the French Minister of the Colonies

for the publication of the map then being drawn up "by the
Franco-Siamese Delimitation Commission of which he was the
President" and requested the provision of funds for that purpose.
The decision to publish the maps was made by the Minister; Siam
was not consulted about it. The printing and publication of the
map did not follow, as a matter of course, from the operations of
the Mixed Commission in 1905-1907. 'ITltimately, funds were au-
thorized for publication of the "Bernard Commission map" to be
provided out of the budget of Indo-China.
An order for printing was given to a map publisher in Paris.
1,000 copies were ordered to be struck off. These were to be de-
livered to the Ministry of the Colonies by June of 1908. They were
delivered around that time.
About May of 1908, Colonel Bernard gave instructions for the
distribution of the maps when printed. Copies were to go to the
geographical service of the French Ministry of the Colonies, to the

French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to the Siamese Government
and to members of "the two Commissions" and a number of copies
to different national and foreign geographical societies. Over 700
were to be delivered to the French Ministry of the Colonies for
despatch to Indo-China. IOO were to be made available to the
publisher for sale.

The copies to be delivered to the Siamese Government-jo in al1
-.were handed personally to the Siamese Minister in Paris without
any covering letter. Subsequently further copies were requested by
Siam. There was no written communication of any kind from the
French Government to the Siamese Government in connection with
the map. No comment from Siam was at any time sought. Indeed,
none 1 am satisfied was expected.

There is no evidence whatever even to suggest that Siam knew
of the contents of any of the map sheets before they were delivered

to its Minister in Paris. It is unlikely that she could have.

Siam was not consulted at any stage whilst the map sheets u7ere
in the course of preparation, nor was she consulted on the distri-
bution to be made. The French authorities went ahead with printing,
publication and distribution of the maps solely of their own accord,
without seeking the prior views or approval of Siam.
To the extent the map sheets showed frontier lines, it is evident
that the details thereof appearing on them were based upon field
notes and topographical and survey calculationsmade by a number
of French officers whose names are noted on each of the sheets as
having done the work on the ground. Siam had no access whatever
to these basic materials. The documents that served for drawing upthe maps were then in France.

Nor is there any evidence that they were ever made available to
her and 1 am satisfied it is wholly unlikely that they were. In any

case, there was no way in which Siam could have checked the
frontier line delineated on Annex 1 even if it might, in all the
circumstances, reasonably have been expected that she should have
done so, without herself undertaking an independent topographical
survey of the frontiers including the Dangrek, a task for which at
that time, as France knew, and as the Minutes of the Mixed Com-
mission and contemporaneous documents sufficiently reveal, she
was not technically equipped to undertake.
Such maps of her own as Siam had in 1908 were unco-ordinated.
The receipt of these maps drawn by French officersmust no doubt
have provided an occasion in its way. They were however French
maps expressed in Roman characters. "French maps", stated Com-
mandant Montguers, the President of the MixedCommissionunder
the Treaty of 1907, in a letter of 17 June 1908 to the Governor-
General of Indo-China, were "of no great use" to Siam. It was for
this very reason that it was agreed between France and Siam that a

Siamese map "should be drawn up by French officers assisted by
Siamese officers".

This resulted in the establishment of the Transcription Com-
mittee.
It has been suggestedon behalf of Cambodia that on this occasion
Siam had the opportunity to check the frontier line and if she did
not avail herself of it that was her own fault.
The contention completely misapprehends the function of the
Transcription Committee. It had nothing to do with the checking
offrontiers. Its solefunction was to achieve a system oftranscription
of names on the French maps.
Little is known about the work of the Committee. It met for the
first time on25 March 1909 and the Minutes of its Meeting are in
the record. The problem was to transcribe names of places. The
map sheets, written as they were in Roman characters, were not

likely to be understood, so the Minutes record, by certain of the
Siamese officers who might have to use them. A system of tran-
scription from Roman characters to Siamese characters and vice
versa was the task which the Committee had to discharge, a task
further complicated by the fact that, inthe basin of the Great Lake,
many villages bore both a Cambodian and Siamese name. It was
this problem and only this problem which the Transcription Com-
mittee was called upon to deal with.
Moreover, there was no real reason in any case why the Siamese
members of the Transcription Committee should think of checking
the frontier lines, not only because it was not within the task which
was allotted to them, but because both States at that time had noreason to think there was any mistake in the maps; both States
proceeded on the assumption they were correctly delineated.

The circumstances in which the maps came into existence and
were distributed is of importance as providing part of the back-
ground against which the conduct of France and Siam is to be
evaluated, particularly in considering whether the adverse infer-
ences which are sought to be drawn from Thailand's silence and
lack of protest on the line shown on Annex 1 bear any relation to
the realities.
Before however considering whether the conduct of the two
States created an implied conventional agreement between them
that the line shown on Annex 1 should be the established frontier
line between them, there are a few observations of a general charac-
ter which 1think are apposite.
Itis easy to fa11into the error of judging the events of long ago
by present day standards, indeed sometimes by standards which

do not always have relation to real life.
In determining what inferences may or should be drawn from
Thailand's silence and absence of protest regard must, 1 believe,
be had to the period of time when the events we are concerned
with took place, to the region of the world to which they related,
to the general political conditions existing in Asia at this period,
to political and other activities of Western countries in Asia at the
time and to the fact that of the two States concerned one was
Asian, the other European. It would not, 1 think, be just to apply
to the conduct of Siam in this period objective standards comparable
to those which reasonably might today be or might then have been
applied to highly developed European States.

There is a further general consideration of some significance.
There can be little doubt that, at least in the early part of this
century, Siam was apprehensive about the aspirations of France.
There is evidence of this.

In 1930, on the occasion of the visit of Prince Damrong to the
Temple, which has figured so prominently in this case, he was
accompanied by'his daughter Princess Phun Phitsamai Diskul. In
her statement which was placed before the Court she states the
reason why her father did not ask the Thai Government to protest
about the presence at the Temple of a French officer in full military
uniform. She states :
"It was generally known at the time that we had only to give
the French an excuse to seizemore territory by protesting. Things
had been like that sincethey came into the River ChaoPhya with
their gunboats and their seizure of Chanthaburi." No matter how unjustified this view may have been 1am satisfied
that it was not a view conjured up for the purposes of this case. It
finds confirmation elsewhere.
In March 1907, in referring to the negotiations for the Treaty of
1907 then being conducted, Colonel Bernard, in a report of 19

March to the Governor-General of Indo-China, wrote:
"There is such mistrust of us in Siam and such dread of pos-
siblemilitary action.",

and later in the same report
"After fivehours of discussion whichthe nervous state of the
Siamesemade painful, we concluded byreaching agreement ...",

and on 17 June 1908, only two months before the map sheets of
which Annex 1 is one were handed to Siam, Commandant Mont-
guers, in his report to the Governor-General of Indo-China reveals
the same apprehension on the part of Siam. The Commandant
speaks of:

"Dispellingas far as possiblethe mistrust that is so deeply rooted
in them."
This apprehension on the part of Siam, as to France's attitude
towards her is a factor which cannot be disregarded in evaluating
Siam's conduct-her silence, her lack of protest, if protest might
otherwise have been expected of her.

1have already given the reasons which have persuaded me to the
opinion that there was in fact a delimitation of the northern frontier
including the Dangrek. 1have stated the nature of that delimitation
and why Annex 1 fails to draw any probative force from it. If
subsequent to its communication by France to Siam the line shown
thereon acquired any probative force that could only occur (apart
from any question of preclusion) by virtue of the two States entering
into a new conventional arrangement giving rise to new mutual
obligations between them.
The Court's approach is quite different and marks a point of
departure between my views and those of the Court.

Judgment is based upon the conclusion that Siam, by her silence
and failure to protest against Annex 1 and the line indicated on it
within what is said to be a reasonable time after she received it,
recognized, adopted, acquiesced in or acknowledged it as represent-

ing what is called the "outcome" of the work of delimitation of the
frontier in theregion of Preah Vihear and thereby conferred uponit a binding character. Thus, the Court finds, it, in 1908-1909 be-
came binding on Siam.

From the subsequent failure (on the part of Siam) to protest, the

Court draws inferences to support its conclusion that Siam had in
1908-1909 recognized and acquiesced in Annex 1 with the character
the Court has assigned to it.
The Judgment speaks of the contingency of a departure from the
criterion of the watershed line stipulated in ArticleI of the Treaty.
It however dismisses as irrelevant the question whether a departure
may have occurred since, whatever was the nature of anv inherent
power of adaptation possessed by the Mixed Commission, it was it
states certainly within the power of Siam in 1908-1909 to adopt
anv de~artures.
Éithér France or Siam was of course entitled to adopt or fail to
adopt anv attitude towards Annex 1 as it thought fit. The crucial
question which, in my opinion, calls for an answer however is not
whether Siam recognized, acknowledged, adopted or acquiesced in
Annex 1 whatever the character assigned to that document rnay

be; but whether the conduct of France and Siam ever gave rise to
an implied conventional arrangement between the two States under
which they mutually agreed to be bound by the frontier line shown
on Annex 1,whether it was or was not in conformity with the cri-
terion of the watershed stipulated in the Treaty of 1904. This
question, in my opinion, the Court leaves unanswered.
It is my view that unless the conduct of Thailand since 1908
has resulted in her being precluded from denying that the line on
Annex 1 is the frontier line-a quite separate question which will
be later considered-or unless there can be established a new and
fresh conventional arrangement between the two States, any recog-
nition by Siam of Annex 1 and of the line shown thereon cannot
be conclusive against Thailand.
A State rnay of course recognize-or acquiesce in-any fact or
situation either of law or fact and its intention to do so rnay be

evidenced expressly or by implication. The recognition rnay become
the source of a legal right or obligation to the extent to which it
provides an essential element in the establishment of a legal right
or obligation, as forexample in preclusion or prescription. It rnay
provide evidence of a fact or a state of facts, the probative value
of which depends upon al1the surrounding circumstances. It rnay
afford aid in the interpretation of a document or conduct.

The act of recognition is not however a unilateral juridical act
which of its own force precludes a State from thereafter challenging
the fact or situation recognized. It may, depending upon the cir-
cumstances, provide strong, perhaps overwhelming, evidence of the
truth of the fact or situation recognized; it may provide only
evidence which is destroyed or modified by other evidence. Pre-clusion-or, to ilseits Anglo-saxon ecluivalent, estoppel-may how-
ever only occur where al1the elements which constitute the principle
of preclusion can be shown to exist.

There is a close affinity between prescription, preclusion, recog-
nition, acquiescence and absence of protest. The principle of pre-
clusion is however, in my view, quite distinct from the concept of
recognition (or acquiescence), though the latter may, asany conduct
may, go to establisli either prescription or preclusion.

To accord to the concept of recognition by a State of a fact or
situation,without more, the legalconsequence ofapreclusionnot only
finds, in my opinion, despite the views of certain writers, no authority
as a principle of international law under Article 38ofthe Statute of
the Court, but provides an invitation to apply tothe determination of
a case in whicli recognition of a fact or of a situation is relied upon,
considerations which are scarcely distinguishable from consider-
ations ex aequo et bono.
The concepts of recognition and acquiescence are important
elements of international law. They are not likely to add to their
usefulness if pushed beyond their proper content.

In the present case any recognition by Siam of Annex 1 and the
line of frontier shown thereon, or any acqiiiescence by Siam therein,
is in my view of evidentiary value only.

Recognition bv Siam of Annex 1 and the line of frontier thereon
-if any were made-is of course evidence of an admission by Siam
(and Thailand), which may be read against her to establish that
there was in fact a decision of delimitation of the frontier on the
Dangrek. It might perhaps be construed as an admission that that
decision was correctly represented by the frontier line shown on
Annex 1.
Were any such admission the only evidence in this case it could
well be conclusive. But it is not the only evidence. There is a great
tleal more. The task of the Court is to ascertain the true facts. It
may in doing so be influenced by an admission established by the
conduct of Siam. It cannot however be controlled by it if other
evidence negatives or modifies or is inconsistent with the admission
which a recognition may establish. The recognition is not conclusive.

In short, the evidentiary value of the recognition or acquiescence
must be weighed against al1other relevant evidence disclosed in the
record.
When regard is had to other relevant evidence in the record, it
will be seen that such admissions as may be spelt out of the conduct
of Siam by the Court have little if any evidentiary value in the
determination of this case. 132 JUDGJI. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP.SIR PERCY SPENDER)
It is established that there never was any decision of the Mixed
Commission agreeing to any line on any map or sketch. It is es-
tablished that there never was any decision of delimitation by

virtue of which the Mixed Commission, pursuant to an inherent
power of adaptation of the correct line of the watershed, placed the
Temple region for some special local or any other reason within
Cambodian territory. It is established that there never was a
decision to depart from the Treaty line of the watershed but, on
the contrary, the evidence is that the Mixed Commission decided
that that line should be adhered to. It is established that if there
were a delimitation of the Dangrek it could only have been one to
the effect that the frontier line should follow the line of the water-
shed, and if there were no decision of delimitation the frontier line
remained the line of the watershed pursuant to the Treaty of 1904.
It is established that Annex 1 does not follow the line of the water-
shed but, on the contrary, seriously departs from it at the critical

area of the Temple region, and it will be established that the line
on Annex 1 purports to show the line of the watershed and no
other line.

It seems necessary to repeat that the line on Annex 1 had not
been before the Mixed Commission when it came to an end. In
fact, it could never have existed at al1until after the Mixed Com-
mission's last meeting.
The instructions of survey officers Captains Oum and Kerler are
set forth in the Minutes of the Mixed Commission of 7 Septemter
1906. Their task \vas to carry out a survey and nothing else.

It was contended on behalf of Cambodia that the task of the
topographical officers-though they were in no way authorized
themselves to delimit the frontier-included thnt of marlting on
the map the frontier line. Sometimes, it was suggested, this was
done pursuant to a prior decision of the Mixed Commission; at
other times the Mixed Commission, it was said, determined the line
only afterthe map had been drawn up.
Even if the evidence gave any support to this contention it is
clear that neither of these eventualities occurred. Captain Oum left
to siirvey the Dangrek before the Mixed Commission had even
started on its reconnaissance of the northern frontier, and the
Mixed Commission held its final meeting over a month before he or

Captain Kerler, who was surveying the region from the Great Lake
to the Dangrek, reached Bangkok from their field operatioils.

Annex 1 never became part of the work of delimitation of the
Mixed Commission and never accordingly could be said to have
become an integral part of the treatysettlement.
130 The conclusion of the Court based on recognition is, in my
opinion, inconsistent with the established facts.

*
* *
The conclusion of the Court that Annex 1, as a consequence of

Siam's recognition of it as representing the outcome of the work of
delimitation is that it caused the mapto enterthe treaty settlement
andthùs to become an integral part ofit, presents a difficultywhich,
in my view, goes to the heart of this case.
It is not necessary for me to express any opinion on whether, or
to what extent, this recognition could cause the map to enter the
treaty settlement. The point to which 1 desire to direct attention
is that it follows from the Court's conclusion that Annex I is to be
treated as if there had been a decision of the Mixed Commission
that the frontier on the Dangrek should be delimited in accordance
with the line shown thereon.
It would then fa11for determination whether it was a delimitation
established on the basis of the criterion laid down in Article I of
the Treaty of 1904 which was that the frontier line should follow
the line of the watershed. If the delimitation were not established
on that basis, the line on Annex 1 could not, in my opinion, have

any probative value; it could have no binding force upon either
Siam or France.
The Court seeks to resolve the difficulty on the basis, not of a
new conventional agreement-since none is shown or could be
shown to exist-but on the basis of treaty interpretation.

The line shown on Annex 1 is beyond doubt not the line of the
watershed, in particular it is not that line in the critical vicinity of
the Temple. On the basis that Annex 1 is, or represents, a delimi-
tation of the Dangrek by the Mixed Commission it is evident that
the line in Annex 1is not established in accordance with the criterion
laid down in the Treaty.
The Court however does not see it this way. Basing its reasoning
on a proposition that the two States, despite the clear provisions
of Article 1, did not attach any special importance to the line of

the watershed but were concerned with what is described as the
overriding importance of adhering to a map line in the interests of
finality-a conflict between the line in Annex 1 and Article I of the
Treaty of 1904 is resolved as a matter of treaty interpretation in
favour of the line on the map sheet.

1 do not agree either with the proposition on which the Court
bases its reasoning or with its reasoning. 1 cannot agree that a
derogation from what is provided in the Treaty, namely that the
frontier should follow the line of the watershed, can be disposed of

131in this manner by treating the map, the line on which was to
conform to the Treaty, as in law overriding it.

This, in my view, is not treaty interpretation. It amounts, in my
opinion, to redrafting the Treaty of 1904 in accordance with a
presumed intention of the two States, an intention indeed which is
not to be found within the terms of the Treaty itself nor, in my
view, elsewhere in the evidence; a presumed intention which is
moreover quite inconsistent with the plain terms, not only of
Article I of the Treaty, but as well with Article 3 thereof which
provided that the work of the Mixed Commission had as its object
"the frontier determined by Article 1".

Moreover, it hardly seems possible even as a matter of treaty
interpretation to pronounce in favour of the line of Annex 1 in the
absence of a determination of the extent to wliich Annex 1 does or
does not in fact conform to the stipulations contained in Article I
of the Treaty itself.
Finally, if the record establishes, as 1 believe it does, that the
Dangrek was in fact delimited by the Mixed Commission and that
the decision was that the frontier should follow the line of the
watershed there would be a conflict between the line on Annex I
and the decision of the Mixed Commission. This conflict could not
be resolved by the method of treaty interpretation to which the
Court has had resort. The decision of the Mixed Commissioiî that
the frontier line should be the line of the watershed destroys the

foundation on which the Court's reasoning is based. In any case,
there could be no doubt that the decision of the Mixed Commission,
that the frontier line was to follow the line of the watershed, must
prevail over any map line which purports but fails to reflect that
decision.

There are further difficulties in the way of the thesis which the
Judgment expounds. Annex 1andthe ten map sheets accompanying
it were delivered to Thailand and received by the latter at the same
time and in the same circumstances.
If Annex 1 became part of the treaty settlement of 1904 by
virtue of the recognition found by the Court, so did they all. Yet,

between the time when the Mixed Commission under the 1904
Treaty held its last meeting and ceased to function, and the end
of March 1907, France had entered into the Treaty and Protocol
of 1907.
Six of the eleven maps related to the frontier region between
Siam and Cambodia. The frontier line on three of them covering
the regions between the Great Lalte and the sea to the south no
longer existed as frontier lines. Not only did they not exist, but the
whole region covered by these rnap sheets-issued in 1908-were

132no longer in Thai territory. There seems little purpose in Siam
having adopted or recognized them.

Of the three remaining map sheets, namely those which covered
the northern frontier, two covered the region of the Pnom Padang;
one of which also covered part of that mountain range and a section
1 think, as a
of the eastern part of the Dangrek. It would not
matter of treaty interpretation, be possible to reconcile the frontier
line shown on these two maps, in so far as they relate to the region
of the Pnom Padang, with tlie frontier line stipulated in the Treaty
of 1907.
Under thisTreaty, the line of the frontier on that range of moun-
tains as far as the Mekong no longer followed the crest, as the de-
cision of the Mixed Commission of.18 January indicates it should
do in accordance with the provisions of the 1904 Treaty, but the
line of the watershed.Article I of the Protocol of 1907 was the law
which governed the two States.
This is also the position with regard to the Dangrek. After the
Mixed Commission under the 1904 Treaty had ceased to function,
Article 1of the Protocol of theTreaty of 1907stipulated in clear and
unambiguous terms that the frontier line on the Dangrek should
be that of the watershed. The line on Annex 1 cannot as a matter
of treaty interpretation be reconciled with the 1907 Treaty. The

Treaty must prevail.
Unless therefore France and Siam thereafter entered into a new
conventional arrangement that the line on Annex 1 was to become
binding upon them irrespective of whether it did or did not answer to
the criterion of the line of the watershed, it is the watershed line
of the 1907 Treaty on the Dangrek which must prevail.
That the law governing the two States subsequent to 1907 was
the treaty line defined in Article 1 of the Protocol of 1907 was
acknowledged by France in her diplomatic note of 1949 to Siam, in
which she said in specific and unmistakable terms that the fron-
tier line between herself and Siam was that stated in the 1907
Protocol, namely the watershed which continued to be the frontier
line between the two States. This is the same position which Cam-
bodia took up in its own diplomatic note of 1954.

1 turn now to the question whether the evidence establishes any
consensual agreement between France and Siam in relation to the
frontier line shown on Annex 1.
An agreement between the two States could have taken a number
of forms. Neither was subject to the limitations of authority
which the Treaty of 1904 imposed upon the Mixed Commission.
Each State had plenary powers. Either could, had its mind been
directed to the matter, have sought modification of the line shownon Annex 1 or refused to agree to it. The two States could have
agreed that, notwithstanding the terms of any treaty between them,
having regard to certain political or other considerations, the line
should be altered, which was precisely what the two Governments
in 1905 did agree to do outside the terms of the Treaty of 1904
in respect of the region of Kratt on the sea south of the Great Lake.

The two States could have agreed to accept the line on Annex 1
as representing the line of the watershed whether it did or did not
conform with that line. They could have agreed that the line on
Annex 1 should be deemed to have been a delimitation by the
Mixed Commission under the 1904 Treaty whether there had or
had not been such a delimitation. They could have expressed their
agreement in the form of a new convention-they could, but in my
view most improbably, have left their agreement to be evidenced
by their conduct.

The matter was at large.
Whatever agreement were reached, it would have involved a new
or fresh obligation undertaken by each State in relation to the other.
Whether in the events which happened any such agreement was
made-and if so what was the nature and content of it-depends
upon whether any may be implied from the evidence.

The Judgment directs its consideration almost exclusively to an
examination and criticism of Thailand's conduct of silence and non-
protest. There is however another side of the picture.

Criticism may indeed be directed againstThailand and inferences
adverse to her drawn from the fact that on a number of occasions
over the years since 1908-rgog sheremained silent on the map sheets.
The fact however is that France herself innocently, but none the
less to a major extent, directly contributeto the very conduct of
Thailand that Cambodia has sought to rely upon, and the Court
thinks is of such significance. For it was the act of France in pre-
senting the map sheet Annex 1 which purported to show a frontier
line drawn correctly to represent the line of the watershed-
whether based upon a decision of the Mixed Commission or upon
the Treaty line-that induced Thailand to believe that the line
shown on Annex 1 had been correctly drawn.

My own approach to the facts, as well as to the legal issues
involved, differs from that of the Court1 take another view of the
facts and my enquiry is directed to a different end, namely to
determining whether there was a consensual arrangement between
France and Siam that the line on Annex 1was to be the established
frontier between the two States.

134 A few general observations should first be made.
In the first place, the concentration of attention on the small
area of the Temple as shown at Annex 1 tends to shut out of view
or obscure other and more important facts. It is of course true
that although the Court has been requested by Cambodia to declare
that the line shown on Annex 1 is the line of the frontier in the
region covered by that map, it is only called upon to pronounce on
the claim as stated in the Application, namely whether sover-
eignty over the Temple is vested in Cambodia. But this it cannot

do except by first arriving at a conclusion one way or the other on
whether the frontier line on Annex 1 as a line which legally is binding
on the two States.
This being the essential step in reaching a decision, littlerpose,
it seems to me, is served by stressing, indeed 1 think overstressing,
the fact that if you look at the map sheet Annex 1 it will be seen
the Temple lies on the Cambodian side of the frontier line. That is
evident. Itbecomes perhaps more insistently pressed upon the eye
the more one looks at the comparatively small part of a large map
sheet.
It is easy to fa11into the error of thinking that the Temple
and who was to obtain sovereignty over the Temple was the princi-
pal or the prime concern of the two States in 1908-1909 and that,
when Thailand received the maps, almost the first thing which she
might be expected to do would be to see whether sovereignty over
the Temple had been accorded to her. Al1this, 1 think, bears little
relation to the realities.
Quite apart from the fact that the Temple was not of any great
significance to either State in 1908-1909-it never found a mention
in any of the voluminous correspondence of Colonel Bernard-
what the two States were concerned with under the 1904 Treaty

was the delimitation of frontiers of considerable length. In so far as
one part of the frontier was concerned, namely the Dangrek, the
line was to be the line of the watershed. If that lineplaced theTemple
or any other part of the territory between the two States one side
or the other, that was the result of the Treaty and could hardly be
the subject of protest.

France, in whose technical capacity accurately to construct the
map of the frontier regions Siam reposed confidence, prepared the
map sheets. That Siam did so repose confidence in France's techni-
cal capacity to do this is beyond dispute. France, by preparing the
map sheet Annex 1, represented in my view, when it was delivered
by her to Siam, that it was correctly drawn and that the frontier
line shown thereon was in accordance with the decision of the Mixed
Commission or, if there was no such decision,was in accordancewith
the Treaty line. In particular, she unequivocally represented that the frontier line so depicted was the true line of the watershed.

In these circumstances alone, on any approach to this case 1
would find little justification in demanding from Thailand that she
should, within some time regarded as reasonable after she received
Annex 1, have herself ascertained whether the line represented
by France as correctly showing the line of the watershed was ac-
curate or not and that, having failed to protest, it should be con-
cluded against her that she acknowledged the line was correct
whether she in fact knew it was or not-and should be held bound
byit. -
A second observation of a general character throws light upon
the circumstances in which the Parties were placed at the relevant
period of time.
Prior to 1904 Thailand exercised sovereignty over the whole
area of the Dangrek right to the cliff face.Such acts of administra-
tion as were, prior to 1904, effected by her in the area were, 1 am

satisfied, continued on thereafter. Certainly, until 1949, when the
present dispute about the Temple first asserted itself, these acts
of administration were of a sporadic character. They were, however,
less sporadic and covered a larger part of governmental activity
than any acts exercised by France. Although much has been heard
in this case about the importance of final and settled frontiers,
apart from the oneincident of Prince Damrong's visit to the Temple,
neither State appears to have been aware of what the other was
doing. It is significant that the Governor of the Cambodian pro-
vince adjacent to the Temple had not the slightest idea where the
frontier lines were. Al1he appeared to know was that the Temple
was, so he claimed, within Cambodian territory.

The reason is not hard to find. The Temple ruins, which were

the subject of a number of scattered visits by archaeologists, were
allowed to submit to the years and the elements. The region to
the immediate north of the escarpment dominating the Cambodian
plains was forbidding and remained so. A few people apparently
from time to time eked out an existence there. The whole district
along the escarpment on the Dangrek was covered with sparse forest
and stunted trees and was, in Colonel Bernard's view, "despair-
ingly monotonous". After the summer rains it swarmed with game.
In the dry season "there could not be", he says, "a more desolate
landscape". The rivers were dry and "water was only to be found
in loathsome pools where al1 the wild animals come to drink".

It was, in short, territory, certainly not ithe early part of this
century, of any great consequence to France or Thailand. The
picture of France or Thailand at this period of time being specially

136interested in having an agreed line on a map to indicate where the
frontier was-irrespective of whether it was or was not the line
of the watershed-or in knowing which side of that line the Temple

felldoes not strike me as a real one. It was indeed, in my opinion,
only much later that the limited region near the Temple, for ar-
chaeological and military reasons, acquired any real significance
on the political level for either State.

The issue to be decided is whether the record establishes an
agreement between France and Siam that Annex 1 and the frontier
line indicated thereon would be accorded by each of them conventio-
na1 force. The proper enquiry under this issue is whether in 1908
or thereabouts the conduct of the two States establishes a common
intention to contract mutual obligations and rights in relation to
the frontier line shown on that map sheet and, if so, what was the
nature of the agreement to which their common intention gave
expression.

The right of entering into an international engagement is an
attribute of State sovereignty. That a State has entered into such
an engagement may not lightly be inferred from conduct.

Conduct may, however, be such that it may be inferred that two
or more States have entered into an international engagement.
The intention of a State to enter into such an engagement may
however only be inferred from facts which conclusively establish it.

The evidence in this case falls far short of such a test.
In the normal course of events, had there been any intention on
the part of either of the two States to enter into an international
engagement in relation to the line on Annex 1, it might be expected
that some trace of that intention would have been left, if not in
written form then at least by some unequivocal overt act on its
part indicating that intention. There is none. It can scarcely be
contended that the act of France in delivering to Siam copies of a
map which were at the same time delivered by her to third parties

evidenced any intention on her part to enter into an international
engagement. There is nought Save silence on her part; silence
unbroken for forty years. When, in 1949, at the timeshe despatched
to Thailand a diplomatic note alleging infringement of her terri-
torial sovereignty in the region of the Temple, she broke the silence,
it was not to suggest that any agreement had arisen in 1908-1909,
nor indeed to suggest that Thailand had by her conduct in those
years or since recognized the line in Annex1asbeing the frontier line.
It was to Say something which, in my view, is inconsistent with
either suggestion. Nor has there been left any trace of any intention on Thailand's
part to enter into an international engagement. Here too there is
silence over the decades.
The reason why no trace of any intention on the part of either
State to enter into any international engagement is to be found
is,1 think, evident enough. There just was no such intention.

France prepared the rnap sheets primarily, as 1 think was the
case, for her own purposes, and partly in response to the request
of Siam made in November 1905 that a rnap of the frontier regions
should be drawn up by French officers.
The printing of the rnap sheets did not follow as a matter of
course on any work of the Mixed Commission. The rnap sheets
were indeed not directly the necessary consequence or the outcome
of the work of delimitation of the Treaty of 1904. Long after the
Mixed Commission had ceased to function, authority to print
them had, as has been noted, first to be obtained from the French
Minister for the Colonies. Moreover, the rnap sheets, as èven a
casual look at them reveals, though based on work done by officers
attached to the French Commission during the occasion of the
work of the Mixed Commission, was not the work of the Mixed
Commission. The major part of the detail appearing thereon is

wholly unconnected with any work of delimitation.
It is abundantly evident from the report of his mission by
Colonel Bernard to the French Minister of the Colonies of 14 April
1908, in which he reviewed the studies the French Commission
"had to carry out", that the French Delimitation Commission was,
during the course of the operations of the Mixed Commissicn,
engaged in work which went far beyond the work of delimiting
frontiers. The work of the French Commission included "ethno-
graphical research and cartographical work". Attached to his
report, in addition to al1 the Minutes of the Mixed Commission,
were a number of reports by differentofficersattached to his Mission
including one, for example, on the highway from Bangkok to
Xieng Khong in the far north of Siam. The description of the
reports suggests that the work of the French Commission, reflected
in large measure in the various rnap sheets, had been by no
means limited to work of delimitation called for by the Treaty of

1904.

It appears reasonably evident that whether Siam had or had not
requested that French officers should execute maps of the frontier
region, or however their request had originated, that the French
Commission intended to prepare these maps in any case.
Moreover, the French Minister of the Colonies, who authorised
the printing and publication of the maps, or his departmental
officers, were acquainted with the contents of the Minutes of the
Mixed Commission and accordingly knew from them and the many
138reports of Colonel Bernard precisely what decisions had been
taken by that Commission.
France knew what the record disclosed and they rested content
with the record, confident in the reliability of their own topographers

and cartographers.
If,however, they believed that some confirmation was necessary,
to establish a decision of the Mixed Commission which was not
recorded or not sufficiently recorded in the Minutes, it might
reasonably be expected they would have specifically raised the
matter and not remained silent about it. On the other hand, if
they knew that there was no decision of the Mixed Commission
delimiting the Dangrek they would certainly know there was no
decision to depart from the line of the watershed and that accord-
ingly the frontier was governed by the line of the watershed sti-
pulated in the Treaty and Protocol of 1907. Whichever way the
matter is viewed they knew it was the line of the watershed. The
frontier line shown on Annex 1 is not consistent with any other
hypothesis.

The examination of Annex 1serves, in my view, to establish this.
It shows the contours of the terrain on the Dangrek. It is, 1 think,
evident, even to one not expert in the reading of contour lines,
that the frontier line shown on Annex 1 over its whole length is
directly connected with and based on these lines. It would appear
probable on the face of Annex 1 that the frontier line was drawn

so as to follow the line of the watershed as indicated by the various
contours of the terrain shown thereon.
That this was in fact so is borne out, certainly in the critical
region surrounding the Temple, by the evidence of Professor
Schermerhorn who stated that the frontier line shown on Annex 1
was drawn up by constructing the watershed line in accordance
with the contour lines shown. If the contour lines were correct
the line of the watershed would have been correct. As, however,
has been shown, the contour lines were not correct.
France accordingly knew Annex 1 represented the line of the
watershed. If it was correctly drawn, as she was quite certain was
so, there was no need for any further agreement between herself
and Siam.
Moreover France, 1 am satisfied, was aware that Siam did not
have the technological capacity to carryout a check survey. Shecer-
tainly knew Siam had no means of knowing whether the frontier
line on Annex 1was correct or not and she knew that Siam was
relying on her. It seemsimpossible inthose circumstances to imagine
she could ever have had any contractual intention in sending the
map sheet to Siam or that she should think that Siam had any such
intention. Furthermore, France knew when she delivered the rnap to Siam
that certain of the rnap sheets were of no 2ossible practical value
to Siam as a consequence of the Treaty of 1907.
What applies to Annex 1 must apply also to al1the rnap sheets.
There is no room for a contract being implied in relation only to
Annex 1. If any conventional agreement is to be implied it must be
one which relates to al1the rnap sheets which were the constituents
of the one map. The fact that certain of the rnap sheets had no

longer any frontier significancegoes to confirm that France never
had the intention of creating any conventional arrangement between
herself and Siam.
Finally, when in 1949France protested by diplomaticnote against
the stationing by Thailand of guards at the Temple, not a word is
said about any conventional arrangement having been made be-
tween herself and Siam. In her diplomatic note of g May of that
year France set out with particularity the grounds on which it
contended that sovereignty in the Temple was vested in her.
The note disclosed that France relied upon the Protocol annexed
to the Treaty of 23 March 1907. It stated that the frontier was, and
continz~edto be, that defined by Article 1 of the Protocol, namely
the line of the watershed. It claimed that Annex 1 showed in detail
the frontier line so defined and that the rnap was drawn up in
1904-1905(sic) under the direction of Colonel Bernard and that the
line shown on that rnap was the line referred to in Article 1 of the
Protocol as "in conformity with the line adopted by the preceding
Commission of Delimitation on 18th January, 1907". This is the same
ground on which Cambodia put forward her claim to sovereignty
in the diplomatic note in 1954. It is the same ground which u7as
put forward by Cambodia in her Application and Memorial.

At no time, until after these proceedings commenced, was there
any suggestion of any implied agreement arising out of conduct.
France's claim for sovereignty, and later Cambodia's, rested solely
on express agreement.

No implied agreement has been made out.

1 come now to the question whether Thailand as a result of her
conduct in 1908 and since is precluded from contesting that the line
shown on the frontier in Annex 1 is the established frontier.

Whether Thailand is precluded from contesting the frontier line
shown on Annex 1 cannot be answered until the essential legal
elements which constitute preclusion are ascertained. The words "adoption", "acceptance", "acquiescence" and "recog-
nition" which, in the course of the proceedings have been so often
used, are apt 1 think to cloud legal principles unless it is quite clear

in what sense they are being used.
These words are principally concerned with factual situations to
which certain general principles of international law rnay apply and
in so doing operate so as to affect legal rights and obligations as
between States.
Moreover, phrases such as "a party rnay not blow hot and cold"
or "allegans contrarianon est audiendus" and others to the same
effect do not, in my view, express general principles of international
law. They are but a convenient and compendious way in which, in
a general sense, the reasons which underlie certain legal principles
and rules rnay be described. '
Any situation may, as has been stated, be the subject of an act
of recognition or rnay be acquiesced in. A situation so recognized
or accepted may, and usually does, acquire evidential value and in
certain circumstances rnay attract or produce legal consequences

creating, affecting, or changing a legal relationship between States.

There is however, in my view, no foundation in international law
for the proposition that an act of recognition by a State of or
acquiescence by a state in a situation of fact or law is a unilateral
juridical act which, operating of its own force, has the legal conse-
quence of precluding a party giving or making it from thereafter
challenging the situation which is the subject of recognition or
acquiescence.
The cases of LegalStatus of Eastern Greenland(Series A!B No. 53),
Status of South West Africa (I.C. J. 1950) and Arbitral Award by the
King of Spain (I.C. J. 1960) do not support, in my view, this propo-
sition. To claim that they do is to read into their facts law which
is not there.

The principle of preclusion is a beneficient and powerful instru-
ment of substantive international law. Based as it is upon the
necessity for good faith between States in their relations one with
another, it is not to be hedged in by artificial rules. It should not
however be permitted to become so indefinite as to acquire the
somewhat fonnless content of a maxim. And since the principle,
when it is applicable to any given set of facts, substitutes relative
truth for the judicial search for the truth,it should be applied with
caution.
In my opinion the principle operates to prevent a State contesting
before the Court a situation contrary to a clear and unequivocal
representation previously made by it to another State, either ex-pressly or impliedly, on which representation the other State was,
in the circumstances, entitled to rely and in fact did rely, and as a
result that other State has been prejudiced or the State making it
has secured some benefit or advantage for itself.

Unless the elements so stated can, in any particular case, be
shown to exist, the principle has no application.
The Arbitral Award ofthe King of Spain (I.C. J. 1960) neither
extended nor cut down this principle. It applied it. Al1the consti-
tuent elements were, in my view, established in that case.
Whether the principle applies to the present case is an issue of
fact and law.

The question of preclusion was not raised by Cambodia in her
Application, but during the course of the oral proceedings. It oc-
cupied a distinctly subordinate place in the presentation of Cam-
bodia's claim.
If a State claims it has been prejudiced by the conduct of another
State in circumstances which prevent that other State from legally
contesting what otherwise is an important fact or situation and
fails to raise the issue of preclusion in any way until very late in
the day, that is a circumstance which cannot be disregarded. It
bears upon whether there is any substance in the claim.

1greatly doubt whether any of the elements of preclusion have
been established by Cambodia. Even were it established that Thai-
land's conduct did amount to some clear and unequivocal represen-
tation, and that France relied upon it and was entitled so to do,
1 do not think there is any evidence that France-or Cambodia-
suffered any prejudice. Certainly no piece of evidence so far as 1
can recall was ever presented which could establish that either
State did.
Nor is it apparent what benefit Thailand can be said to have
obtained as a result of her absence of protest.
1 do not find it, however, necessary to examine these matters.
In my opinion the evidence quite fails to establish any clear and
unequivocal representation on the part of Thailand.
Moreover, 1 am satisfied that France never acted upon the faith
of any representation which may be inferred from Thailand's
conduct .
It is not sufficient to assert that she did, the evidence must
establish it. The burden of proof lies upon Cambodia and, in my

view, she has failed to discharge the burden.
142 France never in any manner, over a period of 50 years, suggested
that she had relied upon any conduct on Siam's part. Indeed, her
diplomatic note of 9 May 1949 before referred to, gives not the
slightest suggestion that she ever had.
The explanation is, 1 think, evident. France did not rely upon
any conduct of Thailand in relation to Annex 1.On the contrary,
she relied solely upon the accuracy of the surveys and calculations
of her own topographical officers and the map sheets drawn up by
her own cartographers based upon those surveys and calculations.
She acted not on the faith of Thailand's silence or other conduct,
but upon the faith she reposed in the competence of the officerswho

established Annex 1. She was quite confident that the question of
the frontier between herself and Siam was governed by Article 1
of the Protocol of 1907 and that Annex 1 was correct. Moreover,
she mistakenly believed, as at al1 times did Cambodia, that the
reference in that Article to "the lineracé)adopted bythe preceding
Commission of Delimitation on 18th January, 1907''was a reference
to Annex 1 and the line depicted thereon and thus was formally
confirmed by that Protocol.
It was indeed not Thailand's reaction or attitude to the map
sheets which determined France's course of action. Onthe contrary,
as France knew, it was Siam who relied upon her in the drawing
up of maps. In a letter of March 1909 the French Minister in Siam,
reporting to the French Foreign Minister on the work of the Tran-
scription Committee, reveals clearly enough that it was the policy
of France that Siam should continue to rely upon her in matters
touching the drawing up of maps. French interest in the Tran-
scription Committee was not limited to its work. There was, the
French Minister writes, also "an ultimate aim ..entertained from
the outset". The objective was "to persuade the Siamese to embark
on a course that is likely toead them to the goal we have in view,
that is to say, to cause them, at alater stage, to appeal invariably

for Ourhelp for the purpose of drawing up a general map of Siam...".

For my part, 1 am satisfied that France, except in terms of her
general political policy and of attracting Siam to a closer dependence
upon her, had not the slightest interest in how Siam reacted to
Annex 1 or any other of the map sheets; there was no reaction she
could have expected. She knew the extent to which Siam was
dependent upon her inthe construction of the maps and she wanted
that sense of dependence to remain. 1am quite unimpressed by the
contention put fonvard late in the day-a contention which there
is not one piece of direct evidence to support-that France relied
upon Siam's acceptance of Annex 1. France produced the map
sheets, including Annex 1, was satisfied they were correctly drawn
up and required no confirmation-and remained at al1times satis-fied they were correct. On that basis, and that basis alone, France
conducted herself thenceforth.

In my opinion, Thaiiand is not precluded from alleging that the
line on Annex 1 is not the frontier line.

1regret exceedingly that 1have found it necessary to express my
views at such length. This case, important though it is for the two
States directly concerned, has however a significancewhich extends
beyond the confines of the present litigation.

Whether the Mixed Commission did or did not delimit the Dang-
rek, the truth, in my opinion, is that the frontier line on that
mountain range is today the line of the watershed.
The Court however has upheld a frontier line which is not the
line of the watershed, one which in the critical area of the Temple
is an entirely different one.
This finds its justification in the application of the concepts of
recognition or acquiescence.
With profound respect for the Court, 1 am obliged to Say that in
my judgment, as a result of a misapplication of these concepts and
an inadmissible extension of them, territory, the sovereignty in
which, both by treaty and by the decision of the body appointed
under treaty to determine the frontier line, is Thailand's, now
becomes vested in Cambodia.

(Signed) Percy SPENDER.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF SIR PERCY SPENDER

1 regret that 1am not able to associate myself with the Judgment
of the Court. The reasons which have led me to differ from the
conclusion at which the Court has arrived should 1think be stated.
In the nature of things different minds approach problems in
different ways. The approach to a legal problem is no exception.
What is to be solved will be solved ac~ording to the manner of him
who solves it.
The present proceedings are burdened with a great volume of
evidence, a considerable amount of which is quite irrelevant.
The task is to sift the wheat from the chaff.
The case, in my view, is peculiarly one in which a conclusion may
safely be reached only by a detailed examination of the evidence
and a strict application thereto of the relevant principles of inter-
national law.

My own examination has led me to the conclusion that Cambodia
has failed to make out any claim for relief.

Article 40 of the Statute of the Court provides that the Appli-
cation to the Court shall state the subject of the dispute. Article ;z
(2)of the Rules of Court provides thatit must also, as far as possible,
statethe precise nature of the claim and give an accurate statement
of the facts and grounds on which the claim is based.

The suhject of the dispute in this case is the Temple of Preah
Vihear (in Siamese called Phra Viharn) over which the Kingdom of
Cambodia claims sovereignty. Its claim as statedin the Application
is based upon the terms of international conventions delimiting the
frontier between it and Thailand.

The convention which the Application States is fundamental to
the present dispute is theTreaty of 1904.This Treaty, supplemented
by a protocol dated 29 June 1904, relates to a long line of frontier
between Thailand and Indo-China. Article I thereof which dealt
with a part of this frontier line stated, intzr alia, that on the moun-
tain chain of the Dangrek-on which the Temple happens to be
situate-the frontier line should follow the line of the watershed
until it reached a mountain range known as Pnom Padang, the
crest of which it should follow towards the east as dar as the river
Mekong. Article 3 stipulated that the delimitation of "the frontier

99 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE SIR PERCY SPENDER

[Tradwtion]
Je regrette de ne pouvoir m'associer à l'arrêt de la Cour. Je
crois devoir exposer les motifs qui m'ont amené à m'écarter des
conclusions auxquelles la Cour est arrivée.
Il est naturel que des esprits différentsenvisagent des problèmes
de manières différentes. La façon d'aborder un problème juridique
ne fait pas exception. Ce qui doit êtrerésolule sera à la manière

de celui qui est appelé à le résoudre.
La procédure actuelle a étésurchargée de preuves abondantes
dont une grande partie sont absolument sans pertinence.
Il s'agit de séparerle bon grain de l'ivraie.
A mon avis, l'affaire est typiquement l'une de celles qu'on ne
peut résoudreen toute sécurité qu'en procédant à l'examen détaillé
des preuves en respectant strictement les principes pertinents du
droit international.
L'examen auquel j'ai personnellement procédé m'aconduit à
conclure que le Cambodge n'a pas réussià justifier l'instance qu'il
a introduite.

L'article 40 du Statut de la Cour dispose que la requêteprésentée
à celle-ci doit indiquer l'objet du différend. L'article 32, para-
graphe 2, du Règlement dispose qu'elle doit également, autant
que possible, contenir l'indication précisede l'objet de la demande
et donner un exposé exact des faitset des motifs par lesquels la
demande est prétendue justifiée.
En cette affaire, l'objet du litige est le temple de Préah Vihéar
(dont le nom siamois est Phra Viharn), sur lequel le Royaume du
Cambodge revendique la souveraineté. Cette réclamation, telle
qu'elle est énoncéedans la requête, se fonde sur les termes de
conventions internationales qui délimitent la frontière entre le

Cambodge et la Thaïlande.
La convention que la requête qualifie de fondamentale pour le
différend actuel est la convention de 1904. Cette convention, com-
plétéepar un protocole du 29 juin 1904, vise la longue ligne de
frontière entre la Thaïlande et l'Indochine. L'article I~~qui traite
d'une partie de cette ligne frontière énoncenotamment que, dans
la chaîne de montagnes des Dangrek - où se trouve situé le temple
- la frontière suit la ligne de partage des eaux jusqu'au point
où elle rejoint une chaîne de montagnes connue sous le nom de
Pnom Padang, dont elle suit la crêtevers l'est jusqu'au Mékong.
L'article 3 stipule que la délimitation de la (frontière déterminée

99determined by Article 1" should be carried out by a Mixed Com-
mission. Such a Commission was duly established.
Cambodia's contention, as stated in the Application and Memo-
rial, is that the work of delimitation was carried out from 1904

to 1907 and that, so far as concerns the delimitation of the frontier
on the chain of the Dangrek, "the final frontier line was adopted
by the Delimitation Commission during the year 1907" in the form
of a map or map sheet known in this case as Annex 1. On that
Annex the area where the Temple is situated is shown as within
Cambodia. This "frontier line" is stated in the Application as
having been "formally approved" by a Protocol to the Treaty
of 1907.
Aswillsubsequentlyappear thislast statement had no foundation.
The statement was a complete misapprehension of thetrue position,
first on the part of France, and later by Cambodia, and throws
considerablelight upon these proceedings and upon the reasons why
Cambodia ultimately became obliged to move away from her case
as formulated in her Application and resort to other and new
grounds upon which to seek a basis for her claim for relief. There
was no approval of the frontier line on anypart of the Dangrek by

the Protocol of 1907. The reference to what had been "formally
approved" related to a decision of the hlixed Commission recorded
at a meeting of 18 January 1907 when a point on the eastern ex-
tremity of the northern frontier between Indo-China and Siam, of
which frontier the Dangrek formed the western sector, was deter-
mined.

In the course of the oral proceedings Cambodia has endeavoured
to extend her claim as stated in the Application and Memorial and
the grounds on which it rests. But the principal ground on which it
relies remains that stated, namely, that Annex 1 represents the
delimitation of the Dangrek frontier by the Mixed Commission
under the Treaty of 1904.

In its Application and Memorial the Kingdom of Cambodia asked
the Court to declare that the territorial sovereignty over the Temple
belongs to it. In neither did it describe the actual Temple area over
which it claims sovereignty nor has it since done so. It is however
inherent in its Application and hlemorial that its claim of sover-
eignty over the Temple is based upon the proposition that Annex 1
was a delimitation of the Dangrek frontier by the Mixed Commission
established under the Treaty of 1904-and solely by that Commis-
sion. Sovereignty over the whole area shown on Annex I as south
of the frontier line was, it claims, accordingly vested in it. Thisarea in fact included thesite of the Temple andthe land immediately

siirrounding.

1 shall first address myself to the principal ground on which
Cambodia bases her claim to relief, the only ground indeed which
Cambodia, in accordance with her Application, came to the Court
to litigate.
The juridical foundation for the claim of Cambodia is to be found

in Articles I and 3 of the Treaty of 1904. The legal system by
virtue of which the frontier was to be delimited is set forth in
Article 3 and nowhere else. It was for the Mixed Commission to
be created under Article 3, and solely for that body, to make the
delimitation.
The Temple finds no mention in the Treaty. Refore a decision
can be made as to which State has sovereignty over the Temple it
is necessary to de~ermine what is the line of the frontier. This is
the central question.

The frontier was defined in Article I of the Treaty. What was
to constitute a sufficient delimitation of that frontier was for the
Mixed Commission to decide. It could, if it so wished in respect of
any part of the frontier, delimit it by a reference in terms to the
text of the Treatv and Protocol. That was a matter entirely for
itself to decide.

Whatever the delimitation made, however, it was not a delimi-
tation at large, it was controlled by Article I of the Treaty which
"determined" the frontier l.Subjecc to whatever power of adaption

the Mixed Commission may inherently have possessed, the delim-
itation had to be established on the basis of the criterion laid
down in Article I which on the Dangrek was the line of the water-
shed and only on the basis of this criterion. If it was not on the
basis of this criterion, any purported delimitation would lack any
lepl force.

The Minutes of the meeting of the Mixed Commission from the
date of its first meeting on 3 January 1905 to that of 18 Janua.~
1907, which was to prove its last, were placed before the Court by
Thailand.
In the course of oral argument it was faintly suggested by Cam-

SeeArticle 3 ofthe Treaty.

IO1nexe 1 comme situéeau sud de la frontière lui a donc étéattribuée.
Cette région, en fait, comprend le site du temple et le territoire
qui l'entoure immédiatement.

Je vais d'abord examiner le motif principal invoqué par le
Cambodge pour fonder son recours, le seul motif mêmepour lequel

le Cambodge, aux dires de sa requête,a introduit l'instance devant
la Cour.
La base juridique de la réclamation du Cambodge se trouve dans
les articlesI~~ et 3 de la convention de 1904. Le système juridique
en vertu duquel la frontière a étédélimitée est énoncéà l'article
3 et en cet article seul. Il appartenait à la Commission mixte qui
devait êtrecréée envertu de cet article, et à cette Commission
seule, de procéder à la délimitation.
La convention ne fait pas mention du temple. Avant de rendre

une décisionpour déclarer quel est l'État àqui appartient la souve-
raineté sur le temple, il faut fixer la ligne frontière. Telle est la
question centrale.
La frontière était définieàl'article 1"'de la convention. Il appar-
tenait àla Commission mixte de déciderce qui devait constituer une
délimitation suffisante de cette frontière. Si elle le voulait, elle
pouvait, à propos d'une partie quelconque de la frontière, procéder
à une délimitation par référence expresseaux termes de la conven-
tion et du protocole. La question relevait entièrement de sa com-

pétence.
Mais quelle que fût la délimitation effectuée, il ne s'agissait
pas d'une délimitation quelconque. Elle relevait entièrement de
l'articleI~~de la convention qui « déterminait »la frontièrel. Sous
réserve du pouvoir d'adaptation dont la Commission mixte pouvait
jouir par sa nature, la délimitation devait êtreétablie sur la base
du critère posé à l'articleI~~qui, dans les Dangrek, était la ligne de
partage des eaux, et sur la base de ce critère seul. Toute prétendue
délimitation qui n'aurait pas étéfaite sur la base de ce critère

aurait étédénuée deforce juridique.

Les procès-verbauxdes séancesdela Commission mixte, depuissa
première conférencele 31 janvier 1905 jusqu'à celle du 18 janvier
1907, qui s'est avéréeêtrela dernière, ont étéprésentésà la Cour
par la Thaïlande.
Au cours des plaidoiries, il a étéincidemment suggérépar le

l Voir article 3 de la convention.
IO1bodia that perhaps one or more Minutes might be missing, or
perhaps al1decisions taken by the Mixed Commission had not been
recorded, or perhaps in particular a decision as to which State
sovereignty in the Temple should be attributed was not noted.

There is no foundation for these suggestions. For quite apart
from the internal evidence which the Minutes themselves provide
there is other documentary evidence which establishes beyond
reasonable controversy that the Minutes produced are a complete
record of the deliberations and the decisions of the Mixed Com-
mission. A report by Colonel Bernard, the President of the French
Commission of Delimitation, of 14 April1908 to theFrench Minister
of the Colonies in which he forwarded an original copy of the
Minutes indicating the number forwarded, establishes this. It is
utterly unlikely that any decision of delimitation failed to be rec-
orded in these Minutes.
The Minutes were the work of French and Siarnese secretaries
appointed by the Mixed Commission at its first meeting, who were
"responsible for drawing up the minutes". The practice was for

them to be drawn up by the French and submitted to the Siamese
for approval and thereafter to be signed respectively by the Presi-
dent of each Commission. The Minutes were manifestly prepared
with considerable care and in great detail. No record is to be found
within them to support in any way the contention of Cambodia
that a frontier line corresponding to Annex 1 or indeed a frontier
line on the Dangrek shown on any map or sketch was at any time
either discussed or decided upon by the Mixed Commission. Nor is
there any reference at al1 to the Temple of Preah Vihear which
indeed does not appear to have acquired any real importance for
either State until many years later.

The matter of the frontier on the Dangrek was referred to at the
first meeting of the Mixed Commission early in 1905. It was decided

that the work of delimitation of the frontier from the Great Lake
to the Dangrek and thence easterly to the Mekong should be post-
poned until a later season.
Nothing directed to this end was undertaken until December of
1906. It was not till then that the frontier line defined in ArticlI
of the Treaty of 1904 received any direct consideration.
At a meeting of the Mixed Commission held on the 2nd of that
month it was agreed to make a reconnaissance from the Great Lake
to the Dangrek and thence easterly to the river Mekong to the
point at which the crest of the mountain range known as the
Pnom Padang met that river. This reconnaissance was in fact made
and was completed by IO January 1907, and so far as the Dangrek
mountain range is concerned, apparently before the 3rd of that

month, since at that date the Mixed Commission was at Ban Mek
near the Mekong.
1OZ ARRÊT I5 VI62 (OP. DISS. SIR PERCY SPENDER) IO4

Cambodge qu'un ou plusieurs procès-verbaux manquaient peut-
êtreou que, peut-être, toutes les décisionsde la Commission mixte
n'avaient pas étéconsignées dans les prpcès-verbaux, ou encore,
en particulier, qu'une décision fixant 1'Etat qui devait avoir la
souveraineté sur le temple n'y avait pas été consignée.
Ces suggestions sont sans fondement car, en dehors de la preuve
interne fournie par les procès-verbaux eux-mêmes,il existe d'autres

preuves documentaires qui établissent sans controverse raison-
nable possible que les procès-verbaux produits constituent les
archives complètes des décisionset des délibérationsde la Commis-
sion mixte. Cela est établipar un rapport du 14 avril1908 du colonel
Bernard, président de la Commission française de délimitation, et
adresséau ministre français des Colonies pour lui envoyer l'original
des procès-verbaux et qui indique le nombre de procès-verbaux
transmis. Il est absolument improbable qu'une décisionde délimi-
tation quelconque n'ait pas étéconsignéedans ces procès-verbaux.
Ces procès-verbaux étaient l'Œuvre des secrétaires français et
siamois désignéspar la Commission mixte à sa première conférence

et qui étaient ccchargés de la rédaction des procès-verbaux 1).
En pratique, ces procès-verbaux étaient rédigéspar le Français et
soumis à l'approbation du Siamois, après quoi ils étaient signés
respectivement par le président de chacune des Commissions. Les
procès-verbaux ont étémanifestement préparés avec un grand
soin et très en détail. On n'y trouve aucune indication qui étaye en
quoi que ce soit la thèse cambodgienne qu'une frontière correspon-
dant à celle de l'annexe 1, ou mêmeune frontière dans les Dangrek
indiquée par une carte ou un croquis quelconque, ait jamais été
discutée ou ait jamais fait l'objet d'une décisionde la Commission
mixte. On n'y trouve non plus aucune référenceau temple de

Préah Vihéar, qui ne semble mêmeavoir acquis d'importance réelle
pour les deux États que de longues annéesplus tard.
La question de la frontière dans les Dangrek a étésoulevée à la
première conférencede la Commission mixte, au débutde 1905. Il fut
décidéque le travail de délimitation de la frontière depuis le
Grand Lac jusqu'aux Dangrek et, de là, vers l'est, jusqu'au Mékong
serait reporté à une saison suivante.
Rien ne fut entrepris à ce sujet avant décembre1906, et c'est alors
seulement que la ligne frontière définie à l'articlle' de la conven-
tion de 1904 a fait l'objet d'un examen direct.

A une réunion de la Commission mixte qui s'est tenue le 2 dé-
cembre, il fut convenu de procéder à une reconnaissance depuis
le Grand Lac jusqu'aux Dangrek et, de là, vers l'est, jusqu'au
fleuve Mékong,au point où la crêtedela chaîne montagneuse connue
sous le nom de Pnom Padang rencontre ce fleuve. Cette reconnais-
sance eut lieu effectivement et fut terminée le IO janvier 1907, et
même, pour ce qui est de la chaîne montagneuse des Dangrek,
apparemment avant le 3 janvier, puisqu'à cette datela Commission
mixte était à Ban Mek, près du Mékong. The labours of the Mised Commission had until December 1906

been directed to the region of Luang Prabang l,which was far to
the north of and beyond the Kinpdom of Cambodia, and to the
region, within the Kingdom, between the Great Lake and the sea
to the south.
In December 1906, when the labours of the Mixed Commission
were directed tothe frontier defined in Article I of the Treaty which
was north of the Great Lake, Colonel Bernard had already other
ideas as to where the western frontier line south of the Dangrek
should be, ideas which were not in conformity with the frontier

stipulated in Article I of the Treaty of 1904.
He was opposed to any part of the frontier being determined by
a parallel and a meridian as laid down in that Article. It is evident
from the Minutes of the Mixed Commission that he was determined.
if he could, to prevent this taking place. His constant view made
known at the first meeting of the Mixed Commission was that "it
was absolutely essential that there should, above all, be a frontier
that was visible and known to everyone". The frontier as stipulüted

in Article I of the Treaty north of the Great Lake, notwithstanding
the clear terms of that Article, was inadmissible 2.
At the first meeting of the Mixed Comniission in January 1905
he had lost no time in making his views known. The record of the
Minutes of that meeting reads as follows:

"Commandant Bernard said that the task which their respective
Govemments had entrusted to the Commission was that of de-
temining the frontier by following in its main lines the Treaty
concluded between France on 13 February 1904.. Thus as far as
that frontier was concerned to the north of the Great Lake, it was
stipulated that the frontier should start from the mouth of the river
Stung Roluos and should follow the parallel from that point east-
wards until it met the river Kompong Tiam; then turning north-
wards, it was to lie along the meridian from that meeting point to
the mountain chain of the Pnom Dangrek.
Such a frontier was inadmissible between two civilized nations
such as France and Siam. .."
He never departed from this view. As late as the last meeting
held by the Mixed Commission on 18 January 1907 he stated that :

" When accuratema@ wereavailable[italics added] a new frontier
defined by topographical features should be sought."

Unable, as the Minutes reveal, to persuade the leader of the
Siamese Commission to agree with his views on a new frontier line
to the north of the Great Lake-the latter who throughout the
work of the. Mixed Commission endeavoured as a general rule to

1 Article2of Treaty of 1904 and Article II of the Protocol.
a Minutes of Meeting of gr January 1905.

103 Jusqu'en décembre 1906, les travaux de la Commission mixte
avaient porté sur la régionde Luang Prabang1, située très au nord
et au-delà du Royaume du Cambodge et sur la région à l'intérieur
du Cambodge, entre le Grand Lac et la mer, au sud.

En décembre 1906, quand les travaux de la Commission mixte ont
abordéla frontière définie à l'articleI~~ de la convention et située
au nord du Grand Lac, le colonel Bernard avait déjà des vues dif-
férentes quant à la situation qui devait être celle de la frontière
occidentale au sud des Dangrek, vues qui n'étaient pas conformes
à la frontière stipulée à l'article I~~de la convention de 1904.

Le colonel Bernard était opposé à ce qu'une partie quelconque de
la frontière soit fixée par un parallèle et un méridien, comme le
voulait cet article. Les procès-verbaux de la Commission mixte
montrent à l'évidence qu'il était résolu à l'empêcher, s'ille pouvait.
Son opinion constante, énoncée à la première conférence de la
Commission mixte, était qu'ccil est de première nécessité d'avoir
avant tout une frontière visible et connue de tous )).La frontière
définie à l'articleI~~ de la convention au nord du Grand Lac était

inadmissible, nonobstant les termes clairs de cet article 2.
A la première conférence de la Commission mixte en janvier
1905 il ne perdit pas de temps pour faire connaître ses vues. Le
procès-verbal de la séance rapporte ce qui suit:
(Le commandantBernard déclarequela tâche que nos Gouverne-

ments respectifs nous ont confiéeest de déterminer la frontière en
suivant dans ces grandes lignes le traité passéentre la France et
le Siam le 13 février190q... C'est ainsi qu'en ce qui concerne cette
frontière: au Nord des Grands Lacs, il est stipulé qu'elle partira
de l'embouchure de la rivière Stung Roluos, pour suivre le parallèle
de ce point dans la direction de l'Est jusqu'à la rencontre de la
rivière Kompong Tiam, puis que remontant vers le Nord, elle se
confondra avec le méridien de ce point de rencontre jusqu'à la
chaîne de montagnes Pnom Dang Rek.
Une telle frontière est inadmissible entre deux nations civilisées
comme la France et le Siam ..))
Le colonel Bernard ne s'est jamais départi de cette opinion.

Jusqu'à la dernière séance de la Commission mixte, le 18 janvier
1907, il déclarait encore :
((qu'il conviendra, lorsqu'on sera en oss sess iencartes exactes, de
rechercher une nouvelle frontière définiepar des accidents topogra-
phiques 1).[Italiques ajoutés.]

N'ayant pu persuader, comme le montre le procès-verbal, le
chef de la Commission siamoise d'accéder à ses vues sur une nouvel-
le frontière au nord du Grand Lac - ce dernier s'était efforcétout
au long des travaux de la Commission mixte de suivre en règle

l Article2de la convention de1904 et articlediIprotocole.
Procès-verbal de la conférence31ujanvier 1905.adhere to the Treaty line, having made it clear that he was not
empowered to discuss "any frontier di8ereîztfrom thaof the Treaty"
jitalics addedl-Colonel Bernard conceded it was in those circum-

stances necessary for the Mixed Commission to define strictly the
parallel and meridian indicated in the Treaty. In sodoing, he stated,
they would have established the rights of the two States and this
would subsequently permit the final frontier in that region to be
settled by a system of compensation.
The record reveals that at this point of time Colonel Bernard,
and since October of the preceding year, had in mind plans to
extend the frontiers of France a considerable distance to the west
of those provided in the Treaty of 1904 and was concentrating his
efforts to carry them into effect.
This finally he succeeded in accomplishing through the Treaty
of 23 March 1907.

Tlie leader of the Siamese Commission having been insistent upon
following the Treaty line, the two Commissions on 5 December
1906, by compromise, agreed upon a point which should be deenied
to be the mouth of the river Stung Roluos within the meaning of
Article I of the Treaty of 1904, and on 3 January 1907, again by
compromise, agreed upon a point which should be deemed to be
where the parallel from the former point met the river Prec Kom-
pong Tiam within the meaning of the said Article.
Cntil these two points could be agreed upon it was not possible
either to fix the frontier line from the Great Lake north to the
Dangrek, or the commencing point on the frontier of the Dangrek
whence it ran in an easterly direction to the Mekong.
Only one further meeting of the 3TixeclCommission was in fact
to be held, namely, on 18 January 1907.
At its meeting of 2December 1906, when the Mixed Cnmmission's

reconnaissance of the Dangrek and easterly to the Mekong was
agreed to be made, it had been decided that a Captain Oum-an
officer in the French military forces-"would survey the whole
region of the Dangrek" whilst other French officerswould carry out
the survey measurements. A Captain Kerler with another French
officer was to start work from the Great Lake working north to
join up with the Dangrek where it was met by the meridian. The
survey work \vas done excluçively by French oficers, as was almost
universally the case throughout the whole of the frontier regions.
Captain Oum and Captain Kerler are those officers whose work on
the spot is noted on the left-hand top corner of Annex 1. The
topographical surveys could not in any manner constitute delimi-
tations. It is common groiind between the Parties that the tcpo-
graphical and survey officers were vested with no discretion and
had no power to delimit or discuss any question of delimitation ofgénéralela ligne du traité, ayant clairement indiqué qu'il n'était
pas dans ses attributions de discuter ((une frontière diférente de
celle du trait» [italiques ajoutés] - le colonel Bernard a reconnu
que, dans ces conditions, la Commission mixte devait définird'une
façon rigoureuse le parallèle et le méridien indiquéspar-le traité. Ce
faisant, dit-il, elle aurait établi les droits des deux Etats, ce qui
permettrait ultérieurement de régler la frontière définitive dans
cette régionpar un système de compensation.
Le procès-verbal montre qu'à cette date, et depuis octobre de

l'année précédentel,e colonel Bernard songeait à étendre les fron-
tières françaises trèsà l'ouest de celles prévues par la convention
de 1904 et concentrait ses efforts pour y parvenir.

C'est ce qu'il a finalement réussià faire par le traité du 23 mars
1907.

Le chef de la commissionsiamoise ayant insistépour suivre la ligne

de la convention, les deux commissions sont tombées d'accord par
un compromis, le 5 décembre1906, sur un point qui serait considéré
comme étant l'embouchure de la rivière Stung Roluos au sens de
l'articleI~~ de la convention de 1904 et, le 3 janvier 1907, par un
nouveau compromis, sont convenues d'un point qui serait considéré
comme étant celui où le parallèle du premier point rencontrait la
rivière Prec Kompong Tiam, au sens dudit article.
Tant que ces deux points n'avaient pas étéconvenus, il était
impossible de fixer la frontière depuis le Grand Lac jusqu'aux
Dangrek, vers le nord, ni le point initial d'où la frontière desDangrek
part vers l'est jusqu'au Mékong.

En fait, il n'y a eu qu'une autre réunionde la Commission mixte,
celle du 18 janvier 1907.
Lors de sa séancedu 2 décembre 1906, lorsqu'il fut convenu que
la Commission mixte procéderait à une reconnaissance dans les
Dangrek et en direction de l'est vers le Mékong,il avait étédécidé
que le capitaine Oum -un officierde l'arméefrançaise- «Zèverajit]
toute la régiondu Dang Rek »tandis que d'autres officiersfrançais
seraient chargés des travaux de géodésie. Lecapitaine Kerler, ac-
compagné d'un autre officier français, devait commencer le travail
en partant du Grand Lac et en se dirigeant vers le nord pour rejoin-
dre les Dangrek àlahauteur du méridien.Les levésont étépratiqués

exclusivement par des officiers français, comme ce fut le cas à
peu près partout dans l'ensemble des régions frontières. Le Ca-
pitaine Oum et le capitaine Kerler sont les officiers dont les
noms sont mentionnés à l'angle supérieur gauche de l'annexe 1
comme chargés destravaux sur le terrain. Les levéstopographiques
ne pouvaient enaucune façonconstituer des travaux dedélimitation.
Les Parties sont d'accord pour reconnaître que les officiers topo-

104any part of the frontier. Their duties were strictly technical.

Captain Oum was to commence his survey at the far eastern
extremity of the Dangrek. He could not have commenced much
before IO December. He worked from east to west. The reconnais-
sance made by the Mixed Commission was made from west to east
and to the north generally of the crest of the Dangrek. It is utterly
unlikely that the Mixed Commission and Captain Oum made any
contact and the Minutes do not su~gest they did nor does any
contemporary document.
On 18 January 1907 the topographical and survey officers were

still engaged on their work. As the Minutes of that date reveal,
the survey or map sheets of the region were still in course of prepa-
ration. Only a little over two weeks had expired since Captains
Oum and Kerler had received instructions to commence their sur-
veys, the former operatine; in particularly difficult terrain where
progress was bound to be slow. On 18 January the Mixed Com-
mission was at Pak-Moun on the Mekong. It had completed its
reconnaissance of the frontier from the Great Lake to the Mekong
at least a week before then.
The following dav the two Presidents signed a minute of delimi-
tation in respect of one of the small plots of land which had been
agreed to be ceded to France by Siam under Article S of the
Treaty of 1904. This proved to be the Mixed Commission's last

officia1act.

From as early as October 1906ColonelBernard had been agitating
his superiors to enter into riegotiations with the Siamese Govern-
ment with a view to acquirinq "al1 the old Cambodian provinces".
If this could be accomplished it would result in carrying the western
boundaries of Indo-China a considerable distance to the west. In
that same month he was successful in obtaining officia1approval
of his proposals. From that moment on his activities were mainly
directed to this end. It is evident he was anxious to accomplish his
purpose as soon as he could and then to wind up the Mixed Com-

mission.
In the first week of March, on the arrival in Bangkok of Mr.
Strobel, the adviser to the Siamese Government, his activities in-
creased in their intensity.
On his journey through Paris Mr. Strobel had been informed of
difficulties on the frontier north of the Great Lake. From the
moment of Mr. Strobel's arrival events moved rapidly. They throw
an interestin? light upon the circumstances in which the work of
the Mixed Commission came to an end.

10.5graphes n'étaient investis d'aucun pouvoir discrétionnaire et n'a-
vaient pas qualité pour délimiter ni discuter de toute question de
délimitation dans quelque secteur de la frontière que ce fût. Leur
tâche était strictement technique.
Le capitaine Oum devait commencer seslevés àl'extrémitéorien-
tale des Dangrek. Il ne peut guère avoir commencéavant le IO dé-
cembre. 11avançait d'est en ouest. La reconnaissance opérée par
la Commission mixte avançait d'ouest en est et généralement au
nord de la crêtedes Dangrek. Il est tout à fait improbable que la
Commission mixte et le capitaine Oum se soient rencontrés et les

procès-verbaux, non plus que les documents contemporains, n'indi-
quent pas d'ailleurs qu'ils l'aient fait.
Le 18 janvier 1907 les officierstopographes travaillaientoujours.
Comme le montrent les procès-verbaux de ce jour, les feuilles de
levéou les cartes de la région étaient encore en préparation. Il ne
s'était écouléqu'un peu plus de deux semaines depuis que les
capitaines Oum et Kerler avaient été chargés de commencer les
levés, lepremier d'entre eux opérant sur un terrain particulièrement
difficile oùiI ne pouvait avancer que lentement. Le 18 janvier la
Commission mixte était à Pak-Moun, sur le Mékong. Elle avait
terminé sa reconnaissance de la frontière allant du Grand Lac jus-

qu'au Mékongune semaine au moins auparavant.
Le jour suivant les deux présidents signaient un procès-verbal de
délimitation touchant l'une des parcelles que le Siam avait accepté
de céder à la France aux termes de l'article 8 de la convention
de 1904. Ce devait être le dernier acte officiel de la Commission
mixte.

Dès le mois d'octobre 1906 le colonel Bernard avait alerté ses
supérieurs en vrre d'ouvrir des négociations avec le Gouvernement
siamois pour obtenir la cession Kdes anciennes provinces cambod-
giennes )).S'il y réussissait, le résultat en serait de reporter très

sensiblement vers l'ouest les frontières occidentales de l'Indochine.
Au cours de ce même moisle colonel Bernard parvint àfaire approu-
ver officiellement ses propositions. dater de ce moment, ses acti-
vités se concentrèrent sur ce projet. Il est évident qu'il souhaitait
ardemment réussir aussi tôt que possible et liquider ensuite la
Commission mixte.
Dans la première semaine de mars, lors de l'arrivée à Bangkok
de M. Strobel, conseiIIer du Gouvernement siamois, ses activités
redoublèrent d'intensité.
lM. Strobel avait appris en passant par Paris que certaines
difficultésavaient surgi au sujet de la frontière au nord du Grand

Lac. Après l'arrivée de M. Strobel, les événementsse précipitèrent.
Ilsjettent une lueur intéressante sur les circonstances dans lesquelles
les travaux de la Commission mixte ont pris fin.
105108 JEDGïiI. ï5 VI 62 (DISS.OP. SIR PERCY SPENDER)

The French topographical officers arrived in Bangkok at different
times between 18 February and 4 March. They had by this latter
date just completed their work in the field. Provisional maps of the
frontier region xverenot completed z~jztil5March, and no final maps
were in existence. A meeting of the Blixed Commission \vas pro-
visionally called for S March by Colonel Bernard.

On this day however the first steps were taken by Coloilel Bernard
in discussions with hlr. Strobel to negotiate a new boundary treaty
with Siam. The meeting of the hlixed Commission called for the
same day was "postponed indefinitely".
Colonel Bernard's conversations with hlr. Strobel continued for
six days.
At this point of time His Majesty the King of Siam was about
to depart on a visit to France. Mr. Strobel sought to postpone
solution of the question of absorption of the "old Cambodian

provinces" until the King's return. Colonel Bernard was insistent
upon it being settled before the King's departure.
Finally he persuaded hlr. Strobel to his point of vie~v. He was,
as the record abundantly reveals, an efficient officerand a domi-
nating personality.
From that moment events moved rapidly.
A draft treaty was first drawn up on 14 March. It \vas signed
on 23 hlarch. Colonel Bernard left Bangkok on the 26th and on
5 April he sailed from Saigon for France where he remained.

No further meeting of the hlixed Commission was held. It
dispersed and ceased to exist.
Colonel Bernard has given us his own commentary on thse
event s:
"LVe had to take as the frontier a certain parallel and then
discover at what point that parallel cut across a river called the
Preck Kompong Tiam-and from that point we had to draw a me-
ridian as far as the Dangrek mountains. But the river did not
esist...A fresh start had therefore to be made and we co~ld not
complete the delimitation without concluding what was really a
new treaty.
Moreoverthe need fortearing up the 190.4Treaty and forpreparing
a new one had become quite obvious to us the previous year."'

Annex 1 was one of eleven map sheets of the whole frontier
regions covered by the Treaty and Protocol of 1904. Whatever
survey sketches may have existed previously, these map sheets did
not come into being until Yovember of 1907. This is therefore a
critical date since at that point of time the Mixed Commission no

1 Lecture deliverby Colonel Bernard to the SocdetGéogvaphie20 Decem-
ber 1907.
I06 Les officiers topographes français arrivèrent à Bangkok à dif-
férentes époques entre le 18 février et le 4 mars: à cette date
ils venaient de terminer leurs travaux sur le terrain. Les cartes

provisoires de la région frontière n'ont pas ététerminées avant le
5 mars, et il n'existait aucune carte définitive. Le colonel Bernard
a convoqué à titre provisoire la Commission mixte pour le 8 mars.
Mais ce jour-là le colonel Bernard, au cours de ses entretiens
avec M. Strobel, posait les premiers jalons d'un nouveau règlement
de frontière avec le Siam. La réunion de la Commission mixte
convoquée pour ce même jour était remise siyzedie.
Les conversations du colonel Bernard et de M. Strobel se sont
poursuivies pendant six jours.
A la mêmeépoque Sa Majesté le Roi de Siam se préparait à
partir pour la France. M. Strobel tentait de remettre la décisionsur
la question de l'absorption des (anciennes provinces cambodgien-
nes » jusqu'au retour du roi. Le colonel Bernard insistait pour

qu'elle fût régléeavant le départ du roi.
Il réussit finalementà amener M. Strobel à son point de vue:
c'était, le dossier le prouve abondamment, un officier actif et une
personnalité énergique.
A partir de ce moment-là, les choses allèrent vite.
Un projet de traité fut rédigéd'abord le 14 mars, et signé le
23 mars. Le colonel Bernard quittait Bangkok le 26 et, l5 avril, il
s'embarquait à Saigon pour retourner en France où il est resté
ensuite.
La Commission mixte n'a plus jamais tenu séance. Elle s'est
dispersée et a cesséd'exister.
Le colonel Bernard a commenté pour nous ces événements:

((Nous devions prendre comme frontière un certain parallèle,
chercher en quel point ce parallèle coupait une rivière appeléele
Preck Kompong Tiam et mener de ce point un méridien jusqu'à la
rencontre des monts Dangrek. Or, la rivière n'existait ..Tout
étaitdonc à refaireet nous ne pouvions achever la délimitation sans
conclure, en réalité,un nouveau traité.
Dèsl'annéeprécédente du reste, la nécesside déchirerle traité
clairement.»d'en préparer un nouveau, nous était apparue très

L'annexe 1est l'une des onze feuilles de la carte d'ensemble des
régionsfrontières couverte par la convention et le protocole de904.
Si quelques croquis de levés ont pu exister antérieurement, ces
feuilles, elles, n'ont pas étéétablies avant novembre 1907. Il s'agit
donc là d'une époque critique puisqu'alors la Commission mixte

Communication du colonel Bernard àla Sociétéde géo20adécembre1907.longer existed. Since the Mixed Commission never met after
18January 1907andthe topographical officersdidnot complete their
work until at least a month later, it is evident that no report from
Captain Oum and no sketch or working map in relation to the
Dangrek frontier region of any description could ever have been
~laced before the Mixed Commission for discussion or decision.
None ever was.
In the face of the factstated-al1 of which are established beyond
controversy-it is an unproductive exercise to have recourse to
presumptions or inferences from the subsequent conduct of the
Parties in an effort to establish that the Mixed Commission must

in fact have made a decision delimiting the Dangrek by agreeing
to the frontier line shown in or in the form of Annex 1 or in the
form of any sketch or map.
No presumption can be made and no inference can be drawn
which is inconsistent with facts incontrovertibly established by the
evidence.
These facts admit of only one conclusion, namely: that the
frontier line on Annex 1 was not a line agreed upon by the Mixed
Commission as a delimitation of the frontier of the Dangrek.

Independently of the facts stated it would seem a little unlikely
to Say the least that, when the Treaty and Protocol of 1907 was
drafted, if there had been any map or sketch agreed to by the

Mixed Commission which delineated the frontier line on any part
of the Dangrek or the Pnom Padang east to the river Mekong tbat
no reference whatever to such a map or sketch would have been
made in the text of that Treaty.
Article 1 of the Protocol to the Treaty of 1907 described the new
frontier between Indo-China and Siam. Included within the de-
scription was the frontier which extended along the Dangrek-
from a point considerably west of the 1904 Treaty line-and ran
across the Pnom Padang easterly to the river Mekong. Yet no map
or sketch relating to the Dangrek is mentioned.

There was indeed in Article 1 of the Protocol of 1907 a reference
to a sketch of the frontier, butthis sketch did not cover the region
of the Dangrek show in Annex 1.There was alsoa reference therein
to a line (tracé) adopted by the Mixed Commission. This however

related to the eastern extremity of the frontier above mentioned,
and to a decision taken by the Mixed Commission at its last
meeting on 18 January 1907 and recorded in the Minutes of that
date to the effect that the thalweg of a certain river-the Huei
Don-should be the agreed point at which the crest of the Pnom
Padang met the river Mekong within the meaning of Article 1 of
the Treaty of 1904.
107n'existait plus. La Comn~issionmixte n'ayant plus jamais siégéà
partir du 18 janvier 1907, les officierstopographes n'ayant terminé
leurs travaux, au mieux, qu'un mois plus tard, il est évident qu'au-
cun rapport émanant du capitaine Oum, ni aucun croquis ou carte
de travail portant sur la régionfrontière des Dangrek, quels qu'ils
soient, n'ont pu êtresoumis pour discussion ou décision à la Com-

mission mixte: aucun ne l'a jamais été,en effet.
Devant les faits exposés - dont tous sont établis sans doute
possible -, il serait vain de recourir à des suppositions ou à des
déductions touchant la conduite ultérieure des Parties pour tenter
de prouver que la Commission mixte a dû, en réalité, prendre une
décision délimitant la frontière des Dangrek et accepté un tracé
selon l'annexe 1, ou selon un croquis ou une carte quelconques.

Aucune présomption ne peut être formuléeou aucune déduction
n'est possible si elle contredit des faits incontestablement établis
par les preuves.
Ces faits n'autorisent qu'une seule conclusion, à savoir que la
ligne de l'annexe 1 n'a pas étéacceptée par la Commission mixte
comme délimitation de la frontière des Dangrek.

Indépendamment des faits exposés,il paraît assez invraisembla-
ble, pour ne pas dire plus, que lorsque le traité et le protocole de
1907 ont étérédigés,aucune mention n'ait étéfaite dans le texte
de ce traité d'une carte ou d'un croquis acceptés par la Commission
mixte et déterminant la ligne frontière dans une quelconque partie
des Dangrek ou du Pnom Padang à l'est, en direction du fleuve
Mékong,si cette carte ou ce croquis avaient existé.
La clause 1 du protocole joint au traité de 1907 décritla nouvelle
frontière entre l'Indochine et le Siam. Cette définitionporte égale-
ment sur la frontière qui longe les Dangrek - à partir d'un point
fixétrès à l'ouest de la frontière de la convention de 1904 - et qui
traverse le Pnom Padang en direction de l'est jusqu'au fleuve
Mékong. Or aucune carte ni croquis se rapportant aux Dangrek
n'est mentionné.
Il est bien fait état,àla clause 1du protocole de 1907,d'un croquis
de la frontière. Mais ce croquis ne couvrait pas la régiondesDangrek
indiquée à l'annexe 1. Il y était également fait état d'un tracé

adopté par la Commission mixte. Mais ce tracé porte sur l'extré-
mité orientale de la frontière ci-dessus mentionnée, et se réfère
à une décision prise par la Commission mixte à sa dernière séance
du 18 janvier 1907 et mentionnée au procès-verbal du même
jour: il indique que le thalweg d'un certain ruisseau - le Huei Don
- doit être adoptécomme l'endroit où le Pnom Padang rencontre
le Mékong,au sens de l'article lerde la convention de 1904. Colonel Bernard played the principal role in the drafting of the
Treaty and Protocol of 1907 particularly, 1 would think, in the
technical description of the frontier.If an inference may be drawn
it would seem permissible to assume, certainly al1the probabilities
would suggest, that at thedate of that Treaty and Protocol, namely
23 March 1907, if there had been any map or sketch which up to
that point of time had been agreed to by the Mixed Commission as
delimiting any part of the frontiers from the Kel Pass on the
Dangrek along the Pnom Padang to the east, it would at least have

warranted some reference. The fact that there is no mention of
any such decision is in the circumstances powerful, indeed, 1 think,
overwhelming evidence that no such delimitation had been made.

Moreover, having in mind the great importance which today is
said to have attached to the Temple in 1907-1908, it seems scarcely
conceivable that, if as has been suggested, the Mixed Commission
during its reconnaissance of the Dangrek made some decision of
delimitation dealing with the Temple or Temple area, or the frontier
in the region of the Temple, that it should be mentioned neither in
the Minutes nor in the Treaty and Protocol of 1907 nor in any
contemporaneous document.

The reference in Article 1 of the Protocol of 1907 to a sketch and

"tracéJ'immediately following the description of the frontier lineon
the Dangrek and Pnom Padang is, 1 think, of no little importance in
this case. It has a distinct bearing upon the manner in which Cam-
bodia has presented her case and why quite late in the proceedings
she shiftedfrom the ground on which she relied in her Application
and added grounds which were neither set forth nor foreshadowed
therein.

Itis evident from paragraph 6 of the Application that Cambodia
regarded this reference in Article 1 of the Protocol of 1907 as a
forma1 treaty confirmation of the frontier line shown in hnnex 1.

In this-a very important part of her case-she was mistaken. It
is evident also that France and later Cambodia were under a total
misapprehension as to the meaning of this reference in the Protocol
of 1907 for very many years.

When the meeting of the Mixed Commission of 18 January 1907
had concluded, ColonelBernard believed that the work of the Mixed
Commission, at least in the field, had been completed. He said so
in so many words in a telegram of the 28/29 January 190 j.
108 Le colonel Bernard a étéle pri~cipal artisan de l'élaboration du
traité et du protocole de 1907 et notamment, j'imagine, de la
description technique de la frontière. Si l'on en tire une déduction,
il ne semble pas interdit de penser, et assurément toutes les pro-
babilitéspermettent de le faire, qu'à la date où ce traité et ce proto-
cole ont étésignés,c'est-à-dire le 23 mars 1907, si l'on avait disposé
d'une carte ou d'un croquis que la Commission eut adopté jusque-là
pour délimiter un secteur quelconque de la frontière à partir du col
de Kel dans les Dangrek en direction du Pnom Padang à l'est, le
fait méritait au moins d'êtrementionné quelque part. Or il n'est
question nulle part d'une décision de ce genre; compte tenu des
circonstances, cela montre assez, et même, selonmoi, cela prouve

à l'évidence qu'aucune délimitation de ce genre n'a étéopérée.
Si l'on considère,en outre, l'extrêmeimportance qu'on attachait,
paraît-il,à ce temple en 1907-1908, on conçoit malaisément que la
Commission mixte ait, comme on l'a prétendu, pris au cours de la
reconnaissance qu'elle a faite dans les Dangrek une décision de
délimitation touchant le temple, la zone du temple ou la frontière
dans la régiondu temple, décisiondont il ne serait fait mention ni
dans les procès-verbaux, ni dans les traité et protocole de 1907, ni
dans aucun document contemporain.

La mention faite, à la clause 1 du protocole de 1907, d'un croquis
schématique et d'un tracé, mention qui suit immédiatement la

description du tracé de la frontière dans les Dangrek et le Pnom
Padang, revêt,selon moi, une importance considérable en l'espèce.
Elle explique nettement la manière dont le Cambodge a présenté
sa thèse et pourquoi, alors que la procédure était déjàtrès engagée,
le Cambodge a abandonné le terrain sur lequel il se fondait dans sa
requête pour recourir à d'autres motifs qu'il n'avait pas encore arti-
culéset que rien ne laissait prévoir dans ce document.
Il ressort clairement du paragraphe 6 de la requêteque le Cam-
bodge considérait cette mention dans la clause 1 du protocole de
1907 comme la confirmation officielle du tracé de la frontière
indiquée à l'annexe 1.
En quoi - et c'est un élémentfort important de sa thèse - il se
trompait. Il est évident aussi que la France, et plus tard leCambodge,
se sont complètement mépris, pendant de longues années, sur la

signification de cette référencequi figure dans le protocole de 1907.

Lorsque la réunion de la Commission mixte prit fin, le 18 janvier
1907, le colonel Bernard a cru que la tâche de la Commission niixte
était terminée, du moins dans ce domaine. Il l'a dit en propres
termes dans un télégrammedu 28/29 janvier 1907.
108III JUDGM . 5VI 62 (DISS. OP. SIR PERCY SPENDER)

Ifthere were any decision of the Mixed Commission made by it
during its reconnaissance of the Dangrek which, for some quite
unknown reason, was not in any manner referred to in either the
Minutes of 3 January or 18 January-or indeed on the next day
when they met again together-it is manifest that it could not
have been in the form of any line appearing on any sketch or map
since, not only was there not then even a topographical sketch map
of the frontier region in existence, but the topographical survey
work, without which no line of the watershed of any description
was capable of being drawn up and decided upon, was unfinished.

Captain Oum was still in the Dangrek.

If then there had been any prior decision delimiting the northern
frontier when the Mixed Commissionheld its meeting on 18January
1907 ,t could never have been a decision to adopt a line corre-
spondingwith that on Annex 1, or a line shown on a sketch or map.
It would seem probable that it could only have been one to the
effect that between the point on the Kel Pass on the west and an
agreed point at the Mekong on the east the frontier line would be
that stipulated in ArticleI of the Treaty, namely the line of the
watershed on the Dangrek and the crest on the Pnom Padang.

Although, however, it is established that therenever could have
been any delimitation which adopted a line on any sketch or map,
it does not follow that there was no delimitation of the Dangrek
by. the Mixed Commission.
The question whether there was any delimitation of the Dangrek,
either in itself, or as part of thetotal northern frontier, and, if there
were, in what form, will now be pursued.

Since the Minutes of the Mixed Commission cover, as 1 am satis-
fied they do, al1meetings of the Mixed Commission and record al1
decisions taken by it, if there were any delimitation of the northern
frontier line, in particular of the Dangrek, it should be capable of
being ascertained from them.

One possibility has been canvassed during the case, namely that
during the reconnaissance of the northern frontier made by the
Mixed Commission there may have been a decision taken by it,
in which it was decided that the frontier line in the region of the
Temple should for some local or other reason run in such a manner
that the Temple would be on the Cambodian side of the boundary.
Apart from what 1 think is the inherent unlikelihood of such a
decision, it is straining credulity tfar to suggest that it would
find no mention in the Minutes of the Mjxed Commission. 1 am ARRÊT 15VI 62 (OP.DISS. SIR PERCY SPENDER) III

Si, au cours de sa reconnaissance dans les Dangrek, la Commis-
sion mixte avait pris une décisionquelconque qui, pour une raison
tout à fait inconnue, n'aurait étémentionnée ni dans le procès-
verbal du 3 janvier, ni dans celui du 18 janvier- ou mêmedu jour
suivant, où lesmembres de la Commission se sont réunisde nouveau
-, il est évident que ce ne pouvait êtresous la forme d'un tracé
figurant sur un croquis ou une carte quelconque, puisque non seule-
ment il n'existait mêmepas alors de croquis topographique de la

région frontière, mais encore que les travaux topographiques,
faute desquels on ne pouvait ni définirni fixer une ligne de partage
des eaux, n'étaient pas terminés. Le capitaine Oum était encore
dans les Dangrek.
Si donc il y avait eu, lorsque la Commission mixte s'est réunie
le 18 janvier 1907 ,ne décisionantérieure au sujet de la délimita-
tion de la frontière septentrionale, ce ne pouvait êtred'adopter ni
un tracé correspondant à celui de l'annexe 1, ni une,frontière figu-
rant sur un croquis ou sur une carte. Il semble probable qu'il ne se
pouvait agir que d'un tracé montrant que, du point fixéau col de
Kel à l'ouest, au point convenu sur le Mékongà l'est, la frontière
serait effectivement celle que stipule l'articl~erde la convention,
à savoir la ligne de partage des eaux dans les Dangrek et la crête
dans le Pnom Padang.
Mais s'il est établi qu'il n'a pu exister de délimitation adoptant
le tracé d'un croquis ou d'une carte quelconque, il ne s'ensuit pas
que la Commission mixte n'a procédéà aucune délimitation de
la frontière dans les Dangrek.

Nous allons étudier maintenant la question de savoir si une déli-
mitation quelconque a étépratiquée dans les Dangrek, soit pour
cette région même,soit pour l'ensemble de la frontière septentrio-
nale, et si oui, sous quelle forme.

Les procès-verbaux de la Commission mixte couvrant, j'en suis
sûr, toutes les réunions de la Commission mixte et rendant compte
de toutes les décisions qu'elle a prises, l'examen de ces procès-
verbaux, s'il existait une délimitation quelconque de la frontière
septentrionale, notamment dans les Dangrek, permettrait de s'en
assurer.
On s'est demandéau cours de la procédure si, pendant la recon-
naissance de la frontière septentrionale effectuéepar la Commission
mixte, cette Commission avait pu prendre une décision selon la-
quelle, dans la régiondu temple, pour une raison d'ordre local ou

autre, la ligne frontière serait fixéede telle sorte que le temple se
trouve du côté cambodgien.
Certes, pour ma part, je crois fort peu vraisemblable qu'une telle
décision ait étéprise, mais c'est exiger aussi beaucoup de notre
crédulitéque de prétendre qu'il pourrait n'en êtrepas fait mentionquite unconvinced by attempts to explain this away by a suggestion
that perhaps there was not sufficient opportunity to record the
decision after the Mixed Commission had completed its reconnais-

sance, and that perhaps such a decision or -at least one which
related to the delimitation of the Dangrek generally would have
been recorded at the meeting called for 8 March had it been held.

There was an opportunity on 3 January to record whatever
decisions the Mixed Commission may have made in the course of
its reconnaissance. If that opportunity was not sufficient there was
another on the 18th of that month. Moreover, if any delimitation
in relation to the Temple region had been made by the Mixed Com-
mission it passes understanding why it-or any decision other than
those recorded in the Minutes-was not mentioned at any time by
Colonel Bernard in his numerous officia1letters and reports to his
superiors at the time, and in particular was not mentioned in his
report of 20 February 1907 to the French Minister in Bangkok-a
document of cardinal importance in the case-when he reviewed
in full the delimitationunder the 1904 Treaty made in the course

of its final campaign and covering as it did the frontier line from
the Great Lake to the Mekong.

Moreover ColonelBernard-as appears from his final report dated
14 April 1908 to the French Minister of the Colonies before referred
to, had "in letters written day by day" reported to the Minister
"al1 the incidents that occurred" during the course of the delimi-
tation. Yet not the slightesthint of any decision in connection with
the Temple area or the region of the Temple is to be found.

Colonel Bernard attached to this report a number of documents
including the Minutes of the Mixed Commission which in his view
were "from the diplomatic point of view of considerable im-
portance".
It does not seem likely that Colonel Bernard would have sent
incomplete minutes or if for any reason there had, on 18 January
1907, been any decisions of delimitation which had not been rec-

orded, particularly a decision relating to the Temple itself, that
he would have failed to make the record complete by referring to
them.

On IS January 1907 the Mixed Commission believed that it had
completed the task of delimitation assigned to it under the Treaty
of 1904.
The Minutes note that on that day it had fixed the point at
which the crest line of the Pnom Padang met the Mekong withindans les procès-verbaux de la Commission mixte. Je ne suis aucune-
ment convaincu, lorsqu'on s'efforce d'expliquer ce fait en préten-
dant que peut-êtreon n'a pas eu l'occasion de prendre note de cette
décisionaprès que la Commission mixte eût terminé sa reconnais-

sance, et que peut-être cette décision, outout au moins une décision
touchant la délimitation de lafrontière dans l'ensemble desDangrek,
aurait étéconsignéedans les procès-verbaux de la séance convoquée
pour le 8 mars, si celle-ci avait eu lieu.
On avait eu, le 3 janvier, l'occasion d'enregistrer toute décision
que la Commission mixte aurait pu prendre au cours de sa recon-
naissance. Si cette occasion ne suffisait pas, il y en avait eu une
autre, le 18 du même mois.En outre, siune délimitation quelconque
touchant la région du temple avait étéétablie par la Commission

mixte, il est un fait qui passe l'entendement: c'est que cette déci-
sion - ou toute décisionautre que celles qui figurent dans les proces-
verbaux - n'ait jamais étémentionnée par le colonel Bernard dans
les nombreuses lettres et rapport's officielsadressés à cette époque à
ses supérieurs, et notamment qu'il ne l'ait pas mentionnée dans son
rapport du 20 février 1907 au ministre de France à Bangkok -
document d'une importance décisive en l'espèce-, où il examine
en détail la délimitation établie en application de la convention de
1904 au cours de sa dernière campagne, et qui portait justement

sur la frontière entre le Grand Lac et le Mékong.
Bien plus, le colonel Bernard - comme il ressort de son rapport
final du 14 avril 1908 au ministre français des Colonies, déjà men-
tionné - avait rendu compte au ministre, (dans des lettres écrites
au jour le jour, de tous les incidents qui se sont produits ))pendant
les travaus de délimitation. Or il ne s'y trouve pas la moindre
allusion à une décision quelconque touchant la zone ou la région
du temple.
Le colonel Bernard a joint à ce rapport un certain nombre de

documents, parmi lesquels les procès-verbaux de la Commission
mixte, qui revêtaient, selon lui, au point de vue diplomatique,
((une importance sérieuse 1).
Il ne paraît pas probable que le colonel Bernard ait adressé des
procès-verbaux incomplets ou que si pour une raison quelconque
des décisions relatives à cette question de délimitation n'avaient
pas étéenregistrées le 18 janvier 1907, et particulièrement une
décision concernant le temple même, iln'eût pas, en en parlant
lui-même, complété le dossier.

Le 18 janvier 1907, la Commission mixte croyait avoir terminé
les travaux de délimitation dont elle était chargée en application
de la convention de 1904.
Les procès-verbaux indiquent que ce jour-là elle avait fixé le
point où la ligne de crêtedu Pnom Padang rencontre le Mékong,the meaning of Article I of the Treaty of 1904. Immediately fol-
lowing this notation it is recorded that the frontier line had been
"thus determined".
N'bat frontier line is referred to? Was it just the frontier line at
the point at which the northern frontier line met the Mekong?
In my Mew the reference is to the whole frontier line from the
Great Lake to the Mekong which was the subject of the Mixed
Commission'sthird and last campaign directed to the delimitation
of the frontier defined in ArticleI of the Treaty of 1904.
The question is whether the evidence establishes that the Mixed
Commission did delimit the whole frontier line defined in that
Article; and if so whether there can, with sufficient certaintv, be
extracted from the Minutes the nature of the delimitation made on
the Dangrek.

No difficulty presents itself in ascertaining the delimitation made
by the Mixed Commission from the Great Lake to the Dangrek.
No difficultyarises in fixing on the Dangrek the western extremity
of the northern frontier as determined by it. None arises in respect
to the eastern extremity of that frontier.
The question however is whether there is evidence which suffi-
ciently establishes a delimitation-particularly on the Dangrek-
of the frontier between these two extremities.

Siilce there is not to be found in the Minutes of the Mixed Com-
mission a record of a decision of delimitation specifically referring
to the Dangrek, it might appear that the conclusion should be th&
there never was a delimitation of the Dangrek of any description.

In the course of sifting the evidence 1 have however become
persuaded to the opinion that the probabilities and the evidence
both point to the conclusion that the Mixed Commission did make
a decision delimitating the Dangrek and it did so by determinine
that, along the whole of the northern frontier between two agreed
points, one on its western, the other on its eastern extremity, the
frontier should follow the treaty line; that of the line of the water-
shed on the Dangrek and the crestline of the Pnom Padang.
The northern frontier from the Kel Pass which was its western
extremity, tothe point on the Mekong where the Pnom Padang ran
down to it which was its eastern, was one frontier line. Because
however the Temple happens to be situated on the Dangrek range
and because Annex 1 happens to cover that region of the Dangrek
on which the Temple is situated, attention throughout this case
has been concentrated on that part of the Dangrek which is within
the purview of Annex 1and more particularly on that smallportion
of the frontier line in Annex1 which is immediately adjacent to the

Temple. This fixation of attention on Annev 1 and upon this small
III au sens de l'article ler de la convention de 1904. Immédiatement
après cette indication il est dit que le tracé de la frontière était
Kainsi déterminé 1).
Mais de quelle frontière est-il question? S'agit-il seulement de
la frontière au point où son tracéseptentrional rencontre le Mékong?
A mon avis, cette référenceporte sur l'ensemble de la frontière

allant du Grand Lac au Mékong,qui a fait l'objet de la troisième et
dernière campagne de la Commission mixte chargée de la délimi-
tation de la frontière définieà l'articlI~Tde la convention de 1904.
La question est de savoir si les preuves établissent que la Com-
mission mixte a délimitéla totalité de la frontière, telle qu'elle
est définiedans cet article, et, s'il en est ainsi, si l'on peut, avec
assez de certitude, dégager des procès-verbaux la nature de la
délimitation qui a été faitedans les Dangrek.
Il ne se présente aucune difficultéà s'assurer de la délimitation
faite par la Commission mixte depuis le Grand Lac jusqu'aux
Dangrek. Iln'y a pas non plus de difficultéà fixer dans les Dangrek
l'extrémitéoccidentale de la frontière nord. Pas plus d'ailleurs qu'à

propos de ladétermination de l'extrémitéorientale de cette frontière.
La question cependant est de savoir s'il y a des preuves qui
établissent de façon suffisante la délimitation de la frontière - en
particulier dans les Dangrek - entre ces deux extrémités.

Puisqu'on ne trouve dans les procès-verbaux de la Commission
mixte aucune mention d'une décision de délimitation se référant
expressément aux Dangrek, on pourrait en conclure qu'il n'y a

jamais eu de délimitation des Dangrek d'aucune sorte.
Après un examen minutieux des preuves, je suis toutef0.i~per-
suadé que les probabilités et les preuves semblent toutes indiquer
que la Commission mixte est arrivée à une décisionpour délimiter
les Dangrek et ce, en décidant que, tout le long de la frontière
nord, entre deux points convenus, un à l'extrémitéoccidentale et
l'autre à l'extrémitéorientale, la frontière suivrait la ligne établie
par la convention: la ligne de partage des eaux sur les Dangrek
et la ligne de crêtedu Pnom Padang.
La frontière nord depuis le col de Kel, qui était son extrémité
occidentale, jusqu'au point sur le Mékong où aboutit le Pnom
Padang, qui était son extrémité orientale, était un tout. Cependant,

parce que le temple se trouve être situésur la chaîne des Dangrek
et parce que l'annexe 1 comprend précisément cette région des
Dangrek sur laquelle le temple est situé, l'attention dans cette
affaire s'est concentrée sur cette partie des Dangrek qui est com-
prise dans l'annexe 1,et en particulier sur la petite partie de la
frontière de l'annexe 1 qui est directement adjacente au temple.
Cette concentration sur l'annexe 1 et sur le petit secteur de frontière
IIIsector of the frontier line adjacent to the Temple has tended to
distract attention from the fact that the northern frontier was not

a number of separate frontier sectors and was not considered by the
llixed Commission on that basis. It was one line of frontier and
the 9Iixed Commission dealt with it. as such.

The beginning of December 1906 niarked what Colonel Bernard
referred to as the third campaign of delimitation.
At that point of time the Commission had completed its task of
clelimitation of al1 the frontier defined in the Treaty and Protocol
of 1904 with the exception only of that from the Great Lake north
to the Ilangrek and thence easterly to the Mekong.
-4s has been noted the western frontier line north of the Great
Lake to the Dangrek had been delimited by decisions identifying

the meridian and the parallel. ColonelBernard remained dissatisfied.
He was awaiting preparation of the maps of the region known as
Siem Reap so as to take up again with the Siamese Commission the
nlatter of substituting a natiiral and visible line for what he re-
garded as the artificial line stipulated by the Treaty.

Subject however to this particular point which was not one of
delimitation but of exchange of territory to achieve a natural line
of frontier, the work of delimitation, in Colonel Bernard's view at
least, \vas completed.
It is unlikely that the fifixed Commission having, during the
season 1906-1907, set itself the task of delimiting the frontier from
the Great Lake to the Mekong would have left its work unfinished,
the northern frontier undelimited. It seems more probable that
their work was finished when the meeting of 18 January concluded,
and that the only reason why the meeting called for 8 March was
cancelled and the Mixed Commission thereafter ceased to function

was because the subject-matter on which it would have deliberated,
namely the substitution by way of a system of compensation of a
natural and visible line for the treaty line of the parallel and meri-
dian, \vas about to be settled by the Treaty of 1907.

It hardly seems reasonable to believe that Colonel Bernard would
have departed for France as he did unless he was fully satisfied
that, with the signing of the 1907 Treaty, not only had the problem
of the artificial line been resolved, but also the Mixed Commission
had completed its task of delimitation of the northern frontier.

That this is the view which he genuinely held appears from his
telegram of the end of January 1907 to the French Minister at
Bangkok, in which he said:

II2 ARRÊT 15 VI 62 (OP. DISSSIR PERC17 SPENDEK) II4

adjacent au temple a contribué à distraire l'attention du fait que
la froilti6re nord ne se composait pas d'un nombre de secteurs
séparéset n'était pas considéréesur cette base par la Commission
mixte. C'était une seule ligne frontière, et la Commission mixte
l'a traitée comme telle.

Le commencement de décembre 1906 a marqué ce que le colonel
Bernard a appelé la troisième campagne de délimitation.
La Commission avait alors achevé son travail de délimitation de
toute la frontière définiepar la convention et le protocole de 1904,
à la seule exception de la partie allant du Grand Lac vers le nord
dans les Dangrek et de là vers l'est jusqu'au Mékong.
Comme il a été constaté,la frontière occidentale au nord du
Grand Lac jusqu'aux Dangrek avait étédélimitéepar décisions
déterminant le méridien et le parallèle. Le colonel Bernard n'en

était pas satisfaitIlattendait la préparation des cartes de la région
connue sous le nom de Siem-Réap pour reprendre avec la Commis-
sion siamoise la question de la substitution à ce qu'il regardait
comnie une frontière artificielle, stipulée par la convention, d'une
frontière naturelle et visible.
Cependant, à part ce point particulier quin'était pas une question
de délimitation mais d'échange de territoires en vue d'obenir une
frontière naturelle, les travaux de délimitation étaient terminés,
tout au moins d'après l'opinion du colonel Bernard.
Il est peu probable que la Commission mixte, qui, au cours de la
saison 1906-1907, s'était fixée la tâche de délimiter la frontière

depuis le Grand Lac jusqu'au Mékong, ait laissé ses travaux in-
achevés et n'ait pas délimitéla frontière nord. Il apparaît plus
vraisemblable aue ces travaux ont été terminés à la fin de la
séancedu 18 janvier, et que la seule raison pour laquelle la séance
du 8 mars a étéannulée et la Commission mixte a cessé ses fonc-
tions aprf.5 cette date est que la question sur laquelle elle aurait
délibérk,c'est-à-dire la substitution par une méthode de compen-
sation, àla frontière conventionnelle du parallèle et du méridien,
d'une frontière naturelle et visible allait êtrerégléepar le traité de
1907
Il nt, parait guère raisonnable de penser que le colonel Bernard

serait reparti pour la Francc, comme il l'a fait, sans avoir étépleine-
ment assuré qu'avec la signature du traité de 1907, non seulement
le problf.me de la frontière artificielle avait étérésolu, mais aussi
que la Commission mixte avait cornplStéses travaux de délimita-
tion de la frontière nord.
Que cvci soit réellement son sincère point de vue ressort du télé-
grainme qu'il a adressé en fin janvier 1907 au ministre de France
à Bangkok, dans lequel il disait: "delimitation work accomplished without incident. Frontier line
definitively determinedexcept the Siem Reap region."

This is confirmed by a despatch dated 31 January 1907 on behalf
of the French Minister of Foreign Affairs to the French Minister of
the Colonies, in which it is said:
"The representative of the Republic in Siam informs me that
Colonel Bernard, after completing the work of delimitation of the
Siamese frontier, has just left Ubone for Bangkok where he is ex-
pected to arrive on IO February. 1understand that, throughout the
operations, relations with the Royal Commissionersleft nothing to
be desired and that the frontier line has been definitively determined
except in respect of the region of Siem Reap."

1 do not doubt that the view expressed in these two documents,
which is confirmed in other officia1 documents of the same time,
correctly represents the views of the Presidents of both the French
and the Siamese Commissions.
The statement that the frontier had been definitively determined
is consistent with the Minutes of the Second Mixed Commission
appointed under the Treaty of 1907 to delimit the new frontiers in
which, when dealing with a sketch of the proposed frontier of the
Dangrek west of the Kel Pass placed before it on 22 March 1908,
there appears the statement "the latter pass is the point where
the new frontier line rejoins the former one".
Since there is no reason to doubt the statements made by Colonel
Bernard at the time, it seems proper to conclude that the northern
frontier in fact had been delimited andthat such delimitation must
have been completed by 18 January 1907, the date of the Mixed
Commission's last meeting.

On that date the Minutes record as follows:
"Colonel Bernard passed to the question of the determination of
the frontier in thegionofPnom Pa Dang (PhuPha Dang). Accord-
ing to the terms of the treaty that frontier followedthe crest..as
far as the Mekong... In order to have a very distinct frontier in the
immediate neighbourhood of the river the thalweg of the Huei Don
could betaken asthe boundary.Thefrontier wouldgo up that thalweg
[i.e. of the Huei Don] as far as the source of the watercourse and
would then follow thecrestof thePhu Phu Dang tothe sozcthwest.The
valleys of al1the watercourses which flowedinto the Mekongto the
east and to the south ofthat linewouldbelongto French Indo-China
into the Semounonthe west and to the north wouldbelongto Siam."r

The President of the Siamese Cominission accepted this proposal,
immediately following which there appear the words previously
referred :

"The frontier line having been thus determined ..."
It is known that at this datethe topographical and survey officers
were in the field, from which they were not to return until a month Ktravaux délimitation achevés sans incidents. Tracé frontière
arrêtdééfinitivementsauf régionSiem-Réap. ))

Cela est confirmé par une dépêcheen date du 31 janvier 1907
adresséepour le ministre français des Affaires étrangèresau ministre
français des Colonies, dans laquelle il était déclaré :

«Le représentant de la République au Siam me fait savoir que
le colonel Bernard, après avoir achevéles travaux de délimitation
de la frontière siamoise, vient de quitter Oubone pour venir à
Bangkok où il est attendu le IO février.Pendant toute la duréedes
opérations, les relations avec les commissaires royaux n'auraient
rien laisséà désirer et le tracé définitisferait arrêsauf en ce qui
concernela région deSiem-Réap. ))
Je ne doute pas que le point de vue exprimé dans ces deux docu-
ménts, qui est d'ailleurs confirmé par d'autres documents officiels
de la mêmeépoque, indique correctement l'opinion des deux prési-

dents des commissions française et siamoise.
La constatation que la frontière avait été définitivement arrêtée
est conforme au procès-verbal de la seconde Commission mixte
nommée aux termes du traité de 1907 pour délimiter les nouvelles
frontières, dans lequel, en parlant du croquis de la frontière pro-
posée dans les Dangrek à l'ouest du col de Kel qui a étéprésenté
à la Commission le 22 mars 1908, on lit: (cette dernière passe est
le point où le nouveau tracé de frontière rejoint l'ancien ».
Puisqu'il n'y a aucune raison de douter des déclarations que le

colonel Bernard a faites à I'époque,il semble approprié de conclure
que la frontière septentrionale a étéen effet délimitéeet que cette
délimitation doit avoir étécomplétéeavant le 18 janvier 1907, date
de la dernière séance de la Commission mixte.
On peut lire dans le procès-verbal de cette date:

«Le Colonel Bernard passe à la détermination de la frontière
dans la régiondu Pnom Pa Dang (Phu Pha Dang). Aux termesdu
traité, cette frontière suit la crête du Pnom Pa Dang jusqu'au
Mékong ..afind'avoir danslevoisinageimmédiatdufleuveunefron-
tière très nette, on pourrait prendre comme limite le thalweg de
Huei Don;la frontière remonterait ce thalweg [celui du Huei Don!
jusqu'à la source du cours d'eau et suivrait ensuitela crêtdeu Phu
PlzaDang versle sud-ouest.Les valléesde tous les cours d'eau qui
tombent dans le Mékong à l'est et au sud de cette ligne dépen-
draient de 1'Indo-Chinefrançaise, celles de tous les cours d'eau qui
tombent dans le Mékong oudans la Sé-Moun à l'ouest et au nord
relèveraient du Siam. a
Le président de la Commission siamoise a accepté cette propo-
sition qui est immédiatement suivie des mots déjà cités:

« Le tracé de la frontièreétant ainsi déterminé..))

On sait qu'à cette date les officiers géographes étaient sur le
terrain et ne devaient en revenir que plus d'un mois après. Il116 JUDGh1. Ij VI 62 (DISS. OP. SIR PERCY SPENDER)

and more later. It would seem however that the Mixed Commission,
having made this decision-the last decision of delimitation set out
in the Minutes-regarded the frontier line as having been deter-
mined by it-at least so far as it could be done by it on the spot.

The statement that "The frontier line" had been "thus deter-
mined" is not free from doubt. It could and on its face appears to
refer solely to the fixing of the point at the Mekong and the frontier
immediately adjacent. Read however in the light of the repeated
statement of Colonel Bernard that the whole frontier had been

definitively determined, the Minutes of 18 January are 1 think a
reference to the whole frontier line to theouth west of the Mekong
-from the reconnaissance of which frontier the Mixed Commission
had just returned-and that the decision fixing the point at which
the frontier met the Mekong represented the last decision required
to be taken to complete the delimitation of the whole frontier.

A reading of the Minutes which covers this third and last cam-
paign of delimitation and of the contemporaneous documents in my
opinion confirms this.
It was for the Mixed Commission and for it alone to determine
what was a sufficient delimitation. It was at liberty to delimit any
part of the frontier by reference to its Treaty definition. It is signi-

ficant that the Mixed Commission under the 1907 Treaty in deli-
miting the frontier on the Dangrek west of Kel Passdidprecisely th:s.

Any agreement to deviate from the Treaty line of the watershed
on the Dangrek under any inherent power of adaptation is escluded
since, not only is there no evidence whatever to suggest that the
Nixed Commission ever contemplated any deviation from the
line of the watershed, hut at the very last meeting of the Mixed
Commission and on the same day on which the decision fixing the
frontier pointon the Mekong was noted, the President of the Siamese
Commission had made it clear he had no authority to discuss "any

frontier different from that of the Treaty". Furthermore, since any
question of there having been some unrecorded delimitation of or
in relation to the region of the Temple area or the Temple itself
must, for reasons already given, be dismissed from consideration,
there seems little doubt that, if the delimitation of the frontier
under the Treaty \vas completed, as Colonel Bernard specifically
States as the fact, and as the Minutes themselves go to indicate,
it must have been the ljne of the watershed on the 1)angrek which

114semblerait pourtant que la Commission mixte, ayant pris cette
décision - la dernière décision de délimitation consignée dans
les procès-verbaux -, ait considéréle tracé de la frontière comme
ayant étédéterminé - tout au moins pour autant qu'elle pouvait
le faire sur place.

La déclaration que c(le tracé de la frontière » avait été ccainsi
déterminé » soulèvecependant des doutes. Elle pourrait, et de prime
abord semble, se rapporter seulement à la détermination du point
où le Mékonget la frontière directement adjacente se rejoignent.
Cependant, en la lisant à la lumière des déclarations répétéesdu
colonel Bernard que la frontière toute entière avait étédéfinitive-
ment arrêtée,je pense que le procès-verbal du 18 janvier a trait
à la frontière complète au sud-ouest du Mékong - d'où la Commis-

sion mixte venait de revenir de sa reconnaissance - et que la
décision fixant le point auquel la frontière rejoignait le Mékong
représentait la dernière décision nécessairepour achever la déli-
mitation de la frontière toute entière.
A mon avis, cette opinion est confirméepar la lecture du procès-
verbal ayant trait àcette troisième et dernière campagne de délimi-
tation et des documents contemporains s'y rapportant.
Il appartenait à la Commission mixte et àelle seule de déterminer
ce qu'il suffisait de délimiter. Elle était libre de délimiter quelque

partie de la frontière que ce soit en se référantà la définitionétablie
par la convention. Il est important de noter que la Commission
mixte établie aux termes du traité de 1907 a précisémentagi ainsi
en délimitant la frontière sur les Dangrek à l'ouest du col de Kel.

Il faut exclure tout accord en vue de s'écarter de la frontière
établiepar la convention suivant la ligne de partage des eaux dans

les Dangrek, intervenu en vertu d'un pouvoir inhérent d'adaptation,
étant donné non seulement qu'il n'y a aucune preuve portant à
croire que la Commission mixte ait jamais envisagé de s'écarter de
la ligne de partage des eaux, mais qu'à la toute dernière séance de
la Commission mixte et le jour mêmeoù la décisionfixant le point
frontière sur le Mékongétait enregistrée, le président de la Com-
mission siamoise avait clairement fait entendre qu'il ne possédait
aucune autorité pour discuter (une frontière différente de celle du
traité D.De plus, puisque toute question de l'existence d'une délimi-

tation non enregistrée se rapportant à la région du temple ou au
temple lui-mêmene peut êtreprise en considération pour les raisons
exposéesci-dessus,il ne parait guère douteux que, si la délimitation
de la frontière aux termes de la convention était terminée, comme
le spécifiele colonel Bernard et comme l'indiquent les prociis-ver-
11.4 it was agreed should constitute the frontier line in that region.

The Presidents of the two Commissions were practical men. The
mountain ranges of the Dangrek and the Pnom Pa Dang were in
inhospitable and forbidding terrain. They were called on to make
a practical decision.
No question of demarking the northern frontier ever arose and,
so far as the record shows, that frontier has never been demarked

during the fifty odd intervening years. It remains much the same
today as it was then. The Mixed Commission appears to have de-
cided to fix the points of the extremities of the northern frontier
on the west and on the east and to have agreed that between those
two points the frontier needed no further delimitation other than
the Treaty itself provided.
The stipulation of the line of the watershed on the Dangrek-and
the.crest line on the Pnom Padang was itself an obvious and ap-
propriate way of defining definitively and with certainty the north-
ern frontier line. There is no reason why the Mixed Commission
having once fixed or decided to fix the points of its extremities
should not liave delimited that frontier by reference to its definition
in the Treaty. The line of the watershed-and the crest line-were
natural and permanent lines. There are, as the Judgment of the
Court points out, boundary treaties which do no more than refer

to a watershed line or a crest line and which make no provision for
any further delimitation. It is not evident why the Mixed Com-
mission should have felt obliged to give to the line of the watershed
-or the crest line-any more specific delimitation than that which
the Treaty already provided. As already noted, the Mixed Com-
mission under the 1907 Treaty in delimiting the Dangrek west of
the Kel Pass did not feel obliged to do so. That Mixed Commission
recorded its decision specifically to read "From the last mentioned
point the frontier inclines to the East, following the watershedbe-
tween the basin of the Great Lake and that of the Semoun as far as
the Kel Pass."

It is a misconception of the functions of the Mixed Commission
to suggest that it was bound to give or should be expected to have
given a further definition to the northern frontier or any part of it

beyond that which the Treaty already provided.

The northern frontier was after al1a part only, and a lesser part
both in magnitude and importance, of the whole frontier described
in the Treaty and Protocol of 1904.
It is moreover in my opinion without warrant to suggest that
France and Siam did not attach any special importance to the line
of the watershed as such. This suggestion is not reconcilable with
115 baux eux-mêmes,ce doit êtrela ligne de partage des eaux dans les

Dangrek qui avait étéchoisie d'un commun accord pour constituer
le tracé de la frontière dans cette région.
Les présidents des deux Commissions étaient des hommes à
l'esprit pratique. Les chaînes de montagnes des Dangrek et des
Pnom Padang se trouvaient en terrain inhospitalier et rébarbatif.
Ils devaient prendre une décisionpratique.
La question d'aborner la frontière nord ne s'était jamais posée
et, pour autant qu'en témoignele dossier, cette frontière n'a jamais
étéabornée au cours des cinquante années qui se sont écoulées
depuis lors. Elle est pour ainsi dire la mêmeaujourd'hui qu'alors.
La Commission mixte avait, semble-t-il, décidéde fixer les extrémi-

tés occidentale et orientale de la frontière nord et était convenue
qu'entre ces deux points la frontière n'aurait pas besoin d'autre
délimitation que celle prévue dans la convention elle-même.
Le fait de stipuler la ligne de partage des eaux pour les Dangrek
- et la ligne de crêtepour le Puom Padang - étaiten soi une façon
évidente et adéquate de définir définitivementet sûrement la ligne
de la frontière nord. Il n'y a pas de raison pour que la Commission
mixte, ayant fixéou décidéde fixer les extrémitésde la frontière,
n'ait pas délimitécette frontière en se référant à sa définition
dans la convention. La ligne de partage des eaux - et la ligne

de crête - sont des lignes naturelles et permanentes. Ainsi que
l'arrêtde la Cour le fait remarquer, il existe des traités de frontières
qui se bornent à indiquer une ligne de partage des eaux ou une
ligne de crêteet qui ne contiennent aucune disposition concernant
une délimitation plus détaillée. On ne voit pas pourquoi la
Commission mixte aurait dû se sentir obligéede donner à la ligne
de partage des eaux - ou àla ligne de crête- une délimitationplus
préciseque celle figurant déjà dans la convention. Ainsi que nous
l'avons déjà noté, la Commission mixte créée conformémentau
traité de 1907 ne s'est pas crue obligée de le faire lorsqu'elle a
délimitéla région desDangrek à l'ouest du col de Kel. Cette Com-

mission mixte a exprimé comme suit sa décision, en spécifiant:
(De ce dernier point la frontière oblique vers l'Est en suivant la
ligne de partage deseaux entre le bassin du Grand Lac et celui de
la Semoun jusqu'au col de Kel. »
C'est une conception erronée des fonctions de la Commission
mixte que de penser qu'elle était tenue de donner, ou que l'on
pouvait s'attendre à ce qu'elle donne, une définitionplus détaillée
de la frontière nord ou d'une partie de celle-ci allant au-delà des
dispositions déjà prévues par la convention.
La frontière nord n'était après tout qu'une partie secondaire,
tant pour sa surface que pour son importance, de l'ensemble de la

frontière décrite dans la convention et le protocole de 1904.
En outre, il est injustifié, à mon avis, de laisser entendre que la
France et le Siam n'attachaient pas d'importance particulière à la
ligne de partage des eaux en tant que telle. Cette suggestion est
11.5the fact that in the Treaty of 1907, more than two months after

the Mixed Commission had held its last meeting, it is the line of the
watershed which is again stipulated should be the frontier line on
the Dangrek and when in 1949 France and later Cambodia, in
1954, protested Thailand's occupancy of theTemple area, it was the
line of the watershed as defined in the Treaty of 1907 which, it was
insisted, continued to be the frontier between the two States.

In particular there is no reason whatever why the Rlixed Com-
mission should not have agreed that, from a fixed point on the
Dangrek where that range was met by the meridian, the frontier
should be the line of the watershed on the Dangrek until it joined
the Pnom Padang and then the line of the crest of that mountain
range as far as the fixed point at the Mekong. Indeed there seems
no practical reason why this should not have been precisely the
decision it did take.
Nor is there any reason why a delimitation of the Dangrek re-
quired any line shown on any rnap either to establish a delimitation

or to confirm one. Nowhere does the Treaty of 1904 give any in-
dication that any rnap was necessary or considered desirable to
accomplish a delimitation of any part of the frontier.

The assertion that it \vas the rnap line of the watershed, not the
Treaty line of the watershed, which was regarded as of overriding
importance, 1do not find supportable. If the assertion were correct,
it would mean that agreement between the two States was not in
1908-1909 a mere formality as has been contended; it was the very
gist of the delimitation of the Dangrek. The rnap would itself consti-
tute the delimitation. If the assertion were correct al1 that needs
to be said is that the two States in 1908-1909 could not have
conducted themselves in a more casual and inconsequential manner
in matters affecting territorial sovereignty.

If the delimitation of the northern frontier had been made by
the Mixed Conimission in 1906-1907 in terms of the line of the

watershed as defined in Article I of the Treaty of 1904, a rnap
subsequently produced by France or Siam was not in any manner
necessary to give effect to that decision. A frontier line shown on
such a rnap would possess no probative value-except to the extent
to which it was in conformity with the decision of delimitation of
which the rnap in a general sense might be said to have been an
outcome.
If the Mixed Commission did in fact tlelimit the Dangrek, it
would seem evident that it did so by reference to the Treaty line
of the watershed.
That this was the course followed by the Mixed Commission finds
1 think confirmation in a number of documents.incompatible avec le fait que dans le traité de 1907, plus de deux
mois après la dernière réunion de la Commission mixte, ce fut de
nouveau la ligne de partage des eaux qui fut stipulée en tant que
ligne de frontière dans les Dangrek, et lorsqu'en 1949 la France, et
en 1954 le Cambodge ont protesté contre l'occupation par la Thaï-
lande de la zone du temple, on a insisté sur le fait que c'était la
ligne de partage des eaux, telle qu'elle est définiedans le traité de
1907, qui continuait à êtrela frontière entre les deux États.
En particulier, il n'y a aucune raison pour que la Commission
mixte n'ait pas convenu qu'à partir d'un point déterminésur les
Dangrek où cette chaîne rencontre le méridien,la frontière serait la

ligne de partage des eaux dans les Dangrek jusqu'à l'endroit où elle
rejoint le Pnom Padang, puis la ligne de crêtede cette chaîne de
montagnes, jusqu'au point déterminé sur le Mékong.Il ne semble
mêmepas qu'il existe des raisons d'ordre pratique pour que cela ne
soit pas précisémentla décision qu'ellea prise.
On ne voit pas non plus pourquoi une délimitation des Dangrek
nécessiterait une ligne tracéesur une carte, que ce soit pour établir
une délimitation ou pour en confirmer une. La convention de 1904
ne contient aucune indication qu'une carte ait éténécessaire ou
considérée commesouhaitablepour délimiterune partie quelconque
de la frontière.
Rien n'étaye, à mon avis, l'affirmation que ce fut la ligne de par-
tage des eaux tracée sur la carte et non la ligne departage des eaux
de la convention qui fut considérée comme primordiale. Si cette

affirmation était correcte, cela signifierait que l'accord entre les
deux États ne fut pas en 1908-1909 une simple formalité, comme
on l'a soutenu; ce fut le point essentiel de la délimitation dans les
Dangrek. La carte constituerait en soi la délimitation. Si cette
affirmation était correcte, il ne resterait plus qu'à constater que les
deux Etats n'auraient pas pu se conduire en 1908-1909 d'une façon
plus désinvolte et inconséquente dans des affaires touchant à leur
souveraineté territoriale.
Si la Commission mixte avait en 1906-1907 délimitéla frontière
nord selon la ligne de partage des eaux telle qu'elle est définie à
l'articleI~*de la convention de 1904, une carte produite ultérieure-
ment par la France ou le Siam n'était aucunement nécessairepour
donner effet à cette décision. Une frontière tracée sur une telle

carte ne posséderait aucune valeur probante, sinon dans la mesure
où elle serait conforme à la décisionde délimitation dont la carte
aurait pu être considérée,dans un sens général,comme l'abou-
tissement.
Si la Commission mixte a en fait délimitéles Dangrek, il semble
évidentqu'ellel'a fait en se référantà la ligne de partage des eaux
définiepar la convention.
Je crois que de nombreux documents confirment que ce fut la
procédure suivie par la Commission mixte. In the first place the procedure followed accords with that laid
down by the Mixed Commission at the commencement of its labours
in 1905,namely that it would be sufficient to determine the principal
points through which the frontier in any region passedl.
It accords also with the procedure which, as will appear, was
followed in other frontier regions covered by the Treaty of 1904
where a watershed line was to form part of the frontier line2.

The procedure appears to have been constant.

Light upon the meaning of the decision of the Mixed Commission,
recorded in the Minutes of its Meeting of 18 January 1907, is shed
by a letter ofthe same date written by ColonelBernard immediately
after the meeting to the Governor-General of Indo-China in which
he said:

"The frontier line which 1 have indicated summarily on the
attached sheet is as follows:Starting from the Mekongthe frontier
followsthe course ofthe Nam Lonasfar asits sourceand thereafter
the cresof the PhuPhaDang[Pnom Padang]tothe southwest asfar
as the watershedbetweenthe Mekong and theNam Mourt. Thevalleys
ofal1the watercourseswhich are tributaries of the Mekongand are
situated to the east and south of the line belong to French Indo-
China..."

This is clearly enough a reference not only to the crest line on
the Pnom Padang which the frontier line was to follow but as well
to the watershed line on the Dangrek in terms of Article I of the
Treaty of 1904.
Attached to the letter was a rough sketch. It shows the point
at which the frontier met the Mekong, as agreed on IS January

1907, and the general direction of the line of frontier for a short
distance south west of that point.
The report by ColonelBernard of 20 February 1907to the French
Minister in Bangkok, already referred to, in which he reviewed at
length the third and last campaign of the Mixed Commission, affords
further confirmation.
Dealing with the frontier line of the Dangrek and the Pnom
Padang as far as the Mekong he had however little to say, but
what he did Say is eloquent enough. Read in the light of the facts

which have been established, it does more than negative any sug-
gestion that there may have been some special delimitation in
respect to the Temple area, or that the two Presidents may have
decided to depart from the Treaty line of the watershed; it also
establishes that a delimitation of the Dangrek was made and how
it was made.
Colonel Bernard reported as follows:

l Minute of Meeting of 7 Febmary 1905.
See Articl2of the Treaty and Articles 1 and II of the Protocol.
117 En premier lieu, la procédure suivie est conforme à celle déter-
minéepar la Commission mixte au début de ses travaux, en 1905,
à savoir qu'il suffirait de déterminer les points principaux par où
passe la frontière dans chaque région1.
Cette procédure est également conforme, comme on le verra, à
celle qui a étésuivie dans d'autres régions frontières comprises
dans la convention de 1904 où la frontière devait êtremarquée par

la ligne de partage des eaux2.
La procédure parait avoir étéconstante.
Une lettre écritepar le colonel Bernard immédiatement après la
réunion de la Commission mixte du 18 janvier 1907 et adressée au
gouverneur général de l'Indochine éclaire la signification de la
décision figurant dans le procès-verbal de cette réunion; cette
lettre, portant la mêmedate, dit notamment:

«Le tracéde la frontièreque j'indique sommairementsur le cro-
quis ci-joint, est le suiva:t
La frontière suit, à partir du Mékong,le cours du Nam Lon
jusqu'à sa source, et au-delà, la crêtedu Phu-Pha-Dang [Pnom
Padang] vers le Sud-Ouest jusqu'à la lignede partagedes eaux entre
le Mékonget le Nam Moun. Les vallées detous les cours d'eau,
tributaires du Mékonget situées à l'Est et au Sud de cette ligne
dépendentde 1'Indo-Chinefrançaise. ))

Il s'agit là clairement d'une référencenon seulement à la ligne de
crêtedans le Pnom Padang que devait suivre la frontière, mais
aussi à la ligne de partage des eaux dans les Dangrek, aux termes
de l'articleI~~ de la convention de 1904.

Un croauis était ioint àla lettre. Il montre le oint où la frontière
rencontre le Mékong, comme convenu le 18 janvier 1907, et la
direction généralede la frontière sur une courte distance au sud-
ouest de ce point.
Le rapport que fit le colonel Bernard l20 février1907 au ministre
de France à Bangkok, dont il a déjàétéfait mention, et dans lequel
il donne un aperçu détaillé de la troisième et dernière campagne
de la Commission mixte. donne une confirmation de lus.
Il n'a pas grand-chose à dire en ce qui concerne la ligne de la

frontière des Dangrek et des Pnom Padang jusqu'au Mékong,mais
ce qu'il dit est suffisamment éloquent. A la lumière des faits qui ont
étéétablis, ce passage fait plus que réfuter toute suggestion laissant
entendre qu'il aurait pu y avoir une délimitation spécialeen ce qui
concerne la zone du temple ou que les deux présidents auraient
pu déciderde s'écarter dela ligne de partage des eaux de la conven-
tion; il établit également qu'une délimitation des Dangrek a été
faite et comment elle a étéfaite.
Le colonel Bernard s'exprime comme suit:

l Procès-verbal de la réunion du 7 février 1905.
Voir artic2de la convention et articles 1 et II du protocole.
117120 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP. SIR PERCY SPENDER)
"Al1 alongthe Dangrekand as far as the Mekongthe fixing of the
frontier could not have involved any difficulty.It wasonlyaquestion
of determining at what point thePnom Padang adjoinsthe Mekong.
On this point there was no possiblediscussionforthe mountain joins
the river at one point only about seven kilometres belowPaknam."

At the date of this report itill be recalled not even a provisional
map of the Dangrek or Pnom Padang frontier regions was in
existence.
Further, in the Protocol of the Treaty of 23 March 1907, in the
drafting of which Colonel Bernard had played such a key part,
Article 1 thereof describes the new frontier which had been agreed

to in the March negotiations.
After describing the boundaries of the new frontiers in the south
and the west, it indicated the point some hundred kilometres more
or less to the west of the Kel Pass where the new western frontier
met the Dangrek. Itwent on to provide:
"From the above-mentioned point situated on the crest of the
Dang-Rek, the frontier followsthe watershedbetween the basin ofthe
Great Lake and the Mekongon the one sideand the basinofthe Nam
Mounonthe otherand reachesthe Mekongdownstream ofPak-Moun
at the mouth of the Huei-Doue [Huei Don], in conformitywith the
line [tracé]adopted by the preceding Commission of Delimitation
on the 18th January, 1907."

In the light of this treaty provision it cannot, 1 think, be con-
templated that any decision of the Mixed Commission under the
Treaty of 1904 could have departed in any way from the line of the
watershed.
Colonel Bernard, who knew exactly what was decided by the

Mixed Commission during the third campaign and the basis on
which the delimitation of the northern frontier was effected, must
have understood that the fixing of the point at which the Pnom
Padang adjoined the Mekong, as recorded in the Minutes of 18
January 1907, was the last decision necessary to be taken to delimit
the whole of the northern frontier.
The fact that the second Mixed Commission, under the Treaty and
Protocol of 1907, delimited the frontier from west of the Kel Pass
until it reached that pass by strictly adhering to the line of the
watershed, serves to show a consistency of treatment by both Com-
missions of the whole frontier line of the Dangrek.

When Colonel Bernard reported that the frontiers had been de-
finitively determined he was 1 think stating the fact. The manner

in which the delimitation of the northern frontier was effected is
apparent. Once the point on the Mekong had been agreed to, that
frontier followed the treaty line stipulated in Article1, namely the
crest of the Pnom Padang and the watershed of the Dangrek, until
118 (Tout le long des Dangrek et jusqu'au Mékong,la détermination
de la frontière ne pouvait entraîner aucune difficulté.Il s'agissait
simplement de rechercheren quelpoint le Pnom Padang aboutissait au
Mékong. Aucune discussion n'étaitpossible à ce sujet, car la mon-
tagne n'atteint le fleuve qu'en un seul poinà,7 kilomètres environ
en aval de Paknam. 1)

Il faut se rappeler qu'à l'époque où ce rapport a étérédigé,il
n'existait mêmepas de carte provisoire des régions frontières des
Dangrek ou du Pnom Padang.
En outre, dans le protocole du traité du 23 mars 1907, à la ré-
daction duquel le colonel Bernard a joué un rôle si important, la
clause 1 décrit la nouvelle frontière dont il avait été convenu au

cours des négociations du mois de mars.
Après une description des limites des nouvelles frontières au sud
et à l'ouest, elle indique le point qui se trouve à environ IOO kilo-
mètres à l'ouest du col de Kel, où la nouvelle frontière ouest ren-
contre la chaîne des Dangrek. Le texte continue comme suit:

((A partir du point ci-dessus mentionné, situé sur la crêtedes
Dangrek, la frontière suila ligne de partage des eauentre le bassin
du Grand Lac et du Mékongd'une part, et le bassin du Nam-Moun
d'autre part, et aboutit au Mékongen aval de Pak-Moun, à l'em-
bouchure du Huei-Doue [Huei Don], conformémentau tracé adopté
par la précédentecommissionde délimitationle 18 janvier 1907. ))

A la lumière de cette disposition conventionnelle, on ne peut pas
envisager, je pense, qu'une décision de la Commission mixte créée
conformément à la convention de 1904 ait pu s'écarter de quelque
façon que ce soit de la ligne de partage des eaux.
Le colonel Bernard, qui savait exactement ce que la Commission
mixte avait décidéau cours de la troisième campagne et connaissait
la base sur laquelle on avait délimitéla frontière nord, devait avoir
compris que la détermination du point où le Pnom Padang rejoint

le Mékong, ainsi qu'il est mentionné dans le procès-verbal du
18 janvier 1907, était la dernière décision à prendre pour que
l'ensemble de la frontière nord soit délimité.
Le fait que la seconde Commission mixte créée conformémentau
traité et au protocole de 1907 avait délimitéla frontière de l'ouest
du col de Kel jusqu'à ce dernier, en s'en tenant strictement à la
ligne de partage des eaux, montre qu'il y a eu concordance dans la
façon dont les deux Commissions se sont occupées de l'ensemble de
la frontière des Dangrek.

Lorsque le colonel Bernard disait que les frontières avaient été
définitivement arrêtées, je pense qu'il énonçait les faits. La façon
dont la délimitation de la frontière nord a étéeffectuéeest évidente.
Après accord concernant le point sur le Mékong, cette frontière
suivait la ligne stipulée à l'article ~er de la convention, à savoir
la crête du Pnom Padang et la ligne de partage des eaux des
118it reached the point at which on the latter mountain range it met
the meridian mentioned in the article. Whatever decision or view-

point was arrived at or expressed by the two Presidents during
their reconnaissance of the Dangrek and the Pnom Padang, or at
any time, would accord with this view.

Colonel Bernard has left his testimony.
In the lecture given by him in Paris on 20 December 1907, he
described the three campaigns of delimitation from 1905 to 1907.
What he has to Say he says with illuminating conciseness. These
are his words:
"Almost everywhere it was the watershed which formed the
frontier and there was roomfor argumentonlyutthetwoextremities."

His testimony remains to explain the meaning which should, 1
am convinced, be given to the Minutes which cover the third and
last campaign of the Mixed Commission. The view he expressed
seems eminently a commonsense one.

The review made of the Minutes and the contemporaneous docu-
ments lead 1think to the following conclusions:
I. There was no adaptation of the treaty line of the watershed
on the Dangrek by the Mixed Commission to meet any local or
special problem, condition or circumstance.

2. There was no decison of delimitation which specifically dealt
with the Temple region or area.
3. There was no decision of any kind to deviate from the line of
the watershed. On the contrary it must be inferred that the Mixed
Commission decided to adhere strictly to that line.

4. There was a delimitation of the northern frontier.This delimi-
tation included the Dangrek.
5. The delimitation of the frontier line on the Dangrek was that
it should follow the treaty line of the watershed.

It follows that if the frontier line shown on Annex 1 has any
probative value it must find its authority within the limits of the
'decisionof the Mixed Commission. It was the decision of the Mixed
Commission which was binding upon France and Siam, not any
map which purports to reflect that decision. The map merely notes
or purports to note that decision.
If the line of frontier shown on Annex 1 does not accord with
that decision to the extent to which it does not, it is devoid of
probative value, unless of course it has since acquired probative
force from some other source.Dangrek jusqu'au point où, dans cette dernière chaîne de monta-
gnes, elle rencontre le méridien mentionné dans l'article. Quelleque
soit la décision à laquelle étaient arrivés les deux présidents, ou
l'opinion qu'ils avaient exprimée au cours de leur reconnaissance
des Dangrek et du Pnom Padang, ou à tout autre moment, elles
ne peuvent que coïncider avec ce point de vue.
Le colonel Bernard a laisséun témoignage.
Dans la conférence qu'il a donnée à Paris le 20décembre1907,il

décrit les trois campagnes de délimitation de 1905 à 1907. Ce qu'il
a à dire, il le dit de façon brève et frappante. Voici ce qu'il dit:

«Presque partout, c'était lalignede partage des eaux qui formait
la frontièreet il n'y avaitlieuscussionqu'auxdeux extrémité s.

Son témoignage reste pour expliquer la signification que l'on doit
donner, j'en suis convaincu, aux procès-verbaux relatifs à la troisiè-
me et dernière campagne de la Commission mixte. L'opinion qu'il
exprime semble refléterun bon sens indéniable.

Un examen des procès-verbaux et des documents contemporains
amène, je pense, aux conclusions suivantes :
I. Il n'y a pas eu d'adaptation par la Commission mixte de la

ligne de partage des eaux de la convention dans les Dangrek pour
faire face à des problèmes, conditions ou circonstances locaux ou
spéciaux.
2. Il n'y a pas eu de décision de délimitation concernant spé-
cifiquement la région ou la zone du temple.

3. Il n'y a eu aucune décisionayant pour effet de s'écarter de la
ligne de partage des eaux. Au contraire, il faut déduire que la Com-
mission mixte avait décidéde s'en tenir strictement à cette ligne.
4. Il y a eu délimitation de la frontière nord. Cette délimitation
comprenait les Dangrek.

5. La délimitation de la frontière dans les Dangrek consistait à
la tracer suivant la ligne de partage des eaux de la convention.
Il s'ensuit que la frontière indiquée à l'annexe 1 n'a de valeur
probante que dans les limites de la décisionde la Commission mixte.

Ce fut la décision de la Commission mixte qui devint obligatoire
pour la France et le Siam, et non une carte qui prétendait refléter
cette décision.La carte se borne à noter, ou est censéenoter cette
décision.
Si la ligne de frontière indiquée à l'annexe 1 ne concorde pas
avec cette décision, elle est dénuéede valeur probante, dans la
mesure oii elle ne concorde pas, à moins bien sûr qu'elle ait depuis
lors acquis force de preuve d'une autre source.

119 Annex 1 in fact is not in conformity with the treaty line of the
watershed stipulated in Article I of the Treaty of 1904. Leaving
aside for the moment the comparatively small and limited area
immediately adjacent to the site of the Temple, elsewhere the fron-
tier line delineated in Annex1 deviates considerably from thetreaty
line of the watershed. Having regard to the expert evidence placed
before the Court by both Cambodia and Thailand, this cannot be
disputed.
This deviation was due to a serious mistake in the construction
of Annex 1 made in the line of the watershed close to the site of
the Temple, a mistake caused by an incorrect location of a river
known asthe O'Tasem. This rnistake resulted in throwing the fron-
tier line shown on Annex 1 completely out of alignment with the
line of the watershed in the region of the Temple. The result was
to leave the Temple wholly within the territory of Cambodia.

The experts from both sides are also in agreement that in the
small and limited area immediately adjacent to the Temple the
frontier line shown on Annex 1 is not today-and 1 am satisfied
was not in 1906-1908-the line of the watershed. They differed only
to the extent that whereas the experts on behalf of Cambodia
showed the line of the watershed as suddenly turning north from
the cliff face on theouth immediately before it reaches the western
and southernmost side of the Temple and so just barely bringing
the Temple'withinthe Cambodian side of the watershed line, those
on behalf of Thailand showed the watershed line as continuing to
follow generally the line of the cliff face and so bringing the Temple
within the Thai side of the line.

The error in the frontier line shown in Annex 1 caused by the

wrong location thereon of the river O'Tasem and the effect of that
error in relation to the frontier line near the Temple shown on
Annex 1 needs further explanation.

The river O'Tasem in fact passes to the south of a mountain
known as Pnom Trap-which is situate but a few kilometres to the
west of the Temple. The course of the river as it istodayis the same
as it was at the beginning of this century and for hundreds of years
before then. Annex 1 however places the river as running around
this mountain to the north of it.
The nature of the mistake is made clear by Professor Schermer-
horn, the Dean of the International Training Centre for Aerial
Survey at Delft, and his explanation was fully confirmed by the
observations and evidence of one of his officers, a Dr. Ackermann,
who went to the area to qualify himself to give evidence of what En fait, l'annexe 1 n'est pas conforme à la ligne de partage des
eaux de la convention stipulée à l'article1 de la convention de
1904. Mêmeen laissant de côté pour le moment la zone relative-
ment restreinte au voisinage immédiat de l'emplacement du temple,
la frontière tracéàl'annexe 1 s'écarteconsidérablement, en d'autres
endroits, de la ligne de partage des eaux de la convention. On
ne peut le contester, eu égard au témoignage des experts que le
Cambodge et la Thaïlande ont citésdevant la Cour.
Cette déviation était due à une grave erreur dans l'établissement
de l'annexe 1 à l'égardde la ligne de partage des eaux située près
de l'emplacement du temple, une erreur due au fait que la rivière
appelée O'Tasem n'y a pas étéindiquée à l'endroit exact. Cette
erreur a eu pour conséquence de déplacerla frontière indiquée à
l'annexe 1 de telle façon qu'elle ne correspondait plus à la ligne de

partage des eaux dans la région du temple. .En suite de quoi, le
temple restait entièrement en territoire cambodgien.
Les experts des deux Parties sont également d'accord pour dé-
clarer quedansla zone restreinte se trouvantà proximitéimmédiate
du temple, la frontière indiquée à l'annexe 1 n'est pas, de nos
jours - et je suis persuadé qu'elle ne l'était pas en 1906-1908 -,
la ligne de partage des eaux. Leur désaccord seborne à ceci que
les experts du Cambodge montrent que la ligne de partage des
eaux tourne brusquement au nord en s'éloignant de la face sud
de l'escarpement, juste avant le point où elle atteint l'extrémité
sud-ouest du temple, plaçant ainsi de justesse ce dernier du côté
cambodgien de la ligne de partage des eaux, alors que les experts
désignéspar la Thaïlande montrent que la ligne de partage des
eaux continue à suivre en généralla ligne d'escarpement, mettant
ainsi le temple du côté thaïlandais de la ligne.
L'erreur sur la ligne de la frontière figurant à l'annexe 1, due au
fait que la rivière O'Tasem n'a pas étéindiquée à l'endroit exact,
et les conséquences de cette erreur sur le tracé de la frontière aux

abords du temple indiqué à l'annexe 1, demandent plus ample
explication.
La rivière O'Tasem passe en fait au sud d'une montagne appelée
Pnom Trap - située à quelques kilomètres à l'ouest du temple.
Le cours de la rivière tel qu'il se présente aujourd'hui est le même
qu'au débutde ce siècleet au cours des sièclesprécédents. Toutefois,
l'annexe 1 indique la rivière comme contournant cette montagne
du côté ~zord.
La nature de cette erreur est clairement indiquée par le professeur
Schermerhorn, doyen du Centre international d'instruction pour la
photogrammétrie aérienne de Delft, et son explication a étéen-
tièrement confirméepar les observations et le témoignage d'un de
ses assistants, M. Ackermann, qui s'est rendu dans cette région JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP. SIR PERCY SPENDER)
123
he observed on the spot.

Professor Schermerhorn in his evidence stated :

"It is obvious that the border line shown on the Annes 1 map
was drawn by constructing the watershed line in accordance with
the contour lines represented there. This construction was done
correctly on the basis of the given contour lines. However, due to
the mistake about the O'Tasem river, the line of the watershed is
shifted incorrectly to the north, placing the Pnom Trap mountain
completely in Cambodian territory that is to say south of the border
line as drawn in the Annex 1map. This displacement of the water-
shed line to the north goes up to two kilometres at certain points.
If this mistake is rectified in the Annex 1 map then the watershed
constructed on the basis of the correct contour lines would be in
agreement with the I.T.C. map [that of the International Training
Pnom Trap mountain and go from there along the southern rim ofe
the Phra Viharn mountain to the temple."

This was a fundamental error in the construction of the frontier
line in Annex 1. The significance of this mistake in relation to the
frontier line shown on Annex 1 in this region is evident having

regard to the close proximity of the Pnom Trap mountain to the
Temple andthe mountain on which it stands. By placing the river
O'Tasem to the north of Pnom Trap mountain the line of the
watershed as shown on Annex 1 was thrown considerably north of
the correct watershed line, attributing to Cambodia territory to
which she was not entitled. The fact that from the southern edge
of the cliff face on which the Temple issituate to the watershed line
shown on Annex 1 immediately and directly to the north thereof is
a distance of only some two kilometres is an indication of 'the im-
portance of this mistake.
The line of the watershed shown on Annex 1is also known to be
wrong at the Kel Pass, where it wrongly attributes certain territory
to Cambodia. Though this has no direct bearing on the Temple
area-it is far to the west of it-it has however a bearing on the
frontier line shown on Annex 1,more particularly so since this mis-
take was discovered in 1908 and corrected by two survey officers

appointed by the second Mixed Commission to put down boundary
marks in the vicinity of Kel Pass. The fact is that at the Kel Pass
the accepted boundary is not, and has not since 1908, been, that
shown on Annex 1.

Finally, having regard to the technical evidence presented to the
Court by both Cambodia and Thailand, 1 am left in no doubt that
the line. of the watershed today-and in 1904-runs along the
southern rim of the Phra Viharn mountain, thus placing the Temple
on the Thai side of the line.en vue de se mettre à mêmede témoigner sur ce qu,'il a observé
sur place.
Dans sa déposition, le professeur Schermerhorn déclare ce qui
suit:

«Il est évident que la ligne frontière indiquée sur la carte de
1'annexe 1 » est tracée d'aprèsune ligne de partage des eaux
conforme aux courbes de niveau représentéessur cette carte. L'in-
terprétation est correcte sur la base des courbes indiquées. Mais,
en raison de l'erreur commise au sujet de la rivière O'Tasem, la
ligne de partage des eaux est déplacée à tort vers le nord, ce qui
laisse tout le mont Pnom Trap en territoire cambodgien, c'est-à-dire
au sud de la ligne frontière indiquéesur la carte de 1'((nnexe 1 ».
Le déplacementde la ligne de partage des eaux vers le nord atteint
à certains endroits2 km. Si cette erreur est rectifiéesur la carte de
1'«annexe 1 )),la ligne de partage des eaux tracée sur la base des
courbes de niveau exactes concorde avec cellede la carte du Centre
[international d'instruction de Delft]. Dans ce cas, la ligne de par-
tage des eaux passe par le mont Pnom Trap et, de là, sedirige vers
le temple par le bord sud de la montagne de Phra Viharn. 1)

Il s'agit là d'une erreur fondamentale dans le tracé de la ligne
de frontière de l'annexe 1. La signification de cette erreur en ce
qui concerne la frontière figurant à l'annexe 1 dans cette région
est évidente, étant donné que la montagne Pnom Trap est
très proche du temple et de la montagne où il est construit. En
plaçant la rivière O'Tasem au nord de la montagne Pnom Trap,
la ligne de partage des eaux indiquée sur l'annexe 1 est déplacée
considérablement vers le nord de la ligne de partage des eaux
réelle,attribuant ainsi au Cambodge un territoire auquel il n'a pas
droit. Le fait que depuis la crêtesud de l'escarpement où est situé

le temple jusqu'à la ligne de partage des eaux indiquée à l'annexe 1,
immédiatement et directement au nord du temple, il n'y a qu'une
distance d'à peine deux kilomètres indique l'importance de l'erreur.
La ligne de partage des eaux indiquée à l'annexe 1 est également
inexacte au col de Kel - comme on le sait -, où elle attribue à
tort au Cambodge une certaine portion de territoire. Bien que cela
n'ait pas de rapport direct avec la zone du temple - qui se trouve
beaucoup plus à l'ouest -, cette erreur a cependant un rapport
avec la frontière indiquée à l'annexe 1, d'autant plus que cette

erreur a étédécouverte en 1908 et corrigée par les deux officiers
topographes chargés par la seconde Commission mixte d'aborner
les environs du col de Kel. Le fait est qu'au col de Kel la frontière
convenue n'est pas celle indiquée à l'annexe 1, et ne l'a pas été
depuis 1908.
Finalement, tenant compte des preuves techniques présentéesà
la Cour à la fois par le Cambodge et la Thaïlande, je n'ai pas le
moindre doute que la ligne de partage des eaux - aujourd'hui
comme en 1904 - suit le bord sud de la montagne de Phra Viharn,
plaçant ainsi le temple du côté thaïlandais de la ligne.

121 The frontier line placed on Annex 1 accordingly is not in con-
formity with the delimitation of the Dangrek by the Mixed Com-
mission. Alternatively if the fact be that there was no delimitation
by the Mixed Commission of the Dangrek the frontier line on Annex

1is not in conformity with the treaty line, in particular, in the
region of the Temple. The line shown on Annex 1 is not and was
not the line of the watershed.

In 1908, when Annex 1 came into existence, the law as between
France and Siam was the line of the watershed, whether based on
a decision of the Mixed Commission or-on the assumption there
was no delimitation-on the definition of the frontier in ArticleI
of the Treaty of 1904, or more precisely in Article1 of the Protocol
to the Treaty of 1907.This line could not be alteredby the unilateral
act of either France or Siam.

Neither France nor Siam, when the map was issued in 1908, was
aware that the frontier line shown in Annex 1was not in conformity
with the line of the watershed. France certainly believed it was. It
was in the confidence of that belief and on the basis that it was
correct that she distributed copies of the maps. Siam had noreason
to believe that it was not. The mistake in Annex 1 caused by the
misplacement of the river O'Tasem was indeed not discovered Ly
Thailand or France or Cambodia until these proceedings had been
commenced. Indeed Thailand had no cause to think of any error
inthe watershed line shown on Annex 1until an officer of the Royal
Thai Survey Department, during the course of a survey of the
border between Thailand and Indo-China, and taking the watershed
along the Dangrek range asthe dividing line, concluded that Mount
Phra T'iharn lay in Thai territory.

Another survey was carried out in 1937. Again the watershed line
was taken as the frontier line. The same conclusion was reached.

TJp till around 1935-1937 it would not appear there was any
particular reason why Thailand should have questioned the accuracy
of France's map.
Both France and Siam, acting in perfect good faith, believed the
line on Annex 1-as well no doubt the frontier lines shown on each
of the other ten map sheets-correctly translated the decisions of
the Mixed Commission. La frontière indiquée à l'annexe 1 n'est donc pas conforme à la
délimitation opéréepar la Commission mixte dans les Dangrek.
D'autre part, s'il est vrai que la Commission mixte n'a pas fait
de délimitation dans la région des Dangrek, la frontière de
l'annexe 1 n'est pas conforme à la ligne prévue par la convention,
en particulier dans la régiondu temple;la ligne figurantà l'annexe T
n'est pas et n'était pas la-lignede partage des eaux.

En 1908, au moment de la parution de l'annexe 1,la ligne de
partage des eaux faisait droit pour la France et le Siam, que ce fût
sur la base d'une décisionde la Commission mixte, ou que ce fût

- en admettant qu'il n'y a pas eu de délimitation - sur la base
de la définition de la frontière à l'articller de la convention de
1904, ou plus précisément à la clause 1 du protocole du traité de
1907.Cette ligne ne pouvait pas êtremodifiéepar un acte unilatéral
de la France ou du Siam.

Lors de la parution de la carte en 1908, ni la France ni le
Siam ne s'étaient rendu compte qu'ela frontière indiquée à l'an-
nexe 1 ne correspondait pas à la ligne de partage des eaux. La
France pensait certainement qu'il y avait conformité. C'était parce
qu'elle le croyait et parce qu'elle était persuadée que ces cartes

étaient exactes qu'elle en a distribué des copies. Le Siam n'avait
pas de raison de penser qu'il n'y avait pas conformité. Ce n'est
mêmequ'après le commencement de la présente instance que l'er-
reur de l'annexe 1, due au tracé erroné de la rivière O'Tasem, a
étédécouverte par la Thaïlande, la France ou le Cambodge.
La Thaïlande n'avait même aucune raison de penser qu'il y
eût une erreur dans la ligne de partage des eaux indiquée à
l'annexe 1 jusqu'au jour où un officier du service géographique
royal thaïlandais, au cours d'un levédela frontière entrela Thaïlande
et l'Indochine et prenant la ligne de partage des eaux dans la
chaîne des Dangrek comme ligne de démarcation, a conclu que
le mont Phra Viharn se trouvait en territoire thaïlandais.
Un autre levéa étéfait en 1937. De nouveau, la ligne de partage

des eaux a étéconsidérée comme lignede frontière. On est arrivé
à la mêmeconclusion.
Jusqu'en 1935-1937 il semble qu'il n'y avait aucune raison par-
ticulière pour que la Thaïlande mette en doute l'exactitude de la
carte de la France.
La France et le Siam, agissant tous deux en parfaite bonne foi,
croyaient que la ligne de l'annexe 1 - de mêmesans doute que
les frontières indiquées sur chacune des autres dix cartes - re-
flétait exactement les décisions de la Commission mixte. Quand l'annexe 1 a étépubliée,la ligne frontière qui s'y trouvait
indiquée n'était obligatoire ni pour le Siam ni pour la France. A
moins que, par sa conduite, le Siam ne soit forclos à alléguer qu'elle
ne l'était pas - ce qui est une toute autre question -, tout ce
qu'on peut envisager, c'est la création d'une nouvelle obligation
qui lui serait opposable, volontairement consentie, une nouvelle
obligation passéeentre lui et la France, en vertu de laquelle chacun
des États convenait d'accepter la ligne de l'annexe 1 comme fron-

tière entre eux.

Il est important de passer en revue les circonstances dans les-
quelles les cartes ont étéétablies, imprimées et distribuées.
Ni l'annexe 1, ni aucune des dix autres cartes dont l'assemblage
formait la carte d'ensemble des régionsfrontières de la convention

de 1904, n'ont étéétablies uniquement en réponseà une demande
du Siam. En 1904-1907,laFrance et le Siam ne possédaient guèrede
cartes sûres d'une partie quelconque de ces régionsfrontières. Cela
est largement confirmédans les procès-verbaux de la Commission
mixte, en particulier celui du 17 janvier 1906, où le colonel Bernard
a exprimé l'opinion qu'il serait utile d'avoir une carte plus
complète.
«Il n'existe en ce moment »,dit-il,«aucune carte sérieuseet il
serait intéressant pour ledeux pays d'en avoir une. Le capitaine
Tixier et lelieutenant Séepourraient..prolongerla carte jusqu'à la
Ménamd'une part jusqu'à Phetchabounet Nong-Khai del'autre. ))

C'est à peine quelques semaines plus tôt que le Gouvernement
siamois avait demandé

officiersfrançai».outela régionfrontièrefût faite par les soins des

Il est absolument évident qu'il ne s'agissait pas d'une simple
cartemontrant la frontière, mais d'une carte d'ensemble des régions
frontières.
On le voit donc, et je crois de façon tout à fait suffisante, la

France, pour sesbesoins propres, voulait avoir des cartes d'ensemble
des régions frontières et voulait qu'elles s'étendent aussi loin que
possible de chaque côté des frontières. Il n'est guère douteux
qu'elle avait l'intention d'établir ces cartes pendant les travaux
de la Commission de délimitation et qu'elle en avait l'intention dès
avant toute demande présentéepar le Siam.
En novembre 1907 - deux années après que le Gouvernement
siamois ait présentésa demande -la carte comprenant onzefeuilles
a ététerminée.

123 It was not until July of 1907 that Colonel Bernard, then in
France, sought the approval of the French Minister of the Colonies

for the publication of the map then being drawn up "by the
Franco-Siamese Delimitation Commission of which he was the
President" and requested the provision of funds for that purpose.
The decision to publish the maps was made by the Minister; Siam
was not consulted about it. The printing and publication of the
map did not follow, as a matter of course, from the operations of
the Mixed Commission in 1905-1907. 'ITltimately, funds were au-
thorized for publication of the "Bernard Commission map" to be
provided out of the budget of Indo-China.
An order for printing was given to a map publisher in Paris.
1,000 copies were ordered to be struck off. These were to be de-
livered to the Ministry of the Colonies by June of 1908. They were
delivered around that time.
About May of 1908, Colonel Bernard gave instructions for the
distribution of the maps when printed. Copies were to go to the
geographical service of the French Ministry of the Colonies, to the

French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to the Siamese Government
and to members of "the two Commissions" and a number of copies
to different national and foreign geographical societies. Over 700
were to be delivered to the French Ministry of the Colonies for
despatch to Indo-China. IOO were to be made available to the
publisher for sale.

The copies to be delivered to the Siamese Government-jo in al1
-.were handed personally to the Siamese Minister in Paris without
any covering letter. Subsequently further copies were requested by
Siam. There was no written communication of any kind from the
French Government to the Siamese Government in connection with
the map. No comment from Siam was at any time sought. Indeed,
none 1 am satisfied was expected.

There is no evidence whatever even to suggest that Siam knew
of the contents of any of the map sheets before they were delivered

to its Minister in Paris. It is unlikely that she could have.

Siam was not consulted at any stage whilst the map sheets u7ere
in the course of preparation, nor was she consulted on the distri-
bution to be made. The French authorities went ahead with printing,
publication and distribution of the maps solely of their own accord,
without seeking the prior views or approval of Siam.
To the extent the map sheets showed frontier lines, it is evident
that the details thereof appearing on them were based upon field
notes and topographical and survey calculationsmade by a number
of French officers whose names are noted on each of the sheets as
having done the work on the ground. Siam had no access whatever
to these basic materials. The documents that served for drawing up Cen'est qu'en juillet 1907 que le colonel Bernard, alors en France,
a sollicité l'approbation du ministre français des Colonies pour la
publication de la carte que (la Commission de délimitation franco-

siamoise dont il était le Président ))était alors en train d'établir
et a demandé l'ouverture de crédits à cette fin. La décision de
publier les cartes a étéprise par le ministre. Le Siam ne fut pas
consulté. L'impression et la publication de la carte ne résulteraient
pas, comme une chose allant de soi,des opérations de la Commission
mixte en 1905-1907. En fin de compte, les crédits à prélever sur
le budget de l'Indochine ont étéaccordéspour la publication de la
carte [de la] Com~~iissionBernard 1).

L'ordre d'imprimer a étédonné à un éditeur de cartes à Paris,
à qui on en a commandé 1.000 exemplaires qui devaient êtreremis
au ministère des Colonies au plus tard en juin 1908. C'est vers
cette date que les cartes ont étélivrées.
Vers mai 1ao2 ,le colonel Bernard a donné des instructions en
vue de la distribution des cartes après leur impression. Les exem-
plaires étaient destinés au Service géographique du ministère fran-
çais des Colonies, au ministère français des Affaires étrangères, au

Gouvernement siamois et aux membres (des deux Commissions ».
Un certain nombre d'exemplaires étaient destinés à diverses sociétés
géographiques nationales et étrangères. Plus de 700 exemplaires
devaient être livrés au ministère français des Colonies pour être
envoyés en Indochine. Cent exemplaires devaient être mis à la
dis~osition de l'éditeur Dour la vente.
Les exemplaires à remettre au Gouvernement siamois - 50 au
total - ont étéremis personnellement au ministre du Siam à Paris,
sans note de couverture. Par la suite, le Siam en a demandéd'autres

exemplaires. Il n'y a eu aucune communication écrite entre le
Gouvernement français et le Gouvernement siamois au sujet de la
carte. A aucun moment, les commentaires du Siam n'ont étésolli-
cités; je suis mêmepersuadé qu'on n'attendait de lui aucun com-
mentaire.
Nous n'avons aucune preuve qui indique même que le Siam
connaissait le contenu d'aucune des cartes avant qu'elles n'aient
étéremises à son ministre à Paris. Il est peu vraisemblable qu'il

ait pu le connaître.
Le Siam n'a étéconsulté à aucun moment pendant la préparation
des cartes, ni sur la distribution qui devait en être faite. Les
autorités françaises sont allées de l'avant de leur seule initiative
pour l'impression, la publication et la distribution des cartes, sans
solliciter les vues ou l'approbation préalable du Siam.
Dans la mesure où les cartes montraient les frontières, il est
évident que les détailsde celles-ci qu'elles reproduisaient reposaient
sur des notes prises sur le terrain, des calculs topographiques et des

trianplations faits par divers officiers français dont les noms figu-
rent sur chacune des feuilles comme ayant procédéau travail sur
le terrain. Le Siam n'avait aucun accès à ces matériaux de base.the maps were then in France.

Nor is there any evidence that they were ever made available to
her and 1 am satisfied it is wholly unlikely that they were. In any

case, there was no way in which Siam could have checked the
frontier line delineated on Annex 1 even if it might, in all the
circumstances, reasonably have been expected that she should have
done so, without herself undertaking an independent topographical
survey of the frontiers including the Dangrek, a task for which at
that time, as France knew, and as the Minutes of the Mixed Com-
mission and contemporaneous documents sufficiently reveal, she
was not technically equipped to undertake.
Such maps of her own as Siam had in 1908 were unco-ordinated.
The receipt of these maps drawn by French officersmust no doubt
have provided an occasion in its way. They were however French
maps expressed in Roman characters. "French maps", stated Com-
mandant Montguers, the President of the MixedCommissionunder
the Treaty of 1907, in a letter of 17 June 1908 to the Governor-
General of Indo-China, were "of no great use" to Siam. It was for
this very reason that it was agreed between France and Siam that a

Siamese map "should be drawn up by French officers assisted by
Siamese officers".

This resulted in the establishment of the Transcription Com-
mittee.
It has been suggestedon behalf of Cambodia that on this occasion
Siam had the opportunity to check the frontier line and if she did
not avail herself of it that was her own fault.
The contention completely misapprehends the function of the
Transcription Committee. It had nothing to do with the checking
offrontiers. Its solefunction was to achieve a system oftranscription
of names on the French maps.
Little is known about the work of the Committee. It met for the
first time on25 March 1909 and the Minutes of its Meeting are in
the record. The problem was to transcribe names of places. The
map sheets, written as they were in Roman characters, were not

likely to be understood, so the Minutes record, by certain of the
Siamese officers who might have to use them. A system of tran-
scription from Roman characters to Siamese characters and vice
versa was the task which the Committee had to discharge, a task
further complicated by the fact that, inthe basin of the Great Lake,
many villages bore both a Cambodian and Siamese name. It was
this problem and only this problem which the Transcription Com-
mittee was called upon to deal with.
Moreover, there was no real reason in any case why the Siamese
members of the Transcription Committee should think of checking
the frontier lines, not only because it was not within the task which
was allotted to them, but because both States at that time had noLes documents qui ont servi à tracer les cartes étaient alors en
France.
Il n'y a non plus aucune preuve qu'ils ont jamais étémis à sa
disposition, et je suis persuadé qu'il est touà fait improbable qu'ils
l'ont été.En tout cas, le Siam n'avait aucun moyen de contrôler
la frontière tracée à l'annexe 1, même si, dans toutes ces cir-
constances, l'on pouvait raisonnablement s'attendre à ce qu'il
l'ait fait, à moins d'entreprendre lui-mêmeun levétopographique
indépendant des frontières, y compris les Dangrek, tâche pour la-
quelle, à l'époque, il n'était pas techniquement équipé, comme la

France le savait et comme le révèlent suffisamment les procès-
verbaux de la Commission mixte et les documents contemporains.
Toutes les cartes dont le Siamdisposait en propre en 1908étaient
sans coordination. La réception des cartes établiespar des officiers
français doit certainement avoir dans une certaine mesure été un
événement.Mais il s'agissait de cartes françaises, établies en carac-
tères romains. Comme l'a dit le commandant Montguers, président
de la Commission mixte du traité de 1907, dans une lettre du
17 juin 1908 au gouverneur général de l'Indochine, ctles cartes
françaises [devaient être] sans grande utilité )pour le Siam. C'est
précisément la raisonpour laquelle il a étéconvenu entre la France
et le Siam qu'une carte siamoise «serait établie ...par des officiers
français assistés d'officiers siamois».
De là est sorti l'établissement de la Commission de transcription.

On a soutenu au nom du Cambodge qu'à cette occasion le Siam
avait eu la possibilité de vérifierla ligne frontière et que s'il ne s'en
était pas prévalu, la faute lui en incombait.
Cette thèse se méprend complètement sur les fonctions de la
Comn~issionde transcription. Celle-ci n'avait rien à voir avec la
vérificationdes frontières. Son unique tâche était d'établir un sys-
tème de transcription des noms sur les cartes françaises.
On sait peu de chose sur le travail de la Commission. Elle s'est
réunie pour la première fois le 25 mars 1909 et les procès-verbaux
de ses réunions sont au dossier. Le problème était de transcrire les
noms de lieux. Ainsi que le constatent les procès-verbaux, les
cartes, rédigées comme ellesl'étaient en caractères romains, ne

pouvaient guère êtrecomprises de certains officiers siamois appelés
à les utiliser. La tâche confiéeà la Commission était d'établir un
système de transcription des caractères romains en caractères sia-
mois et vice versa, tâche compliquée encore du fait que, dans le
bassin du Grand Lac, beaucoup de villages portaient à la fois un
nom siamois et un nom cambodgien.Tel est le problème et le seul
problème que la Commission de transcription fût appelée à traiter.
Au surplus, il n'y avait en tout cas aucune raison véritable pour
que les membres siamois de la Commission de transcription songent
à vérifier les lignes frontières, non seulement parce que cela ne
rentrait pas dans la tâche qui leur était confiée,mais encore parcereason to think there was any mistake in the maps; both States
proceeded on the assumption they were correctly delineated.

The circumstances in which the maps came into existence and
were distributed is of importance as providing part of the back-
ground against which the conduct of France and Siam is to be
evaluated, particularly in considering whether the adverse infer-
ences which are sought to be drawn from Thailand's silence and
lack of protest on the line shown on Annex 1 bear any relation to
the realities.
Before however considering whether the conduct of the two
States created an implied conventional agreement between them
that the line shown on Annex 1 should be the established frontier
line between them, there are a few observations of a general charac-
ter which 1think are apposite.
Itis easy to fa11into the error of judging the events of long ago
by present day standards, indeed sometimes by standards which

do not always have relation to real life.
In determining what inferences may or should be drawn from
Thailand's silence and absence of protest regard must, 1 believe,
be had to the period of time when the events we are concerned
with took place, to the region of the world to which they related,
to the general political conditions existing in Asia at this period,
to political and other activities of Western countries in Asia at the
time and to the fact that of the two States concerned one was
Asian, the other European. It would not, 1 think, be just to apply
to the conduct of Siam in this period objective standards comparable
to those which reasonably might today be or might then have been
applied to highly developed European States.

There is a further general consideration of some significance.
There can be little doubt that, at least in the early part of this
century, Siam was apprehensive about the aspirations of France.
There is evidence of this.

In 1930, on the occasion of the visit of Prince Damrong to the
Temple, which has figured so prominently in this case, he was
accompanied by'his daughter Princess Phun Phitsamai Diskul. In
her statement which was placed before the Court she states the
reason why her father did not ask the Thai Government to protest
about the presence at the Temple of a French officer in full military
uniform. She states :
"It was generally known at the time that we had only to give
the French an excuse to seizemore territory by protesting. Things
had been like that sincethey came into the River ChaoPhya with
their gunboats and their seizure of Chanthaburi."qu'à l'époque les deux États n'avaient aucune raison de penser
qu'il y eût une erreur dans les cartes; l'un et l'autre sont partis
de l'idée qu'elles étaient correctement tracées.

Les circonstances dans lesquelles les cartes ont étécrééeset distri-
buées ont de l'importance parce qu'elles font partie du contexte
dans lequel il faut apprécier la conduite de la France et du Siam,
en particulier pour examiner si les conclusions adverses que l'on
cherche à déduire du silence de la Thaïlande et de l'absence de
protestation visant la frontière tracéesur l'annexe 1 ont un rapport
avec les réalités.

Mais avant d'examiner si la conduite des deux États a crééun
accord conventionnel implicite entre eux, en vue d'établir comme
frontière la ligne portée sur l'annexe 1, je crois pertinent de faire
quelques observations d'un caractère général.

Il est facile de commettre l'erreur quiconsiste à juger des événe-
ments anciens d'après les normes actuelles, et mêmeparfois d'après
des normes qui n'ont pas toujours de rapport avec la vie réelle.
Pour fixer les conclusions que l'on peut ou que l'on devrait tirer
du silence de la Thaïlande et de l'absence de protestation de sa
part, il faut, je crois, tenir compte de l'époque où se sont passés
les événementsqui nous occupent, de la régiondu monde à laquelle
ils se rapportent, des conditions générales politiques existant alors

en -Asie,des activités politiques et autres des pays occidentaux en
Asie à l'époque et du fait que, sur les deux Etats en cause, l'un
était asiatique, l'autre européen. Je crois qu'il serait injuste d'ap-
pliquer à la conduite du Siam à cette époque des normes objectives
comparables à celles qu'on pourrait raisonnablement appliquer
aujourd'hui, ou qu'on aurait pu raisonnablement appliquer alors,
à des Etats européens hautement développés.
Il faut noter une autre considération généraled'une certaine im-
portance. Il n'est guère douteux que, tout au moins au début de
ce siècle, le Siam redoutait les aspirations de la France.
Sous en avons des preuves.
En 1930, lors de la visite du temple par le prince Damrong et
dont il a tant étéparlé en l'espèce, celui-ci était accompagné de

sa fille la princessehun Phitsamai Diskul. Dans la déclaration de
celle-ci qui a été produite à la Cour, elle indique la raison pour
laquelle son père n'a pas demandé au Gouvernement thaïlandais
de protester au sujet de la présence au temple d'un officier français
en grand uniforme militaire. Elle a déclaré:
((11était de notoriété publique à l'époque qu'en protestant
nous ne ferions que donner aux Français une excuse pour saisir
encore plus de territoires. Les choses s'étaient passéesde la sorte
depuis qu'ils avaient fait remonter leurs canonnièresdans la rivière
du Chao Phya et qu'ils avaient saisi Chantaboun. )) No matter how unjustified this view may have been 1am satisfied
that it was not a view conjured up for the purposes of this case. It
finds confirmation elsewhere.
In March 1907, in referring to the negotiations for the Treaty of
1907 then being conducted, Colonel Bernard, in a report of 19

March to the Governor-General of Indo-China, wrote:
"There is such mistrust of us in Siam and such dread of pos-
siblemilitary action.",

and later in the same report
"After fivehours of discussion whichthe nervous state of the
Siamesemade painful, we concluded byreaching agreement ...",

and on 17 June 1908, only two months before the map sheets of
which Annex 1 is one were handed to Siam, Commandant Mont-
guers, in his report to the Governor-General of Indo-China reveals
the same apprehension on the part of Siam. The Commandant
speaks of:

"Dispellingas far as possiblethe mistrust that is so deeply rooted
in them."
This apprehension on the part of Siam, as to France's attitude
towards her is a factor which cannot be disregarded in evaluating
Siam's conduct-her silence, her lack of protest, if protest might
otherwise have been expected of her.

1have already given the reasons which have persuaded me to the
opinion that there was in fact a delimitation of the northern frontier
including the Dangrek. 1have stated the nature of that delimitation
and why Annex 1 fails to draw any probative force from it. If
subsequent to its communication by France to Siam the line shown
thereon acquired any probative force that could only occur (apart
from any question of preclusion) by virtue of the two States entering
into a new conventional arrangement giving rise to new mutual
obligations between them.
The Court's approach is quite different and marks a point of
departure between my views and those of the Court.

Judgment is based upon the conclusion that Siam, by her silence
and failure to protest against Annex 1 and the line indicated on it
within what is said to be a reasonable time after she received it,
recognized, adopted, acquiesced in or acknowledged it as represent-

ing what is called the "outcome" of the work of delimitation of the
frontier in theregion of Preah Vihear and thereby conferred upon Si injustifiée qu'ait pu êtrecette opinion, je suis persuadé qu'elle
n'a pas étéformuléepour les besoins de la cause. Elle est confirmée
ailleurs.
En mars 1907, parlant des négociations alors en cours pour le

traité de 1907, le colonel Bernard écrivait dans un rapport du
19 mars au gouverneur général de l'Indochine:
((Il règneau Siam, à notre égard,une telle méfiance,on redoute à
tel point une action militaire éventuelle..)),

et plus loin dans le mêmerapport:

((Après cinqheures de discussionsque l'énervementdes Siamoisa
rendues pénibles, nousavons fini par tomber d'accord ...)),

et le 17 juin 1908, deux mois seulement avant la remise au Siam
des cartes dont faisait partie l'annexe 1, le commandant Montguers
relate dans son rapport au gouverneur général de l'Indochine la
mêmeappréhension du côtésiamois. Le commandant parle de:

((dissiper le plus possible chez eux une méfianceprofondément
enracinée ».

Ces craintes du côté siamois quant à l'attitude française à leur
égard sont un facteur qu'on ne saurait négliger pour apprécier la
conduite du Siam - son silence, son absence de protestation dans
des cas où, sans cela, on se serait attendu à une protestation de sa
part.

J'ai déjà indiqué les motifs qui m'ont convaincu qu'il y avait

en fait une délimitation de la frontière nord, y compris les Dangrek.
J'ai énoncéla nature de cette délimitation et indiqué pourquoi
l'annexe 1 n'en tire aucune force probante. Si, après sa communi-
cation par la France au Siam, la ligne indiquée a acquis une force
probante quelconque, ce ne peut être(en dehors de toute question
de forclusion) qu'en vertu d'un nouvel arrangement conventionnel
entre les deux Etats dont seraient sorties de nouvelles obligations
réciproques entre eux.
La façon dont la Cour a abordé le problème est toute différente

et de ce point il y a divergence entre mes opinions et celles de la
Cour.
L'arrêtse fonde sur la conclusion que le Siam, par son silence et
du fait qu'il n'a soulevé à l'égard de l'annexe 1 et de la frontière
qu'elle indique aucune protestation dans ce qu'on appelle un délai
raisonnable après l'avoir reçu, a reconnu, adopté, acquiescé ou
admis que cette ligne représentait ce qu'on appelle ((le résultat »
du travail de délimitation de la frontière dans la région de Préah

127it a binding character. Thus, the Court finds, it, in 1908-1909 be-
came binding on Siam.

From the subsequent failure (on the part of Siam) to protest, the

Court draws inferences to support its conclusion that Siam had in
1908-1909 recognized and acquiesced in Annex 1 with the character
the Court has assigned to it.
The Judgment speaks of the contingency of a departure from the
criterion of the watershed line stipulated in ArticleI of the Treaty.
It however dismisses as irrelevant the question whether a departure
may have occurred since, whatever was the nature of anv inherent
power of adaptation possessed by the Mixed Commission, it was it
states certainly within the power of Siam in 1908-1909 to adopt
anv de~artures.
Éithér France or Siam was of course entitled to adopt or fail to
adopt anv attitude towards Annex 1 as it thought fit. The crucial
question which, in my opinion, calls for an answer however is not
whether Siam recognized, acknowledged, adopted or acquiesced in
Annex 1 whatever the character assigned to that document rnay

be; but whether the conduct of France and Siam ever gave rise to
an implied conventional arrangement between the two States under
which they mutually agreed to be bound by the frontier line shown
on Annex 1,whether it was or was not in conformity with the cri-
terion of the watershed stipulated in the Treaty of 1904. This
question, in my opinion, the Court leaves unanswered.
It is my view that unless the conduct of Thailand since 1908
has resulted in her being precluded from denying that the line on
Annex 1 is the frontier line-a quite separate question which will
be later considered-or unless there can be established a new and
fresh conventional arrangement between the two States, any recog-
nition by Siam of Annex 1 and of the line shown thereon cannot
be conclusive against Thailand.
A State rnay of course recognize-or acquiesce in-any fact or
situation either of law or fact and its intention to do so rnay be

evidenced expressly or by implication. The recognition rnay become
the source of a legal right or obligation to the extent to which it
provides an essential element in the establishment of a legal right
or obligation, as forexample in preclusion or prescription. It rnay
provide evidence of a fact or a state of facts, the probative value
of which depends upon al1the surrounding circumstances. It rnay
afford aid in the interpretation of a document or conduct.

The act of recognition is not however a unilateral juridical act
which of its own force precludes a State from thereafter challenging
the fact or situation recognized. It may, depending upon the cir-
cumstances, provide strong, perhaps overwhelming, evidence of the
truth of the fact or situation recognized; it may provide only
evidence which is destroyed or modified by other evidence. Pre-Vihéaret aurait ainsi conféré à l'annexe 1 un caractc're obligatoire.
De l'avis de la Cour, c'est ainsi qu'en 1908-1909 l'annexe 1 est
devenue obligatoire pour le Siam.
De l'absence de protestation ultérieure (de la part du Siam) la
Cour tire des déductions à l'appui de sa conclusion qu'en 190s-1909,
le Siam a reconnu et a admis le caractère que la Cour attribue à
l'annexe 1.
L'arrêt parle de l'éventualitéd'une dérogation au critère de la
ligne de partage des eaux stipulée à l'articleI~~de la convention.

11écarte cependant comme sans pertinence la question de savoir si
une dérogation se serait produite, attendu que, d'après l'arrêtet
quelle que fîit la nature d'un pouvoir inhérent d'adaptation qu'au-
rait possédéla Commission mixte, le Siam, en 1908-1909, avait
cerfainement le pouvoir d'adopter des dérogations quelconques.
Evidemment la France, comme le Siam, avait le droit d'adopter
ou de ne pas adopter envers l'annexe 1 telle attitude qu'elle jugeait
bon. -4inon avis, la question cruciale àlaquelle il faut répondre n'est
pas de savoir si le Siam a reconnu, accepté, adopté l'annexe 1 ou J-
a acquiescé, quel que soit le caractère qu'on assigne à ce document,
mais de savoir si la conduite de la France et du Siam a jamais donné
lieu, entre les deux Etats,à un arrangement conventionnel implicite

en 1-ertu duquel ils sont convenus d'être liés par la frontière
indiquée à l'annexe 1, que celle-ci fût ou non conforme aux critères
de la ligilc de partage des eaux stipulésdans la convention de 1904.
A mon al-is, la Cour a laissécette question sans réponse.
J'estime qu'à moins que, par saconduite depuis 1908,laThaïlande
ne soit forclose à contester que la ligne de l'annexe 1 est la ligne
frontière - question tout à fait distincte que nous envisager9ns plus
tard -, ou à moins qu'on ne puisse établir entre les deux Etats un
arrangement conventionnel nouveau et différent, toute reconnais-
sance de l'annexe 1 et de la ligne qu'elle indique émanant du Siam
ne saurait être concluante à l'encontre de la Thailande.

Évidemment un Etat peut reconnaître - ou y acquiescer - tout
fait ou situation de droit ou de fait et son intention de le faire peut
êtredémontréeexpressément ou implicitement. La reconnaissance
peut devenir la source d'un droit ou d'une obligation juridique, dans
la mesure où elle fournit un élémentessentiel dc l'établissement d'un
droit ou d'une obligation juridique, comme par exemple en matière
de forclusion et de prescription. Elle peut fournir la preuve d'un
fait ou d'un état de fait dont la force probante dépend de toutes les
circonstances environnantes. Elle peut faciliter l'interprétation d'un
docuillent ou d'une conduite.
Toutefois l'acte de reconnaissance n'est pas un acte, juridique
unilatéral en vertu duquel, à lui seul, un Etat est forclos à contester

par la suite le fait ou la situation qu'il a reconnu. Suivant les cir-
constances, l'acte de reconnaissance peut fournir une preuve im-
portante, peut-êtremêmedéterminante, de la véritédu fait ou de la
situatioil reconnu; il peut simplement fournir une preuve qui est
128clusion-or, to ilseits Anglo-saxon ecluivalent, estoppel-may how-
ever only occur where al1the elements which constitute the principle
of preclusion can be shown to exist.

There is a close affinity between prescription, preclusion, recog-
nition, acquiescence and absence of protest. The principle of pre-
clusion is however, in my view, quite distinct from the concept of
recognition (or acquiescence), though the latter may, asany conduct
may, go to establisli either prescription or preclusion.

To accord to the concept of recognition by a State of a fact or
situation,without more, the legalconsequence ofapreclusionnot only
finds, in my opinion, despite the views of certain writers, no authority
as a principle of international law under Article 38ofthe Statute of
the Court, but provides an invitation to apply tothe determination of
a case in whicli recognition of a fact or of a situation is relied upon,
considerations which are scarcely distinguishable from consider-
ations ex aequo et bono.
The concepts of recognition and acquiescence are important
elements of international law. They are not likely to add to their
usefulness if pushed beyond their proper content.

In the present case any recognition by Siam of Annex 1 and the
line of frontier shown thereon, or any acqiiiescence by Siam therein,
is in my view of evidentiary value only.

Recognition bv Siam of Annex 1 and the line of frontier thereon
-if any were made-is of course evidence of an admission by Siam
(and Thailand), which may be read against her to establish that
there was in fact a decision of delimitation of the frontier on the
Dangrek. It might perhaps be construed as an admission that that
decision was correctly represented by the frontier line shown on
Annex 1.
Were any such admission the only evidence in this case it could
well be conclusive. But it is not the only evidence. There is a great
tleal more. The task of the Court is to ascertain the true facts. It
may in doing so be influenced by an admission established by the
conduct of Siam. It cannot however be controlled by it if other
evidence negatives or modifies or is inconsistent with the admission
which a recognition may establish. The recognition is not conclusive.

In short, the evidentiary value of the recognition or acquiescence
must be weighed against al1other relevant evidence disclosed in the
record.
When regard is had to other relevant evidence in the record, it
will be seen that such admissions as may be spelt out of the conduct
of Siam by the Court have little if any evidentiary value in the
determination of this case.détruite ou modifiéepar d'autres preuves. Mais la forclusion - ou,
pour employer son équivalent anglo-saxon, l'estofipe- ne peut se
produire que si l'on peut démontrer l'existence de tous les éléments
constitutifs du principe de la forclusion.
Ily a une affinité étroite entre la prescription, la forclusion, la
reconnaissance, l'acquiescement et l'absence de protestation. Mais
à mon avis. ,e vIincive de la forclusion est tout à fait distinct de la
notion de reconnaissance (ou d'acquiescement), bien que celle-ci
puisse, comme toute autre conduite, servir à établir soit la pres-
cription, soit la forclusion.
A mon avis, et en dépit de l'opinion de certains auteurs, non
seulement il n'est pas possible d'accueillir comme principe de droit

international visépar l'article 38 du Statut de la Cour l'idéeque la
reconnaissance par un Etat d'un fait ou d'une situation, sans plus,
a la valeur juridique d'une forclusion, mais cela fournit l'occasion
d'appliquer à la solution d'une affaire où l'on invoque la reconnais-
sance d'un fait ou d'une situation des considérations qu'il est à
peine possible de distinguer des considérations ex aequo et bono.
Les notions de reconnaissance et d'acquiescement sont des élé-
ments importants du droit international. Elles ne deviendront pas
plus utiles si on les développe au-delà de leur contenu légitime.
A mon avis, dans le cas actuel, la reconnaissance par le Siam de
l'annexe 1 et de la frontière qu'elle indique, ou l'acquiescement

donné par le Siam à cette annexe, n'a que la valeur d'un élément
~robatoire.
Sans doute la reconnaissance par le Siam de l'annexe 1 et de la
frontière qu'elle indique - à supposer qu'elle ait eu lieu - est
la preuve d'un aveu par le Siam (et la Thaïlande) qu'on peut retenir
contre lui pour démontrer, en fait, l'existence d'une décision de
délimitation de la frontière dans les Dangrek. Peut-être pourrait-on
l'interpréter comme un aveu que la décision était correctement
reproduite par la frontière tracée à l'annexe 1.
Si un tel aveu était la seule preuve en l'affaire, il pourrait fort
bien être déterminant. Mais ce n'est pas la seule preuve. Il y en a
beaucoup d'autres. La Cour a pour tâche de vérifier les faits véri-

tables. Cefaisant, elle peut êtreinfluencéepar un aveu démontrépar
la conduite du Siam. Mais la Cour ne saurait être dominéepar cet
aveu, si d'autres preuves viennent contredire ou modifier l'aveu que
la reconnaissance pourrait démontrer, ou sont incompatibles avec
lui. La reconnaissance n'est pas concluante.
En résumé,la valeur probante de la reconnaissance ou de l'ac-
quiescement doit être évaluéepar rapport à toutes les preuves
pertinentes du dossier.
Si l'on tient compte de toutes les autres preuves pertinentes du
dossier, on peut voir que toute reconnaissance que la Cour ait pu
dégager de la conduite du Siam n'a que peu ou point de valeur
probante pour statuer sur l'affaire. 132 JUDGJI. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP.SIR PERCY SPENDER)
It is established that there never was any decision of the Mixed
Commission agreeing to any line on any map or sketch. It is es-
tablished that there never was any decision of delimitation by

virtue of which the Mixed Commission, pursuant to an inherent
power of adaptation of the correct line of the watershed, placed the
Temple region for some special local or any other reason within
Cambodian territory. It is established that there never was a
decision to depart from the Treaty line of the watershed but, on
the contrary, the evidence is that the Mixed Commission decided
that that line should be adhered to. It is established that if there
were a delimitation of the Dangrek it could only have been one to
the effect that the frontier line should follow the line of the water-
shed, and if there were no decision of delimitation the frontier line
remained the line of the watershed pursuant to the Treaty of 1904.
It is established that Annex 1 does not follow the line of the water-
shed but, on the contrary, seriously departs from it at the critical

area of the Temple region, and it will be established that the line
on Annex 1 purports to show the line of the watershed and no
other line.

It seems necessary to repeat that the line on Annex 1 had not
been before the Mixed Commission when it came to an end. In
fact, it could never have existed at al1until after the Mixed Com-
mission's last meeting.
The instructions of survey officers Captains Oum and Kerler are
set forth in the Minutes of the Mixed Commission of 7 Septemter
1906. Their task \vas to carry out a survey and nothing else.

It was contended on behalf of Cambodia that the task of the
topographical officers-though they were in no way authorized
themselves to delimit the frontier-included thnt of marlting on
the map the frontier line. Sometimes, it was suggested, this was
done pursuant to a prior decision of the Mixed Commission; at
other times the Mixed Commission, it was said, determined the line
only afterthe map had been drawn up.
Even if the evidence gave any support to this contention it is
clear that neither of these eventualities occurred. Captain Oum left
to siirvey the Dangrek before the Mixed Commission had even
started on its reconnaissance of the northern frontier, and the
Mixed Commission held its final meeting over a month before he or

Captain Kerler, who was surveying the region from the Great Lake
to the Dangrek, reached Bangkok from their field operatioils.

Annex 1 never became part of the work of delimitation of the
Mixed Commission and never accordingly could be said to have
become an integral part of the treatysettlement.
130 Il est reconnu qu'il n'y a jamais eu aucune décisionde la Com-
mission mixte acceptant une frontière sur une carte ou un croquis
quelconque. Il est reconnu qu'il n'y a jamais eu aucune décisionde
délimitation en vertu de laquelle la Commission mixte, conformé-
ment à un pouvoir d'adaptation de la ligne exacte de partage des
eaux, inhérent à ses fonctions, ait placéla région du temple, pour
une raison locale particuli'ère ou pour toute autre raison, à l'inté-
rieur du territoire cambodgien. Il est reconnu qu'il n'y a jamais eu
de décisionde dérogation à la ligne de partage des eaux établiepar

la convention, mais au contraire, il est prouvé que la Commission
mixte a décidéque cette ligne devait être respectée. Il est reconnu
que s'ily avait une délimitation des Dangrek, elle ne pouvait être
qu'une frontière suivant la ligne de partage des eaux et que s'il n'y
avait pas de décisionde délimitation, la frontière demeurait la ligne
de partage des eaux conformément à la convention de 1904. II est
établi que l'annexe 1 ne suit pas la ligne de partage des eaux, mais
au contraire s'en éloigneconsidérablement dans la région critique
du temple, et il sera établi que la frontière de l'annexe est censée
indiquer la ligne de partage des eaux, à l'exclusion de toute autre.

Il semble nécessaire de répéterici que la frontière de l'annexe 1
n'avait pas étéprésentée à la Commission mixte au moment de sa

dissolution. En fait, elle ne pouvait pas avoir existé avant la dernière
séance dela Commission mixte.
Les instructions des officiers topographes, les capitaines Oum et
Kerler, figurent dans le procès-verbal de la Commission mixte du
7 septembre 1906. Leur tâche était de procéder à un levéet rien de
plus.
Il a étésoutenu en faveur du Cambodge que la tâche des officiers
topographes comprenait le tracé de la frontièri. sur la carte, quoi-
qu'ils n'aient étéaucunement autorisés à délimiter la frontière
eux-mêmes. Il a étéparfois suggéréque cela a étéfait en conformité
d'une décision antérieure de la Commission mixte; d'autres fois
on a dit que la Commission mixte n'avait déterminé la frontière
qu'après que la carte eût étédressée.
Mêmesi des preuves venaient à l'appui de ce point, il est clair

qu'aucune de ces possibilités n'a existé. Le capitaine Oum partit
pour lever les Dangrek avant que la Commission mixte ait seulement
commencésa reconnaissance de la frontière nord et la Commission
mixte a tenu sa dernière séanceplus d'un mois avant que lui ou le
capitaine Kerler, qui levait la région du Grand Lac aux Dangrek,
n'aient atteint Bangkok au retour de leurs opérations sur le
terrain.
L'annexe 1 n'a jamais fait partie des travaux de délimitation
de la Commission mixte et ne pourrait donc aucunement êtredeve-
nue partie intégrante du règlement conventionnel.

130 The conclusion of the Court based on recognition is, in my
opinion, inconsistent with the established facts.

*
* *
The conclusion of the Court that Annex 1, as a consequence of

Siam's recognition of it as representing the outcome of the work of
delimitation is that it caused the mapto enterthe treaty settlement
andthùs to become an integral part ofit, presents a difficultywhich,
in my view, goes to the heart of this case.
It is not necessary for me to express any opinion on whether, or
to what extent, this recognition could cause the map to enter the
treaty settlement. The point to which 1 desire to direct attention
is that it follows from the Court's conclusion that Annex I is to be
treated as if there had been a decision of the Mixed Commission
that the frontier on the Dangrek should be delimited in accordance
with the line shown thereon.
It would then fa11for determination whether it was a delimitation
established on the basis of the criterion laid down in Article I of
the Treaty of 1904 which was that the frontier line should follow
the line of the watershed. If the delimitation were not established
on that basis, the line on Annex 1 could not, in my opinion, have

any probative value; it could have no binding force upon either
Siam or France.
The Court seeks to resolve the difficulty on the basis, not of a
new conventional agreement-since none is shown or could be
shown to exist-but on the basis of treaty interpretation.

The line shown on Annex 1 is beyond doubt not the line of the
watershed, in particular it is not that line in the critical vicinity of
the Temple. On the basis that Annex 1 is, or represents, a delimi-
tation of the Dangrek by the Mixed Commission it is evident that
the line in Annex 1is not established in accordance with the criterion
laid down in the Treaty.
The Court however does not see it this way. Basing its reasoning
on a proposition that the two States, despite the clear provisions
of Article 1, did not attach any special importance to the line of

the watershed but were concerned with what is described as the
overriding importance of adhering to a map line in the interests of
finality-a conflict between the line in Annex 1 and Article I of the
Treaty of 1904 is resolved as a matter of treaty interpretation in
favour of the line on the map sheet.

1 do not agree either with the proposition on which the Court
bases its reasoning or with its reasoning. 1 cannot agree that a
derogation from what is provided in the Treaty, namely that the
frontier should follow the line of the watershed, can be disposed of

131 La conclusion de la Cour se fondant sur la reconnaissance est,
à mon avis, incompatible avec les faits établis.

La conclusion de la Cour que l'annexe 1, étant reconnue par le
Siam comme représentant le résultat des travaux de délimitation,
a pour conséquence d'incorporer la carte au règlement convention-
nel en la rendant ainsi partie intégrante de ce règlement, présente
.une difficultéqui, à mon avis, touche au cŒur de l'affaire.
Il n'est pas nécessaire que j'exprime ici une opinion sur le point
de savoir si, et dans quelle mesure, cette reconnaissance pouvait
incorporer la carte au règlement conventionnel. Le point que je
désire signaler est qu'il découle de la conclusion de la Cour que
l'annexe 1 doit être traitée comme s'il v avait eu décision de la

Commission mixte portant que la frontière des Dangrek serait
délimitée conformément à la ligne indiquée sur la carte.
Il s'agirait alors de déterminer si c'était une délimitation établie
sur la base du critère défini à l'articlelerde la convention de 1904,
stipulant que la frontière devait suivre la ligne de partage des
eaux. Si la délimitation n'a pas étéétabliesur cette base, la frontière
de l'annexe 1 ne peut pas, à mon avis, avoir de valeur probante ;elle
ne peut lier en aucune façon ni le Siam ni la France.

La Cour cherche à résoudre la difficulté non sur la base d'un
nouvel accord conventionnel - puisqu'aucun n'a étéprésentéou ne

peut êtreprouvé - mais surla base d'un problème d'interprétation
d'un traité.
Il ne fait aucun doute que le tracé figurant à l'annexe 1 n'est pas
la ligne de partage des eaux et en particulier ne suit pas cette ligne
aux abords critiques du temple. Si l'on considère que l'annexe 1
est, ou représente, une délimitation des Dangrek établie par la
Commission mixte, il est évident que la frontière de l'annexe 1 n'est
pas conforme au critère stipulé par la convention.
Ce n'est pas ainsi, cependant, que la Cour envisage la question.

Fondant son raisonnement sur l'hypothèse que les deux États, en
dépit des stipulations clairement exprimées de l'article I~',n'ont
pas attaché d'importance particulière à la ligne de parta?. des eaux,
mais se sont préoccupésde ce qui est décrit comme 1importance
primordiale de donner leur adhésion à la frontière portée sur une
carte en vue d'aboutir i une solution définitive - un conflit entre
la fronticre de l'annexe 1 et l'article ler de la convention de 1904
est résolucommc un problème d'interprétation d'un traité en faveur
de la frontière figurant sur la carte.
Je n'accepte ni l'hypothcse sur laquelle la Cour fonde son raison-
nement, ni son raisonnement. Je ne peux pas accepter qu'une

dérogation aux termes de la convention, à savoir que la frontière
devrait suivre la ligne de partage des eaux, puisse êtreainsi résoluein this manner by treating the map, the line on which was to
conform to the Treaty, as in law overriding it.

This, in my view, is not treaty interpretation. It amounts, in my
opinion, to redrafting the Treaty of 1904 in accordance with a
presumed intention of the two States, an intention indeed which is
not to be found within the terms of the Treaty itself nor, in my
view, elsewhere in the evidence; a presumed intention which is
moreover quite inconsistent with the plain terms, not only of
Article I of the Treaty, but as well with Article 3 thereof which
provided that the work of the Mixed Commission had as its object
"the frontier determined by Article 1".

Moreover, it hardly seems possible even as a matter of treaty
interpretation to pronounce in favour of the line of Annex 1 in the
absence of a determination of the extent to wliich Annex 1 does or
does not in fact conform to the stipulations contained in Article I
of the Treaty itself.
Finally, if the record establishes, as 1 believe it does, that the
Dangrek was in fact delimited by the Mixed Commission and that
the decision was that the frontier should follow the line of the
watershed there would be a conflict between the line on Annex I
and the decision of the Mixed Commission. This conflict could not
be resolved by the method of treaty interpretation to which the
Court has had resort. The decision of the Mixed Commissioiî that
the frontier line should be the line of the watershed destroys the

foundation on which the Court's reasoning is based. In any case,
there could be no doubt that the decision of the Mixed Commission,
that the frontier line was to follow the line of the watershed, must
prevail over any map line which purports but fails to reflect that
decision.

There are further difficulties in the way of the thesis which the
Judgment expounds. Annex 1andthe ten map sheets accompanying
it were delivered to Thailand and received by the latter at the same
time and in the same circumstances.
If Annex 1 became part of the treaty settlement of 1904 by
virtue of the recognition found by the Court, so did they all. Yet,

between the time when the Mixed Commission under the 1904
Treaty held its last meeting and ceased to function, and the end
of March 1907, France had entered into the Treaty and Protocol
of 1907.
Six of the eleven maps related to the frontier region between
Siam and Cambodia. The frontier line on three of them covering
the regions between the Great Lalte and the sea to the south no
longer existed as frontier lines. Not only did they not exist, but the
whole region covered by these rnap sheets-issued in 1908-were

132en traitant la carte, dont la frontière devait être en conformitéavec
la convention, comme si, en droit, cette carte avait plus d'autorité
que les termes de la convention.
A mon avis, ce n'est pas là interpréter un traité. Cela représente,
selon moi, une nouvelle rédaction de la convention de 1904 con-
formément à une intention présuméedes deux États, intention qui,
en fait, n'existe pas dans les termes de la convention elle-même, ni,
à mon point de vue, nulle part ailleurs dans les preuves; une inten-
tion présuméequi est de plus tout àfait incompatible avec les termes
très clairs, non seulement de l'articl~erde la convention, mais aussi
de son article 3 qui stipule que les travaux de la Commission
mixte ont pour objet (la frontière déterminéepar l'article I~~».

De plus, il apparaît difficilement possible, même entraitant la
question comme un problème d'interprétation de traité, de se
prononcer en faveur de la frontière de l'annexe 1 sans avoir déter-
minéjusqu'à quel point l'annexe 1 se conforme ou non aux stipula-
tions de l'articleler de la convention elle-même.
Finalement, s'il est établi, comme il me semble l'être, queles
Dangrek ont étéen fait délimitéspar la Commission mixte et que la
décision prisea étéque la frontière devait suivre la ligne de partage
des eaux, il y aurait conflit entre la frontière de l'annexe 1 et la
décision de la Commission mixte. Ce conflit ne pourrait pas être
résolupar la méthode d'interprétation de traité à laquelle la Cour a
eu recours. La décisionde la Commission mixte portant que la fron-

tière devait suivre la ligne de partage des eaux détruit la base
sur laquelle repose le raisonnement de la Cour. Dans tous les cas, il
ne peut y avoir de doute que la décisionde la Commission mixte
portant que la frontière devait suivre la ligne de partage des eaux
doit prévaloir sur tout tracé de carte qui prétend êtrele reflet de
cette décisionmais n'en fait rien.

Il existe d'autres difficultés à l'encontre de la thèse exposée
par l'arrêt. L'annexe 1 et les dix cartes qui l'accompagnent ont
étéremises à la Thaïlande et reçues par cette dernière en même
temps et dans les mêmescirconstances.

Si l'annexe 1 a étéincorporée dans le règlement conventionnel
de 1904 en vertu de la reconnaissance constatée par la Cour, il en
est de même detoutes les autres. Cependant, entre le moment où la
Commission mixte établiepar la convention de 1904 a tenu sa der-
nière séance et a terminé ses fonctions et la fin du mois de mars
1907, la France avait conclu le traité et le protocole de 1907.
Six des onze cartes se rapportaient à la région frontière entre
le Siam et le Cambodge. Le tracé de la frontière sur trois de ces
cartes, comprenant les régionsentre le Grand Lac et la mer vers le
sud, n'existait plus en tant que frontière. Non seulement ces fron-
tières n'existaient plus, mais toute la région couverte par lesno longer in Thai territory. There seems little purpose in Siam
having adopted or recognized them.

Of the three remaining map sheets, namely those which covered
the northern frontier, two covered the region of the Pnom Padang;
one of which also covered part of that mountain range and a section
1 think, as a
of the eastern part of the Dangrek. It would not
matter of treaty interpretation, be possible to reconcile the frontier
line shown on these two maps, in so far as they relate to the region
of the Pnom Padang, with tlie frontier line stipulated in the Treaty
of 1907.
Under thisTreaty, the line of the frontier on that range of moun-
tains as far as the Mekong no longer followed the crest, as the de-
cision of the Mixed Commission of.18 January indicates it should
do in accordance with the provisions of the 1904 Treaty, but the
line of the watershed.Article I of the Protocol of 1907 was the law
which governed the two States.
This is also the position with regard to the Dangrek. After the
Mixed Commission under the 1904 Treaty had ceased to function,
Article 1of the Protocol of theTreaty of 1907stipulated in clear and
unambiguous terms that the frontier line on the Dangrek should
be that of the watershed. The line on Annex 1 cannot as a matter
of treaty interpretation be reconciled with the 1907 Treaty. The

Treaty must prevail.
Unless therefore France and Siam thereafter entered into a new
conventional arrangement that the line on Annex 1 was to become
binding upon them irrespective of whether it did or did not answer to
the criterion of the line of the watershed, it is the watershed line
of the 1907 Treaty on the Dangrek which must prevail.
That the law governing the two States subsequent to 1907 was
the treaty line defined in Article 1 of the Protocol of 1907 was
acknowledged by France in her diplomatic note of 1949 to Siam, in
which she said in specific and unmistakable terms that the fron-
tier line between herself and Siam was that stated in the 1907
Protocol, namely the watershed which continued to be the frontier
line between the two States. This is the same position which Cam-
bodia took up in its own diplomatic note of 1954.

1 turn now to the question whether the evidence establishes any
consensual agreement between France and Siam in relation to the
frontier line shown on Annex 1.
An agreement between the two States could have taken a number
of forms. Neither was subject to the limitations of authority
which the Treaty of 1904 imposed upon the Mixed Commission.
Each State had plenary powers. Either could, had its mind been
directed to the matter, have sought modification of the line showncartes - publiées en 1908 - n'était plus territoire thaïlandais.
Il ne semble pas qu'il eût de raison pour que le Siam ait adopté ou
reconnu ces cartes.
Deux des trois autres feuilles, c'est-à-dire celles comprenant la
frontière nord, se rapportaient à la région du Pnom Padang;
l'une d'entre elles représentait une partie de cette chaîne de mon-
tagnes et une section de la partie orientale des Dangrek. Je ne
pense pas qu'il soit possible, en matière d'interprétation de traité,
de réconcilierla frontière tracée sur ces deux cartes, dansla mesure
où elle se rapporte à la région du Pnom Padang, avec la frontière

stipuléepar le traité de 1907.
Aux termes de ce traité, la frontière, sur cette chaîne de monta-
gnes jusqu'au Mékong,ne suivait plus la crête,comme la décision
de la Commission mixte du 18 janvier indiquait qu'elle devait le
faire, conformément aux termes de la convention de 1904, mais la
ligne de partage des eaux. La clause 1 du protocole de 1907 faisait
droit entre les deux Etats.
La situation est identique en ce qui concerne les Dangrek. Après
que la Commission mixte établie aux termes de la convention de
1904 eût cessé sesfonctions, il a étéstipulé en termes clairs et non
ambigus à la clause 1du protocole du traité de 1907, que la frontière
sur les Dangrek devait être laligne de partage des eaux. La fron-
tière de l'annexe 1 est inconciliable, par voie d'interprétation de
traité, avec celui de1907. Le traité doit prévaloir.

Donc, à moins que la France et le Siam n'aient ultérieurement
conclu une nouvelle convention stipulant que la frontière de l'an-
nexe 1 les engageait irrévocablement, qu'elle corresponde ou non
au critère de la ligne de partage des eaux, c'est la ligne de partage
des eaux qui doit prévaloir dans les Dangrek du traité de 1907.
Que la ligne conventionnelle définie à la clause 1 du protocole
de 1907 ait eu force de droit entre les deux Etats après 1907, c'est
ce que la France a reconnu dans sa note diplomatique de 1949
adresséeau Siam, dans laquelle elle déclarait entermes spécifiqueset
indubitables que la frontière entre elle et le Siam était celle établie
par le protocole de 1907, c'est-à-dire la ligne de partage des eaux
qui contilzuaità être lafrontière entre les deux Etats. Le Cambodge
a repris la même positiondanssa propre note diplomatique de 1954

Je passe maintenant à la question de savoir si les preuves dé-
montrent l'existence d'un accord consensuel entre la France et le
Siam en ce qui concerne la frontière figurant à l'annexe 1.
Un accord entre les deux Etats aurait pu se faire sous un certain
nombre de formes. Aucune de ces formes n'aurait étésujette aux
restrictions d'autorité imposées à la Commission mixte par la
convention de 1904. Chaque Etat possédait pleins pouvoirs. Chacun
d'eux aurait pu, s'il en avait eu le désir, chercher à apporter uneon Annex 1 or refused to agree to it. The two States could have
agreed that, notwithstanding the terms of any treaty between them,
having regard to certain political or other considerations, the line
should be altered, which was precisely what the two Governments
in 1905 did agree to do outside the terms of the Treaty of 1904
in respect of the region of Kratt on the sea south of the Great Lake.

The two States could have agreed to accept the line on Annex 1
as representing the line of the watershed whether it did or did not
conform with that line. They could have agreed that the line on
Annex 1 should be deemed to have been a delimitation by the
Mixed Commission under the 1904 Treaty whether there had or
had not been such a delimitation. They could have expressed their
agreement in the form of a new convention-they could, but in my
view most improbably, have left their agreement to be evidenced
by their conduct.

The matter was at large.
Whatever agreement were reached, it would have involved a new
or fresh obligation undertaken by each State in relation to the other.
Whether in the events which happened any such agreement was
made-and if so what was the nature and content of it-depends
upon whether any may be implied from the evidence.

The Judgment directs its consideration almost exclusively to an
examination and criticism of Thailand's conduct of silence and non-
protest. There is however another side of the picture.

Criticism may indeed be directed againstThailand and inferences
adverse to her drawn from the fact that on a number of occasions
over the years since 1908-rgog sheremained silent on the map sheets.
The fact however is that France herself innocently, but none the
less to a major extent, directly contributeto the very conduct of
Thailand that Cambodia has sought to rely upon, and the Court
thinks is of such significance. For it was the act of France in pre-
senting the map sheet Annex 1 which purported to show a frontier
line drawn correctly to represent the line of the watershed-
whether based upon a decision of the Mixed Commission or upon
the Treaty line-that induced Thailand to believe that the line
shown on Annex 1 had been correctly drawn.

My own approach to the facts, as well as to the legal issues
involved, differs from that of the Court1 take another view of the
facts and my enquiry is directed to a different end, namely to
determining whether there was a consensual arrangement between
France and Siam that the line on Annex 1was to be the established
frontier between the two States.

134modification à la frontière figurant à l'annexe 1, ou refuser de l'ac-
cepter. Les deux Etats auraient pu s'entendre pour qu'en dépit des

termes d'un traité les liant et ayant traità certaines considérations
politiques ou autres, la frontière soit modifiée,ce qui est précisé-
ment ce que les deux gouvernements décidèrent de faire en 1905,
hors les termes de la convention de 1904, en ce qui concerne la
régionde Kratt sur la côte, au sud du Grand Lac. Les deux États
auraient pu s'entendre pour reconnaître la frontière de l'annexe 1
comme représentant la ligne de partage des eaux, qu'elle soit con-
forme ou non à cette ligne. Ils auraient pu décider d'un commun
accord que la frontière de l'annexe 1devait êtreconsidéréecomme
étant la délimitation effectuéepar la Commission mixte aux termes
de la conventionde 1904, qu'une telle délimitation ait existéou non.
Ils auraient pu exprimer leur accord sous forme d'une nouvelle con-
vention - ils auraient pu aussi,mais à mon avis cela est très impro-
bable, avoir laissé à leur conduite le soin de prouver ledit accord.
La question restait entière.
Quel que soit l'accord intervenu,' il aurait impliqué une nouvelle
obligation réciproque de la part des deux États. La question de

savoir si un tel accord est intervenu au cours des événements qui
se sont produits - et dans l'affirmative, quels en étaient la nature
et le contenu - dépend du point de savoir si les preuves permettent
de déduire implicitement l'existence d'un tel accord.
L'arrêts'attache presque exclusivement à l'étudeet à la critique
de l'attitude de la Thaïlande qui a gardé le silence et n'a soulevé
aucune protestation. Maisil y a cependant un autre côtéau tableau.

On peut en effet critiquer la Thaïlande et tirer des conclusions
défavorables à son égard,du fait qu'à maintes occasions depuis les
années 1908-1909 elle a gardé le silence en ce qui concerne les
cartes. Le fait est cependant que la France elle-mêmea inno-
cemment mais cependant profondément influencé directement la
conduite mêmede la Thaïlande sur laquelle s'est fondé le Cam-
bodge et à laquelle la Cour attache tant d'importance. Car c'est

l'action de la France, en présentant la carte de l'annexe 1 qui
prétendait indiquer une frontière correctement tracée suivant la
ligne de partage des eaux - qu'elle fût fondéesur une décisionde
la Commission niixte ou sur la frontière conventionnelle - qui a
amenéla Thaïlande à croire que la frontière figurant à l'annexe 1
avait étécorrectement tracée.
Ma façon d'envisager les faits ainsi que les conclusions juri-
diques qu'ils comportent diffère de celle de la Cour. Je considère
ces faits sousun autre angle et mon examen est dirigé dans un autre
sens; il cherche à déterminer s'il y a eu un accord consensuel entre
la France et le Siam pour que le tracé de l'annexe 1 soit reconnu
comme étant la frontière entre les deux États. A few general observations should first be made.
In the first place, the concentration of attention on the small
area of the Temple as shown at Annex 1 tends to shut out of view
or obscure other and more important facts. It is of course true
that although the Court has been requested by Cambodia to declare
that the line shown on Annex 1 is the line of the frontier in the
region covered by that map, it is only called upon to pronounce on
the claim as stated in the Application, namely whether sover-
eignty over the Temple is vested in Cambodia. But this it cannot

do except by first arriving at a conclusion one way or the other on
whether the frontier line on Annex 1 as a line which legally is binding
on the two States.
This being the essential step in reaching a decision, littlerpose,
it seems to me, is served by stressing, indeed 1 think overstressing,
the fact that if you look at the map sheet Annex 1 it will be seen
the Temple lies on the Cambodian side of the frontier line. That is
evident. Itbecomes perhaps more insistently pressed upon the eye
the more one looks at the comparatively small part of a large map
sheet.
It is easy to fa11into the error of thinking that the Temple
and who was to obtain sovereignty over the Temple was the princi-
pal or the prime concern of the two States in 1908-1909 and that,
when Thailand received the maps, almost the first thing which she
might be expected to do would be to see whether sovereignty over
the Temple had been accorded to her. Al1this, 1 think, bears little
relation to the realities.
Quite apart from the fact that the Temple was not of any great
significance to either State in 1908-1909-it never found a mention
in any of the voluminous correspondence of Colonel Bernard-
what the two States were concerned with under the 1904 Treaty

was the delimitation of frontiers of considerable length. In so far as
one part of the frontier was concerned, namely the Dangrek, the
line was to be the line of the watershed. If that lineplaced theTemple
or any other part of the territory between the two States one side
or the other, that was the result of the Treaty and could hardly be
the subject of protest.

France, in whose technical capacity accurately to construct the
map of the frontier regions Siam reposed confidence, prepared the
map sheets. That Siam did so repose confidence in France's techni-
cal capacity to do this is beyond dispute. France, by preparing the
map sheet Annex 1, represented in my view, when it was delivered
by her to Siam, that it was correctly drawn and that the frontier
line shown thereon was in accordance with the decision of the Mixed
Commission or, if there was no such decision,was in accordancewith
the Treaty line. In particular, she unequivocally represented that Il est nécessairede faire d'abord quelques observations générales.
Tout d'abord, en fixant son attention sur la petite zone du temple
indiquée à l'annexe 1, on risque de perdre de vue ou d'obscurcir
d'autres faits plus importants. Sans doute il est vrai que si la Cour
a étéinvitée par le Cambodge à déclarer que la ligne portée à
l'annexe 1est celle de la frontière dans la régioncouverte par cette
carte, elle est uniquement appeléeà se prononcer sur la réclamation
formuléedans la requête,à savoir, si la souveraineté sur le temple
appartient au Cambodge. Mais elle ne peut le faire qu'en arrivant
d'abord à une conclusion, dans un sens ou dans l'autre, sur la
question de savoir si la frqntière de l'annexe I est juridiquement
obligatoire pour les deux Etats.

Puisque tel est le point essentiel pour aboutir à une décision,il
me semble qu'il n'y a pas grande utilité à souligner, et même,à
mon avis, à souligner exagérément le fait qu'en regardant la
carte de l'annexe 1 on voit que le temple est du côté cambodgien
de la frontière. Cela est évident et cela frappe peut-être d'autant
plus la vue qu'on s'attache plus longtemps à une partie relativement
minime d'une grande carte.
On risquerait aisément de se tromper en pensant que Ie temple
ou le point de savoir qui en avait la souveraineté étaient le premier
ou le principal souci des deux Etats en 1908-1909 et que, lorsque la
Thaïlande a reçu les cartes, la première chose ou presque qu'elle
allait logiquement faire, était d'y chercher si la souveraineté sur le
temple lui avait étéaccordée. Tout ceci, selon moi, n'aguère de
rapport avec la réalité.

En dehors mêmedu fait qu'en 1908-1909 le temple n'avait pas
beaucoup d'importance pour l'un comme pour l'autre de ces Etats
- on n'en trouve pas la moindre mention dans la volumineuse
correspondance du colonel Bernard -, ce qui les intéressait comme
suite à la convention de 1904, c'étaitla délimitation d'une frontière
extrêmement étendue.En ce qui concerne l'un des secteurs de cette
frontière, àsavoir les Dangrek, la frontière devait êtreconstituée par
la ligne de partage des eaux. Que cette frontière place le temple
ou toute autre partie du territoire entre les deux Etats d'un côté
ou de l'autre, c'était le résultat de la convention et cela ne pouvait
guère soulever de protestation.
La France, aux capacités techniques de laquelle le Siam s'en
remettait entièrement pour que soit dressée avec précision la carte

des régions frontières, a préparé les diverses cartes. Il est hors
de doute que le Siam faisait effectivement confiance aux capacités
techniques de la France. Ayant établi la carte de l'annexe 1 la
France a dû, selon moi, en l'adressant au Siam, assurer celui-ci
que le dessin en était exact et que le tracé de la frontière qui y
figurait était conforme à la décision de la Commission mixte ou,
en l'absence d'une telle décision,qu'il était conforme au tracéprévu the frontier line so depicted was the true line of the watershed.

In these circumstances alone, on any approach to this case 1
would find little justification in demanding from Thailand that she
should, within some time regarded as reasonable after she received
Annex 1, have herself ascertained whether the line represented
by France as correctly showing the line of the watershed was ac-
curate or not and that, having failed to protest, it should be con-
cluded against her that she acknowledged the line was correct
whether she in fact knew it was or not-and should be held bound
byit. -
A second observation of a general character throws light upon
the circumstances in which the Parties were placed at the relevant
period of time.
Prior to 1904 Thailand exercised sovereignty over the whole
area of the Dangrek right to the cliff face.Such acts of administra-
tion as were, prior to 1904, effected by her in the area were, 1 am

satisfied, continued on thereafter. Certainly, until 1949, when the
present dispute about the Temple first asserted itself, these acts
of administration were of a sporadic character. They were, however,
less sporadic and covered a larger part of governmental activity
than any acts exercised by France. Although much has been heard
in this case about the importance of final and settled frontiers,
apart from the oneincident of Prince Damrong's visit to the Temple,
neither State appears to have been aware of what the other was
doing. It is significant that the Governor of the Cambodian pro-
vince adjacent to the Temple had not the slightest idea where the
frontier lines were. Al1he appeared to know was that the Temple
was, so he claimed, within Cambodian territory.

The reason is not hard to find. The Temple ruins, which were

the subject of a number of scattered visits by archaeologists, were
allowed to submit to the years and the elements. The region to
the immediate north of the escarpment dominating the Cambodian
plains was forbidding and remained so. A few people apparently
from time to time eked out an existence there. The whole district
along the escarpment on the Dangrek was covered with sparse forest
and stunted trees and was, in Colonel Bernard's view, "despair-
ingly monotonous". After the summer rains it swarmed with game.
In the dry season "there could not be", he says, "a more desolate
landscape". The rivers were dry and "water was only to be found
in loathsome pools where al1 the wild animals come to drink".

It was, in short, territory, certainly not ithe early part of this
century, of any great consequence to France or Thailand. The
picture of France or Thailand at this period of time being specially

136par la convention. Elle a notamment signalé, sans doute possible,
que la frontière ainsi tracée représentait la véritable ligne de par-
tage des eaux.
Dans ces conditions mêmes, quelleque soit la façon dont on en-
visage l'affaire, j'estime qu'on n'est guère justifié
à s'attendre que
la Thaïlande, dans des délaisjugés raisonnables à partir de la ré-
ception de l'annexe 1, se soit assurée par elle-mêmeque la frontière
dont la France affirmait qu'elle représentait la ligne de partage des
eaux était exacte ou aon, et que, parce qu'elle n'a pas protesté, il
faut conclure à son encontre qu'elle a reconnu que le tracé de la
carte était exact, qu'elle l'ait su ou non - et a considéré qu'elle
est liéede ce fait.
Cne seconde remarque d'un caractère général éclaireles condi-

tions dans lesquelles les Parties se trouvaient placées à l'époque
Iertinente.
Avant 190.4,la Thaïlande exerçait sa souveraineté sur toute la
région des Dangrek jusqu'au bord mêmede l'escarpement. Les
mesures d'administration qu'elle prenait dans cette région avant
1904 se sont poursuivies, j'en suis convaincu, au-delà de cette épo-
que. Il est certain que jusqu'en 1949, date à laquelle le présent
différend s'est manifesté pour la première fois, ces mesiires admi-

nistratives n'avaient qu'un caractère sporadique. Elles étaient
moins sporadiques cependant et s'étendaient à un champ d'activité
gouvernementale plus vaste que toutes celles que la France a pu
prendre. Bien qu'on ait beaucoup parléen la présente affaire de l'im-
portance des frontières définitives et bien établies, aucun des deux
Etats ne paraît avoir su ce que l'autre faisait, sauf en une occasion,
celle de la visite du temple par le prince Damrong. Il est significatif
que le gouverneur de la province cambodgienne adjacente au temple
n'ait pas eu la moindre idéede l'endroit où se trouvait la frontière.

Tout ce qu'il semble avoir su c'est que le temple - du moins il
l'affirme - était en territoire cambodgien.
Il n'est pas difficile d'en trouver la raison. Les ruines du temple,
objet d'un petit nombre de visites occasionnelles de la part d'archéo-
logues, étaient abandonnées aux outrages du temps et des éléments.
La région située immédiatement au nord de l'escarpement qui
domine la plaine cambodgienne était difficile d'accèset l'est restée.
Quelques individus venaient, semble-t-il, de temps en temps y cher-

cher une maigre subsistance. Toute la région, le long de l'escarpe-
ment des Dangrek, couverte d'une forêtclairsemée et d'arbres ra-
bougris était, selon le colonel Bernard, d'une « désespérantemono-
tonie ». Après les pluies d'été,le gibier y pullulait. Pendant la saison
sèche (il n'y a pas »,dit-il,<de paysage plus désolé )).Les ruisseaux
sont à sec et ((il n'y a d'eau que dans des mares abominables où
tous les fauves viennent s'abreuver )).
En bref, au début du siècle,le territoire ne présentait assurément
pas grand intérêt ni pour la France, ni pour la Thaïlande. Repré-

senter la France et la Thaïlande, à cette époque,comme s'attachantinterested in having an agreed line on a map to indicate where the
frontier was-irrespective of whether it was or was not the line
of the watershed-or in knowing which side of that line the Temple

felldoes not strike me as a real one. It was indeed, in my opinion,
only much later that the limited region near the Temple, for ar-
chaeological and military reasons, acquired any real significance
on the political level for either State.

The issue to be decided is whether the record establishes an
agreement between France and Siam that Annex 1 and the frontier
line indicated thereon would be accorded by each of them conventio-
na1 force. The proper enquiry under this issue is whether in 1908
or thereabouts the conduct of the two States establishes a common
intention to contract mutual obligations and rights in relation to
the frontier line shown on that map sheet and, if so, what was the
nature of the agreement to which their common intention gave
expression.

The right of entering into an international engagement is an
attribute of State sovereignty. That a State has entered into such
an engagement may not lightly be inferred from conduct.

Conduct may, however, be such that it may be inferred that two
or more States have entered into an international engagement.
The intention of a State to enter into such an engagement may
however only be inferred from facts which conclusively establish it.

The evidence in this case falls far short of such a test.
In the normal course of events, had there been any intention on
the part of either of the two States to enter into an international
engagement in relation to the line on Annex 1, it might be expected
that some trace of that intention would have been left, if not in
written form then at least by some unequivocal overt act on its
part indicating that intention. There is none. It can scarcely be
contended that the act of France in delivering to Siam copies of a
map which were at the same time delivered by her to third parties

evidenced any intention on her part to enter into an international
engagement. There is nought Save silence on her part; silence
unbroken for forty years. When, in 1949, at the timeshe despatched
to Thailand a diplomatic note alleging infringement of her terri-
torial sovereignty in the region of the Temple, she broke the silence,
it was not to suggest that any agreement had arisen in 1908-1909,
nor indeed to suggest that Thailand had by her conduct in those
years or since recognized the line in Annex1asbeing the frontier line.
It was to Say something which, in my view, is inconsistent with
either suggestion.particulièrement à convenir d'un tracé sur une carte indiquant
où se trouvait la frontière - qu'il s'agisse ou non de la ligne de
partage des eaux - ou à savoir de quel côté de cette frontière se
trouvait le temple, ne me semble pas véridique. En fait c'est bien
plus tard, selon moi, que la régionpeu étenduequientoure le temple
a acquis, sur le plan politique et pour des raisons d'ordre afchéolo-
gique et militaire, une importance véritable pour les deux Etats.

La question à trancher est de savoir si le dossier établit l'existence
d'un accord entre la France et le Siam aux termes duquel les deux
parties reconnaissent à l'annexe 1 et au tracé de la frontière qu'elle
indique un caractère conventionnel. La vraie question en l'espèce
est de savoir si vers 1908 la conduite des deux Etats prouve une
intention commune de contracter des devoirs et des droits récipro-
ques touchant le tracé de la frontière qui figure sur la carte, et si
oui, quelle étaitlanature de l'accord auquel leur commune intention
donnait expression.
Le droitdecontracterun engagement internationalestun attribut

de la souveraineté d'un Etat. Le fait qu'un Etat a contracté un
enga.em.nt de ce genre ne saurait être déduit à la légèrede sa
conduite.
La conduite peut néanmoins êtretelle qu'il soit permis d'en in-
férerque deux ou plusieurs États ont conclu un accord international.
Mais l'intention d'un Etat de conclure un accord de ce genre ne
peut êtredéduite que des faits qui établissent de façon indiscutable
cette intention.
Le dossier de l'affaire est bien loin d'en fournir la preuve.
Dans le cours normal des événements,s'il y avait eu de la part
de l'un ou l'autre Etat intention quelconque de conclure un
accord international touchant la frontière portée sur l'annexe 1,

on pourrait s'attendre que certaines traces de cette intention sub-
sistent, sinon sous forme écrite du moins sous forme d'un acte
public indiscutable, prouvant de leur part cette intention. Il n'en
existe aucune. On peut difficilement prétendre qu'en remettant au
Siam des exemplaires de la carte, dont elle adressait en mêmetemps
des exem~laires à des tiers. la France ait montré une intention
quelconque de conclure un accord international. A son actif, il n'y a
que le silence; un silence ininterrompu pendant quarante ans. Lors-
qu'en 1949, au moment où elle a adressé à la Thaïlande une note
diplomatique alléguant une violation de sa souveraineté territoriale
dansla régiondu temple, elle a rompu ce silence, ce n'était pas pour
prétendre qu'il y avait eu un accord quelconque en 1908-1909, ni

pour soutenir que par sa conduite à cette époque ni depuis lors la
Thaïlande avait reconnu le tracé de l'annexe 1 comme ligne fron-
tière; c'étaitpourdire quelque chose qui, selon moi, est incompatible
avec l'une comme avec l'autre de ces suggestions. Nor has there been left any trace of any intention on Thailand's
part to enter into an international engagement. Here too there is
silence over the decades.
The reason why no trace of any intention on the part of either
State to enter into any international engagement is to be found
is,1 think, evident enough. There just was no such intention.

France prepared the rnap sheets primarily, as 1 think was the
case, for her own purposes, and partly in response to the request
of Siam made in November 1905 that a rnap of the frontier regions
should be drawn up by French officers.
The printing of the rnap sheets did not follow as a matter of
course on any work of the Mixed Commission. The rnap sheets
were indeed not directly the necessary consequence or the outcome
of the work of delimitation of the Treaty of 1904. Long after the
Mixed Commission had ceased to function, authority to print
them had, as has been noted, first to be obtained from the French
Minister for the Colonies. Moreover, the rnap sheets, as èven a
casual look at them reveals, though based on work done by officers
attached to the French Commission during the occasion of the
work of the Mixed Commission, was not the work of the Mixed
Commission. The major part of the detail appearing thereon is

wholly unconnected with any work of delimitation.
It is abundantly evident from the report of his mission by
Colonel Bernard to the French Minister of the Colonies of 14 April
1908, in which he reviewed the studies the French Commission
"had to carry out", that the French Delimitation Commission was,
during the course of the operations of the Mixed Commissicn,
engaged in work which went far beyond the work of delimiting
frontiers. The work of the French Commission included "ethno-
graphical research and cartographical work". Attached to his
report, in addition to al1 the Minutes of the Mixed Commission,
were a number of reports by differentofficersattached to his Mission
including one, for example, on the highway from Bangkok to
Xieng Khong in the far north of Siam. The description of the
reports suggests that the work of the French Commission, reflected
in large measure in the various rnap sheets, had been by no
means limited to work of delimitation called for by the Treaty of

1904.

It appears reasonably evident that whether Siam had or had not
requested that French officers should execute maps of the frontier
region, or however their request had originated, that the French
Commission intended to prepare these maps in any case.
Moreover, the French Minister of the Colonies, who authorised
the printing and publication of the maps, or his departmental
officers, were acquainted with the contents of the Minutes of the
Mixed Commission and accordingly knew from them and the many
138 On ne retrouve nulle part non plus la moindre trace d'une in-
tention quelconque de la Thaïlande de conclure un accord inter-
national. Là encore le silence a duré pendant des dizaines d'années.
La raison pour laquelle on ne retrou-ve nulle part trace d'une
intention quelconque de l'un ou l'autre Etat de conclure un accord
international est, selonmoi, assez évidente.C'est que cette intention
n'a jamais existé.
La France a préparéces cartes avant tout, je crois, pour son
usage personnel, mais aussi pour répondre à la demande que le
Siam avait faite en novembre 1905 lorsqu'il souhaitait que les
officiers français dressent une carte des régionsfrontières.
Le tirage des diverses cartes n'a pas été laconséquencenaturelle

des travaux de la Commission mixte. Ces cartes n'étaient pas,
à la vérité,la conséquence directe et inévitablé nile résultat des
travaux de délimitation découlant de la convention de 1904. Bien
après que la Commission mixte ait cessé de fonctionner, c'est
au ministre français des Colonies qu'il a fallu demander, comme
on l'a remarqué, l'autorisation de les imprimer. D'ailleurs ces
cartes - un coup d'Œil suffitpour s'en rendre compte -, bien
que dresséesd'après les levés effectuéspar les officiers attachés à
la Commissionfrançaise pendant lestravaux dela Commission mixte,
ne sont pas l'Œuvre dela Commission mixte. La plupart des détails
qui y figurent n'ont aucun rapport avec les travaux de délimitation.
Il ressort àl'évidencedu rapport de mission que le colonel Bernard
a adressé le 14 avril 1908 au ministre français des Colonies, où
il passe en revue les études que la Commission française cdevait

mener à bien »,que la Commission française de délimitation s'est
livrée,pendant les opérationsdela Commissionmixte, à des travaux
qui débordaient largement ceux de la délimitation des frontières.
La tâche de la Commission française comprenait cdes recherches
ethnographiques et des travaux cartographiques n.Y étaient joints
un certain nombre de rapports émanant des divers officiersattachés
à sa mission, parmi lesquels, par exemple, un rapport sur la route
de Bangkok à Xieng Khong dans la partie la plus septentrionale
du Siam, ainsi que tous les procès-verbaux de la Commission mixte.
La description de ces rapports laisseà penser que les travaux de la
Commission française, comme il apparaît dans une très grande
mesure sur les différentes cartes, n'ont étéen aucune manière
bornés au travail de délimitation prescrit par la convention de

1904.
Que le Siam ait ou non demandéaux officiersfrançais d'effectuer
des cartes des régions frontières, ou quelle que soit l'origine de
sa demande, il semble assez évident que la Commission française
avait l'intention, en tout état de cause, de dresser ces cartes.
En outre le ministre français des Colonies qui a autorisé le tirage
et la publication des cartes, ou ses fonctionnaires, connaissaient
fort bien le contenu des procès-verbaux de la Commission mixte
et avaient donc pu y apprendre, tout comme par les nombreux
138reports of Colonel Bernard precisely what decisions had been
taken by that Commission.
France knew what the record disclosed and they rested content
with the record, confident in the reliability of their own topographers

and cartographers.
If,however, they believed that some confirmation was necessary,
to establish a decision of the Mixed Commission which was not
recorded or not sufficiently recorded in the Minutes, it might
reasonably be expected they would have specifically raised the
matter and not remained silent about it. On the other hand, if
they knew that there was no decision of the Mixed Commission
delimiting the Dangrek they would certainly know there was no
decision to depart from the line of the watershed and that accord-
ingly the frontier was governed by the line of the watershed sti-
pulated in the Treaty and Protocol of 1907. Whichever way the
matter is viewed they knew it was the line of the watershed. The
frontier line shown on Annex 1 is not consistent with any other
hypothesis.

The examination of Annex 1serves, in my view, to establish this.
It shows the contours of the terrain on the Dangrek. It is, 1 think,
evident, even to one not expert in the reading of contour lines,
that the frontier line shown on Annex 1 over its whole length is
directly connected with and based on these lines. It would appear
probable on the face of Annex 1 that the frontier line was drawn

so as to follow the line of the watershed as indicated by the various
contours of the terrain shown thereon.
That this was in fact so is borne out, certainly in the critical
region surrounding the Temple, by the evidence of Professor
Schermerhorn who stated that the frontier line shown on Annex 1
was drawn up by constructing the watershed line in accordance
with the contour lines shown. If the contour lines were correct
the line of the watershed would have been correct. As, however,
has been shown, the contour lines were not correct.
France accordingly knew Annex 1 represented the line of the
watershed. If it was correctly drawn, as she was quite certain was
so, there was no need for any further agreement between herself
and Siam.
Moreover France, 1 am satisfied, was aware that Siam did not
have the technological capacity to carryout a check survey. Shecer-
tainly knew Siam had no means of knowing whether the frontier
line on Annex 1was correct or not and she knew that Siam was
relying on her. It seemsimpossible inthose circumstances to imagine
she could ever have had any contractual intention in sending the
map sheet to Siam or that she should think that Siam had any such
intention.rapports du colonelBernard, quelles étaient exactement les décisions
que la Commission avait prises.
La France savait ce que révélaitle dossier et elle s'y fiait, ayant
toute confiance dans ses topographes et cartographes.

Si, toutefois, les autorités françaises estimaient qu'une confirma-
tion était nécessaire pour établir l'existence d'une décisionde la
Commission mixte qui ne figurait pas aux procès-verbaux ou qui
n'y était pas suffisammentindiquée, on aurait pu s'attendre qu'elles
aient soulevéexplicitement cette question, et qu'elles n'aient pas
gardé le silence à ce sujet. D'autre part, si elles savaient que la
Commission mixte n'avait pas pris de décisionpour délimiterla
frontière dans les Dangrek, elles devaient certainement savoir qu'il
n'avait pas étédécidéde l'écarter dela ligne de partage des eaux
et que, par conséquent,la frontière étaitrégiepar la lignede partage
des eaux comme il étaitstipulé dans le traitéet le protocole de 1907.

Quel que soit l'angle souslequel on envisage la question, les autorités
françaises savaient que la frontière était la ligne de partage des
eaux. Le tracé qui figure à l'annexe 1ne correspond à aucune autre
hypothèse.
L'examen de l'annexe 1 permet selon moi d'établirce point. On
y voit les courbes de niveau dans les Dangrek. Il est évident, je
crois, mêmepour un profane en matière de courbes de niveau, que
sur toute sa longueur le tracé de la frontière qui figure à l'annex1
se rattache directement et se fonde sur des courbes de niveau. Il
sembleprobable, d'aprèsl'annexe 1, que la frontière a ététracée de
telle sorte qu'elle suive la ligne de partage des eaux indiquée par
les différentescourbes de niveau du terrain figurant sur la carte.
C'estce qu'a démontré,en tout cas pour la régionen litige autour
du temple, le témoignagedu professeur Schermerhorn, qui adéclaré
que le tracéde la frontière figurant àl'annexe1a été établien fixant
la ligne de partage des eaux d'après les courbes de niveau indiquées
sur la carte. Si les courbes de niveau étaient exactes, la ligne de

partage des eaux devait l'être. Mais, comme on l'a vu, les courbes
de niveau n'étaient pas exactes.
La France savait donc que l'annexe 1représentait la ligne de par-
tage des eaux. Si son tracé était exact, comme elle en étaittout à
fait sûre, point n'était besoin de conclure un autre accord avec le
Siam.
De plus, j'en suis convaincu, la France savait que le Siam n'avait
pas les moyens techniques nécessairespour procéder à la vérifi-
cation de ces travaux. Elle savait certainement que le Siam n'avait
aucun moyen decontrôler sile tracéde l'annexe 1 étaitou non exact,
et elle savait que le Siam s'en remettaità elle. Il parait impossible
dans ces conditions d'imaginer qu'elle ait jamais pu avoir une
intention contractuelle lorsqu'elle a envoyécette carte au Siam, ni
qu'elle ait pu penser que le Siam eût une intention du mêmeordre. Furthermore, France knew when she delivered the rnap to Siam
that certain of the rnap sheets were of no 2ossible practical value
to Siam as a consequence of the Treaty of 1907.
What applies to Annex 1 must apply also to al1the rnap sheets.
There is no room for a contract being implied in relation only to
Annex 1. If any conventional agreement is to be implied it must be
one which relates to al1the rnap sheets which were the constituents
of the one map. The fact that certain of the rnap sheets had no

longer any frontier significancegoes to confirm that France never
had the intention of creating any conventional arrangement between
herself and Siam.
Finally, when in 1949France protested by diplomaticnote against
the stationing by Thailand of guards at the Temple, not a word is
said about any conventional arrangement having been made be-
tween herself and Siam. In her diplomatic note of g May of that
year France set out with particularity the grounds on which it
contended that sovereignty in the Temple was vested in her.
The note disclosed that France relied upon the Protocol annexed
to the Treaty of 23 March 1907. It stated that the frontier was, and
continz~edto be, that defined by Article 1 of the Protocol, namely
the line of the watershed. It claimed that Annex 1 showed in detail
the frontier line so defined and that the rnap was drawn up in
1904-1905(sic) under the direction of Colonel Bernard and that the
line shown on that rnap was the line referred to in Article 1 of the
Protocol as "in conformity with the line adopted by the preceding
Commission of Delimitation on 18th January, 1907". This is the same
ground on which Cambodia put forward her claim to sovereignty
in the diplomatic note in 1954. It is the same ground which u7as
put forward by Cambodia in her Application and Memorial.

At no time, until after these proceedings commenced, was there
any suggestion of any implied agreement arising out of conduct.
France's claim for sovereignty, and later Cambodia's, rested solely
on express agreement.

No implied agreement has been made out.

1 come now to the question whether Thailand as a result of her
conduct in 1908 and since is precluded from contesting that the line
shown on the frontier in Annex 1 is the established frontier.

Whether Thailand is precluded from contesting the frontier line
shown on Annex 1 cannot be answered until the essential legal
elements which constitute preclusion are ascertained. Enfin, lorsqu'elle a remis les cartes au Siam, la Francesavait que
certaines d'entre ellesnepouvaient présenter aucunevaleur pratique
pour le Siam par suite du traité de 1907.
Ce qui s'applique à l'annexe 1doit égalements'appliquer à toutes
les autres cartes de la série. Il n'y a pas de place pour un accord
implicite portant uniquement sur l'annexe 1.S'il faut supposer un
accord conventionnel implicite, cet accord devait porter sur toutes
lesfeuilles quiconstituaientla carte d'ensemble. Lefait quecertaines
des feuilles de la série n'ont plus de valeur frontalière tend à
confirmer que la France n'avait jamais eu l'intention de passer un

accord conventionnel avec le Siam.
Finalement, lorsqu'en 1949 la France a protesté par voie de note
diplomatique contre la présenceau temple de gardiens thaïlandais,
elle n'a mentionné aucun accord conventionnel qu'elle aurait pu
avoir conclu avec le Siam. Dans sa note diplomatique du 9 mai
1949 la France expose en détail les raisons pour lesquelles elle
prétend que la souveraineté sur le temple lui appartient.
La note indique que la France s'appuie sur le protocole annexé
au traité du 23 mars 1907. Elle indique que la frontière était, et
reste, celle définiepar la clause1 du protocole, à savoir la ligne de
partage des eaux. Elle indique que l'annexe 1 montre en détail le
tracéde la frontière ainsi définiet que la carte a étéétablieen 1904-
1905 (sic) sous la direction du colonel Bernard, enfin que le tracé
figurant sur cette carte était celui dont il est question la clause 1
du protocole, ccconformément au tracé adopté par la précédente
Commission de délimitation du 18 janvier 1907 1).C'est la même
raison qu'invoque le Cambodge pour revendiquer sa souveraineté

dans la note diplomatique de 1954. C'est aussi cette même raison
qu'invoque le Cambodge dans la requête et le mémoire.
Avant le débutde ce procès, onn'a jamais suggérél'existenced'un
accord implicite que l'on pourrait déduire de la conduite des
gouvernements. La revendication de souveraineté formulée par la
France, et plus tard par le Cambodge, s'appuie uniquement sur un
accord exprès.
Aucun accord implicite n'a étéinvoqué.

J'en viens maintenant à la question de savoir si la Thaïlande en
conséquence de son attitude en 1908 et depuis lors est forclose à
contester le tracé de la frontière figurant à l'annex1 comme étant
la frontière établie.

On ne peut répondre à cette question avant d'avoir constatéquels
sont les élémentsjuridiques essentiels qui constituent la forclusion. The words "adoption", "acceptance", "acquiescence" and "recog-
nition" which, in the course of the proceedings have been so often
used, are apt 1 think to cloud legal principles unless it is quite clear

in what sense they are being used.
These words are principally concerned with factual situations to
which certain general principles of international law rnay apply and
in so doing operate so as to affect legal rights and obligations as
between States.
Moreover, phrases such as "a party rnay not blow hot and cold"
or "allegans contrarianon est audiendus" and others to the same
effect do not, in my view, express general principles of international
law. They are but a convenient and compendious way in which, in
a general sense, the reasons which underlie certain legal principles
and rules rnay be described. '
Any situation may, as has been stated, be the subject of an act
of recognition or rnay be acquiesced in. A situation so recognized
or accepted may, and usually does, acquire evidential value and in
certain circumstances rnay attract or produce legal consequences

creating, affecting, or changing a legal relationship between States.

There is however, in my view, no foundation in international law
for the proposition that an act of recognition by a State of or
acquiescence by a state in a situation of fact or law is a unilateral
juridical act which, operating of its own force, has the legal conse-
quence of precluding a party giving or making it from thereafter
challenging the situation which is the subject of recognition or
acquiescence.
The cases of LegalStatus of Eastern Greenland(Series A!B No. 53),
Status of South West Africa (I.C. J. 1950) and Arbitral Award by the
King of Spain (I.C. J. 1960) do not support, in my view, this propo-
sition. To claim that they do is to read into their facts law which
is not there.

The principle of preclusion is a beneficient and powerful instru-
ment of substantive international law. Based as it is upon the
necessity for good faith between States in their relations one with
another, it is not to be hedged in by artificial rules. It should not
however be permitted to become so indefinite as to acquire the
somewhat fonnless content of a maxim. And since the principle,
when it is applicable to any given set of facts, substitutes relative
truth for the judicial search for the truth,it should be applied with
caution.
In my opinion the principle operates to prevent a State contesting
before the Court a situation contrary to a clear and unequivocal
representation previously made by it to another State, either ex- Les mots « adoption », «acceptation »,((acquiescement » et «re-
connaissance » si souvent utilisés au cours des débats, sont à mon
avis susceptibles d'obscurcir les principes juridiques, à moins de
définirtrès clairement dans quel sens on les emploie.
Ces mots concernent principalement des situations de fait aux-
quelles peuvent s'appliquer certains principes généraux de droit
international et à cet égardils agissent de façon à affecter les droits
et les obligations juridiques entre États.
De plus, des phrases telles que «une partie ne peut souffler le
chaud et le froid » ou «allegans contraria non est audiendus » et

d'autres dans le même sensn'expriment pas, à mon avis, des prin-
cipes généraux dedroitinternational. Il ne sont qu'une façon prati-
que et sommaire de décrire en termes générauxles raisons qui se
trouvent à la base de certains principes et règlesjuridiques.
Toute situation peut, comme on l'a dit, êtrel'objet d'un acte de
reconnaissance ou d'un acquiescement. Une situation ainsi reconnue
ou acceptée peut acquérir et généralement acquiert en fait une
valeur de preuve, et dans certaines conditions elle peut attirer ou
produire des conséquencesjuridiques créant, affectant ou modifiant
les relations juridiques entre États.
A mon avis. toutefois. le droit international ne fournit aucune
base à la proposition qu'un acte de reconnaissanceou un acquiesce-
ment par un État concernant une situation de fait ou de droit soit

un acte juridique unilatéral qui, opérant de son propre effet, a pour
conséquence juridique d'empêcher la partie qui reconnaît ou qui
accepte de remettre ensuite en question la situation qui était l'ob-
jet de la reconnaissance ou de l'acquiescement.
Selon moi, les affaires du Statut juridique du Groënland oriental
(Série A/B no 53), du Statut international du Sud-Ouest africain
(C.1.J. 1950) et de la Sentence arbitralerenduepar leroid'Espagne
(C.1.J. 1960) ne fournissent pas de base à cette idée. Dire qu'elles
le font, c'est tirer des faits qu'elles contiennent une règlede droit
qui n'y est pas.

Le principe de la forclusion,est un instrument utile et puissant
en droit international positif. Etant donnéque ce principe se fonde
sur la nécessitéde la bonne foi entre États dans leurs relations
réciproques, on ne doit pas êtrelimitépar des règles artificielles.Il
ne faudrait toutefois pas lui permettre non plus de devenir vague
au point d'acquérir la teneur quelque peu informe d'une maxime.
Et ce principe doit êtreappliqué avec prudence puisque, dans son
application à des faits donnés, il substitue une vérité relative à la
recherche judiciaire de la vérité.
A mon avis, le principe a pour effet d'empêcherun État de contes-
ter devant la Cour une situation contraire à une représentation
claire et sans équivoque qu'il aurait faite précédemment à un autrepressly or impliedly, on which representation the other State was,
in the circumstances, entitled to rely and in fact did rely, and as a
result that other State has been prejudiced or the State making it
has secured some benefit or advantage for itself.

Unless the elements so stated can, in any particular case, be
shown to exist, the principle has no application.
The Arbitral Award ofthe King of Spain (I.C. J. 1960) neither
extended nor cut down this principle. It applied it. Al1the consti-
tuent elements were, in my view, established in that case.
Whether the principle applies to the present case is an issue of
fact and law.

The question of preclusion was not raised by Cambodia in her
Application, but during the course of the oral proceedings. It oc-
cupied a distinctly subordinate place in the presentation of Cam-
bodia's claim.
If a State claims it has been prejudiced by the conduct of another
State in circumstances which prevent that other State from legally
contesting what otherwise is an important fact or situation and
fails to raise the issue of preclusion in any way until very late in
the day, that is a circumstance which cannot be disregarded. It
bears upon whether there is any substance in the claim.

1greatly doubt whether any of the elements of preclusion have
been established by Cambodia. Even were it established that Thai-
land's conduct did amount to some clear and unequivocal represen-
tation, and that France relied upon it and was entitled so to do,
1 do not think there is any evidence that France-or Cambodia-
suffered any prejudice. Certainly no piece of evidence so far as 1
can recall was ever presented which could establish that either
State did.
Nor is it apparent what benefit Thailand can be said to have
obtained as a result of her absence of protest.
1 do not find it, however, necessary to examine these matters.
In my opinion the evidence quite fails to establish any clear and
unequivocal representation on the part of Thailand.
Moreover, 1 am satisfied that France never acted upon the faith
of any representation which may be inferred from Thailand's
conduct .
It is not sufficient to assert that she did, the evidence must
establish it. The burden of proof lies upon Cambodia and, in my

view, she has failed to discharge the burden.
142État, soit expressément soit implicitement, représentation sur la-
quelle l'autre État avait le droit de compter étant donné les cir-

constances, et avait en fait compté, sibien que cet autre État en a
souffert préjudice, ou que l'État qui a formulé la représentation en
a retiré quelque profit ou avantage pour lui-même.
Le principe n'est pas applicable dans un cas donné si l'on ne
peut prouver que les éléments ainsidéfinisy sont présents.
L'affaire de lasentence arbitrale rendue par leroi d'Espagne(C1.J.
1960) n'awniélargini restreint ce principe. Elle l'a appliquéA mon
avis, tous les élémentsconstitutifsétaientprésentsdans cette affaire.
C'est une auestion de fait et de droit de savoir si le ~rinci~e
s'applique en l'espèce.

La question de la forclusion n'a pas étésoulevéepar le Cambodge
dans sa requête,mais au cours de la procédureorale. Cette question
a occupéune place nettement subordonnéedans la présentation de

la demande du Cambodge.
Si un État prétend qu'il a subi un préjudice en raison de la
onduite d'un autre Etat dans des conditions empêchant cet autre
Etat de contester juridiquement un fait ou une situation considérés
autrement comme importants et qu'il ne fait valoir, d'une façon ou
d'une autre, la question de la forclusion qu'à un stade avancé du
procès, ily a là une circonstance qu'on ne peut ignorer. Elle touche
à la question du bien-fondé dela réclamation.

Je doute beaucoup que le Cambodge ait établi un seul des élé-
ments de la forclusion. Mêmes'il avait étédémontré quel'attitude
de la Thaïlande correspondait à une représentation claire et sans
équivoque et que la France comptait dessus et avait le droit de le
faire, je ne pense pas qu'il existe une preuve quelconque que la
France - ou le Cambodge - aient souffert quelque dommage.

Pour autant que je me souvienne, aucune preuve n'a jamais été
présentéeà cet effet.
Le profit quela Thaïlande a pu tirer de son absence de protestation
n'est pas évident non plus.
Je ne trouve toutefois pas nécessaired'examiner ces problèmes.
A mon avis, il n'y a aucune preuve établissant une représentation
claire et sans équivoque de la part de la Thaïlande.
De plus, je suis convaincu que la France n'a jamais agi sur la foi
d'une représentation que l'on aurait pu inférer de l'attitude de la
Thaïlande.
Il ne suffit pas d'affirmer qu'elle a agi ainsi, il faut en établir la
preuve. Le fardeau de la preuve incombe au Cambodge qui, à mon
avis, n'y a pas satisfait. France never in any manner, over a period of 50 years, suggested
that she had relied upon any conduct on Siam's part. Indeed, her
diplomatic note of 9 May 1949 before referred to, gives not the
slightest suggestion that she ever had.
The explanation is, 1 think, evident. France did not rely upon
any conduct of Thailand in relation to Annex 1.On the contrary,
she relied solely upon the accuracy of the surveys and calculations
of her own topographical officers and the map sheets drawn up by
her own cartographers based upon those surveys and calculations.
She acted not on the faith of Thailand's silence or other conduct,
but upon the faith she reposed in the competence of the officerswho

established Annex 1. She was quite confident that the question of
the frontier between herself and Siam was governed by Article 1
of the Protocol of 1907 and that Annex 1 was correct. Moreover,
she mistakenly believed, as at al1 times did Cambodia, that the
reference in that Article to "the lineracé)adopted bythe preceding
Commission of Delimitation on 18th January, 1907''was a reference
to Annex 1 and the line depicted thereon and thus was formally
confirmed by that Protocol.
It was indeed not Thailand's reaction or attitude to the map
sheets which determined France's course of action. Onthe contrary,
as France knew, it was Siam who relied upon her in the drawing
up of maps. In a letter of March 1909 the French Minister in Siam,
reporting to the French Foreign Minister on the work of the Tran-
scription Committee, reveals clearly enough that it was the policy
of France that Siam should continue to rely upon her in matters
touching the drawing up of maps. French interest in the Tran-
scription Committee was not limited to its work. There was, the
French Minister writes, also "an ultimate aim ..entertained from
the outset". The objective was "to persuade the Siamese to embark
on a course that is likely toead them to the goal we have in view,
that is to say, to cause them, at alater stage, to appeal invariably

for Ourhelp for the purpose of drawing up a general map of Siam...".

For my part, 1 am satisfied that France, except in terms of her
general political policy and of attracting Siam to a closer dependence
upon her, had not the slightest interest in how Siam reacted to
Annex 1 or any other of the map sheets; there was no reaction she
could have expected. She knew the extent to which Siam was
dependent upon her inthe construction of the maps and she wanted
that sense of dependence to remain. 1am quite unimpressed by the
contention put fonvard late in the day-a contention which there
is not one piece of direct evidence to support-that France relied
upon Siam's acceptance of Annex 1. France produced the map
sheets, including Annex 1, was satisfied they were correctly drawn
up and required no confirmation-and remained at al1times satis- Pendant une cinquantaine d'années, la France n'a jamais laissé
entendre, d'une façonquelconque, qu'elle s'appuyait surla conduite

du Siam. En fait la note diplomatique du gmai 1949mentionnéeplus
haut ne contient pas la moindre indication dans ce sens.
L'explication me semble évidente.La France ne s'est pas appuyée
sur l'attitude de la Thaïlande en ce qui concerne l'annexe 1. Au
contraire, elle se fiait u~iquement à l'exactitude des levés et des
calculs de ses propres officierstopographes et sur les cartes dressées
par ses propres cartographes, sur la base de ces levés et de ces
calculs. Elle n'a pas agi sur la foi du silence ou de l'attitude de
la Thaïlande, en raison de la confiance qu'elle avait dans la com-
pétence des officiers qui ont établi l'annexe 1. Elle était tout à fait
convaincue que la question de la frontière avec le Siam était régie
par la clause 1 du protocole de 1907 et que l'annexe 1 était exacte.

De plus elle croyait, à tort, de mêmeque le Cambodge, que la
mention dans cette clause du (tracé adoptépar la précédenteCom-
mission de délimitation le 18 janvier 1907 » était une réference à
l'annexe 1 et à la ligne qui y était indiquée, et qu'elle était ainsi
formellement confirméepar ce protocole
Ce n'est sûrement pas la réaction ou l'attitude de la Thaïlande
envers les cartes qui ont déterminé la conduite de la France. Comme
la France le savait, c'est au contraire le Siam qui a compté sur la
France pour l'établissement des cartes. Dans une lettre de mars
1909,le ministre de France au Siam,faisant son rapport au ministre
français des Affaires étrangères sur les travaux de la Commission
de transcription, révèle assez clairement que la politique de la
France tendait à amener le Siam à lui conserver sa confiance

dans les questions touchant l'établissement des cartes. L'intérêt
que la France portait à la Commission de transcription ne se
bornait pas aux travaux de cette dernière. Il y avait également,
ainsi que l'écrit le ministre de France, un (but ultérieur qui a été
considérédèsledébut 1)L'objectif était« de faire entrer les Siamois
dans une voie susceptible de les mener au but que nous avons en-
trevu, c'est-à-dire de les entraîneràfaire ultérieurement appel d'une
façon suivie à notre concours pour dresser une carte généraledu
Siam ..».
Pour ma part, je suis convaincu que la France n'avait pas le
moindre intérêtà la façon dont le Siam réagirait à l'annexe 1 ou à
toute autre carte de la série,si ce n'est dans le cadre de sa politique

généraleet pour amener le Siam à une dépendance plus étroite
envers elle; elle ne pouvait s'attendre à aucune réaction. Elle
connaissait la mesure dans laquelle le Siam dépendait d'elle pour
l'établissement des cartes et elle désirait maintenir ce sentiment
de dépendance. Je ne suis nullement impressionné par l'affir-
mation faite à un stade avancéde la procédure - affirmation que
ne corrobore aucune preuve directe -, à savoir que la France s'est
fiéeà l'acceptation de l'annexe 1 par le Siam. La France, qui avait
établi la série des cartes, y compris l'annexe 1, était convaincue

143fied they were correct. On that basis, and that basis alone, France
conducted herself thenceforth.

In my opinion, Thaiiand is not precluded from alleging that the
line on Annex 1 is not the frontier line.

1regret exceedingly that 1have found it necessary to express my
views at such length. This case, important though it is for the two
States directly concerned, has however a significancewhich extends
beyond the confines of the present litigation.

Whether the Mixed Commission did or did not delimit the Dang-
rek, the truth, in my opinion, is that the frontier line on that
mountain range is today the line of the watershed.
The Court however has upheld a frontier line which is not the
line of the watershed, one which in the critical area of the Temple
is an entirely different one.
This finds its justification in the application of the concepts of
recognition or acquiescence.
With profound respect for the Court, 1 am obliged to Say that in
my judgment, as a result of a misapplication of these concepts and
an inadmissible extension of them, territory, the sovereignty in
which, both by treaty and by the decision of the body appointed
under treaty to determine the frontier line, is Thailand's, now
becomes vested in Cambodia.

(Signed) Percy SPENDER.qu'elles étaient faites correctement et n'exigeaient aucune confir-
mation - et à tout moment elle est demeurée persuadée que ces
cartes étaient correctes. C'est sur cette base, et sur cette base seule-
ment, que reposa dès lorsla conduite de la France.

A mon avis, la Thaïlande n'est pas forclose à soutenir que la ligne
indiquéeà l'annexe 1 n'est pas la frontière.

Je regrette infiniment d'avoir étéobligéd'exprimer aussi loqgue-
ment mes opinions. Si importante qu'elle soit pour les deux Etats
directement intéressés, cette affaire a une portée qui dépasse les
limites du présent litige.
Que la Commission mixte ait délimitéou non les Dangrek, la
véritéest, à mon avis, que de nos jours la frontière dans cette
*haîne de montagnes est la ligne de partage des eaux.
Toutefoisla Cour s'est prononcée enfaveur d'un tracédefrontière
qui n'est pas la ligne de partage des eaux, un tracé complètement
différent dans la zone critique du temple.
Cette opinion trouve sa justification dans l'application des notions
de reconnaissance ou d'acquiescement.
Avec toute la déférenceque je doisàla Cour, je suis obligéde dire

que selon moi, en conséquence d'une mauvaise application de ces
notions et de leur extension inadmissible, un territoire dontla
souveraineté appartient à la Thaïlande par voie de traité et par la
décision de l'organisme désignépar ce traité pour déterminer le
tracé de la frontière, est maintenant attribué au Cambodge.

(Signé Percy SPENDEK.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Sir Percy Spender

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