Dissenting Opinion of Judge Wellington Koo

Document Number
045-19620615-JUD-01-05-EN
Parent Document Number
045-19620615-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

DISSENTIWG OPINION OF JCDGE IVELLINGTOS KOO

To my great regret 1 am unable to concur in the Judgment of the
Court. Although 1 reserve my own final conclusion in the case for
reasons explained toward the end of this statement, 1 find that the
grounds upon which the Judgment is based cannot be sustained
in fact or in law.

I. The basic issue of the dispute, as it appears clear from the
final submissions of the Parties as well as from their respective
pleadings, both written and oral, is the question whether the
Temple of Preah Vihear is situated in territory under the sover-
eignty of Cambodia or under that of Thailand.
2. Cambodia relies on the map of the Dangrek sector (Xnnex 1
to the Memorial) ;and contends that it "was drawn up and published

in the name and on behalf of the Mixed Delimitation Commission
set up by the Treaty of 13 February 1904, that it sets forth the
decisions taken by the said Commission and that, by reason of
that fact and also of the subsequent agreements and behaviour
of the Parties, it presents a treaty character". She further claims
that "the frontier line between Cambodia and Thailand. in the
disputed region in the vicinity of the Temple of Preah fihear, is
that which is marked on the map of the Commission of Delimitation
between Indo-China and Siam" and that "the Temple of Preah
Vihear is situated in territorynder the sovereignty of the Kingdom
of Cambodia".

3. Thailand denies any validity to the claims of Cambodia and
argues, principally, that "the rnap Annex 1 has not been proven to
be a document binding on the Parties whether by virtue of the
Treaty of 1904 or otherwise"; that "Thailand and Cambodia have
not in fact treated the frontier marked out on Annex 1 as the
frontier between Thailand and Cambodia in the Dangrek region";
and that "for the above reasons, the frontier line marked on Annex 1
ought not to be substituted for the existing boundary line in fact
observed and accepted by the two Parties in the Dangrek range".
She further contends "that at al1 material times Thailand has
exercised full sovereignty in the area of the Temple to the exclu-

sion of Cambodia" and that "if, which is denied, Cambodia in
any sense carried out any administrative functions in the said
area, such acts were sporadic and inconclusive, and in no sense
such as to negative or qualify the full exercise of sovereignty in the
said area by 'Thailand". 4. Does the Annex 1 map possess, as claimed by Cambodia,
a treaty character acd therefore impose a binding obligation on
Thailand? To give a correct answer to this question, it is necessary
first ofal1 to examine closely what evidence has been produced
before the Court by both Parties. A careful perusal of the relevant
documents, however, reveals nothing to show or even suggest

that any discussion of the boundary line marked on Annex 1 map
took place in the Mixed Commission of Delimitation or that any
decision was taken by it. Twenty-five illinutes of the said Commis-
sion have been filed with the Court and they contain no record of
any such discussion or decision. Yet it will be recalled that at the
very first meeting of thesaid Commission on 31 January 1905 held
at Svai Don Keo, a French and a Siamese secretary were respec-
tivelyappointed by the two Presidents to draw up minutes of the
meetings, andit was agreed by them that "the task the Commission
had to fulfil was therefore divided into three parts:

I. The reconnoitring of the territory.

2. Surveying the territory.
3. Discussion and definite fixing of the frontier."
5. At the meeting of the Commission on 7 February 1905, when
a difference of opinion arose as to the best way of determining the
frontier line with reference to the sources of the Prek Kompong
Prak and the watershed between the Stung Pursat and the river

Mong, Commandant Bernard, the French President, reminded
General Mom Chatidej Udom, the Siamese President, of the pro-
cedure established at the first meeting, according to which:
"the Commission should first carry out a general reconnoitring,
gather information ofvarious kinds which wouldmake it possible
to fixon the spot the points through which the frontier passed,then
mark that frontier on the map and finally, if necessary, discuss
whether it was correct and make any essential modifications. AS
soon as agreement was reached, the frontier line would have been
finally determinedby the members ofthe two Commissionssigning
the map on which the frontier had been marked."

As another example of the importance which the Mixed Commission
attached to the agreed procedure of delimitation, as statedabove-
and there are many others in the Minutes of its meetings-1 may
refer to the discussions between the two Chairmen at a meeting
of the said Commission on 18 January 1907 at Pak-Moun relating
to the Siamese proposa1 to take as frontier the central meridian
falling between the O Roun and the former bed of the Prek Kom-
pong Tiam, when Colonel Bernard replied: "The question could not be studied until the two Commissions
were in possession ofthe maps which were then in course of prepara-
tion and which the topographical officerswere to take with them
to Bangkok."

6. Since it has not been claimed that other meetings of the Mixed
Commission had been held, the Minutes of which had been lost, it
can be concluded that no other meeting had taken place and that
no decision concerning the frontier line of the Dangrek sector tothe
east of Kel Pass and west of the Pnom Padang as marked on the

map Annex 1, according to which the Temple of Preah Vihear is
situated within Cambodian territory, had ever been taken.
7. It appears equally clear from the agreed procedure of the
Mixed Commission for its work of delimitation that the French
officers who were charged with the making of the maps, including
the Annex 1 map, had no authority to give any final interpretation
about any part of the proposed boundary line including the line
marked on the said map, in regard to which no decision had been

taken by the Mixed Commission. Nor could it be maintained, in
the absence of any evidence of specific instructions from the said
Commission, that whatever power of adaptation which the Treaty
of 1904 may have conferred on this Commission as a body, also
appertained to the French topographic and geodetic officers whether
for the Dangrek sector or for any other part of the frontier to be
delimited.

8. The meeting of 18 January 1907 to which 1 have just referred
was infact the last meeting l of the Mixed Commission which dealt
with any question connected with the work of delimiting tbe
frontier line stipulated in the Treaty of 1904. At this meeting the
only decision taken was one which, in regard to "the determination
of the frontier in the region of Pnom Pa Dang (Phu Pha Dang)"
fixed the thalweg of the Huei Don as the boundary from where
this stream meets the Mekong and stated: "The frontier would
go up that thalweg as far asthe source of the water course and would
then follow the crest of the Phu Pha Dang to the south-west."
This decision was also alluded to in Colonel Bernard's letter of

20 February 1907 to the French Minister in Siam:

"Al1 along the Dang Rek and as far as the Mekong, the fixing
of the frontier could not have involved any difficulty. It was only
a question of determining at what point Pnom Padang adjoins
mountain joins the river at one point about seven kilometres belowe
Paknam."

l There was another meeting of the Siixed Commission on 19 January 1907, but
it was held solely for the purpose of deter"the plots of land that are to be
with Article S of the Treaty of 13 February 1904".he Semoun, in conformitv78 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE IVELLIXGTON KOO)
Here in the passage quoted above, Colonel Bernard, besides report-
ing the determination by agreement of the said point, was obi-iously
expressing his own view as to the task of fixing the boundary al1
along the Dangrek. For on 20 February 1907 the report of Captain

Oum, who had been assigned the work of surveying this sector of
the Dangrek, had not yet been received, since we learn from Colonel
Bernard's report of 6 March 1907 to the Governor-General of
Indo-China that "the topographical officers arrived here between
18 February and 4 Marc11and the provisional maps of the frontier
region could not be completed until yesterday". "Here" evidently
meant Bangkok and "yesterday" 5 March 1907. It is, ti~erefore,
clear that the Mixed Commission could not possibly have had a
discussion, not to Say taken a decision, at its meeting of 18 January
1907 to fix the boundary line al1along the Dangrek westward from
the Mekong to Kel Pass.

9. Another plenary meeting of the Mixed Commission had,
indeed, been contemplated, as it was reported in the letter of
23 February 1907 of the French Minister in Bangkok to the French
Minister for Foreign Affairs :
"The maps indicating the frontier can be brought up to date in
a fairly short time and the plenary meeting of French and Siamese
Comn~issioners\vil11probably be held before15hlarch."

Colonel Bernard himself considered that "the Delimitation Com-
mission could not be dissolved without having closed the work
by a final agreement" and used this point as one of his reasons for
urging Mr. Strobel, General Adviser of the Siamese Government,
whom he had already seen several times since his arriva1 in Bangkok
on I March 1907, to push a French proposal, based upon his "more
ambitious plan" of acquiring for French Indo-China the three
provinces of Battambang, Siem Reap and Sisophon from Siam.
According to Colonel Bernard's Report to the Governor-General

of Indo-China of 19 llarch 1907, a plenary meeting of the Jlixed
Commission "which was to have taken place the next day, 8 Jlarch,
was postponed indefinitelyV-Annex 50 to Rejoinder. The French
Minister in Bangkok, in his letter of 27 March 1907 to the French
Minister for Foreign Affairs, states that:
"the delay that occurred with regard to the plenary meeting of
the Commission wasproperly explained by the fact that topo-
graphical officershad not yet returned to Bangkok and no definitive
map could therefore be submitted for the deliberations of its
i\lembersJ'.

IO. The same letter of the French Minister adds:
"On 8 March the first steps were taken and the conversations
continued actively for sixdays. Air.Strobel ..was definitely won
over by the prospect of an arrangement of which he perceived al1
the advantages in the interest of both countri..."

76 79 JUDGM. 15VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
From 8 March on, a rapid succession of events followed. Colonel
Bernard was in daily conferences with Mr. Strobel. In the evening
of 13 March, the King of Siam, accompanied by his Ministers, met

Mr. Strobel at the latter's residence for three hours and finally
"authorized Mr. Strobel to proceed to written negotiations and
recommended to expedite matters". A draft treaty was drawn up
on 14 March and formed the basis of the negotiations. The final
text of the Treaty of 1907 was prepared on 19 March. The treaty
with its protocols and agreements was signed atIOp.m. on 23 March
1907 by the Siamese Foreign Minister and the French Minister in
Bangkok. Colonel Bernard left the Siamese capital on the 26th for
Saigon from which he sailed for France on 5April without holding a
final meeting of the Mixed Commission to close its work he had
contemplated.

II. 1 have aven the above ljrief account of the busy events
which fully occupied the time and attention of Colonel Bernard,
who was also second French plenipotentiary to negotiate theTreaty
of 1907, in order to indicate the circumstances which led to the
indefinite postponement of the contemplated plenary meeting of
the Mixed Commission of Delimitation. It was at this proposed
meeting that, among other questions, the sketch map of a frontier
line in the Dangrek sector from the foot of Pnom Padang west-
ward to Kel Pass, drawn up by Captain Oum (a Cambodian officer

and member of the French Commission, who, according to Colonel
Bernard, "could not see these ancient glories of his country without
writing or bringing him his complaints") was to have been discussed
and decided upon, but actually no such meeting took place. In
fact the work of delimitation of the First Mixed Commission was
left unfinished.
12. It is true that, as a result of the meeting of the MixedCom-
mission of 2December 1906the Presidents of its French and Siamese

groups made a journey together along the Dangrekrange and prob-
ably visited the Temple of Preah Vihear. But there is no sub-
stantial reason to suppose that they took any decisions as to the
frontier line in the Dangrek sector or as to the attribution of the
Temple. It will be recalled that they, following an agreementreached
at the said meeting of the Commission, travelled eastwards along
the range from Kel Pass by the same route which Captain Tixier
had reconnoitred in February 1905, and which was 10-15 kilometres
from the crest of the Dangrek, onthe Siamese side. The purpose ofthe
journey had been explained by Colonel Bernard, the French Presi-
dent, when he had said that :

"from that road to the crest of the mountains, they would be able
to make al1the reconnaissances that might be thought necessary
since they would be some ten to fifteen kilometres at most from
that range".80 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS.OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)

The surveying of the crest was yet to be undertaken by Captain
Oum who had just been assigned the task. These two Presidents
may have inspected the general topography of the sector and made
al1 the necessary "reconnaissances" from distance but could not
possibly have fixed any precise line, indispensable to a delimited
frontier, without a complete report with sketch maps of the work

of the survey officer and it would have been equally impossible
to attribute the Temple to one Party or the other without knowing
first where the finally delimited frontier line would be located in the
sector.
13. Under Clause III of the Protocol attached to the Treaty of
1907 the second Mixed Commission of Delimitation set up under its

Article IV "shall determine and trace if necessary, on the spot,
that portion of the frontier which is described in Clause 1 of the
present Protocol". In other words, it had the power and the duty,
in case of need, to delimit any part of the portion defined in the
latter provision, referring, obviously, to any portion which had not
been delimited or the delimitation of which had only been partially
done. But the second Mixed Commission did not avail itself of this
power as regards the work of the first Commission. Could this fact
be logically or reliably considered as showing that the first Mixed
Commission must have completed its task including the finaldelim-
itation of the frontier in the whole Dangrek sector? From what has
been pointed out earlier, the only decision taken at the meeting of
the first Mixed Commission on 18 January 1907 related to the

fixing of the eastern terminal point of the frontier line connecting
with the Mekong and the adoption of a line westward as far as the
sources of the Huei Don and, following the crest of the Pnom Pa-
dang, to the foot of this mountain range. Thisportion approximates
less than 15 kilometres of a frontier line of some 300 kilometres
long to be delimited from the said point westward to Kel Pass in
the Dangrek sector. The failure of the second Mixed Commission to
complete the unfinished work of the preceding Commission, though
it had the power to do it, was obviously due to a misapprehension of
the nature of the line adopted by the first Commission on 18 Jan-
uary 1907 as mentioned at the end of the penultimate para-
graph of Clause 1of the Protocol attached to the Treaty of 1907-a
misapprehension which is explained in the following paragraph 16.

14. It is thus seen that the frontier line marked on the Annex 1
map u7asneither approved nor even discussed by the Mixed Com-
mission of Delimitation nor was it agreed to by the French and
Siamese Presidents of the said Commission. It follows from these
indisputable facts that the map in question does not possess a

treaty character as claimed by Cambodia and therefore, as such,
obviously cannot be binding upon Thailand in regard to the issue
of territorial sovereignty over the Temple of Preah Vihear.81 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS.OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)

15. Itis contended that even if the line on the Annex 1 rnap had
not been approved by the First Mixed Commission, the Siamese
Government had requested the French Commission to make this
rnap as well as the other ten, and therefore the said map, though
prepared in Paris by French officers under the supervision of the
President of the French Commission of Delimitation, carried the
consent and authority of Siam. But what is the nature of the
request, and what is the real character of the rnap requested of
the French Commission? The answer to these questions is clearly
indicated in the Minutes of the meeting of the Mixed Commission
of 29 November 1905. Commandant Bernard stated at this meeting:

"that he wished, before the Commission started work, to thank
the Siamese Government for the proof of confidence it had just
given the French Commission by requesting that the rnap of the
whole frontier region should be executed by the French officers".

General Mom Chatidej Udom said in reply:
"that by leaving it to the French Commissionto draw up the rnap
of the frontier region, the Siamese Government had indeed wished
to show that it had complete confidencein the French officers".

It appears that the requested rnap was a separate matter not
directly connected with the work of delimitation of the Mixed
Commission, and, as such, when it was made, certainly it could
not be regarded as constitutingor implying any binding obligation
on Thailand astothe character of the rnap to be made. The correct-
ness of this view of the nature of the request is borne out by the
Minutes of the meeting of the Mixed Commission on 17 January
1906 at which Commandant Bernard, in discussing the programme

of work for the French officers and the possibility for them to push
on with the triangulation as far as the Dangrek so as to join up
that year's work with the work of the following year, stated:

"If not,Captain Tixier and Lieutenant Sée wouldbe employed
in extending the surveys carried out by Captain de Batz and
Lieutenant Tournyol so as to give a more complete rnap of the
frontier region. At that moment there was no satisfactory rnap in
existence and it would be useful for the two countries to have."

Clearly, this was to be a general rnap of the whole frontier region
and did not form a part of the regular programme of delimitation
of the Mixed Commission. Those portions of this rnap which con-
tained frontier lines the determination of which was within the
competence of the Commission and which were approved by it,
of course possess a treaty or conventional character, not from the
fact of a request by the Siamese Government, but from the fact of
their approval by the said Commission, and the other portions82 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
showing frontier lines, though also within its competence but not
yet approved by it,such as rnap Annex 1,cannot have this character.
As to the reference to "the Siamese Commissioners' request that

the French Commissioners prepare maps of various frontiers" made
in the letter of the Siamese Minister in Paris of20 August 1908 to
the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Bangkok transmitting the maps
he had received from Captain Tixier of the French Commission,
1 do not attach particular importance to it. For it is not known
what was the source ofhis information.There is no evidence of any of
the Siamese Commissioners having communicated with him about
their work orabout the maps in question. Nor does it appear that his
letter was in reply to any communication from his Government.
More probably he simply repeated what Captain Tixier had pre-
sumably told him, verbally but imprecisely, while handing him
fifty copies of the eleven maps including the Annex 1 rnap for
fonvarding to the Siamese Government, on the basis of the fact
that the request of the Siamese Government for the French officers
to prepare a general rnap of the whole frontier region had formed

the subject of an exchange of friendly remarks between the
Presidents of the two national Commissions at the meeting of the
Mixed Commission mentioned above.
Consequently, the argument for the validity of the Annex 1
rnap based upon the request of the Siamese Government or even
upon a request of the Siamese Commissioners, if true, to the French
officers to prepare a general rnap of the whole frontier region
between Siam and French Indo-China does not appear well-founded.

16. Nor, in my view, does the contention that the Protocol
annexed to the Treaty of 23 March 1907 was a confirmation of the
Annex 1rnap have more substance. Clause 1 of this Protocol, after
describing the greater part of the new frontier between French
Indo-China and Siam as the result of the mutual cessions of ter-
ritory stipulated in the 1907 Treaty, statesthat :

"it continues in a straight line to a point situated on the Dang-Rek,
half way between the passes called Chong-Ta-Koh and Chong-
Sa-Met",

and then it reads in its thirdparagraph

"From the above-mentioned point situated on the crest of the
Dang-Rek, the frontier followsthe watershed between the basin of
the Great Lake and the Mekong on the one side, and the basin of
the Nam-Moun on the other, and reaches the Mekong down-
stream of Pak-Moun, at the mouth of the Huei-Doue, in conformity
on the 18th January,d 1907." preceding Commission of Delimitation83 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
What had been decided on 18 January 1907 was to fix the eastern
terminal point of the proposed frontier line which meets the Mekong
in pursuance of the relevant provision of the Treaty of 1904 and to
approve a small portion of the frontier line therefrom as far as the

source of the Huei-Doue (Huei Don) and the end of the crest of the
Pnom Padang (Phu Pha Dang). This delimited portion was shown
in a rough sketch attached to Colonel Bernard's letter to the Gover-
nor-General of Indo-China of the same date as the said meeting
of the Commission. No sketch map covering the whole line dong
the Dangrek from the Mekong west to Kel Pass had been brought
back by Captain Oum as yet. He was then onhiswaywest to Bangkok
and was not due there until after 20February 1907, and the sketch
map was not completed till 5 March 1907. The Mixed Commission
could not have had this sketch at its meeting of 18 January 1907.
The only line which could have been and was "adopted by the
preceding Commission of Delimitation on the 18th January, 1907"

was the one shown in the sketch enclosed in ColonelBernard's letter
just mentioned. 1have already referred earlier to an apparen~lysimi-
lar misapprehension on thepart of the Second Mixed Commission of
Delimitation set up under the 1907Treaty of the character ofthe line
adopted by the first Mixed Commission at its meeting on 18 January
1907. In no way can the said protocol be validly said to have the
effect of confirming the whole frontier line in the Dangrek range east
of Kel Pass as marked on the Annex 1 map.

17. In the face of the established fact that neither the line shown
on the Annex 1 map nor a sketch of it was ever approved or seen
by the first or second Mixed Commission of Delimitation at any of
its meetings, the Judgment of the Court seeks to infer an alleged

acceptance of the said map by Siam from certain circumstances.
18. One of these circumstances is that after the eleven maps of
the different sectors of the frontier, including the Annex 1 map,
were prepared and printed in Paris under the supervision of Colonel
Bernard in 1908 and fifty copies of each were delivered by Captain
Tjxier, a French member of the Mixed Commission of Delimitation,
to the Siamese Legation in Paris for transmission to the Siamese
Government, the Siamese Minister in Paris, after retaining two
copies each for the use of his Legation and distributing one copy

each to the Siamese Legations in London, Berlin, Russia and
America, fonvarded the rest to his Government in Bangkok which
received them without raising an objection, oraking a reservation,
to the frontier line marked on the Annex map. It is alsoemphasized
that Prince Damrong, the SiameseMinister of the Interior, thanked
8I84 JUDGJI. 15 VI62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLISGTOX KOO)

the French hlinister for sending him an extra set and even asked
for fifteen more sets for the purpose of distributing them anlong the
Siamese provincial authorities.

19. The essence of the argument under consideration is that the
Siamese authorities mentioned in the preceding paragraph iilust,
upon receiving it, have seen the line mapped and noticed the loca-
tion of the Temple of Preah Vihear on the Cambodian side, yet
they did not raise any objection. It is quite probable that the said
Siamese authorities did look at the rnap but it does not necessarily
follow that therefore they must have discovered the actual location
of the Temple. The said rnap is one of a set of eleven, and there
was no specialreason why the Annex 1rnap should have been singled

out at the time for particular attention. So question about the
Temple had been raised by either France or Siam during the nego-
tiations for the Treaty of 1904 or subsequently in the meetings of
the Mixed Commission of Delimitation. It had never been in issue
between the two Parties at any time before 1908. ?(.Ioreover,the
Annex 1 rnap was drawn on the scale of I :200,000, which means
that the distance of 500 metres on the ground lying betn-een the
alleged frontier line and the Temple area is represented on the
rnap by a width of only 2.5 millimetres. And because the Teinple is
perched on the summit of the promontory of Preah T'ihear, the
mark indicating the Temple is buried in a tangle of contour lines

in a small part of the map. Even if one looks specially for the mark,
it is by no means easy to find it. The alleged reason, far froin
constituting a legal basis for the presumption of Siam's acceptance
of the Annex 1 map, is no more than a conjecture.
20. It was certajnly not unusual for Prince Damrong to have
expressed his appreciation upon receiving an extra copy of the
whole series from the French Minister who obviously did it as a
special act of courtesy. Nor is it difficult to understand that he

should have requested more copies for distribution to the Siamese
provincial authorities, especially when it is recalled that at the time
Siam did not yet have a good modern rnap showing the whole
frontier region between Siam and French Indo-China, and that
the Siamese Government had previously requested the President
of the French Commission to have one made by the French topo-
graphical officers. In the light of these facts the Prince's expression
of appreciation to the French Minister and his request for more
copies, in my view, have no special significance and cannot reason-
ably be considered to support a legal presumption of Siam's accept-
ance of the boundary line marked on rnap Annex 1.

21. Under an authorization of the French Minister of the Colonies
dated 26 May 1908, Captain Tixier undertook to allocate the series

82of II maps including the Annex 1 map. To the "Members of the
two Commissions" he sent 19 copies, so the Siamese members of
the first Mixed Commission of Delimitation obviously also received
their share of the copies. But this fact, in my view, does not bear
the special significance attributedto it. The said Commission had
ceased to function for more than a year, and its unfinished work
had been taken over by the second Mixed Commission set up under

the Treaty of 1907, so that the Siamese members of the preceding
Commission had no longer any officia1capacity as such. They may
or may not have examined the maps they received, but they cer-
tainly had no obligation to verify the accuracy or inaccuracy of
the maps. Whatever may have been their reaction or attitude,
their silence or neglect could not justly be considered to entai1
responsibility upon the -Siamese Government as evidence of its
tacit acceptance of the Annex 1 map.

22. A "Franco-Siamese Commission for the Transcription of

the Map of the Frontier" was organized in 1909 and held two
meetings to carry out its task. The two Siamese members, while
they performed their part of the common duties, said nothing about
the Annex 1map. Could their silence on these occasions be validly
considered to have a significant bearing upon the principal issue
in the present case? According to the minutes of this body, the
first meeting was held on 25 March 1909 and "the purpose of the
Commission" was stated by Commandant Luang Bhuwanart
Narubal of Siam to be:

"To try to find a system of transcription for adoption by tfe
two countries in order to obviate any misunderstanding arising
from the perusal of maps in which the names were erroneous or
badly spelt. RTiththat object, he had drawn rules for the tran-
scription of Siamese characters in Roman characters and vice
the latter approved it after making a few modifications." (Annex
XLVIII (c) to Cambodian Reply.)

The second meeting took place on 4October 1909 and it is recorded
in its minutes:

"The purpose of the meeting was to determine the main lines
for the production of the general map. In the Protocol signed in
Bangkok on May 1908, followingon the operations of the Com-
missions for the delimitation of the frontier between Indo-China
and Siam, one of the clauses stated that a general map of the new
frontier would be drawn up jointly by French officers and Siamese
officers."(AnnexXLVIII (d) to Cambodian Reply.)

The text of the said Protocol has not been produced, but the nature
of the work of the Transcription Commission is clearly indicated in
the minutes:

8386 JUDGM. 15 VI62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)

"The object in view was to make available to officials of the
two nations a document of identical nature, as detailed as the scale
agreed upon would permit, which should do away with the errors
in names that were sofrequent,particularly when a frontierincident
occurred...
The division into sheets as shown on the attached assembly table,
showed that, by producing the maps which are surrounded by a red
line,the wholeofthe abovementioned frontier zonewould be covered
by fifteen sheets and three half-sheets.
The format adopted would give a height of 250 millimetres and
a width of400 millimetres excluding borders and margins, so that
each sheet would represent a portion of territory measuring 125
kilometres x 200 kilometres."(Ibid.)

It is thus seen from the above-quoted passages that the work of the
Commission, both as regards the transcription between Siamese
and Roman characters on the maps and as regards the production
of a general map, was entirely of a technical character to be carried
out jointly by the French and Siamese members, who were appar-
ently al1 experts in the field of cartography. They were not called
upon by their terms of reference to verify the accuracy or inac-
curacy of the frontier line marked on any of the maps they used
in their work nor did they have any good reason to take up the
task of verification on their own initiative. Consequently, the silence
of the Siamese members of the Transcription Commission asto the
line on the Annex 1 map in no way constitutes a substantial reason
to support the contention of Siam's tacit acceptance of the said
line.

23. In 1934-1935, as the result of a survey by her own officers,
Siam discovered for the first time the erroneous location of the
Temple of Preah Vihear on the Cambodian side of the frontier line
as marked on the Annex 1map. On the basis of this fact it is argued
that since she raised no question about the error until 1958, she
must be presumed to have accepted the Annex 1 map as correct.
It is, however, to be recalled that as soon as the relative position
of Siam vis-à-vis French Indo-China became less unbalanced as a
result of the development of world events in 1940, the Siamese
Government posted a Siamese guardian at the Temple to signify

Siam's title of sovereignty over the area. When in 1953 Cambodia
dispatched three guardians of its own to watch the Temple, they
were sent back by the Thai (Siamese) authorities. When in 1954
the Cambodian Minister in Bangkok notified the Thai Minister for
Foreign Affairs of his Government's intention to dispatch a detach-
ment of troops to take possession of the Temple, Thailand at once
sent a unit of its armed frontier police to the area in order to
forestall the contemplated action of the Cambodian Government.
These positive acts clearly evidence the absence of any intention
on the part of Siam or Thailand to acquiesce in or accept the said87 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
map line.

24. Importance is also attached to the Treaties of 14 February
1925 and 7 December 1937 and the Settlement Agreement of
17 November 1946 as further confirmation of the frontier line in the
Dangrek shown on the Annex 1 map. But an examination of the
relevant provisions of these instruments fails to bear out the asser-
tion. Article 2 of the 1925 Treaty states:

"The High Contracting Parties confirmand reciprocally guarantee
to respect the frontiers established between their territories by
virtue of and in conformity with the provisionsofformeragreements
and maintained by Article 27 of the present Treaty";
and the relevant portion of this Article 27 reads:

"It shall also annul as from the same date the other treaties,
conventions and agreements concluded between France and Siam
with the exception, however, of the clauses regarding the definition
3, 1893,the Convention of February 13, 1904,theTreaty of MarchOctober
23, 1907and the Protocol annex thereto) ..."

Again, Article 22 of the 1937 Treaty states:
"The present Treaty shall, as from the date of its entryinto force,
replace the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation con-
cluded at Bangkok on February 14th, 1925. It shall also annul,
as from the same date, the other Treaties, Conventions and Agree-
ments concluded between Siam and France, with the exception,
'however, of the clauses relating to the definition and demilitation
of the frontiers, the guarantee in respect thereof, and the demili-
tarization of the Mekongfrontier (contained in theTreaty of October
3rd, 1893, the Convention of February 13th, 1904, the Treaty of
March qrd, 1907and the Protocol annexed thereto, and the Treaty
of February 14th, 1925) ..."

It can be seen from the foregoing provisions that the confirmation
is of a general character, and refers to the whole body of territorial
settlements determined by the previous treaties still in force.
Nothing is said therein about the particular frontier line in the
Dangrek marked on the Annex 1map. Indeed, the question of this
confirmation appears clearly to have been only an incidental one
because the main subjects of negotiation related to quite different
subjects, as the titles of both instruments indicate,namely,Treaties
of "Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Siam and
France".

25. It is argued that if Siam had considered the Temple of Preah
Vihear to have been incorrectly placed on the Cambodian side of
the frontier line shown on the map Annex 1, she should have made
a reservation to that effect in the Treaties of 1925 and 1937, the
Settlement Agreement of 1946 and the Report of the Commission
in 1947, because al1 these instruments confirmed or restored the

85 88 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
territorial settlements stipulated inthe earlier Treaties, including
the Treaty of 1904 and the frontier lines delimited by the Mixed
Commission set up under the said Treaty; and that her failure to
do so must be regarded as evidence of her tacit acceptance of the
frontier line on the Annex 1 map.

26. As has been pointed out earlier, the said confirmation is
entirely of a general and incidental character. The two Treaties
of 1925 and 1937 deal principally and almost exclusively with the
questions of "Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between
Siam and France". Of the 29 Articles and 2 Protocols of the Treaty
of 1925, only Articles 2 and 27 relate to the confirmation of the
definition and delimitation of the frontiers provided for in the former
Treaties. The Treaty of 1937 contains 24 Articles,I Protocol and
6 Exchanges of Notes, but only one of them, Article 22, provides
for the said confirmation. These two occasions could hardly be
regarded as appropriate for making a reservation as to the question

of sovereignty over the Temple area. There is no evidence to show
that in 1925 Siam had already found out that the Temple was
incorrectly located, and, even assuming it had, it would still appear
reasonable to ask whether the occasion, such as it was, was one
which would normally have called for or justified a reservation of
the character stated. By 1937 Siam's own survey department had,
in 1934-1935, as already noted, discovered the mistake as regards
the location of the Temple on the Annex 1map, but the circum-
stance in which the Treaty of 1937 was negotiated was not so
different from that of the1925 Treaty as to warrant a reservation.
27. Moreover, the two bilateral instruments referred to above
could not have been intended, and certainly they do not stipulate,
to cure any inherent defect in any of the previous Treaties, proto-
cols annexed to them, and agreements relating to territorial settle-
ments and delimitations of boundary lines. This observation applies

even with greater force to a document unattached to any of the
said instruments such asthe map Annex 1.By their general language
they simply confirm these instruments as they stand with their
perfections and imperfections; they detract nothing from their
contents nor add anything to them. The fact that the Annex 1 map
was not approved by the Mixed Commission of Delimitation set
up under the Treaty of 1904 still stands as a pertinent fact, and
its lack of a treaty character remains true today.
28. The Settlement Agreement of 1946 was negotiated and con-
cluded at the request of France for the purpose of restoring the
status quo ante in regard to the whole boundary line between
French Indo-China and Siam prior to the Convention of Tokio
of g May 1941. In fact it provided for the abrogation of the said
convention and for the restoration in totoof the territorial settle-
ments confirmed in the Treaties of 1925 and 1937. If this act of
restoration is to be regarded as an act of confirmation of the terri-

8689 JUDGM. 15VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)

torial Settlements effected 5y the Treaty of 1904, it certainly
amounts to no more than what is confirmed by the Treaties or
1925 and 1937.
29. The Report of the Conciliation Commission was issued i
1947after Siam and France had respectivelyargued for and again
certain territoriachanges proposed by the former, the Siame
claim aiming to recover certain whole provinces from Franct
It would have been out of place for the Siamese Government to
raise, on that occasion, the question of çovereignty over the small

piece of territory as the Temple area, the more so, since this ques-
tion was not in issue at the time. Moreover, the Temple continued
to be watched by a Siamese guardian since 1940. In view of this
fact, it would seem to have been more appropriate for France to
rnake a reservation or protest at the time, but none was made
either.
30. The fact that the Siamese Royal Survey Department pro-
duced a map in 1937 showing Preah Vihear as lying in Cambodia
is, inmy view, of no significance as regards the question of Thai-
land's attitude to the Annex 1 map. As explained by Counçel
for Thailand, it was intended for use by the Siamese military
authorities. It is nothing unusual that in the privacy of a country's

own survey department maps of any kind, of whatever origin,
should have been reproduced for its own use either for their scale
and useful details or for other reasons.

31. Thailand's use of a map before the Franco-Siamese Commis-
sion of Conciliation in 1947, in which the Temple of Preah Vihear
is located on the Cambodian side, may appear striking at first
sight. But it has no more significance than the map of 1937 just
considered, when the circumstances in which it was used are taken
into account. As has been stated earlier, Thailand's case before the
Commission consisted of claims the chief of which was for retro-
cession from France of several entire provinces which she had
reluctantly yielded to her mainly in 1904-1907, and the map was
obviously used to indicate their location and limits. The question
of the Temple of Preah Vihear was not in issue, since to raise this
question at the time, involving the territorial sovereignty of an area
of the size covered by the mins of this sanctuary along with Thai-

land's principal claim for the retrocession of several provinces would
obviouslyhave appearedincongruous and out of place. The occasion,
as has been noted earlier, was clearlynot a compelling or appropriate
one for this purpose.
32. The incident of a visit of Prince Damrong to the Temple of
Preah Vihear in January 1930 and the presence of the French
Resident of the neighbouring Cambodian province of Kompong
Thom on the scene in his officia1uniform with decorations and the
appearance of the French flag on a pole in front of his own pavilion

8790 JUDGM. 15 VI62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
is regarded as particularly significant. But the facts are simple and

do not support the claim of significance assigned to it. The Prince
then was no longer Minister of the Interior; he was President of the
Royal Institute of Siam with duties connected with the National
Library and archaeology. He made the trip to Preah Vihear in the
latter capacity, accompanied by his three daughters and a suite of
officials. The French Resident had with him his assistant and the
noted French archaeologist Henri Parmentier. When the parties
met on the Temple grounds, speeches of welcome and thanks were
exchanged and toasts were drunk. The Resident said he had come
to present the compliments of the Superior Resident and his own
to the Prince for his "reputation as a sincere friend of France
and her subjects and protégés"and also as a well-known archaeo-
logist. No allusion was made by the French Resident to any ques-
tion about the territorial sovereignty over the Temple, though
Parmentier, speaking as a fellow archaeologist and extolling
the fame of the Prince for his interest in archaeology, referred to

the Temple as "another of the monuments of Our Cambodia"
(Annex LI11 b to Cambodian Reply). The Prince, in his reply, said
that "he had come to see the Temple and had nothing to do with
politics".

33. According to a statement of his daughter who accompanied
him on the visit, he suggested to the French officer "to get out of his

uniform". The display of his national flag by a foreign official,
even by a private Occidental, was not an uncommon sight in an
Asiatic country during that epoch; it may or may not have displeas-
ed the Prince. There was no clear cause for the Prince to make
a protest at the time or to ask his Government to lodge one in Bang-
kok, though in the affidavit of one of his daughters who was with
the Prince during this visit, it is stated that he privately considered
the hoisting of the French flag at the place of their meeting and
the donning of his officia1 uniform by the French officer to be
"impudent". The despatch of a letter of thanks and some photo-
graphs taken during his visit by Prince Damrong to the French
Minister for transmission to the French authorities in Indo-China
meant no more than a customary act of Oriental courtesy. In a
word, the incident viewed in the light of the available evidence and
the then prevailing conditions in Siam-and, in fact, in other

parts of Asia-did not have the meaning and significance sought
to be inferred from it.

34. It is of course an undisputed fact that both the pavilion in
which the French Resident and his associates spent the night and
the flag pole on which was hoisted the French national flag had
been put up specially for the temporary purpose of welcoming the

Siamese Prince. In view of this fact, taken together with the other
88related circumstances referred to above, it may be reasonable to
presume that the French officer'spresence had been intended to
assert French authority or Cambodia's sovereignty over the Temple
area and that the Prince or the Siamese Government must have
regarded the episode in itself as constituting a sufficient cause for
protest. However, even if this presumption is correct, it does not
necessarily follow that they should not have waited for a more
propitious occasion to make one than in the actual circumstances
prevailing at the time. The reason why "he did not ask the Govern-
ment to lodge a protest" was eloquently stated by his daughter,
Princess Phun Phitsamai Diskul, who went with him during the
visit to the Temple, to be as follows:

"It wasgenerallyknownat the time that we onlygivethe French
an excuseto seizemore temtory by protesting. Things had been
likethatsincetheycameintotheriverChaoPhya withtheirgunboats
and their seizureof Chanthaburi."

In view of the history of the relations between Siam and French
Indo-China at the time and earlier dunng the preceding decades,
the Princess's explanation seems natural and reasonable. It was a
situation not peculiar to Siam. It was, generally speaking, the
common experience of most Asiatic States in their intercourse
with the Occidental Powers during this period of colonial expansion.

35. Thailand's failure to reply to the four notes addressed by the
French Legation in Bangkok to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at
first enquiring about the presence of Thai guardians at the Temple
of Preah Vihear, later stating that the ruins of this sanctuary
were "indubitably situated in the territory of Cambodia", asking
that measures should be taken to put an end to the situation, and
setting out the French point of view as to the historical and legal
aspects of the frontier question, is regarded as another ground for

presuming Thailand's tacit acceptance of the boundary line marked
on themap in question. What were the actual considerations which
induced the Siamese Government to refrain from replying to the
notes in question is not known. But whatever they were, whether
it was because the French claim was clearly based on an error in
relying on the Protocol attached to the Treaty of 1907 or it was
because Siam had always regarded the Annex 1 map as of no bind-
ing character, or for any other reason, her consistent attitude and
conduct during the five decades since 1904 in respect of her title
to sovereignty over the Temple area are facts which clearly refute
the presumption. Moreover, it will be recalled, as Prince Naradhip
stated at the time of negotiations with the Cambodian plenipo-
tentiaries in 1958, that the Thai guardians of the Temple had re-
mained on post since 1940. This is a significant fact to be noted; it

89indicates the true intention and attitude of Thailand in respect
of the question of sovereignty over the Temple area.

III

36. Since Cambodia's claim of sovereignty over the area in
which the Temple of Preah Vihear is situated is based upon an
alleged treaty character of the Annex 1 map which shows its loca-
tion of the Temple on the Cambodian side of the frontier line marked
thereon, and since the said map has been shown to be devoid in
this character, it is important toonsider the comparative attitude
and conduct of the two Parties as tending to throw light on their
respective intentions in regard to the question of sovereignty over
the Temple.

37. With reference to this point, Cambodia has produced a num-
ber of documents and photographs relating to the "administrative
tours" of the Governor of Kompong Thom "to Preah Vihear"
and to the visits ofseveral foreign missions, accompanied by him,
to the Temple. According to the dates stated therein. al1 these
visits and tours took place during the term of office of Governor
Suon Bonn who also testified at the hearing. In other words, it

was from 1948 to 1953. The more important of the documents
submitted include a decree of the Governor-General of Indo-China
of 16 May 1925 relating to the classification of the historic monu-
ments and including the Temple of Preah Vihear among them
(Annex XII to Memorial), a report of Commandant Lunet de La-
jonquière in 1907-1908 on the ancient monuments, including the
Temple of Preah Vihear, published in the Bulletin of the drchaeolo-
gical Commission of Indo-China in 1909, in which he stated:
"The last delimitation of the frontiers attributes Preah Vihear,
which is studied in that work under No. 398, to France." (Cam-
bodia'sXnnex LXXXVI.)

38. Thailand, on her part, has filed with the Court a number of
affidavits and copies of original documents as evidence of acts of
administrative control by Siamese authorities in exercise of sov-
ereigntyin the area in which the Temple of Preah Vihear is situated.
These acts relate, among other matters, to the building of roads
to the foot of Mount Preah Vihear, the collection of taxes by
Siamese revenue officers on the rice fields of Mount Preah Vihear,
the grant of permits to cut timber in the area, the visits and in-
spections by Siamese forestry officers, the taking of an officia1
inventory in 1931of ancient monuments which included the Temple

of Preah Vihear, the visit of the Under-Secretary of the Ministry
of the Interior in 1924-1925 and the visit of Prince Damrong in
1930, both visits including the Temple of Preah Vihear.
9093 JUDGM. 15 VI62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLIKGTOK KOO)

39. Itis difficult to find substance in the argument which rejects

Siam's positive acts of administrative control in the disputed area
as evidence of conduct as sovereign for the alleged reason that
these acts were performed by local or provincial authorities in
contradiction with the consistent and undeviating attitude of the
central Siamese authorities to the frontier line as mapped. This is
an assumption refuted by the facts as shown. Moreover, adminis-
trative acts in the Mount Preah Vihear area, on which the Temple
of the same name is situated, must necessarily have been performed
by local officialsas they were in otherareas-acts such as collecting
taxes, building roads, inspecting the forests, etc. They carried out
these duties under the supervision of the Governor of Khukhan
Province upon whom they depended for orders. The Governor
himself was appointed by the King of Siam and was responsible to
the Government in Bangkok. He not only had to submit periodic
reports of his administration to the central government but also to

carry out its instructions. The correspondence relating to the visit
of the Deputy Minister of the Interior to his Province on an
inspection tour in 1925 (Annexes 37 a-37 i to Counter-Memorial)
and a like visit of Prince Damrong in 1930 (Annexes39 a, 39 b and
39 c to Counter-Memorial), both visits including the Temple of
Preah Vihear, shows further that the central government was in
ciose contact with the provincial authorities, who in turn kept in
close touch with the local officials. The "report of H.R.H. Krom
Phra Nakhonsawan Woraphinit to His Majesty the King" in 1926
on the results of his inspection tour of the provinces is particulariy
illuminating. There can be little doubt that the acts of adininis-
trative control performed by the local authorities in the Temple
area, far from contradicting any attitude of acquiescence in the
said frontier line, reflect and confirm the consistent belief of the
central Siamese government that the said area was under the
sovereignty of Siam. In this connection it is pertinent to quote a

particularly significant passage in the report of His Royal Highness
just mentioned :

"The Governor[of Khukhan] informedme that in the area of the
District Officef South Sangkha within the frontiermountain there
is a stone temple on fiveelevations which is very big and beautiful,
called Phra Viharn. (In the French map it is called Preah Vihear.)
This stone temple is within Ourterritory." (Annex 22 to Counter-
Memorial.)

40. The belief that the Temple of Preah Vihear is within Siamese
territory has not been confined to the prince alone but entertained
generally by the Siamese central and local authorities. It is well

9194 JUDGM. 15VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
supported by a series of relevant facts. Before "the last ratification
of the Treaty [of 19041with France" the Siamese Minister of the
Interior "sent telegrams to the various Governors-General forward-

ing a draft Proclamation concerning the territories ceded to France
with the advice that it is to be made ready for posting, upon rati-
fication, for the information of the inhabitants".Upon ratification,
he sent telegrams, dated IO December 1904:

"advising that the Proclamation should be posted within 15 days
from receipt of the telegrams and asking for confirmation of the
dates on which the local authorities in the territories ceded to
France shall have received the same, so that the French Govern-
ment may be iiliormed accordingly ior the purpose of taking over
such territories".

On 16 December 1904 he informed the Siamese Foreign Minister
further that :
"a telcgram hasSbeen received irom H.R.H. Sanphasit, His Ma-
jesty's High Commissioner forIsan, No. 19dated the 11th instant,
that advice has been given with instructions to Champasak and
I<hulthan to forward the Proclamations to 14 districts where al1
officia1work sliould stop so that the work of handing over the
territories to France may be attended to".

Khukhan is the province in which the Temple of Preah Vihear is
situated.
41. From the passages quoted above, it appears certain that al1
the territory ceded to France under the Treaty of 1904 was handed
over to the French authorities in due course and that the Mount
Preah Vihear, on the top of which the Temple of the same name

stands in ruins, and the immediate vicinity were not understood
by either Party to be part of the ceded territory. For it is an un-
controverted fact that the Sianlese authorities continued to en-
force administrative control over the area without any protest
from the French authorities or any objection by the local inhabit-
ants. This fact is significant, because the docunlentation shows
that the French authorities had been alert and vigilant in having
France's newly acquired territorial sovereignty respected by Siam.
Thus, take one example out of many contained in the documenta-
tion to illustrate French alertness and vigilance. When five months
after certain villages situated in the territory between the Pnom

Padang and the Mekong had been handed over to the French
authorities in January 1905, a Siamese officia1informed the local
populations that the villages in question belonged to Sian1 and
forbade them to obey the orders of the authorities of Bassac in
Cambodia and later the same Siamese officia1sent agents to take
a census of the inhabitants, animals and vehicles in those villages,
the authorities ofBassac protested at once. Thematterwasreported
to the Administrator of that province, the Resident Superior of

92 Laos and the Governor-General of Indo-China. The question was
finally brought to the attention of the President of the Siamese
Commission of Delimitation by the President of the French Com-

mission. An investigation was made in due course, the complaints
were found to be justified, and the Siamese President attributed
the matter to "a mistake in the interpretation of the Treaty".
Yet as regards the Temple area, though the Siamese local author-
ities continued to exercise administrative control after the Treaty
of 1904 as they had done before, the French authorities did not
protest at any time nor did the local inhabitants make any com-
plaint, a course of action which they would certainly have taken if
they had considered the Temple area to be part of the ceded terri-
tory.

42. Even though it might be said that the question of which
Party was at the time entitled to the right of exercising sovereignty
in the said area couId not have been definitively settled until after
the determination of a precise line of frontier by delimitation, the
fact that, with the plausible exception of the episode of Prince
Damrong's visit to the Temple of Preah Vihear in 1930, the
French authorities did not at any time assert French authority or
Cambodia's sovereignty, or raise any question or make any protest

to Siam against continued performance of administrative acts in
the Temple area until 1949 cannot be explained, except on the
ground of their tacit recognition of Siam's sovereignty over the
said area, or, presurnably, on the ground of their knowledge that the
frontier line on the Annex 1map which had been drawn tentatively
by Captain Oum, a Cambodian Member of the French Commission
and an apparently ardent Cambodian irredentist l,had not been
approved by the Franco-Siamese Mixed Commissionof Delimitation
to make it binding on Siam.

43. Another important fact evidencing Siam's consistent belief
in her title of sovereignty over the Temple area should be noted.
In accordance with a Royal Proclamation of 17 January 1924,
relating to the inspection and preservation of archaeological ob-
jects in Siam, Prince Damrong, President of the Royal Institute,
addressed two communications to the Governor-General of Nakhon
Ratchasima, respectively of 23 July 1930 and 22 July 1931, calling
for a verified inventory of ancient monuments in the Monthon. On
31 August 1931, the said Governor-General sent a reply enclosing

an inventory in which "Khao Phra Viharn [Temple of Preah
Vihéar] constructed of stone with fourteen edifices, built on five
elevations, some of which are rectangular in shape of various sizes"
is clearly stated to be one of the four ancient monuments in Chang-
wat Khukhan, one of the provinces under his jurisdiction. (Thai-
land's Annexes 78a-78 b.)

lSee Annex 58 to Rejoinder.

93 44. The foregoing account offacts and circumstances summarizes
the situation which underlies the present dispute between the Par-
ties. To resolve the dispute by a presumption of Thailand's tacit
acceptance of the Annex 1 map on the ground of her silence or
failure to react onseveral enumerated occasions runs, in my view,
counter to the established facts and to the real character of the
circumstances alleged to be relevant. For the purpose of evaluating
the legal significance of silence relating to a claim of sovereignty
words and conduct are the recognized indices or criteria. In the
present case 1have examined the evidence and found no statement
or declaration of apy kind by Siam or Thailand which recognizes,
or can be considered to recognize, Cambodia's title to sovereignty
over the Temple area. As to conduct,far from implying any accept-
ance of the Annex 1 map, she has consistently indicated a belief

on her part throughout the past decades that the area in question
continues to belong to her own sovereignty.

45. Thailand's claim in the present case to sovereignty over the
Temple involves no question ofgood faith on her part. International
jurisprudence attributes importance to silence as a relevant factor
in determining the intention of a parti in regard to a claim of
sovereignty only in the light ofits unequivocal conduct and of the
attendant circumstances. Thailand's exercise of sovereignty in the
form of sustained administrative control in the Temple area bears

witness to her tnie intention. The evidence adduced refutes the
argument in support of a presumption of her tacit acceptance of
Cambodia's title to sovereignty over the Temple area as marked
on the Annex 1 map.

46. Moreover, there is no valid ground in law for holding Thai-
land accountable for acquiescence. The rule of Roman law that
"he who keeps silent is field to consent if he must and can speak"
is, in my view, not applicable because the several occasions which
are alleged to have been such as to cal1for a protest or reservation
by her have been shown earlier to be entirely of a different character.
Silence or failure to react, even when it constitutes a relevant

factor, cannot alone be considered as implying recognition
or acceptance of the other party's claim of sovereignty. In the
AngZo-Norwegian Fisheries case, this Court attached legal impor-
tance to "prolonged abstention" of the United Kingdom from
protesting against the Norwegian system of delimiting territorial
waters but only as one of the factors: "The notoriety of the facts,
the general toleration of the internationl community, Great
Britain's position in the North Sea, her own interest in the
question, and her prolonged abstention would in any case warrant97 JUDGM. 15VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
Nonvay's enforcement of her system against the United Kingdom"
(I.C.J. Reports1951, p. 139). In the case under consideration, no
evidence has been adduced of any declaration or act by Siam or

Thailand pointing clearly to her intention to recognize or accept
Cambodia's claim of sovereignty over the Temple area.

47. Nor is there substantiai ground for application of the principle
of preclusion. The legal basis of that principle is that one party
has relied on the statement or conduct of the other either to its
own detriment or to the other's advantage. In tIie present case
Thailand has not made a statement at any time indicating her
acceptance or recognition of the frontier line marked on the Anne1
map. As regards the allegation of her silence as warranting the
presumption of such acceptance or recognition, it is plainly contra-
dicted by evidence of sustained State activity in exercise of
sovereignty in the Temple area. There is no evidence to show that
France, as Cambodia's protecting State, ever relied on Thailand's
silence to her own detriment. Thailand's unequivocal conduct

relating to the Temple area has continued to be the same after
1904-1908 as it had been before this period. France's own failure
to make a protest or raise any question about it until 1949 appears
to have confirmed Thailand's belief that the said area had always
remained under Thai sovereignty under the Treaty of 1904. Nor
could it be validly argued that Thailand had derived special ad-
vantage from France's reliance, if there had been such, on her
alleged silent acceptance of the Annex 1 map in 1908. In fact, as
has just been shown, for over 40 years no such reliance appears
to have been placed by France on the alleged binding character of
the said map. What benefit Thailand may have received from the
stability of the frontiers marked on the other ten maps, she has
been entitled toit under the Treaty of 1904 and the delimitation
work of the first Mixed Commission. These maps have not been
put in question at any time. As regards the frontier of the Dangrek
sector, if Thailand could be said to have enjoyed the advantage

of stability, apart from her constant belief of the Temple area
being always under her own sovereignty, it was due, not to any
reliance by France upon Thailand's alleged acceptance of the
Annex 1 map as binding on her, but rather to an apparent doubt
on the part of the French authorities as to where the correct line
really was with reference to the location of the Temple-a doubt
which explains their continued silence and failure to raise any
question in the face of the continued exercise of sovereignty by
Thailand in the said area. In the light of the foregoing reasons,
the application of the pnnciple of preclusion against Thailand in
the present case is, in my view, not justified.98 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)

48. The usual object of a boundary treaty, of course, is to achieve
certainty of the frontier to which it relates in accordance with the
principle of stability, and the recognized procedure to attain this

object is by joint delimitation on the ground. In the present case
it was precisely this procedure which had been stipulated in Arti-
cle 3 of the Treaty of 1904. Therefore, the argument which seeks
to support the application of the principle of stability by setting
aside the clear intention of the Parties, as expressed in the said
Article providing for careful delimitation by a Mixed Commission,
and by basing it upon the presumed consent of Siam to an undeli-
mited line on the Annex 1 map, seems to me to be strained and
unreal.

49. From the foregoing examination of the pertinent facts in this
case and consideration of.the law applicable to it, 1 summarize my
twofold conclusion as follows :

(1)that Cambodia has not succeeded in establishing the alleged
binding character of the Annex 1 map; and
(2)that Cambodia's contention of Thailand's silence as tacit
acceptance of the frontier line marked on the map Annex 1
is refuted by fact and not warranted in law.

50. Where is, then, the frontierlinein the Dangrek with reference
to the Temple area and on which side of this line, in Thailand or
Cambodia, is the Temple of Preah Vihear situated? The answer is
provided, in principle, by Article I of the Treaty of 13 Febniary
1904, which defines the frontier in the Dangrek as the ridge of "the
watershed between the basins of the Nam Sen and the Mekong,
on the one hand, and of the Nam Moun, on the other hand, and
joins the Pnom Padang chain the crest of which it followseastwards
as far as the Mekong". Of course it goes without saying that what
is pertinent of this frontier in the present case, as has been stated

at the outset, is only that portion which relates to the area in which
the Temple in question is situated.
51. The essential task, then, in order to decide the case, is to
apply or interpret the 1904 Treaty. But where is the true location
of the treaty-defined watershed? This is a crucial question, and a
correct answer must be given. The two Parties in the case have
submitted reports by their respective experts which purport to
give the necessary answer. However, while the four reports, two
from each side, agree on the general location of the matershed line

in the disputed area, they disagree on the crucial precise line. The
International Training Centre for Aerial Survey of Delft, Holland,
on behalf of Thailand, presents a line which places the major part of
96the Temple ground on the Thai side whereas Doeringsfeld, Amuedo
and Ivey, "Specialists in Photogeology and Photo-interpretation",
of Denver, Colorado, submit a line placing the main portion of the
Temple on the Cambodian side. The conflicting character of the
twoexpert recommendationspresents a perplexing problem, andthe
difficulty has been further increased by the outcome of the examina-
tion and cross-examination of the experts and witnesses at the oral
hearing. From their testimony, it appears that besides the I.T.C.
line and the D.A.I. line, there are two other possible alternative
lines: one at Point 3 near Letter F on Map Sheet 2 attached to
Annex 49 of the Counter-Memorial, and another one from Contour
Line point No. 605, which is just a little west of the D.A.I. line
close to the western side of the Temple and which almost coincides
with the latter line.

52. There is also the question of the nature of the terrain of the
saddle near F, and its elevation, which, according to Thailand's
expert, who went out to the Temple area and made an investigation
on the spot,blocks the eastward flowof stream 3 on the Map Sheet 2
into the Cambodian plain and causes it to turn westward to join
stream 2 flowing northward into Thai territory. Counsel for Cam-
bodia castsdoubts on the acc.uracy of this statement and, in support
of his incredulity, he cites, among other works on archeaology, a
passage from "L'Art Khmèr classiqz~e"by Henri Parmentier,
author records his study of the Temple
Chapter IV, in which this
of Preah Vihear on the spot in February 1930 and mentions "a
rocky plateau" near the north-east corner of the Temple, which

"falls in a somewhat steeper slope towards the east where there
is a rocky ravine, the water from which flows towards Cambodia,
forming a fairly considerable stream, the O Kbal Pos Nakrac".
The divergence of these two views, moreover, raises the following
is the altitude of the saddle neaF? 1sits elevation
questions: what
uniform throughout its surface? What is the character of its ter-
rain? Does it bear any traces of change by the hand of man?
53. Since there is no available record of any sketch map drawn
up by Captain Oum on the basis of the survey he carried out in the
Dangrek sector east of Kel Pass in the period of December 1906 and
January and February 1907-which was the dry season--showing a
precise line of the watershed in the said sector, except what is
claimed by Cambodia to have been marked on the Annex 1 map,
whereas the I.T.C. line was verifiedon the spotduring the wet season
in July 1961, it is also pertinent to ask forthe purpose of ascertain-
ing the precise line: To what extent does the topography of the IO0 JUDGM. 15 VI62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)

stream channels in the Temple area Vary between the dry and wet
seasons of a normal year ?

54. Furthermore, Cambodia has maintained that what is relevant
in regard to the location of the watershed in the Temple area is
where it was in the period of 1904-1908 and not where it is in
1961-1962. This point gives rise to other questions: could the loca-
tion of a watershed change in the course of time by natural pheno-

menon such as an earthquake, faulting of rock-beds, landslide or
rock fall, etc.? Or is the watershed now found by the experts of
both Parties in the Temple area part of thesame watershed which
the negotiators of the 1904 Treaty had in mind or which Captain
Oum presumably marked on his sketch map on the basis of his
survey on the spot in the Dangrek sector?

55.Al1the foregoing questions are of a technical character and
cal1for an independent expert or experts to supply reliable answers.
1 am of the opinion that the Court would have been well advised,
under Articles 44 and 50 of the Statute, to send its own expert or

experts to investigate on the spot and make a report of their
observations and recommendations, as was done in the Corfzt
Channel case (I.C.J. Reports1949). Such a report would have been
of great assistance to the Court in deciding the case by law on the
basis of al1the relevant facts of a technical as well asother character.
1 for one feel unable to reach a final conclusion satisfactory to
myself without knowing the answers to the technical questions
which 1 have defined above and which, in my view, bear a vital
importance for a correct determination of one of the crucial issues
in the present case.

(Signed) WELLINGTO TOYO.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTIWG OPINION OF JCDGE IVELLINGTOS KOO

To my great regret 1 am unable to concur in the Judgment of the
Court. Although 1 reserve my own final conclusion in the case for
reasons explained toward the end of this statement, 1 find that the
grounds upon which the Judgment is based cannot be sustained
in fact or in law.

I. The basic issue of the dispute, as it appears clear from the
final submissions of the Parties as well as from their respective
pleadings, both written and oral, is the question whether the
Temple of Preah Vihear is situated in territory under the sover-
eignty of Cambodia or under that of Thailand.
2. Cambodia relies on the map of the Dangrek sector (Xnnex 1
to the Memorial) ;and contends that it "was drawn up and published

in the name and on behalf of the Mixed Delimitation Commission
set up by the Treaty of 13 February 1904, that it sets forth the
decisions taken by the said Commission and that, by reason of
that fact and also of the subsequent agreements and behaviour
of the Parties, it presents a treaty character". She further claims
that "the frontier line between Cambodia and Thailand. in the
disputed region in the vicinity of the Temple of Preah fihear, is
that which is marked on the map of the Commission of Delimitation
between Indo-China and Siam" and that "the Temple of Preah
Vihear is situated in territorynder the sovereignty of the Kingdom
of Cambodia".

3. Thailand denies any validity to the claims of Cambodia and
argues, principally, that "the rnap Annex 1 has not been proven to
be a document binding on the Parties whether by virtue of the
Treaty of 1904 or otherwise"; that "Thailand and Cambodia have
not in fact treated the frontier marked out on Annex 1 as the
frontier between Thailand and Cambodia in the Dangrek region";
and that "for the above reasons, the frontier line marked on Annex 1
ought not to be substituted for the existing boundary line in fact
observed and accepted by the two Parties in the Dangrek range".
She further contends "that at al1 material times Thailand has
exercised full sovereignty in the area of the Temple to the exclu-

sion of Cambodia" and that "if, which is denied, Cambodia in
any sense carried out any administrative functions in the said
area, such acts were sporadic and inconclusive, and in no sense
such as to negative or qualify the full exercise of sovereignty in the
said area by 'Thailand". OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. WELLINGTON KOO

[Traductionj
A mon grand regret, je ne puis me rallier à l'arrêtde la Cour.
Tout en réservant ma conclusion finale en l'affaire pour les raisons

que j'expliquerai à la fin de la présente opinion, j'estime que les
motifs sur lesquels se fonde l'arrêt nepeuvent se soutenir ni en fait
ni en droit.
I. La question essentielle en litige, telle qu'elle ressort clairement
des conclusions finales des Parties aussi bien que des écritures et des

plaidoiries, est de savoir si le temple de Préah Vihéar est situé en
territoire relevant de la souveraineté du Cambodge ou de la Thaï-
lande.
2. Le Cambodge se fonde sur.la carte du secteur des Dangrek

(annexe 1 au mémoire) ; et il soutient que cette carte (a étédressée
et publiée au nom et pour le compte de la Commission mixte de
délimitation, créée par le traité du 13 février1904, qu'elle énonceles
décisions prisespar ladite Commission et qu'elle présente tant de ce
fait que des accords et comportements ultérieurs des Parties un
caractère conventionnel ». Il prétend en outre que ((la ligne fron-
tière entre le Cambodge et la Thaïlande, dans la région contestée
voisine du temple de Préah Vihéar,est celle qui est marquée sur la

carte de la Commission de délimitation entre l'Indochine et le
Siam 1)et que ((le temple de Préah Vihéar est situé en territoire
relevant de la souveraineté du Royaume du Cambodge D.

3. La Thaïlande conteste toute validité aux demandes du Cam-

bodge et fait valoir principalement qu'~il n'a pas étédémontréque
la carte de l'annexe 1 fût un document obligatoire pour les Parties
soit en vertu de la convention de 1904,soit toute autre raison »;
qu'ccen fait, ni la Thaïlande ni le Cambodge n'ont traité la frontière
indiquée à l'annexe 1 comme frontière entre la Thaïlande et le
Cambodge dans la région desDangrek ));et que ((pour les raisons
qui précèdent, la ligne frontière indiquée à l'annexe 1 ne doit pas

êtresubstituée à la frontière existante observéeet acceptée en fait
par les deux Parties dans la chaîne des Dangrek 1).Elle soutient en
outre ((qu'à toutes les époques critiques la Thaïlande a exercé la
pleine souveraineté dans la zone du temple, à l'exclusion du Cam-
bodge », et que (si, contrairement aux dénégationsde la Thaïlande,
le Cambodge a, en un sens quelconque, rempli des fonctions admi-
nistratives dans ladite zone, ces actes ont été sporadiques, ne sont

pas concluants et ne sont en aucun cas de nature à annuler ou à
limiter le plein exercice de la souveraineté dans cette zone par la
Thaïlande n. 4. Does the Annex 1 map possess, as claimed by Cambodia,
a treaty character acd therefore impose a binding obligation on
Thailand? To give a correct answer to this question, it is necessary
first ofal1 to examine closely what evidence has been produced
before the Court by both Parties. A careful perusal of the relevant
documents, however, reveals nothing to show or even suggest

that any discussion of the boundary line marked on Annex 1 map
took place in the Mixed Commission of Delimitation or that any
decision was taken by it. Twenty-five illinutes of the said Commis-
sion have been filed with the Court and they contain no record of
any such discussion or decision. Yet it will be recalled that at the
very first meeting of thesaid Commission on 31 January 1905 held
at Svai Don Keo, a French and a Siamese secretary were respec-
tivelyappointed by the two Presidents to draw up minutes of the
meetings, andit was agreed by them that "the task the Commission
had to fulfil was therefore divided into three parts:

I. The reconnoitring of the territory.

2. Surveying the territory.
3. Discussion and definite fixing of the frontier."
5. At the meeting of the Commission on 7 February 1905, when
a difference of opinion arose as to the best way of determining the
frontier line with reference to the sources of the Prek Kompong
Prak and the watershed between the Stung Pursat and the river

Mong, Commandant Bernard, the French President, reminded
General Mom Chatidej Udom, the Siamese President, of the pro-
cedure established at the first meeting, according to which:
"the Commission should first carry out a general reconnoitring,
gather information ofvarious kinds which wouldmake it possible
to fixon the spot the points through which the frontier passed,then
mark that frontier on the map and finally, if necessary, discuss
whether it was correct and make any essential modifications. AS
soon as agreement was reached, the frontier line would have been
finally determinedby the members ofthe two Commissionssigning
the map on which the frontier had been marked."

As another example of the importance which the Mixed Commission
attached to the agreed procedure of delimitation, as statedabove-
and there are many others in the Minutes of its meetings-1 may
refer to the discussions between the two Chairmen at a meeting
of the said Commission on 18 January 1907 at Pak-Moun relating
to the Siamese proposa1 to take as frontier the central meridian
falling between the O Roun and the former bed of the Prek Kom-
pong Tiam, when Colonel Bernard replied: 4. La carte de l'annexe 1 a-t-elle, comme le prétend le Cambodge,
un caractère conventionnel et est-elle par conséquent obligatoire à

l'égard de la Thaïlande? Pour répondre correctement à cette ques-
tion, il faut tout d'abord examiner attentivement les preuves sou-
mises à la Cour par les deux Parties. Mais un examen attentif des
documents pertinents ne révèle rien qui soit de nature à prouver,
ou même à suggérer, que la Commission mixte de délimitation ait
discuté de la ligne frontière indiquée sur la carte de l'annexe 1 ou
qu'elle ait pris une décision à cet égard. Les vingt-cinq procès-
verbaux des séances de cette Commission déposésauprès de la
Cour ne contiennent aucune trace d'une telle discussion ou d'une

telle décision. Or, il convient de rappeler qu'à la toute première
séance de la Commission, tenue le 31 janvier 1905 à Svai Don Keo,
les deux présidents ont respectivement désignéun secrétaire fran-
çais et un secrétaire siamois pour rédiger les procès-verbaux et sont
convenus de ce qui suit: cLa tâche que nous avons à remplir se
divise donc en trois parties:
I. Reconnaissance du terrain.

2. Levédu terrain.
3. I)iscussion et établissement définitif de la frontière.))
j. Lorsqu'à la séance tenue par la Commission le 7 février 1905

une divergence de vues est apparue quant au meilleur moyen de
déterminer la frontière d'après les sources du Prek Kompong Prak
et la ligne departage des eaux entre le Stung Pursat et la rivière de
Mong, le commandant Bernard, président français, a rappelé au
généralMom Chatidej Udom, président siamois, la méthode établie
au cours de la première séance, méthode d'après laquelle:

(on devait faire d'abord une reconnaissance générale, recueillir
des renseignements de divers ordres permettant de fixer sur le
terrain les points où passe la frontière, reporter enfin sur la cace
cette frontière et en dernier lieu, si cela était nécessaire,en dis-
cuter la valeur et y apporter les inodifications indispensables. Dès
que l'on serait tombé d'accord, on aurait arrêtédéfinitivement
la ligne frontière en faisant signer la carte sur laquelle elle aurait
étéreportée par les membres des deus Con~missions. ))

Voici un nouvel exemple - choisi parmi les nombreux autres
qu'offrent les procès-verbaux des séances - de l'importance que la
Commission mixte attribuait à la méthode de délimitation établie
ainsiqu'il a étéindiqué ci-dessus: au cours d'une discussion entre les
deux présidents qui a eu lieu lors de la séance tenue par la Com-

mission le 18 janvier 1907 à Pak-itloun et qui a porté sur la pro-
position siamoise de prendre comme frontière le méridien moyen,
compris entre 1'0 Roun et l'ancien lit du Prek Kompong Tiam, le
colonel Bernard a déclaré: "The question could not be studied until the two Commissions
were in possession ofthe maps which were then in course of prepara-
tion and which the topographical officerswere to take with them
to Bangkok."

6. Since it has not been claimed that other meetings of the Mixed
Commission had been held, the Minutes of which had been lost, it
can be concluded that no other meeting had taken place and that
no decision concerning the frontier line of the Dangrek sector tothe
east of Kel Pass and west of the Pnom Padang as marked on the

map Annex 1, according to which the Temple of Preah Vihear is
situated within Cambodian territory, had ever been taken.
7. It appears equally clear from the agreed procedure of the
Mixed Commission for its work of delimitation that the French
officers who were charged with the making of the maps, including
the Annex 1 map, had no authority to give any final interpretation
about any part of the proposed boundary line including the line
marked on the said map, in regard to which no decision had been

taken by the Mixed Commission. Nor could it be maintained, in
the absence of any evidence of specific instructions from the said
Commission, that whatever power of adaptation which the Treaty
of 1904 may have conferred on this Commission as a body, also
appertained to the French topographic and geodetic officers whether
for the Dangrek sector or for any other part of the frontier to be
delimited.

8. The meeting of 18 January 1907 to which 1 have just referred
was infact the last meeting l of the Mixed Commission which dealt
with any question connected with the work of delimiting tbe
frontier line stipulated in the Treaty of 1904. At this meeting the
only decision taken was one which, in regard to "the determination
of the frontier in the region of Pnom Pa Dang (Phu Pha Dang)"
fixed the thalweg of the Huei Don as the boundary from where
this stream meets the Mekong and stated: "The frontier would
go up that thalweg as far asthe source of the water course and would
then follow the crest of the Phu Pha Dang to the south-west."
This decision was also alluded to in Colonel Bernard's letter of

20 February 1907 to the French Minister in Siam:

"Al1 along the Dang Rek and as far as the Mekong, the fixing
of the frontier could not have involved any difficulty. It was only
a question of determining at what point Pnom Padang adjoins
mountain joins the river at one point about seven kilometres belowe
Paknam."

l There was another meeting of the Siixed Commission on 19 January 1907, but
it was held solely for the purpose of deter"the plots of land that are to be
with Article S of the Treaty of 13 February 1904".he Semoun, in conformitv ARRÊT 15 VI 62 (OP. DISS. M. WELLINGTON KOO) 77

« La question ne pourra êtreétudiéeque lorsque les deux Com-
missionsseront en possessiondes cartes qui sont en préparationac-
tuellement et que les officiers topographes doivent apporter à
Bangkok. ))

6. Comme il n'a pas étéprétendu que la Commission mixte ait
tenu d'autres séancesdont les procès-verbaux auraient étéperdus,
on peut conclure qu'aucune autre séance n'a eu lieu et qu'aucune
décisionn'a jamais étéprise au sujet de la frontière du secteur des
Dangrek compris entre le col de Kel à l'ouest et le Pnom Padang à

l'est, telle qu'elle est indiquée sur la carte de l'annexe 1 et d'après
laquelle le temple de Préah Vihéar serait en territoire cambodgien.
7. De même, il ressort clairement de la méthode établie par la
Commission mixte pour ses travaux de délimitation que les officiers

français chargés de préparer les cartes, et en particulier la carte de
l'annexe 1, n'avaient pas autorité pour donner une interprétation
définitived'une partie quelconque de la frontière proposéeet notam-
ment de la ligne tracée sur ladite carte, au sujet de laquelle il n'y
avait pas de.décision de la Commission mixte. On ne saurait non
plus soutenir, à défaut de toute preuve d'instructions expresses de
la Commission, que le pouvoir d'adaptation que la convention de

1904 a pu conférer à celle-ci en tant que telle aurait également
appartenu aux officiers topographes et géodèsesfrançais pour le
secteur des Dangrek comme pour aucune autre partie dela frontière
à délimiter.

8. La séancedu 18janvier 1907 que je viens de mentionner est en
fait la dernière au cours de laquelle la Commission mixte ait traité
de questions ayant trait au travail de délimitation de la frontière
prévu par la convention de 1904. La seule décisionprise au cours de
cette séance a été,concernant cla détermination de la frontière
dans la région du Pnom Pa Dang (Phu Pha Dang) )I,de choisir
comme frontière le thalweg du Huei Don à partir du point où ce

cours d'eau se jette dans le Mékong, après quoi tla frontière re-
monterait ce thalweg jusqu'à la source du cours d'eau et suivrait
ensuite la crêtedu Phu Pha Dang vers le Sud-Ouest n.Il est éga-
lement fait allusion à cette décision dans un rapport du colonel
Bernard au ministre de France au Siam daté du 20 février 1907:

« Tout le long desDangrek et jusqu'au Mékong.la détermination
de la frontière ne pouvait entraîner aucune difficulté.Il s'agissait
simplement de rechercher en quel point lePnom Padang aboutissait
au Mékong.Aucune discussion n'était possible à ce sujet, car la

montagne n'atteint le fleuve qu'en un seul point, à sept kilomètres
environ en aval de Paknam. ))

' La Commission mixte a tenu une autre séance le 19 janvter1907 mais
uniquement pour la détermination«des terrainsqui doivent être concédés, à
l'embouchure de la Sémoun, au Gouvernement Françaisconformément à l'article
S de la Convention du 14 février 190».78 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE IVELLIXGTON KOO)
Here in the passage quoted above, Colonel Bernard, besides report-
ing the determination by agreement of the said point, was obi-iously
expressing his own view as to the task of fixing the boundary al1
along the Dangrek. For on 20 February 1907 the report of Captain

Oum, who had been assigned the work of surveying this sector of
the Dangrek, had not yet been received, since we learn from Colonel
Bernard's report of 6 March 1907 to the Governor-General of
Indo-China that "the topographical officers arrived here between
18 February and 4 Marc11and the provisional maps of the frontier
region could not be completed until yesterday". "Here" evidently
meant Bangkok and "yesterday" 5 March 1907. It is, ti~erefore,
clear that the Mixed Commission could not possibly have had a
discussion, not to Say taken a decision, at its meeting of 18 January
1907 to fix the boundary line al1along the Dangrek westward from
the Mekong to Kel Pass.

9. Another plenary meeting of the Mixed Commission had,
indeed, been contemplated, as it was reported in the letter of
23 February 1907 of the French Minister in Bangkok to the French
Minister for Foreign Affairs :
"The maps indicating the frontier can be brought up to date in
a fairly short time and the plenary meeting of French and Siamese
Comn~issioners\vil11probably be held before15hlarch."

Colonel Bernard himself considered that "the Delimitation Com-
mission could not be dissolved without having closed the work
by a final agreement" and used this point as one of his reasons for
urging Mr. Strobel, General Adviser of the Siamese Government,
whom he had already seen several times since his arriva1 in Bangkok
on I March 1907, to push a French proposal, based upon his "more
ambitious plan" of acquiring for French Indo-China the three
provinces of Battambang, Siem Reap and Sisophon from Siam.
According to Colonel Bernard's Report to the Governor-General

of Indo-China of 19 llarch 1907, a plenary meeting of the Jlixed
Commission "which was to have taken place the next day, 8 Jlarch,
was postponed indefinitelyV-Annex 50 to Rejoinder. The French
Minister in Bangkok, in his letter of 27 March 1907 to the French
Minister for Foreign Affairs, states that:
"the delay that occurred with regard to the plenary meeting of
the Commission wasproperly explained by the fact that topo-
graphical officershad not yet returned to Bangkok and no definitive
map could therefore be submitted for the deliberations of its
i\lembersJ'.

IO. The same letter of the French Minister adds:
"On 8 March the first steps were taken and the conversations
continued actively for sixdays. Air.Strobel ..was definitely won
over by the prospect of an arrangement of which he perceived al1
the advantages in the interest of both countri..."

76Dans ce passage, non seulement le colonel Bernard fait état de
l'accord intervenu sur la détermination du point en question, mais
encore il exprime évidemment sa propre opinion sur le travail de
détermination de la frontière tout le long des Dangrek. En effet, le
20 février 1907, le rapport du capitaine Oum, chargé du levé de

ce secteur des Dangrek, n'avait pas encore étéremis, puisque le
rapport du colonel Bernard au gouverneur général de l'Indochine
daté du 6 mars 1907 nous apprend: cLes officiers topographes
sont arrivés ici entre le 18 février et le 4 mars et les cartes provi-
soires de la région frontière n'ont pu êtreachevées qu'hier. ))Il est
évident que ici signifie Bangkok et hier le 5 mars 1907. Il est donc
clair qu'à sa séancedu 18 janvier 1907 la Commission mixte n'a
pas pu discuter et encore moins décider de la détermination de la

frontière des Dangrek comprise entre le Mékonget (vers l'ouest) le
col de Kel.
9. En fait, une autre séance plénière de la Commission mixte
avait étéprévue, ainsi que l'indique la lettre adressée le 13 février
1907 par le ministre de France à Bangkok au ministre des Affaires

étrangères de France :
« Les cartes indiquant la frontière pourront êtremises à jour
dans un assez court délaiet la réunion plénièredes commissaires
français et siamois aura vraisemblablen~entlieu avant le 15 mars. ))

Le colonel Bernard considérait lui-même que (cla Commission de
délimitation ne pouvait pas se dissoudre sans avoir clos ses travaux
par un accord final »et c'est l'une des raisons qu'il fit valoir pour
inciter M. Strobel, haut-conseiller du Gouvernement siamois, qu'il

avait déjàvu plusieurs fois depuis son arrivée à Bangkok le I~~mars
1907, à défendre une proposition française fondée sur son cpro-
gramme plus vaste » d'acquérir pour l'Indochine française les trois
provinces jusqu'alors siamoises de Battambang, Siem-Réap et Siso-
phon. D'après le rapport adressé par le colonel Bernard au gouver-
neur général de l'Indochine le 19 mars 1907, une séance plénière
de la Commission mixte ((quidevait avoir lieu le lendemain, 8mars,
était remise sine die 1)(annexe 50 à la duplique). Dans une lettre

du 27 mars 1907 au ministre des Affaires étrangères de France,
le ministre de France à Bangkok déclarait:
((le retard apporté à la réunion plénièrede la Commission trouva
valablement son explicationdans le fait que les officierstopographes
n'ayant pas encore rejoint Bangkok, une carte définitivene pouvait
êtresoumise aux délibérationsde ses membres 1).

IO. Dans la mêmelettre, le ministre de France ajoutait:

(Le 8 mars, les premiers jalons étaient posés,les conversations
se poursuivirent avec activité pendant six jours et M. Strobel,
décidément rallié à une combinaison dont il entrevoyait tous les
avantages dans l'intérêd tes deux pays ...))
76 79 JUDGM. 15VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
From 8 March on, a rapid succession of events followed. Colonel
Bernard was in daily conferences with Mr. Strobel. In the evening
of 13 March, the King of Siam, accompanied by his Ministers, met

Mr. Strobel at the latter's residence for three hours and finally
"authorized Mr. Strobel to proceed to written negotiations and
recommended to expedite matters". A draft treaty was drawn up
on 14 March and formed the basis of the negotiations. The final
text of the Treaty of 1907 was prepared on 19 March. The treaty
with its protocols and agreements was signed atIOp.m. on 23 March
1907 by the Siamese Foreign Minister and the French Minister in
Bangkok. Colonel Bernard left the Siamese capital on the 26th for
Saigon from which he sailed for France on 5April without holding a
final meeting of the Mixed Commission to close its work he had
contemplated.

II. 1 have aven the above ljrief account of the busy events
which fully occupied the time and attention of Colonel Bernard,
who was also second French plenipotentiary to negotiate theTreaty
of 1907, in order to indicate the circumstances which led to the
indefinite postponement of the contemplated plenary meeting of
the Mixed Commission of Delimitation. It was at this proposed
meeting that, among other questions, the sketch map of a frontier
line in the Dangrek sector from the foot of Pnom Padang west-
ward to Kel Pass, drawn up by Captain Oum (a Cambodian officer

and member of the French Commission, who, according to Colonel
Bernard, "could not see these ancient glories of his country without
writing or bringing him his complaints") was to have been discussed
and decided upon, but actually no such meeting took place. In
fact the work of delimitation of the First Mixed Commission was
left unfinished.
12. It is true that, as a result of the meeting of the MixedCom-
mission of 2December 1906the Presidents of its French and Siamese

groups made a journey together along the Dangrekrange and prob-
ably visited the Temple of Preah Vihear. But there is no sub-
stantial reason to suppose that they took any decisions as to the
frontier line in the Dangrek sector or as to the attribution of the
Temple. It will be recalled that they, following an agreementreached
at the said meeting of the Commission, travelled eastwards along
the range from Kel Pass by the same route which Captain Tixier
had reconnoitred in February 1905, and which was 10-15 kilometres
from the crest of the Dangrek, onthe Siamese side. The purpose ofthe
journey had been explained by Colonel Bernard, the French Presi-
dent, when he had said that :

"from that road to the crest of the mountains, they would be able
to make al1the reconnaissances that might be thought necessary
since they would be some ten to fifteen kilometres at most from
that range".A partir du 8 mars les événementsse succédèrent avec rapidité.
Le colonel Bernard avait des conversations quotidiennes avec
M. Strobel. Dans la soiréedu 13 mars le roi de Siam, accompagné

de ses ministres, rencontra M. Strobel, à sa résidence,pendant trois
heures et finalement (autorisa M. Strobel àpasser aux négociations
écrites,et lui recommanda de hâter les choses ». Un projet de traité
établile 14 mars servit de base aux négociations. Le texte définitif
du traité de 1907 fut préparéle 19 mars. Et le traité fut signé,
avec les protocoles et l'accord annexes, le 23 mars 1907 à vingt-
deux heures par le ministre des Affaires étrangères du Siam et le
ministre de France à Bangkok. Le 26, le colonel Bernard quitta
la capitale du Siam pour se rendre à Saigon d'où il prit le bateau
pour la France le 5 avril sans que la Commission mixte eût tenu
cette dernière séance à laquelle il avait songé.

II. Je n'ai donné ce bref récit des nombreux incidents qui ont
pleinement retenu le temps et l'attention du colonel Bernard,
lequel était également le second plénipotentiaire français aux né-
gociations du traité de 1907, que pour montrer les circonstances
qui ont abouti à la remise sinedie de la séanceplénière prévue pour
la Commission mixte de délimitation. C'est à la séance ainsi en-
visagéequ'il devait y avoir, entre autres, une discussion et une dé-
cision sur lecroquis de la frontière du secteur des Dangrek compris
entre le pied du Pnom Padang et (vers l'ouest) le col de Kel, cro-
quis dressépar le capitaine Oum (officiercambodgien, membre de

la Commission française, dont le colonel Bernard nous dit qu'il
« ne pouvait voir ces temples, témoins de la gloire ancienne de son
pays, sans m'écrire oum'apporter ses plaintes »; mais cette séance
ne s'est jamais effectivement tenue. En fait, les travaux de délimi-
tation de la première Commission mixte sont restés inachevés.
12. Certes, à la suite de la séance de la Commission mixte du
2 décembre 1906, les présidents des sections française et siamoise
de cette Commission ont fait route ensemble dans la chaîne des
Dangrek et ont probablement visité le temple de Préah Vihéar.

Mais il n'y a aucun motif réelde supposer qu'ils aient pris des dé-
cisions quant à la frontière dans le secteur des Dangrek ou quant à
l'attribution du temple. Il convient de rappeler qu'à la suite d'un
accord intervenu au cours de ladite séance de la Commission ils
ont fait route vers l'est dans la chaîne à partir du col de Kel en
suivant le tracéreconnu par le capitaine Tixier en février1905,tracé
qui était à dix ou quinze kilomètres de la crête des Dangrek sur le
versant siamois. Le but du voyage a étéexposé par le colonel
Bernard, président français, en ces termes:

«l'on pourra faire, de cette route jusqu'à la crêtedes montagnes,
toutes les reconnaissances qu'on jugerautiles puisqu'onse trouvera
tout au plus àIO ou 15kilomètresde cette crête D.80 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS.OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)

The surveying of the crest was yet to be undertaken by Captain
Oum who had just been assigned the task. These two Presidents
may have inspected the general topography of the sector and made
al1 the necessary "reconnaissances" from distance but could not
possibly have fixed any precise line, indispensable to a delimited
frontier, without a complete report with sketch maps of the work

of the survey officer and it would have been equally impossible
to attribute the Temple to one Party or the other without knowing
first where the finally delimited frontier line would be located in the
sector.
13. Under Clause III of the Protocol attached to the Treaty of
1907 the second Mixed Commission of Delimitation set up under its

Article IV "shall determine and trace if necessary, on the spot,
that portion of the frontier which is described in Clause 1 of the
present Protocol". In other words, it had the power and the duty,
in case of need, to delimit any part of the portion defined in the
latter provision, referring, obviously, to any portion which had not
been delimited or the delimitation of which had only been partially
done. But the second Mixed Commission did not avail itself of this
power as regards the work of the first Commission. Could this fact
be logically or reliably considered as showing that the first Mixed
Commission must have completed its task including the finaldelim-
itation of the frontier in the whole Dangrek sector? From what has
been pointed out earlier, the only decision taken at the meeting of
the first Mixed Commission on 18 January 1907 related to the

fixing of the eastern terminal point of the frontier line connecting
with the Mekong and the adoption of a line westward as far as the
sources of the Huei Don and, following the crest of the Pnom Pa-
dang, to the foot of this mountain range. Thisportion approximates
less than 15 kilometres of a frontier line of some 300 kilometres
long to be delimited from the said point westward to Kel Pass in
the Dangrek sector. The failure of the second Mixed Commission to
complete the unfinished work of the preceding Commission, though
it had the power to do it, was obviously due to a misapprehension of
the nature of the line adopted by the first Commission on 18 Jan-
uary 1907 as mentioned at the end of the penultimate para-
graph of Clause 1of the Protocol attached to the Treaty of 1907-a
misapprehension which is explained in the following paragraph 16.

14. It is thus seen that the frontier line marked on the Annex 1
map u7asneither approved nor even discussed by the Mixed Com-
mission of Delimitation nor was it agreed to by the French and
Siamese Presidents of the said Commission. It follows from these
indisputable facts that the map in question does not possess a

treaty character as claimed by Cambodia and therefore, as such,
obviously cannot be binding upon Thailand in regard to the issue
of territorial sovereignty over the Temple of Preah Vihear.Le levéde la crête devait encore êtreeffectuépar le capitaine Oum,
à qui cette tâche venait d'êtreconfiée.Les deux présidents ont pu se
rendre compte de la topographie généraledu secteur et faire à

distance toutes les (reconnaissances ))nécessaires,mais il n'est pas
possible qu'ils aient fixéla ligne précise indispensable à la délimita-
tion d'une frontière sans avoir un rapport complet, avec croquis, du
travail de l'officiertopographe et il leur a également étéimpossible
d'attribuer le temple à l'une ou à l'autre des Parties sans savoir où
devait passer la frontière définitivement délimitéedans ce secteur.

13. '4ux termes de la clause III du protocole annexé au traité
de 1907, la seconde Commission mixte de délimitation prévue à
l'articleIV du traité avait ((à déterminer et à tracer au besoin sur
le terrain la partie de la frontière décritedans la clause 1du présent
protocole 1)En d'autres termes, elle avait le pouvoir et le devoir
de déterminer au besoin toute section de la partie de la frontière dé-
crite dans la clause 1, c'est-à-dire évidemment toute section non
encore délimitée ounon complètement délimitée. Mais la seconde
Commission mixte n'a pas usé de ce pouvoir en ce qui concerne

l'Œuvre de la première Commission. Ce fait peut-il êtreconsidéré
logiquement ou sûrement comme prouvant que la première Com-
mission mixte avait achevéses travaux, y compris la délimitation
dérinitive de la frontière dans tout le secteur des Dangrek? Il
ressort de ce que j'ai dit plus haut que la seule décision prise au
cours de la séancede la première Commission mixte du 18 janvier
1907 concernait la détermination de l'extrémité orientale de la
frontière à sa jonction avec le Mékonget l'adoption d'une ligne
allant vers l'ouest jusqu'aux sources du Huei Don et, en suivant
la crêtedu Pnom Padang, jusqu'au pied de cette chaîne. Il s'agissait
de moins de quinze kilomètres sur les trois cents kilomètres de

frontière à délimiter dans le secteur des Dangrek à partir de ce
point jusqu'au col de Kel (à l'ouest). Le fait que la seconde Com-
mission mixte n'ait pas terminé les travaux laissésinachevéspar la
Commission précédente,bien qu'elle ait eu le pouvoir de le faire,
est évidemment dû à une méprise quant à la nature du tracé que
la première Commission a adopté le 18 janvier 1907, comme il est
dit à la fin de l'avant-dernier alinéa de la clause 1 du protocole
annexé au traité de 1907; cette méprise sera expliquée au para-
graphe 16 ci-dessous.

14. On voit donc que la frontière indiquée sur la carte de l'an-
nexe 1 n'a éténi approuvée ni mêmediscutée par la Commission
mixte de délimitation et qu'elle n'a pas non plus fait l'objet d'un
accord entre les présidents français et siamois de la Commission.
Il ressort de ces faits non contestés que la carte en question n'a pas
le caractère conventionnelque le Cambodge prétend lui attribuer et,

par conséquent, qu'elle n'est évidemment pas comme telle obliga-
toire pour la Thaïlande en matière de souveraineté territoriale sur
le temple de Préah Vihéar.
7881 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS.OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)

15. Itis contended that even if the line on the Annex 1 rnap had
not been approved by the First Mixed Commission, the Siamese
Government had requested the French Commission to make this
rnap as well as the other ten, and therefore the said map, though
prepared in Paris by French officers under the supervision of the
President of the French Commission of Delimitation, carried the
consent and authority of Siam. But what is the nature of the
request, and what is the real character of the rnap requested of
the French Commission? The answer to these questions is clearly
indicated in the Minutes of the meeting of the Mixed Commission
of 29 November 1905. Commandant Bernard stated at this meeting:

"that he wished, before the Commission started work, to thank
the Siamese Government for the proof of confidence it had just
given the French Commission by requesting that the rnap of the
whole frontier region should be executed by the French officers".

General Mom Chatidej Udom said in reply:
"that by leaving it to the French Commissionto draw up the rnap
of the frontier region, the Siamese Government had indeed wished
to show that it had complete confidencein the French officers".

It appears that the requested rnap was a separate matter not
directly connected with the work of delimitation of the Mixed
Commission, and, as such, when it was made, certainly it could
not be regarded as constitutingor implying any binding obligation
on Thailand astothe character of the rnap to be made. The correct-
ness of this view of the nature of the request is borne out by the
Minutes of the meeting of the Mixed Commission on 17 January
1906 at which Commandant Bernard, in discussing the programme

of work for the French officers and the possibility for them to push
on with the triangulation as far as the Dangrek so as to join up
that year's work with the work of the following year, stated:

"If not,Captain Tixier and Lieutenant Sée wouldbe employed
in extending the surveys carried out by Captain de Batz and
Lieutenant Tournyol so as to give a more complete rnap of the
frontier region. At that moment there was no satisfactory rnap in
existence and it would be useful for the two countries to have."

Clearly, this was to be a general rnap of the whole frontier region
and did not form a part of the regular programme of delimitation
of the Mixed Commission. Those portions of this rnap which con-
tained frontier lines the determination of which was within the
competence of the Commission and which were approved by it,
of course possess a treaty or conventional character, not from the
fact of a request by the Siamese Government, but from the fact of
their approval by the said Commission, and the other portions ARRÊT 15 VI 62 (OP. DISS.M. WELLINGTON KOO) 81

15. Il est dit que, mêmesi la frontière de la carte de l'annexe 1
n'a pas étéapprouvée par la première Commission mixte, c'est le
Gouvemement siamois qui a demandé à la Commission française
de faire cette carte ainsi que les dix autres; par conséquent, bien
qu'elle ait étépréparée à Paris par des officiers français sous la
direction du président de la Commission française de délimitation,
la carte aurait reçu le consentement et la sanction du Siam. Mais
quelle était la nature de la demande et quel était le véritable carac-

tère de la carte demandée à la Commission française?La réponse à
ces questions ressort clairement du procès-verbal de la séancetenue
par la Commission mixte le 29 novembre 1905. Voici la déclaration
faite par le commandant Bernard au cours de cette séance:
«il tient avant de commencer les travaux de la Commission à
remercier le Gouvemement siamois de la preuve de confiance qu'il
vient de donner à la Commission française en demandant que la
carte de toute la régionfrontière fût faite par les soins des Officiers
français1).

Le généralMom Chatidej Udom a répondu:

(le Gouvernement siamois en laissant à la Commission française
le soin dedresser la carte de la régionfrontière a voulu précisément
montrer qu'il avait toute confiance dans les Officiersfranç».s
Il apparaît que la carte ainsi demandée constituait une question

indépendante, sans rapport direct avec les travaux de délimitation
de la Commission mixte et que, par conséquent, au moment où
la demande a étéfaite, elle n'a certainement pas pu êtreconsi-
déréecomme constituant ou impliquant une obligation pour la
Thaïlande eu égard au caractère de la carte à dresser. Cette opi-
nion quant à la nature de la demande est corroborée par le procès-
verbal de la séance de la Commission mixte du 17 janvier 1906,
lors de laquelle le commandant Bernard, discutant du program-
me de travail des officiers français et de la possibilité pour eux de
pousser la triangulation jusqu'aux Dangrek afin de raccorder les
travaux de l'année en cours avec ceux de l'année à venir, a déclaré:

dans le cas contraire le CapitaineTixier et le Lieutenant Séeseront
employés à étendreles levés exécutéspar le Capitaine de Batz et
le Lieutenant Tournyol de façon à avoir une carte plus complète
de la régionfrontière. Il n'existe en cemoment aucune carte sérieuse
et il serait intéressant pour les deux pays d'en avoir »ne.

11est clair qu'il s'agissait d'une carte généralede toute la région
frontière qui ne faisait pas partie du programme de délimitation
régulier de la Commission mixte. Les parties de la carte indiquant
les frontières dont la détermination relevait de la compétence de
la Commission et avaitétéapprouvée par celle-ci avaient évidemment
un caractère conventionnel, non pas du fait de la demande du
Gouvernement siamois, mais du fait de l'approbation de la Com-
mission; quant aux autres parties indiquant, comme la carte82 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
showing frontier lines, though also within its competence but not
yet approved by it,such as rnap Annex 1,cannot have this character.
As to the reference to "the Siamese Commissioners' request that

the French Commissioners prepare maps of various frontiers" made
in the letter of the Siamese Minister in Paris of20 August 1908 to
the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Bangkok transmitting the maps
he had received from Captain Tixier of the French Commission,
1 do not attach particular importance to it. For it is not known
what was the source ofhis information.There is no evidence of any of
the Siamese Commissioners having communicated with him about
their work orabout the maps in question. Nor does it appear that his
letter was in reply to any communication from his Government.
More probably he simply repeated what Captain Tixier had pre-
sumably told him, verbally but imprecisely, while handing him
fifty copies of the eleven maps including the Annex 1 rnap for
fonvarding to the Siamese Government, on the basis of the fact
that the request of the Siamese Government for the French officers
to prepare a general rnap of the whole frontier region had formed

the subject of an exchange of friendly remarks between the
Presidents of the two national Commissions at the meeting of the
Mixed Commission mentioned above.
Consequently, the argument for the validity of the Annex 1
rnap based upon the request of the Siamese Government or even
upon a request of the Siamese Commissioners, if true, to the French
officers to prepare a general rnap of the whole frontier region
between Siam and French Indo-China does not appear well-founded.

16. Nor, in my view, does the contention that the Protocol
annexed to the Treaty of 23 March 1907 was a confirmation of the
Annex 1rnap have more substance. Clause 1 of this Protocol, after
describing the greater part of the new frontier between French
Indo-China and Siam as the result of the mutual cessions of ter-
ritory stipulated in the 1907 Treaty, statesthat :

"it continues in a straight line to a point situated on the Dang-Rek,
half way between the passes called Chong-Ta-Koh and Chong-
Sa-Met",

and then it reads in its thirdparagraph

"From the above-mentioned point situated on the crest of the
Dang-Rek, the frontier followsthe watershed between the basin of
the Great Lake and the Mekong on the one side, and the basin of
the Nam-Moun on the other, and reaches the Mekong down-
stream of Pak-Moun, at the mouth of the Huei-Doue, in conformity
on the 18th January,d 1907." preceding Commission of Delimitationde l'annexe 1,desfrontières qui, bien qu'également de la compétence
de la Commission, n'avaient pas encore étéapprouvées par celle-ci,
elles ne pouvaient avoir un tel caractère.
Pour ce qui est de la référence à «la demande des commissaires
siamois tendant à ce que les commissaires français préparent des
cartes des diverses frontières ))contenue dans la lettre du 20 août

1908 par laquelle le ministre de Siam à Paris a transmis au ministre
des Affaires étrangères à Bangkok les cartes qu'il avait reçues du
capitaine Tixier, membre de la Commission française, je n'y attache
pasune importance particulière.On ignore en effet quellea étélasour-
ce d'information du ministre de Siam. Il n'y a aucune preuve qu'un
membre siamois de la Commission lui ait adressé des communica-
tions relatives auxtravauxde la Commission ou aux cartes en ques-
tion. Il n'apparaît pas non plus que sa lettre fût une réponseà une
communication du Gouvernement siamois. Le plus probable est que

le ministre a simplement repris ce que le capitaine Tixier lui a
vraisemblablement dit, oralement et sans précisions, lorsqu'il
lui a remis pour transmission au Gouvernement siamois cinquante
exemplaires des onze cartes, dont celle de l'annexé 1, se fondant sur
le fait que la demande du Gouvernement siamois tendant à ce que
les officiers français préparent une carte généralede toute la région
frontière avait fait l'objet d'un échange d'amabilités entre les
présidents des deux Commissions nationales au cours de la séance
de la Commission mixte mentionnée ci-dessus.
En conséquence,l'argument en faveurde la validité de lacarte de

l'annexe 1 tiré de la demande du Gouvernement siamois, ou même,
si cela est exact, des membres siamois de la Commission, tendant à
ce que les officiers français préparent une carte généralede toute la
région frontière entre le Siam et l'Indochine française paraît mal
fondé.

16. A mon avis, la thèse d'après laquelle le protocole annexé au
traité du 23 mars 1907 confirmerait la carte de l'annexe 1 n'est pas
mieux fondée. Aprèsavoir décrit la plus grande partie des nouvelles
frontières entre l'Indochine française et le Siam résultant des
cessions mutuelles de territoires prévues par le traité de 1907, la
clause 1 du protocole énonce:

(elle se continue en droite ligne jusqu'à un point situé sur les
Dang-Rek, àmi-chemin entre les passes appeléesChong-Ta-Kohet
Chong-Sa-Met )).

Le troisième alinéa de cette clause est ainsi conçu:
«A partir du point ci-dessus mentionné, situé sur la crête des
Dang-Rek, la frontière suit la ligne de partage des eaux entre le
bassin duGrand-Lacet du Mékongd'unepart, et lebassin du Nam-
Moun d'autre part, et aboutit au Mékong enaval de Pak-Moun, à
l'embouchure du Huei-Doue, conformément autracé adopté par la
précédente Commissionde délimitationle 18 janvier1907 .)83 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
What had been decided on 18 January 1907 was to fix the eastern
terminal point of the proposed frontier line which meets the Mekong
in pursuance of the relevant provision of the Treaty of 1904 and to
approve a small portion of the frontier line therefrom as far as the

source of the Huei-Doue (Huei Don) and the end of the crest of the
Pnom Padang (Phu Pha Dang). This delimited portion was shown
in a rough sketch attached to Colonel Bernard's letter to the Gover-
nor-General of Indo-China of the same date as the said meeting
of the Commission. No sketch map covering the whole line dong
the Dangrek from the Mekong west to Kel Pass had been brought
back by Captain Oum as yet. He was then onhiswaywest to Bangkok
and was not due there until after 20February 1907, and the sketch
map was not completed till 5 March 1907. The Mixed Commission
could not have had this sketch at its meeting of 18 January 1907.
The only line which could have been and was "adopted by the
preceding Commission of Delimitation on the 18th January, 1907"

was the one shown in the sketch enclosed in ColonelBernard's letter
just mentioned. 1have already referred earlier to an apparen~lysimi-
lar misapprehension on thepart of the Second Mixed Commission of
Delimitation set up under the 1907Treaty of the character ofthe line
adopted by the first Mixed Commission at its meeting on 18 January
1907. In no way can the said protocol be validly said to have the
effect of confirming the whole frontier line in the Dangrek range east
of Kel Pass as marked on the Annex 1 map.

17. In the face of the established fact that neither the line shown
on the Annex 1 map nor a sketch of it was ever approved or seen
by the first or second Mixed Commission of Delimitation at any of
its meetings, the Judgment of the Court seeks to infer an alleged

acceptance of the said map by Siam from certain circumstances.
18. One of these circumstances is that after the eleven maps of
the different sectors of the frontier, including the Annex 1 map,
were prepared and printed in Paris under the supervision of Colonel
Bernard in 1908 and fifty copies of each were delivered by Captain
Tjxier, a French member of the Mixed Commission of Delimitation,
to the Siamese Legation in Paris for transmission to the Siamese
Government, the Siamese Minister in Paris, after retaining two
copies each for the use of his Legation and distributing one copy

each to the Siamese Legations in London, Berlin, Russia and
America, fonvarded the rest to his Government in Bangkok which
received them without raising an objection, oraking a reservation,
to the frontier line marked on the Annex map. It is alsoemphasized
that Prince Damrong, the SiameseMinister of the Interior, thanked
8ICequi a étédécidé le18janvier 1907, c'est de fixer l'extrémitéorien-
tale de la frontière proposée, c'est-à-dire son point de rencontre
avec le Mékong,conformément aux dispositions pertinentes de la
convention de 1904 et d'approuver une petite section de cette

frontière allant jusqu'aux sources du Huei-Doue (Huei Don) et
jusqu'au bout de la crêtedu Pnom Padang (Phu Pha Dang). La
section ainsi déterminée était indiquéesur un croquis annexéà une
lettre adressée par le colonel Bernard au gouverneur général de
l'Indochine le jour mêmede la séancede la Commission.Le capitaine
Oum n'avait pas encore ramené de croquis couvrant toute la fron-
tière des Dangrek comprise entre le Mékong et (en allant vers
l'ouest) le col deel. Il continuait sa marche àl'ouest vers Bangkok,
où il ne devait arriver qu'après le20 février1907; quant au croquis,
il ne devait être achevé quele 5 mars 1907. La Commission mixte
n'a pu disposer de ce croquis au cours de sa séancedu 18 janvier
1907. Le seul tracé qui ait pu êtreet qui ait été ((adopté par la
précédenteCommission de délimitation le 18 janvier 1907 ))est celui
qui figure sur le croquis annexéà lalettre du colonel Bernard ci-des-

sus mentionnée. J'ai déjà signalé plus haut la méprise apparem-
ment semblable de la seconde Commission mixte de délimitation
établieen vertu du traité de 1907, quant au caractère du tracé adop-
tépar la premièreCommission mixte au cours de sa séancedu 18jan-
vier 1907. On ne saurait en aucune manière dire valablement que le
protocole ait eu pour effet de confirmer toute lafrontière de la chaîne
des Dangrek àl'est du col de Kel, telle qu'elle est tracéesur la carte
de l'annexe 1.

17. En présence du fait prouvé que ni la frontière indiquée sur
la carte de l'annexe 1 ni un croquis de cette frontière n'ont jamais
étéapprouvés ni vus en séancepar la première ou la seconde Com-
mission mixte de délimitation, l'arrêtde la Cour cherche àdéduirede
certaines circonstancesque le Siam aurait acceptéladite carte.

18. L'une de ces circonstances est la suivante: après que les onze
cartes des différents secteurs de la frontière, parmi lesquels la carte
de l'annexe 1, eurent étépréparéeset imprimées à Paris sous la
direction du colonel Bernard en 1908 et après que cinquante exem-
plaires de chacune d'elles eurent étéremis par le capitaine Tixier,
membre français de la Commission mixte de délimitation, à la léga-
tion du Siam à Paris afin d'être transmisau Gouvernement siamois,
le ministre de Siam à Paris a conservédeux sériesde chaque carte
pour sa légation,en a envoyéune à chacune des légations du Siam à
Londres, à Berlin, en Russie et aux Etats-Unis et a expédiéle reste
àBangkok pour son gouvernement, lequel a reçu ce lot sans soulever

d'objection ni faire de réserveà l'égard dela frontière indiquée sur
la carte de l'annexe 1. Il est également soulignéque le prince
8184 JUDGJI. 15 VI62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLISGTOX KOO)

the French hlinister for sending him an extra set and even asked
for fifteen more sets for the purpose of distributing them anlong the
Siamese provincial authorities.

19. The essence of the argument under consideration is that the
Siamese authorities mentioned in the preceding paragraph iilust,
upon receiving it, have seen the line mapped and noticed the loca-
tion of the Temple of Preah Vihear on the Cambodian side, yet
they did not raise any objection. It is quite probable that the said
Siamese authorities did look at the rnap but it does not necessarily
follow that therefore they must have discovered the actual location
of the Temple. The said rnap is one of a set of eleven, and there
was no specialreason why the Annex 1rnap should have been singled

out at the time for particular attention. So question about the
Temple had been raised by either France or Siam during the nego-
tiations for the Treaty of 1904 or subsequently in the meetings of
the Mixed Commission of Delimitation. It had never been in issue
between the two Parties at any time before 1908. ?(.Ioreover,the
Annex 1 rnap was drawn on the scale of I :200,000, which means
that the distance of 500 metres on the ground lying betn-een the
alleged frontier line and the Temple area is represented on the
rnap by a width of only 2.5 millimetres. And because the Teinple is
perched on the summit of the promontory of Preah T'ihear, the
mark indicating the Temple is buried in a tangle of contour lines

in a small part of the map. Even if one looks specially for the mark,
it is by no means easy to find it. The alleged reason, far froin
constituting a legal basis for the presumption of Siam's acceptance
of the Annex 1 map, is no more than a conjecture.
20. It was certajnly not unusual for Prince Damrong to have
expressed his appreciation upon receiving an extra copy of the
whole series from the French Minister who obviously did it as a
special act of courtesy. Nor is it difficult to understand that he

should have requested more copies for distribution to the Siamese
provincial authorities, especially when it is recalled that at the time
Siam did not yet have a good modern rnap showing the whole
frontier region between Siam and French Indo-China, and that
the Siamese Government had previously requested the President
of the French Commission to have one made by the French topo-
graphical officers. In the light of these facts the Prince's expression
of appreciation to the French Minister and his request for more
copies, in my view, have no special significance and cannot reason-
ably be considered to support a legal presumption of Siam's accept-
ance of the boundary line marked on rnap Annex 1.

21. Under an authorization of the French Minister of the Colonies
dated 26 May 1908, Captain Tixier undertook to allocate the series

82 ARRÊT 15 VI 62 (OP. DISS. M. WELLISGTOX KOO) 84
Damrong, ministre de l'Intérieur du Siam, a remercié le ministre
de France de lui avoir adresséune sériesupplémentaire des cartes
et lui a mêmedemandé de lui envoyer une quinzaine d'autres séries
afin de les mettre entre lesmainsdes autorités provinciales siamoises.

19. L'essence de l'argument en question est que les autorités
siamoises mentionnées au paragraphe précédent, qui ont dû, en
recevant la carte, voir la frontière qui y était tracée et remarquer
que le temple de Préah Vihéary était situédu côtédu Cambodge,
n'ont soulevé aucune objection. Il est tout à fait probable que ces
autorités siamoises ont examiné la carte, mais il ne s'ensuit pas
nécessairement qu'elles aient dû remarquer la localisation exacte
du temple. La carte de l'annexe 1 faisait partie d'une sériede onze

cartes et il n'y a aucune raison pour qu'à l'époque elle ait fait
l'objet d'une attention plus particulière. La question du temple
n'avait étésoulevée ni par la France ni par le Siam au cours des
négociations ayant abouti à la convention de 1904 OU, par la suite,
au cours des séancesde la Commission mixte de délimitation. Elle
n'a jamais fait l'objet de discussions entre les deux Parties avant
1908.Au surplus, la carte de l'annexe1 est àl'échellede.1/200 ooome,
ce qui signifie que la distance de 500 mètres qui sépare sur le terrain
la prétendue frontière et la zone du temple correspond sur la carte
à une différencede 2,5 millimètres seulement. Et, comme le temple
est au sommet de l'éperon de Préah Vihéar, le signe qui l'indique
se perd dans une petite partie de la carte au milieu d'un enchevêtre-
ment de courbes de niveau. Mêmesi l'on cherche spécialement ce

signe, il n'est pas du tout facileà trouver. Loin de constituer une
base juridique pour présumer l'acceptation de la carte de l'annexe 1
par le Siam, le motif invoqué n'est qu'une simple conjecture.
20. Il n'y a certainement rien d'extraordinaire à ce que le prince
Damrong ait remercié le ministre de France de lui avoir envoyé
une série de cartes supplémentaire, car il s'agissait évidemment
d'une niarque de courtoisie particulière. Il n'est pas non plus difficile
de comprendre qu'il en ait demandéd'autres sériessupplémentaires
pour les mettre entre les mains des autorités provinciales siamoises,

surtout si l'on se souvient que le Siam ne possédait pas encore à
l'époqueune bonne carte moderne de toute la régionfrontière entre
le Siam et l'Indochine française et que le Gouvernement siamois
avait antérieurement demandé au président de la Commission fran-
çaise qu'une telle carte fût dresséepar les soins des officiers topo-
graphes français. A la lumière de ces faits, j'estime que les remercie-
ments adressés par le prince au ministre de France et sa demande
d'exemplaires supplémentaires n'ont aucune signification particu-
lière et ne sauraient raisonnablement êtreconsidérés commeap-
puyant la présomption juridique d'une acceptation par le Siam de
la frontière indiquée sur la carte de l'annexe 1.

21. En vertu d'une autorisation du ministre des Colonies fran-
çaises datée du 26 mai 1908, le capitaine Tixier a entrepris la
S2of II maps including the Annex 1 map. To the "Members of the
two Commissions" he sent 19 copies, so the Siamese members of
the first Mixed Commission of Delimitation obviously also received
their share of the copies. But this fact, in my view, does not bear
the special significance attributedto it. The said Commission had
ceased to function for more than a year, and its unfinished work
had been taken over by the second Mixed Commission set up under

the Treaty of 1907, so that the Siamese members of the preceding
Commission had no longer any officia1capacity as such. They may
or may not have examined the maps they received, but they cer-
tainly had no obligation to verify the accuracy or inaccuracy of
the maps. Whatever may have been their reaction or attitude,
their silence or neglect could not justly be considered to entai1
responsibility upon the -Siamese Government as evidence of its
tacit acceptance of the Annex 1 map.

22. A "Franco-Siamese Commission for the Transcription of

the Map of the Frontier" was organized in 1909 and held two
meetings to carry out its task. The two Siamese members, while
they performed their part of the common duties, said nothing about
the Annex 1map. Could their silence on these occasions be validly
considered to have a significant bearing upon the principal issue
in the present case? According to the minutes of this body, the
first meeting was held on 25 March 1909 and "the purpose of the
Commission" was stated by Commandant Luang Bhuwanart
Narubal of Siam to be:

"To try to find a system of transcription for adoption by tfe
two countries in order to obviate any misunderstanding arising
from the perusal of maps in which the names were erroneous or
badly spelt. RTiththat object, he had drawn rules for the tran-
scription of Siamese characters in Roman characters and vice
the latter approved it after making a few modifications." (Annex
XLVIII (c) to Cambodian Reply.)

The second meeting took place on 4October 1909 and it is recorded
in its minutes:

"The purpose of the meeting was to determine the main lines
for the production of the general map. In the Protocol signed in
Bangkok on May 1908, followingon the operations of the Com-
missions for the delimitation of the frontier between Indo-China
and Siam, one of the clauses stated that a general map of the new
frontier would be drawn up jointly by French officers and Siamese
officers."(AnnexXLVIII (d) to Cambodian Reply.)

The text of the said Protocol has not been produced, but the nature
of the work of the Transcription Commission is clearly indicated in
the minutes:

83distribution des séries de onze cartes comprenant la carte de l'an-
nexe 1. Comme il en a adressé dix-neuf séries aux (membres des
deux Commissions »,lesmembres siamois de la première Commission
mixte de délimitation ont évidemment reçu leur part. Mais je ne
pense pas que ce fait ait l'importance particulière qu'on veut lui
attribuer. La Commission avait cessé de fonctionner depuis plus
d'un an et son travail inachevé avait étérepris par la seconde

Commission mixte établie en vertu du traité de 1907, si bien que les
membres siamois de la première Commission n'avaient plus de rôle
officiel en tant que tels. Il se peut qu'ils aient examiné ou non les
cartes qu'ils venaient de recevoir, mais ils n'étaient certainement pas
obligésd'en vérifierl'exactitude. Quelle qu'ait pu être leur réaction
ou leur attitude, leur silence ou leur négligence nesauraient êtrelégi-
timement considérés commeayant entraîné la responsabilité du Gou-
vernement siamois et comme prouvant l'acceptation tacite par celui-

ci de la carte de l'annexe 1.
22. Une « Commission franco-siamoise detranscriptionde lacarte
frontière ))instituée en 1909 a tenu deux séances pour accomplir
sa mission. Les deux membres siamois, tout en s'acquittant de leur
part des tâches communes, n'ont rien dit de la carte de l'annexe 1.
Peut-on valablement considérer que le silence observé par eux en

l'occurrence ait des conséquences importantes quant à la principale
question soulevée dans la présente affaire? D'après les procès-
verbaux de la Commission, sa première séance s'est tenue le 25 mars
1909 et c(le but de la Commission » a étédéfinicomme suit par le
commandant siamois Luang Rhuwanart Narubal :

«essayer de trouver un systèmede transcription qui sera adopté par
les deux pays afin d'évitertout malentendu par suite des lectures
des cartes dont les noms sont erronés ou mal écrits. Pour cette
circonstance, il avait rédigé desrèglesde transcription des carac-
tèressiamois en caractèreslatins et réciproquement.11soumet donc
son travail à la Commission française qui approuve en apportant
quelques modifications. 1)(Annexe XLVIII c à la répliquedu Cam-
bodge.)

La deuxième séance a eu lieu le 4 octobre 1909; son procès-verbal
énonce :

«Réunionayant pour but de fixer dans ses grandes lignes l'éta-
blissement de la carte d'ensemble. Dans le protocole signé à Bang-
kok le mai 1908 à la suite des opérationsdes Commissions de
délimitation de la frontière entre 1'Indo-Chineet le Siam, une des
clauses spécifiequ'une carte d'ensemble de la nouvelle frontière
sera dressée en commun par des officiers français et siamois. ))
(AnnexeXLVIII d à la répliquedu Cambodge.)

Le texte de ce protocole n'a pas étésoumis àla Cour, mais le procès-
verbal indique clairement la nature des travaux de la Commission de
transcription :

8386 JUDGM. 15 VI62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)

"The object in view was to make available to officials of the
two nations a document of identical nature, as detailed as the scale
agreed upon would permit, which should do away with the errors
in names that were sofrequent,particularly when a frontierincident
occurred...
The division into sheets as shown on the attached assembly table,
showed that, by producing the maps which are surrounded by a red
line,the wholeofthe abovementioned frontier zonewould be covered
by fifteen sheets and three half-sheets.
The format adopted would give a height of 250 millimetres and
a width of400 millimetres excluding borders and margins, so that
each sheet would represent a portion of territory measuring 125
kilometres x 200 kilometres."(Ibid.)

It is thus seen from the above-quoted passages that the work of the
Commission, both as regards the transcription between Siamese
and Roman characters on the maps and as regards the production
of a general map, was entirely of a technical character to be carried
out jointly by the French and Siamese members, who were appar-
ently al1 experts in the field of cartography. They were not called
upon by their terms of reference to verify the accuracy or inac-
curacy of the frontier line marked on any of the maps they used
in their work nor did they have any good reason to take up the
task of verification on their own initiative. Consequently, the silence
of the Siamese members of the Transcription Commission asto the
line on the Annex 1 map in no way constitutes a substantial reason
to support the contention of Siam's tacit acceptance of the said
line.

23. In 1934-1935, as the result of a survey by her own officers,
Siam discovered for the first time the erroneous location of the
Temple of Preah Vihear on the Cambodian side of the frontier line
as marked on the Annex 1map. On the basis of this fact it is argued
that since she raised no question about the error until 1958, she
must be presumed to have accepted the Annex 1 map as correct.
It is, however, to be recalled that as soon as the relative position
of Siam vis-à-vis French Indo-China became less unbalanced as a
result of the development of world events in 1940, the Siamese
Government posted a Siamese guardian at the Temple to signify

Siam's title of sovereignty over the area. When in 1953 Cambodia
dispatched three guardians of its own to watch the Temple, they
were sent back by the Thai (Siamese) authorities. When in 1954
the Cambodian Minister in Bangkok notified the Thai Minister for
Foreign Affairs of his Government's intention to dispatch a detach-
ment of troops to take possession of the Temple, Thailand at once
sent a unit of its armed frontier police to the area in order to
forestall the contemplated action of the Cambodian Government.
These positive acts clearly evidence the absence of any intention
on the part of Siam or Thailand to acquiesce in or accept the said ARRÊT 15 VI 62 (OP. DISS. M. WELLINGTON KOO) 86

(Le but poursuivi est de mettre aux mains des fonctionnaires des
deux nations, un document de mêmenature, aussi détailléque le
permet l'échelle admiseet supprimant les erreurs d'appellation si
fréquentes,surtout lorsque se produit un incident de frontière...
La division en feuilles indiquée sur le tableau d'assemblage
ci-joint montre qu'en confectionnant celles qui sont encadréesde
rouge, la zone frontière précitée seratoute entière comprise dans
quinze feuilles et trois demi-feuilles.
Le format adopté sera de 250 millimètresen hauteur sur 400 en
largeur sans les cadres et blancs, ce qm représente pour chacune
une portion de territoire de 125kilomètressur 200.))(Ibid.)

Il ressort donc des passages qui viennent d'être cités que, tant
pour les transcriptions entre caractères siamois et latins sur les
cartes que pour l'établissement d'une carte générale,la tâche de la
Commission avait un caractère tout àfait technique et qu'elle devait
êtreexécutée conjointement par les membres français et siamois,
apparemment tous experts en matière de cartographie. Le mandat
de la Commission ne consistait pas à vérifier l'exactitude de la
frontière indiquée sur les cartes dont elle se servait dans son travail

et elle n'avait aucun motif d'entreprendre cette tâche de vérifi-
cation de sa propre initiative. En conséquence, le silence des mem-
bres siamois de la Commission de transcription quant à la ligne
indiquée sur la carte de l'annexe 1 ne constitue en aucune manière
un motif réeld'appuyer la thèse de l'acceptation tacite decette ligne
par le Siam.

23. En 1934-1935, à la suite d'un levé effectué par ses propres
officiers, le Siam a découvert pour la première fois que le temple
était erronément situé du côté cambodgien de la frontière tracée
sur la carte de l'annexe 1. Sur la base de ce fait, il est dit que,
puisque ce pays n'a soulevé la question de l'erreur qu'en 1958, on
doit présumer qu'il a accepté la carte de l'annexe 1 comme exacte.
Mais il faut rappeler que, dès que la position du Siam à l'égard de
l'Indochine française est devenue moins inégale par suite du dé-
roulement des événements mondiaux à partir de 1940, le Gouverne-

ment siamois a installé un gardien siamois auprès du temple en
vue de signifier son titre de souveraineté sur la zone. Quand, en
1953, le Cambodge a envoyé trois gardiens surveiller le temple, les
autorités thaïlandaises (siamoises) les ont renvoyés. Lorsqu'en 1954
le ministre du Cambodge à Bangkok a informé le ministre des
Affaires étrangères de Thaïlande que son Gouvernement avait
l'intention d'envoyer des élémentsde troupes prendre possession
du + AL;1-.la Thaïlande a immédiatement envoyé dans la zone une
unité de sa police frontalière armée en vue de devancer l'action
envisagée par le Gouvernement cambodgien. Ces actes positifs

prouvent clairement l'absence de toute intention d'entériner ou87 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
map line.

24. Importance is also attached to the Treaties of 14 February
1925 and 7 December 1937 and the Settlement Agreement of
17 November 1946 as further confirmation of the frontier line in the
Dangrek shown on the Annex 1 map. But an examination of the
relevant provisions of these instruments fails to bear out the asser-
tion. Article 2 of the 1925 Treaty states:

"The High Contracting Parties confirmand reciprocally guarantee
to respect the frontiers established between their territories by
virtue of and in conformity with the provisionsofformeragreements
and maintained by Article 27 of the present Treaty";
and the relevant portion of this Article 27 reads:

"It shall also annul as from the same date the other treaties,
conventions and agreements concluded between France and Siam
with the exception, however, of the clauses regarding the definition
3, 1893,the Convention of February 13, 1904,theTreaty of MarchOctober
23, 1907and the Protocol annex thereto) ..."

Again, Article 22 of the 1937 Treaty states:
"The present Treaty shall, as from the date of its entryinto force,
replace the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation con-
cluded at Bangkok on February 14th, 1925. It shall also annul,
as from the same date, the other Treaties, Conventions and Agree-
ments concluded between Siam and France, with the exception,
'however, of the clauses relating to the definition and demilitation
of the frontiers, the guarantee in respect thereof, and the demili-
tarization of the Mekongfrontier (contained in theTreaty of October
3rd, 1893, the Convention of February 13th, 1904, the Treaty of
March qrd, 1907and the Protocol annexed thereto, and the Treaty
of February 14th, 1925) ..."

It can be seen from the foregoing provisions that the confirmation
is of a general character, and refers to the whole body of territorial
settlements determined by the previous treaties still in force.
Nothing is said therein about the particular frontier line in the
Dangrek marked on the Annex 1map. Indeed, the question of this
confirmation appears clearly to have been only an incidental one
because the main subjects of negotiation related to quite different
subjects, as the titles of both instruments indicate,namely,Treaties
of "Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Siam and
France".

25. It is argued that if Siam had considered the Temple of Preah
Vihear to have been incorrectly placed on the Cambodian side of
the frontier line shown on the map Annex 1, she should have made
a reservation to that effect in the Treaties of 1925 and 1937, the
Settlement Agreement of 1946 and the Report of the Commission
in 1947, because al1 these instruments confirmed or restored the

85 IRRÊT 15 VI 62 (OP. DISS. M. WELLINGTON KOO) 87

d'accepter la frontière de la carte de la part du Siam ou de la
Thaïlande.
24. Il est également attaché de l'importance aux traités du
14 février 1925 et du 7 décembre 1937 et à l'accord de règlement
du 17 novembre 1946 comme confirmant la frontière des Dangrek
indiquée sur la carte de l'annexe 1. Mais l'examen des dispositions
pertinentes de ces instruments n'appuie pas cette manière de voir.

L'article 2 du traité de 1925 énonce:
cLes Hautes Parties contractantes confirment, en s'en garan-
tissant le respect réciproque, les frontières établies entre leurs
territoires en vertu et en conformité des stipulations des accords
antérieurs maintenuespar l'article27 du présentTraité n;

et la partie pertinente de l'article27 est ainsi conçue
(Il annulera, en outre,à dater du mêmejour, les autres traités,
conventions et arrangements passésentre la France et le Siam,
exception faite, toutefois, des clauses relativàsla définitionetà
la délimitationdes frontières(contenues dans le traité du 3 octobre
1893,la convention du 13 février1904,le traité du 23 mars 1907et
son protocole annexe) ..))

De même,l'article 22 du traité de 1937 dispose:
(Le présenttraité sera, àpartir de la date de sa mise en vigueur,
substitué au traité d'amitié,de commerce et de navigation conclu
à Bangkok le 14 février 1925 Il annulera, en outre, à dater du
mêmejour, les autres traités, conventions et arrangements passés
entre la France et le Siam, exception faite toutefois des clauses
relativesà la définitionet à la délimitation des frontières,à leur
garantie etàla démilitarisationdela frontièredu Mékong(contenues
dans le traité du3 octobre 1893,la convention du 13 février1904,
le traité du23 mars 1907 et son protocole annexe et le traité du
14 février1925) ..))

On peut déduire des dispositions qui précèdent que la confirma-
tion a un caractère généralet qu'elle vise l'ensemble des règlements
territoriaux effectués par des traités antérieurs encore en vigueur.
Il n'est pas question de la frontière des Dangrek marqueé sur la
carte de l'annexe 1.En réalité,cette confirmation semble bien n'avoir
eu qu'un caractère fortuit, car les négociations avaient pourprincipal
objet des questions'tout à fait différentes ainsi que l'indique le titre
des deux traités, à savoir traités ((d'amitié, de commerce et de
navigation entre le Siam et la France ».

25. Il est dit que, si le Siam jugeait que le temple de Préah
Vihéar était inexactement situé du côtécambodgien de la frontière
tracée sur la carte de l'annexe 1, il aurait dû formuler une réserve
à cet égard dans les traités de 1925 et de 1937, dans l'accord de
règlement de 1946 et dans le rapport de la Commission de 1947,

car tous ces instruments confirment ou rétablissent les règlements
85 88 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
territorial settlements stipulated inthe earlier Treaties, including
the Treaty of 1904 and the frontier lines delimited by the Mixed
Commission set up under the said Treaty; and that her failure to
do so must be regarded as evidence of her tacit acceptance of the
frontier line on the Annex 1 map.

26. As has been pointed out earlier, the said confirmation is
entirely of a general and incidental character. The two Treaties
of 1925 and 1937 deal principally and almost exclusively with the
questions of "Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between
Siam and France". Of the 29 Articles and 2 Protocols of the Treaty
of 1925, only Articles 2 and 27 relate to the confirmation of the
definition and delimitation of the frontiers provided for in the former
Treaties. The Treaty of 1937 contains 24 Articles,I Protocol and
6 Exchanges of Notes, but only one of them, Article 22, provides
for the said confirmation. These two occasions could hardly be
regarded as appropriate for making a reservation as to the question

of sovereignty over the Temple area. There is no evidence to show
that in 1925 Siam had already found out that the Temple was
incorrectly located, and, even assuming it had, it would still appear
reasonable to ask whether the occasion, such as it was, was one
which would normally have called for or justified a reservation of
the character stated. By 1937 Siam's own survey department had,
in 1934-1935, as already noted, discovered the mistake as regards
the location of the Temple on the Annex 1map, but the circum-
stance in which the Treaty of 1937 was negotiated was not so
different from that of the1925 Treaty as to warrant a reservation.
27. Moreover, the two bilateral instruments referred to above
could not have been intended, and certainly they do not stipulate,
to cure any inherent defect in any of the previous Treaties, proto-
cols annexed to them, and agreements relating to territorial settle-
ments and delimitations of boundary lines. This observation applies

even with greater force to a document unattached to any of the
said instruments such asthe map Annex 1.By their general language
they simply confirm these instruments as they stand with their
perfections and imperfections; they detract nothing from their
contents nor add anything to them. The fact that the Annex 1 map
was not approved by the Mixed Commission of Delimitation set
up under the Treaty of 1904 still stands as a pertinent fact, and
its lack of a treaty character remains true today.
28. The Settlement Agreement of 1946 was negotiated and con-
cluded at the request of France for the purpose of restoring the
status quo ante in regard to the whole boundary line between
French Indo-China and Siam prior to the Convention of Tokio
of g May 1941. In fact it provided for the abrogation of the said
convention and for the restoration in totoof the territorial settle-
ments confirmed in the Treaties of 1925 and 1937. If this act of
restoration is to be regarded as an act of confirmation of the terri-

86territoriaux prévuspar les précédentstraités, y compris la conven-
tion de 1904 et les frontières délimitéespar la Commission mixte
établie envertu de cette convention; le fait de n'avoir pas agi ainsi
devrait donc être considéré commeune preuve de l'acceptation
tacite par le Siam de la frontière tracée sur la carte de l'annexe 1.
26. Ainsi que je viens de le souligner, la confirmation est tout
à fait généraleet fortuite. Les deux traités d1925 et de1937 visent
principalement et presque exclusivement les questions ((d'amitié,
de commerce et de navigation entre le Siam et la France )).Des
vingt-neuf articles et des deux protocoles du traité de 1925, seuls

les articles2 et 27 portent confirmation de la définition et de la
délimitation des frontières prévues dans les précédentstraités. Le
traité de 1937 contient vingt-quatre articles, un protocole et six
échanges de notes, mais seul l'article 22 a un caractère confirma-
tif. On ne peut guère voir là deux occasions de faire des réserves
au sujet de la souveraineté sur la zone du temple. Pour 1925, il
n'est pas prouvé que le Siam eût déjà constatéque le temple était
inexactement situé et, mêmedans cette hypothèse, il semblerait
encore raisonnable de se demander si l'occasion qui se présentait
était de celles qui auraient normalement appelé ou justifié une
réserve dans le sens indiqué. En 1937, le Service géographique
siamois avait découvert depuis 1934-1935, comme je l'ai déjàindi-
qué,l'erreur de la carte de l'annexe 1 au sujet de la localisation du
temple, mais les circonstances dans lesquelles le traité de 1937 a
éténégocié n'étaient pas suffisamment différentes de celles du traité
de 1925 pour justifier une réserve.

27. Au surplus, les deux actes bilatéraux en questionne peuvent
avoir eu pour objet de réparer les défauts inhérents aux traités
antérieurs, aux protocoles annexés à ces traités et aux accords
concernant les règlements territoriaux et les délimitations de fron-
tières; en tout cas, ils ne stipulent rien en ce sens. Cette remarque
s'applique a fortiorià un document qui, comme la carte de l'annexe
1, n'est annexé à aucun de ces instruments. Par leurs termes géné-
raux, ils se bornent à confirmer lesdits instruments avec leurs per-
fections et leurs imperfections; ils n'ajoutent ni ne retranchent quoi
que ce soit à leur contenu. Le fait que la carte de l'annexe 1 n'ait
pas étéapprouvée par la Commission mixte de délimitation établie
en vertu de la convention de 1904 demeure pertinent et le fait

qu'ellen'ait pas eu de caractère conventionnelreste vrai aujourd'hui.
28. L'accord de règlement de 1946 a éténégociéet conclu à la
demande de la France en vue de restaurer pour toutes les frontières
entre l'Indochine française et le Siam le statu quo antérieur à la
convention de Tokyo du 9 mai 1941. En fait, il prévoit l'abrogation
de cette convention et le rétablissement intégral des règlements
territoriaux confirméspar les traités de 1925 et de 1937. Si pareil
rétablissement doit être considéré commeune confirmation des
règlements territoriaux effectuéspar la convention de 1904, il ne

8689 JUDGM. 15VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)

torial Settlements effected 5y the Treaty of 1904, it certainly
amounts to no more than what is confirmed by the Treaties or
1925 and 1937.
29. The Report of the Conciliation Commission was issued i
1947after Siam and France had respectivelyargued for and again
certain territoriachanges proposed by the former, the Siame
claim aiming to recover certain whole provinces from Franct
It would have been out of place for the Siamese Government to
raise, on that occasion, the question of çovereignty over the small

piece of territory as the Temple area, the more so, since this ques-
tion was not in issue at the time. Moreover, the Temple continued
to be watched by a Siamese guardian since 1940. In view of this
fact, it would seem to have been more appropriate for France to
rnake a reservation or protest at the time, but none was made
either.
30. The fact that the Siamese Royal Survey Department pro-
duced a map in 1937 showing Preah Vihear as lying in Cambodia
is, inmy view, of no significance as regards the question of Thai-
land's attitude to the Annex 1 map. As explained by Counçel
for Thailand, it was intended for use by the Siamese military
authorities. It is nothing unusual that in the privacy of a country's

own survey department maps of any kind, of whatever origin,
should have been reproduced for its own use either for their scale
and useful details or for other reasons.

31. Thailand's use of a map before the Franco-Siamese Commis-
sion of Conciliation in 1947, in which the Temple of Preah Vihear
is located on the Cambodian side, may appear striking at first
sight. But it has no more significance than the map of 1937 just
considered, when the circumstances in which it was used are taken
into account. As has been stated earlier, Thailand's case before the
Commission consisted of claims the chief of which was for retro-
cession from France of several entire provinces which she had
reluctantly yielded to her mainly in 1904-1907, and the map was
obviously used to indicate their location and limits. The question
of the Temple of Preah Vihear was not in issue, since to raise this
question at the time, involving the territorial sovereignty of an area
of the size covered by the mins of this sanctuary along with Thai-

land's principal claim for the retrocession of several provinces would
obviouslyhave appearedincongruous and out of place. The occasion,
as has been noted earlier, was clearlynot a compelling or appropriate
one for this purpose.
32. The incident of a visit of Prince Damrong to the Temple of
Preah Vihear in January 1930 and the presence of the French
Resident of the neighbouring Cambodian province of Kompong
Thom on the scene in his officia1uniform with decorations and the
appearance of the French flag on a pole in front of his own pavilion

87 ARRÊT 15 VI62 (OP. DISS. M. WELLINGTON KOO) 89

vise certainement rien de plus que ce qui est confirmépar les traités
de 1925 et de 1937.

29. Le rapport de la Commission de conciliation a étéétabIi en
1947, aprèsque le Siam et la France eurent respectivement défendu
et combattu certains changements territoriaux proposéspar le Siam

en vue de reprendre à la France des provinces entières. Il aurait été
déplacé dela part du Gouvernement siamois de soulever en l'occur-
rence la question de la souveraineté sur une portion de territoire
aussi restreinte que la zone du temple, d'autant plus que cette
question n'était pas en cause à l'époque. Au surplus, le temple a
toujours été sous la surveillance d'un gardien siamois depuis 1940.
Dans ces conditions, il aurait été plus approprié à l'époque que ce
fût la France qui formulât une réserveou une contestation, mais elle
n'en a rien fait.

30. Le fait que le Service géographique royal siamois ait publié
en 1937 une carte indiquant Préah Vihéar enterritoire cambodgien
est à mon avis sans importance en ce qui concerne l'attitude de la
Thaïlande à l'égardde la carte de l'annexe 1. Ainsi que l'a exposé
le conseil de la Thaïlande, cette carte était destinée à l'usage des
autorités militaires siamoises. Il n'y a rien d'anormal à ce qu'au
sein du service géographique d'un pays des cartes de toute sorte,
de toute origine, soient reproduites à l'usage interne en raison de
leur échelleet des détailsutiles qu'elles contiennent ou pour d'autres
motifs.

31. L'emploi par la Thaïlande, devant la Commission de conci-
liation franco-siamoise de 1947, d'une carte indiquant Préah Vihéar
en territoire cambodgien peut apparaître à première vue comme
frappant. Mais, si l'on tient compte des circonstances dans lesquelles
il s'est produit, il n'a pas plus d'importance que la publication de
la carte de 1937 dont je viens de faire état. Comme je l'ai déjà
indiqué, la Thaïlande présentait à la Commission des demandes
dont la principale visait la restitutionpar la France de plusieurs
provinces entières cédéesde mauvais gré, surtout en 1904-1907, et
la carte a évidemment étéutilisée pour indiquer la position et les
limites de ces provinces. La question du temple de Préah Vihéar
n'était pas en cause; en effet, alors que la demande principale de
laThaïlande tendait à la restitution de plusieurs provinces, il aurait

sembléincongru et déplacé de soulever la question de la souverai-
neté territoriale sur une zone aussi restreinte que celle qui est
couverte par les ruines du sanctuaire. Comme je l'ai déjà noté, il
est clair que l'occasion n'était ni impérative ni appropriée pour cela.
32. On considère comme particulièrement important l'incident
de la visite du temple de Préah Vihéarfaite par le prince Damrong
en janvier 1930, le résident français dans la province cambodgienne
de Kompong Thom s'étant rendu sur les lieux en uniforme officiel
et avec ses décorations et ayant fait flotter les couleurs françaises

8790 JUDGM. 15 VI62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
is regarded as particularly significant. But the facts are simple and

do not support the claim of significance assigned to it. The Prince
then was no longer Minister of the Interior; he was President of the
Royal Institute of Siam with duties connected with the National
Library and archaeology. He made the trip to Preah Vihear in the
latter capacity, accompanied by his three daughters and a suite of
officials. The French Resident had with him his assistant and the
noted French archaeologist Henri Parmentier. When the parties
met on the Temple grounds, speeches of welcome and thanks were
exchanged and toasts were drunk. The Resident said he had come
to present the compliments of the Superior Resident and his own
to the Prince for his "reputation as a sincere friend of France
and her subjects and protégés"and also as a well-known archaeo-
logist. No allusion was made by the French Resident to any ques-
tion about the territorial sovereignty over the Temple, though
Parmentier, speaking as a fellow archaeologist and extolling
the fame of the Prince for his interest in archaeology, referred to

the Temple as "another of the monuments of Our Cambodia"
(Annex LI11 b to Cambodian Reply). The Prince, in his reply, said
that "he had come to see the Temple and had nothing to do with
politics".

33. According to a statement of his daughter who accompanied
him on the visit, he suggested to the French officer "to get out of his

uniform". The display of his national flag by a foreign official,
even by a private Occidental, was not an uncommon sight in an
Asiatic country during that epoch; it may or may not have displeas-
ed the Prince. There was no clear cause for the Prince to make
a protest at the time or to ask his Government to lodge one in Bang-
kok, though in the affidavit of one of his daughters who was with
the Prince during this visit, it is stated that he privately considered
the hoisting of the French flag at the place of their meeting and
the donning of his officia1 uniform by the French officer to be
"impudent". The despatch of a letter of thanks and some photo-
graphs taken during his visit by Prince Damrong to the French
Minister for transmission to the French authorities in Indo-China
meant no more than a customary act of Oriental courtesy. In a
word, the incident viewed in the light of the available evidence and
the then prevailing conditions in Siam-and, in fact, in other

parts of Asia-did not have the meaning and significance sought
to be inferred from it.

34. It is of course an undisputed fact that both the pavilion in
which the French Resident and his associates spent the night and
the flag pole on which was hoisted the French national flag had
been put up specially for the temporary purpose of welcoming the

Siamese Prince. In view of this fact, taken together with the other
88 ARRÊT 15 VI 62 (OP. DISS. M. WELLINGTON KOO)
90
au sommet d'un mât planté en face de sa sala. Mais les faits sont
simples et ne justifient pas l'importance qu'on veut leur attribuer.
Le prince n'étaitplus alors ministre del'Intérieur; il présidait 1'Ins-
titut royal du Siam et ses fonctions se rapportaient à la biblio-
thèque nationale et à l'archéologie. C'est à ce dernier titre qu'il

s'est rendu à Préah Vihéar avec ses trois filles et une suite de
dignitaires. Le résident français était accompagné de son adjoint
et d'un archéologue français connu, Henri Parmentier. Lorsque
les deux groupes se sont retrouvés dans le domaine du temple, des
allocutions de bienvenue et des remerciements ont étééchangéset
des toasts ont été portés. Le résident a déclaréqu'il était venu,
au nom du résident supérieur et en son nom propre, présenter des
compliments au prince en raison de sa ((réputation d'ami sincère
de la France, de ses sujets et protégés ))et aussi en sa qualité

d'archéologuebien connu. Le résident français n'a fait aucune allu-
sion à aucune question touchant à la souveraineté territoriale sur
le temple, mais Parmentier, parlant à titre de collèguearchéologue
et vantant l'intérêt connudu prince pour l'archéologie,a cité le
temple comme ((un des autres monuments de notre Cambodge 1).
(Annexe LI11 b à la réplique du Cambodge.) En réponse, le prince
a déclaré (qu'il était venu voir le temple et ne s'occupait pas de
politique 1).

33. D'après une déclaration de sa fille, qui l'accompagnait au
cours de la visite, il suggéré aufonctionnaire français de (quitter
son uniforme N.Qu'un fonctionnaire étranger, ou mêmeune per-
sonne privée de race occidentale, fît flotter son pavillon national,
cela n'avait à l'époque riend'extraordinaire dans un pays d'Asie;

cela a pu déplaire ou non au prince. Mais ce n'était pas clairement
pour lui un motif de faire sur-le-champ une protestation ou de
demander à son Gouvernement d'en formuler une à Bangkok, bien
qu'en son for intérieur, selon la déclaration sous serment de l'une
de ses filles qui l'accompagnait au cours de la visite, il considérât
comme des marques d'impudence la présence du drapeau français
sur les lieux de la rencontre et le port d'un uniforme officielpar le
fonctionnaire français. L'envoi par le prince Damrong au ministre
de France, pour transmission aux autorités françaises d'Indochine,

d'une lettre de remerciements et de photographies prises au cours
de la visite, n'a représentérien de plus qu'un acte normal de cour-
toisie orientale. En un mot, si l'on se réfèreaux preuves disponibles
et aux conditions qui prévalaient alors au Siam - et en fait dans
d'autres parties de l'Asie --, l'incident n'a pas eu la signification et
l'importance qu'on veut lui attribuer.

34. Bien entendu, il n'est pas contesté que la sala dans laquelle
le résident français et ses compagnons ont passéla nuit et le mât
au sommet duquel les couleurs françaises ont étéhisséesaient été
installés spécialement et temporairement en vue d'accueillir le
prince siamois. A la lumière de ce fait et des autres circonstances

ssrelated circumstances referred to above, it may be reasonable to
presume that the French officer'spresence had been intended to
assert French authority or Cambodia's sovereignty over the Temple
area and that the Prince or the Siamese Government must have
regarded the episode in itself as constituting a sufficient cause for
protest. However, even if this presumption is correct, it does not
necessarily follow that they should not have waited for a more
propitious occasion to make one than in the actual circumstances
prevailing at the time. The reason why "he did not ask the Govern-
ment to lodge a protest" was eloquently stated by his daughter,
Princess Phun Phitsamai Diskul, who went with him during the
visit to the Temple, to be as follows:

"It wasgenerallyknownat the time that we onlygivethe French
an excuseto seizemore temtory by protesting. Things had been
likethatsincetheycameintotheriverChaoPhya withtheirgunboats
and their seizureof Chanthaburi."

In view of the history of the relations between Siam and French
Indo-China at the time and earlier dunng the preceding decades,
the Princess's explanation seems natural and reasonable. It was a
situation not peculiar to Siam. It was, generally speaking, the
common experience of most Asiatic States in their intercourse
with the Occidental Powers during this period of colonial expansion.

35. Thailand's failure to reply to the four notes addressed by the
French Legation in Bangkok to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at
first enquiring about the presence of Thai guardians at the Temple
of Preah Vihear, later stating that the ruins of this sanctuary
were "indubitably situated in the territory of Cambodia", asking
that measures should be taken to put an end to the situation, and
setting out the French point of view as to the historical and legal
aspects of the frontier question, is regarded as another ground for

presuming Thailand's tacit acceptance of the boundary line marked
on themap in question. What were the actual considerations which
induced the Siamese Government to refrain from replying to the
notes in question is not known. But whatever they were, whether
it was because the French claim was clearly based on an error in
relying on the Protocol attached to the Treaty of 1907 or it was
because Siam had always regarded the Annex 1 map as of no bind-
ing character, or for any other reason, her consistent attitude and
conduct during the five decades since 1904 in respect of her title
to sovereignty over the Temple area are facts which clearly refute
the presumption. Moreover, it will be recalled, as Prince Naradhip
stated at the time of negotiations with the Cambodian plenipo-
tentiaries in 1958, that the Thai guardians of the Temple had re-
mained on post since 1940. This is a significant fact to be noted; it

89 ARRÊT 15 VI 62 (OP. DISS. M. WELLINGTON KOO)
9I
connexes mentionnéesplus haut, il peut êtreraisonnable de présumer
que la présence du fonctionnaire français a eu pour but d'affirmer
l'autorité de la France ou la souveraineté du Cambodge sur la zone
du temple et que le prince ou le Gouvernement siamois ont dû
effectivement considérer l'incident comme offrant un motif suffisant
de protestation. Mais, mêmesi cette hypothèse est exacte, il ne

s'ensuit pas qu'ils n'auraient pas dû attendre pour protester une
occasion plus propice que celle que leur offraient les circonstances
de fait de l'époque. La raison pour laquelle le prince «n'a pas
demandé au Gouvernement de formuler une protestation » a été
éloquemment indiquée dans les termes suivants par sa fille, la
princesse Phun Phitsamai Diskul, qui a visitéle temple avec lui:

«Il étaitde notoriétépublique à l'époque qu'enprotestant nous
ne ferions que donner aux Français une excuse pour saisir encore
plus de territoires. Les chosess'étaientpassées dela sorte depuis
qu'ils avaient fait remonter leurs canonnièresdans la rivière de
Chao Phya et qu'ils avaient saisi Chantaboun.))

Étant donné l'histoire des relations entre le Siam et l'Indochine
francaise à l'époqueet au cours des décenniesprécédentes,l'expli-
cationde la princesse semble naturelle et raisonnable. Cette situation
n'était pas particulière au Siam. C'était d'une manière généralele
sort commun de la plupart des Etats d'Asie dans leurs relations

avec les Puissances occidentales au cours de cette périoded'expan-
sion coloniale.
35. Le fait que la Thaïlande n'ait pas répondu aux quatre notes
adressées au ministère des Affaires étrangères par la légation de
France à Bangkok, pour solliciter tout d'abord desinformations sur

la présenceau temple de Préah Vihéarde gardiens thaïlandais, puis
pour dire que les ruines du sanctuaire cse trouvent incontestable-
ment en territoire khmer »,pour demander que soient prises des
mesures destinées àmettre fin àcette situation et enfin pour exposer
le point de vue de la France sur les aspects historiques et juridiques
de la question des frontières, est considéré commeun autre motif de
présumer l'acceptation tacite par la Thaïlande de la frontière
indiquée sur la carte en cause. On ignore les raisons exactes qui ont
amené le Gouvernement siamois à ne pas répondre à ces notes.
Mais, quoi qu'il en soit, que cela ait étéparce que la demande
française faisait nettement erreur en se fondant sur le protocole
annexé au traité de 1907 ou parce que le Siam avait toujours

considéréla carte de l'annexe 1 comme sans caractère obligatoire
ou pour toute autre raison, l'attitude et le comportement constants
du Siam à l'égard de sontitre de souveraineté sur la zone du temple
pendant les cinquante années postérieures à 1904 sont des faits
qui réfutent dairement cette présomption. Il convient au surplus
de rappeler que, comme l'a dit le prince Naradhip lors des négocia-
tions avec les plénipotentiaires cambodgiens en 1958, les gardiens

89indicates the true intention and attitude of Thailand in respect
of the question of sovereignty over the Temple area.

III

36. Since Cambodia's claim of sovereignty over the area in
which the Temple of Preah Vihear is situated is based upon an
alleged treaty character of the Annex 1 map which shows its loca-
tion of the Temple on the Cambodian side of the frontier line marked
thereon, and since the said map has been shown to be devoid in
this character, it is important toonsider the comparative attitude
and conduct of the two Parties as tending to throw light on their
respective intentions in regard to the question of sovereignty over
the Temple.

37. With reference to this point, Cambodia has produced a num-
ber of documents and photographs relating to the "administrative
tours" of the Governor of Kompong Thom "to Preah Vihear"
and to the visits ofseveral foreign missions, accompanied by him,
to the Temple. According to the dates stated therein. al1 these
visits and tours took place during the term of office of Governor
Suon Bonn who also testified at the hearing. In other words, it

was from 1948 to 1953. The more important of the documents
submitted include a decree of the Governor-General of Indo-China
of 16 May 1925 relating to the classification of the historic monu-
ments and including the Temple of Preah Vihear among them
(Annex XII to Memorial), a report of Commandant Lunet de La-
jonquière in 1907-1908 on the ancient monuments, including the
Temple of Preah Vihear, published in the Bulletin of the drchaeolo-
gical Commission of Indo-China in 1909, in which he stated:
"The last delimitation of the frontiers attributes Preah Vihear,
which is studied in that work under No. 398, to France." (Cam-
bodia'sXnnex LXXXVI.)

38. Thailand, on her part, has filed with the Court a number of
affidavits and copies of original documents as evidence of acts of
administrative control by Siamese authorities in exercise of sov-
ereigntyin the area in which the Temple of Preah Vihear is situated.
These acts relate, among other matters, to the building of roads
to the foot of Mount Preah Vihear, the collection of taxes by
Siamese revenue officers on the rice fields of Mount Preah Vihear,
the grant of permits to cut timber in the area, the visits and in-
spections by Siamese forestry officers, the taking of an officia1
inventory in 1931of ancient monuments which included the Temple

of Preah Vihear, the visit of the Under-Secretary of the Ministry
of the Interior in 1924-1925 and the visit of Prince Damrong in
1930, both visits including the Temple of Preah Vihear.
90thaïlandais du temple étaient à leur poste depuis 1940 C'est là un
fait important à noter; il indique quelles ont étévéritablement les
intentions et l'attitude de la Thaïlande en matière de souveraineté
sur la zone du temple.

III

36. Puisque la revendication de souveraineté du Cambodge sur
la zone où est situé le temple de Préah Vihéar est fondée sur le
prétendu caractère conventionnel de la carte de l'annexe 1,laquelle

situe le temple du côtécambodgien de la frontière qui y est tracée,
et puisqu'il est prouvé que cette carte n'a pas de caractère con-
ventionnel, il importe de comparer l'attitude et la conduite des
deux Parties comme pouvant éclairerleursintentions respectives en
matière de souveraineté sur le temple.

37. Sur ce point, le Cambodge a produit un certain nombre de

documents et de photographies relatifs aux (tournées administra-
tives à Préah Vihéar »du gouverneur de Kompong Thom et aux
visites de plusieurs missions étrangères accompagnées par lui
jusqu'au temple. D'après les dates indiquées, toutes ces visites et
tournéesont eu lieu àl'époqueoù le gouverneur était M. Suon Bonn,
qui a également déposéen audience comme témoin. En d'autres
termes, elles se sont produites entre 1948 et 1953. Parmi les plus
importants documents présentés figurent un arrêtédu gouverneur
généralde l'Indochine du 16 mai 1925 portant classement de monu-
ments historiques, parmi lesquels le temple de Préah Vihéar
(annexe XII au mémoire),et un rapport du commandant Lunet de

Lajonquiëre de 1907-1908 sur des monuments antiques, dont le
temple de Préah Vihéar, rapport qui a paru dans le Bulletin de la
Commission archéologiquede l'Indochine de 1909 et où il est dit:
(La dernière délimitationde frontièresattribue à la France le
Preah-Vihear, étudié dansl'ouvrage sous le no 398. » (Annexe
LXXXVI du Cambodge.)

38. De son côté, la Thaïlande a déposéauprès de la Cour un
certain nombre de déclarations sous serment et de copies de docu-
ments originaux prouvant que les autorités siamoises ont accompli
des actes de contrôle administratif dans l'exercice de leur souverai-
neté sur la zone où est situé le temple. Ces actes concernent, entre
autres questions, la construction de routes jusqu'au pied de la
montagne de PréahVihéar,la perception d'impôts par des fonction-

naires fiscaux siamois sur les rizières de la montagne de Préah
Vihéar, l'octroi de concessions de coupe de bois dans la zone,
des visites et inspections de fonctionnaires siamois des eaux et
forêts,l'établissement en 1931 d'un inventaire officiel des monu-
ments anciens comprenant le temple de PréahVihéaret les tournées
du sous-secrétaire d'Etat à l'Intérieur (1924-1925) et du prince
9093 JUDGM. 15 VI62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLIKGTOK KOO)

39. Itis difficult to find substance in the argument which rejects

Siam's positive acts of administrative control in the disputed area
as evidence of conduct as sovereign for the alleged reason that
these acts were performed by local or provincial authorities in
contradiction with the consistent and undeviating attitude of the
central Siamese authorities to the frontier line as mapped. This is
an assumption refuted by the facts as shown. Moreover, adminis-
trative acts in the Mount Preah Vihear area, on which the Temple
of the same name is situated, must necessarily have been performed
by local officialsas they were in otherareas-acts such as collecting
taxes, building roads, inspecting the forests, etc. They carried out
these duties under the supervision of the Governor of Khukhan
Province upon whom they depended for orders. The Governor
himself was appointed by the King of Siam and was responsible to
the Government in Bangkok. He not only had to submit periodic
reports of his administration to the central government but also to

carry out its instructions. The correspondence relating to the visit
of the Deputy Minister of the Interior to his Province on an
inspection tour in 1925 (Annexes 37 a-37 i to Counter-Memorial)
and a like visit of Prince Damrong in 1930 (Annexes39 a, 39 b and
39 c to Counter-Memorial), both visits including the Temple of
Preah Vihear, shows further that the central government was in
ciose contact with the provincial authorities, who in turn kept in
close touch with the local officials. The "report of H.R.H. Krom
Phra Nakhonsawan Woraphinit to His Majesty the King" in 1926
on the results of his inspection tour of the provinces is particulariy
illuminating. There can be little doubt that the acts of adininis-
trative control performed by the local authorities in the Temple
area, far from contradicting any attitude of acquiescence in the
said frontier line, reflect and confirm the consistent belief of the
central Siamese government that the said area was under the
sovereignty of Siam. In this connection it is pertinent to quote a

particularly significant passage in the report of His Royal Highness
just mentioned :

"The Governor[of Khukhan] informedme that in the area of the
District Officef South Sangkha within the frontiermountain there
is a stone temple on fiveelevations which is very big and beautiful,
called Phra Viharn. (In the French map it is called Preah Vihear.)
This stone temple is within Ourterritory." (Annex 22 to Counter-
Memorial.)

40. The belief that the Temple of Preah Vihear is within Siamese
territory has not been confined to the prince alone but entertained
generally by the Siamese central and local authorities. It is well

91 ARRÊT 15 VI 62 (OP. DISS. M. WELLINGTON KOO) 93

Damrong (1930) qui ont toutes deux compris une visite du temple
de Préah Vihéar.
39. Il est difficile d'admettre l'argument consistant à ne pas
considérer commepreuves de sa conduite en tant quJEtat souverain
les actes positifs de contrôle administratif accomplis par le Siam

dans la zone contestée, pour le prétendu motif qu'il s'agirait d'actes
accomplis par des autorités locales ou provinciales en contradiction
avec l'attitude immuable et constante des autorités centrales sia-
moises à l'égardde la frontière tracée sur la carte. Cette hypothèse
est réfutéepar les faits que je viens de rappeler. Au surplus, les
actes administratifs accomplis dans la zone de la montagne de
PréahVihéar,sur laquelle est situéle temple du mêmenom, doivent
nécessairement avoir étéaccomplis par des fonctionnaires locaux,

comme l'étaient dans d'autres régions des activités telles que la
perception d'impôts, la construction de routes, l'inspection des
forêts. etc.Ces tâches ont étéexécutées sousla direction du gouver-
neur de la province de Khukhan, dont dépendaient lesdits fcnction-
naires locaux. Le gouverneur, nommé lui-mêmepar le roi de Siam,
était responsable devant le gouvernement de Bangkok. Il devait
non seulement adresser au gouvernement central des rapports
d'administration périodiques, mais aussi appliquer ses instructions.

Les correspondances relatives à la tournée d'inspection du sous-
secrétaire à l'Intérieur dans la province en 1925 (annexes 37 a-37 i
au contre-mémoire) et à la tournée analogue du prince Damrong en
1930 (annexes 39 a, 39 6et 39 c au contre-mémoire), qui ont toutes
deux compris une visite du temple de Préah Vihéar,prouvent bien
que le gouvernement central étaiten rapport étroit avec les autorités
provinciales, qui à leur tour se tenaient en étroit contact avec les
fonctionnaires locaux. Le ((rapport de S. A. R. Krom Phra Nakhon-

sawan Wora~hinit à S. M. le roi ))\ /26)Isur les réslutats de sa
tournée d'inspection dans les provinces est particulièrement révéla-
teur. Il ne fait guère de doute que, loin de contredire toute attitude
d'acceptation de la ligne frontière en cause, les actes de contrôle
administratif accomplis par les autorités locales dans la zone du
temple reflètent et confirment la croyance constante du gouverne-
ment central siamois à la souveraineté du Siam sur cette zone. Il
est pertinent de citer à cet égard un passage particulièrement

important du rapport de S. A. R. ci-dessous mentionné:
(Le gouverneur [de Khukhan] m'a fait savoir que dans la région
du bureau du district du Sangkha méridional,dans les montagnes
frontières,il se trouve un trèsgrand et trèsbeau temple de pierre
cinq élévations,dénomméPhra Viharn. (Sur la carte française,
on l'appelle PréahVihéar.)Ce temple de pierre est situé sur notre
territoire.(Annexe 22 au contre-mémoire.)

40. Ce n'est pas seulement le prince, ce sont d'une manière
généraleles autorités centrales et locales du Siam qui ont cru que
le temple de Préah Vihéar était en territoire siamois. Cela ressort94 JUDGM. 15VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
supported by a series of relevant facts. Before "the last ratification
of the Treaty [of 19041with France" the Siamese Minister of the
Interior "sent telegrams to the various Governors-General forward-

ing a draft Proclamation concerning the territories ceded to France
with the advice that it is to be made ready for posting, upon rati-
fication, for the information of the inhabitants".Upon ratification,
he sent telegrams, dated IO December 1904:

"advising that the Proclamation should be posted within 15 days
from receipt of the telegrams and asking for confirmation of the
dates on which the local authorities in the territories ceded to
France shall have received the same, so that the French Govern-
ment may be iiliormed accordingly ior the purpose of taking over
such territories".

On 16 December 1904 he informed the Siamese Foreign Minister
further that :
"a telcgram hasSbeen received irom H.R.H. Sanphasit, His Ma-
jesty's High Commissioner forIsan, No. 19dated the 11th instant,
that advice has been given with instructions to Champasak and
I<hulthan to forward the Proclamations to 14 districts where al1
officia1work sliould stop so that the work of handing over the
territories to France may be attended to".

Khukhan is the province in which the Temple of Preah Vihear is
situated.
41. From the passages quoted above, it appears certain that al1
the territory ceded to France under the Treaty of 1904 was handed
over to the French authorities in due course and that the Mount
Preah Vihear, on the top of which the Temple of the same name

stands in ruins, and the immediate vicinity were not understood
by either Party to be part of the ceded territory. For it is an un-
controverted fact that the Sianlese authorities continued to en-
force administrative control over the area without any protest
from the French authorities or any objection by the local inhabit-
ants. This fact is significant, because the docunlentation shows
that the French authorities had been alert and vigilant in having
France's newly acquired territorial sovereignty respected by Siam.
Thus, take one example out of many contained in the documenta-
tion to illustrate French alertness and vigilance. When five months
after certain villages situated in the territory between the Pnom

Padang and the Mekong had been handed over to the French
authorities in January 1905, a Siamese officia1informed the local
populations that the villages in question belonged to Sian1 and
forbade them to obey the orders of the authorities of Bassac in
Cambodia and later the same Siamese officia1sent agents to take
a census of the inhabitants, animals and vehicles in those villages,
the authorities ofBassac protested at once. Thematterwasreported
to the Administrator of that province, the Resident Superior of

92d'une sériede faits pertinents. Avant ((la récente ratification de la
convention [de 19041 signée avec la France »,le ministre de l'In-
térieur du Siam a (adresséaux gouverneursgénéraux des télégram-
mes contenant un projet de proclamation relative aux territoires
cédés à la France et leur demandant de se préparer à expédier cette

proclamation dès la ratification de la convention pour l'information
des habitants 1).Après la ratification, il leur a adressé lIO décembre
1904 des télégrammes:
(pour les aviser que la proclamation devait êtreexpédiéedans les
quinze jours suivant la réception du télégrammeet pour leur
demander de lui confirmer les dates auxquelles les autoritéslocales
des territoires cédésà la France recevraient cette proclamation, de
manière que le Gouvernement français puisse en êtreinformé à
son tour en vue de prendre possessiondesdits territoires 1).

Le 16 décembre 1904, il a informé le ministre des Affaires étran-
gères du Siam de ce qui suit:

((Un télégrammeno 19 datédu II décembrevient d'êtrereçu de
S. A. R. le prince Sanphasit, haut-commissaire de S. M.pour 1'Isan;
d'aprèsce télégramme, le Champasaket le Khukhan ont reçu l'ins-
truction d'adresser la proclamation aux quatorze districts où
toute activitéofficielledoit cesserde manièreque l'onpuisseprocéder
à la remise de ces territoireà la France. 1)
Le Khukhan est la province où est situéle temple de Préah Vihéar.

41. Des passages cités ci-dessus, on peut tirer la certitude que
tous les territoires cédésà la France en vertu de la convention de
1904 ont étéremis en leur temps aux autorités françaises et que la
montagne de Préah Vihéar, au sommet de laquelle se trouvent les

ruines du temple du mêmenom, et ses environs immédiats n'ont
étécompris ni par l'une ni par l'autre des deux Parties comme étant
parmi les territoires cédés.En effet, il n'est pas contesté que les
autorités siamoises ont continué à appliquer un contrôle administra-
tif sur la zone sans qu'aucune protestation ne soit formulée par les
autorités françaises ni aucune objection par les habitants. Ce iait
est important, car le dossier montre que les autorités françaises ont
veilléavec promptitude et vigilance à ce que la nouvelle souverai-

neté territoriale acquise par la France fût respectée par le Siam.
Voici un exemple, choisi parmi les nombreux autres que contient
le dossier, de la promptitude et de la vigilance de laFrance: lorsque,
cinq mois aprèsquecertains villages situésdans le territoire compris
entre le Pnom Padang et le Mékongeurent été remis aux autorités
françaises en janvier 1905, un fonctionnaire siamois a signifiéaux
populations locales que ces villages appartenaient au Siam et leur
a interdit de déféreraux ordres des autorités cambodgiennes de
Bassac et lorsque, plus tard, le mêmefonctionnaire siamois a envoyé

des agents faire dans ces villages le recensement des habitants, des
animaux et des voitures, les autorités de Bassac ont immédiatement Laos and the Governor-General of Indo-China. The question was
finally brought to the attention of the President of the Siamese
Commission of Delimitation by the President of the French Com-

mission. An investigation was made in due course, the complaints
were found to be justified, and the Siamese President attributed
the matter to "a mistake in the interpretation of the Treaty".
Yet as regards the Temple area, though the Siamese local author-
ities continued to exercise administrative control after the Treaty
of 1904 as they had done before, the French authorities did not
protest at any time nor did the local inhabitants make any com-
plaint, a course of action which they would certainly have taken if
they had considered the Temple area to be part of the ceded terri-
tory.

42. Even though it might be said that the question of which
Party was at the time entitled to the right of exercising sovereignty
in the said area couId not have been definitively settled until after
the determination of a precise line of frontier by delimitation, the
fact that, with the plausible exception of the episode of Prince
Damrong's visit to the Temple of Preah Vihear in 1930, the
French authorities did not at any time assert French authority or
Cambodia's sovereignty, or raise any question or make any protest

to Siam against continued performance of administrative acts in
the Temple area until 1949 cannot be explained, except on the
ground of their tacit recognition of Siam's sovereignty over the
said area, or, presurnably, on the ground of their knowledge that the
frontier line on the Annex 1map which had been drawn tentatively
by Captain Oum, a Cambodian Member of the French Commission
and an apparently ardent Cambodian irredentist l,had not been
approved by the Franco-Siamese Mixed Commissionof Delimitation
to make it binding on Siam.

43. Another important fact evidencing Siam's consistent belief
in her title of sovereignty over the Temple area should be noted.
In accordance with a Royal Proclamation of 17 January 1924,
relating to the inspection and preservation of archaeological ob-
jects in Siam, Prince Damrong, President of the Royal Institute,
addressed two communications to the Governor-General of Nakhon
Ratchasima, respectively of 23 July 1930 and 22 July 1931, calling
for a verified inventory of ancient monuments in the Monthon. On
31 August 1931, the said Governor-General sent a reply enclosing

an inventory in which "Khao Phra Viharn [Temple of Preah
Vihéar] constructed of stone with fourteen edifices, built on five
elevations, some of which are rectangular in shape of various sizes"
is clearly stated to be one of the four ancient monuments in Chang-
wat Khukhan, one of the provinces under his jurisdiction. (Thai-
land's Annexes 78a-78 b.)

lSee Annex 58 to Rejoinder.

93 ARRÊT 15 VI 62 (OP. DISS. M. WELLINGTON KOO)' 95
protesté.La question a été soumise àl'administrateur de la province,

au résident supérieurau Laos et au gouverneur général de 1'Indo-
chine. Elle a enfin ëté signalée à l'attention du président de la
Commissionsiamoise de délimitation par le président de la Commis-
sion française. Une enquête aétéfaite en temps utile, les réclama-
tions se sont avérées fondéee st le président siamois a attribué l'in-
cident à « une erreur d'interprétation du traité ».Or, en ce qui
concerne la zone du temple, bien que les autorités locales siamoises
aient continuéd'y exercer le contrôle administratif aprèsla conven-
tion de 1904 comme elles l'avaient fait auparavant, les autorités

françaises n'ont jamais protesté et les habitants ne se sont jamais
plaints, ce que l'on aurait certainement fait si l'on avait considéré
la zone du temple comme faisant partie des territoires cédés.
42. On peut dire que la question de savoir quelle Partie détenait

à cette époque le droit d'exercer la souveraineté dans la zone ne
pouvait êtreréglée définitivement qu'après la délimitationdu tracé
précis dela frontière; mais, à part l'exception plausible de l'épisode
de la visite du temple de PréahVihéarfaitepar le princeDamrong en
1930, les autorités françaises n'ont à aucun moment affirmél'au-
torité de la France ou la souveraineté du Cambodge, ni soulevé
des questions ou protesté auprès du Siam au sujet de l'exercice
continu d'actes administratifsdans la zone du temple jusqu'en 1949;
cela ne peut s'expliquer que si l'on admet que ces autorités fran-

çaises avaient tacitement reconnu la souveraineté du Siam sur la
zone ou qu'elles savaient probablement que la frontière de la carte
de l'annexe 1 tracée à titre provisoire par le capitaine Oum,
membre cambodgien de la Commission française et, semble-t-il,
ardent irrédentiste cambodgien1, n'avait pas étéapprouvée par la
Commission mixte de délimitation franco-siamoise et n'avait pas
force obligatoire pour le Siam.

43. Il y a lieu de noter un autre fait important démontrant que
le Siam a constamment cru à son titre de souveraineté sur la zone
du temple. En application de la proclamation royale du 17 janvier
1924pour l'inspection et la conservationdes objetsd'intérêtarchéo-
logique au Siam le prince Damrong, président de l'Institut royal,
a écrit au gouverneur général de Nakhon Ratchasima à deux
reprises, les 23 juillet 1930et22 juillet 1931, pour lui demander un

inventaire vérifiédes monuments anciens de ce cercle. Le 31 août
1931,le gouverneur générala envoyéen réponse un inventaire dans
lequel (Khao Phra Viharn [le temple de Préah <héar] bâti en
pierre, avec quatorze bâtiments construits sur cinq élévations,
dont certains, de diverses tailles, rectangulaires 1)était nettement
indiquécomme un des quatre monuments anciens de la province de
Khukhan, l'une desprovinces sous sa juridiction (annexes 78 a-78b
de la Thaïlande).

lVoir annexe 58à la duplique.
93 44. The foregoing account offacts and circumstances summarizes
the situation which underlies the present dispute between the Par-
ties. To resolve the dispute by a presumption of Thailand's tacit
acceptance of the Annex 1 map on the ground of her silence or
failure to react onseveral enumerated occasions runs, in my view,
counter to the established facts and to the real character of the
circumstances alleged to be relevant. For the purpose of evaluating
the legal significance of silence relating to a claim of sovereignty
words and conduct are the recognized indices or criteria. In the
present case 1have examined the evidence and found no statement
or declaration of apy kind by Siam or Thailand which recognizes,
or can be considered to recognize, Cambodia's title to sovereignty
over the Temple area. As to conduct,far from implying any accept-
ance of the Annex 1 map, she has consistently indicated a belief

on her part throughout the past decades that the area in question
continues to belong to her own sovereignty.

45. Thailand's claim in the present case to sovereignty over the
Temple involves no question ofgood faith on her part. International
jurisprudence attributes importance to silence as a relevant factor
in determining the intention of a parti in regard to a claim of
sovereignty only in the light ofits unequivocal conduct and of the
attendant circumstances. Thailand's exercise of sovereignty in the
form of sustained administrative control in the Temple area bears

witness to her tnie intention. The evidence adduced refutes the
argument in support of a presumption of her tacit acceptance of
Cambodia's title to sovereignty over the Temple area as marked
on the Annex 1 map.

46. Moreover, there is no valid ground in law for holding Thai-
land accountable for acquiescence. The rule of Roman law that
"he who keeps silent is field to consent if he must and can speak"
is, in my view, not applicable because the several occasions which
are alleged to have been such as to cal1for a protest or reservation
by her have been shown earlier to be entirely of a different character.
Silence or failure to react, even when it constitutes a relevant

factor, cannot alone be considered as implying recognition
or acceptance of the other party's claim of sovereignty. In the
AngZo-Norwegian Fisheries case, this Court attached legal impor-
tance to "prolonged abstention" of the United Kingdom from
protesting against the Norwegian system of delimiting territorial
waters but only as one of the factors: "The notoriety of the facts,
the general toleration of the internationl community, Great
Britain's position in the North Sea, her own interest in the
question, and her prolonged abstention would in any case warrant ARRÊT 15 VI 62 (OP. DISS.M. WELLINGTON KOO) g6

44. L'exposé des faits et circonstances qui précède résumela
situation à la base du présent litige entre les PartiesA mon avis,
résoudrece confliten présumant l'acceptation tacitepar laThaïlande
de la carte de l'annexe 1, motif pris de son silence ou de son ab-
sence de réaction lors de certaines circonstancesdonnées, va à l'en-

contre des faits établis et du caractère réeldes circonstances pré-
tendues pertinentes. Lorsqu'on cherche à apprécier la signification
juridique du silence en matière de revendication de souveraineté,
les indices ou critères admis sont les paroles et la conduite. Ayant
examiné le dossier de l'affaire, je n'y ai trouvé aucun exposé ou
déclaration du Siam ou de la Thaïlande qui reconnaisse, ou puisse
être considéré comme reconnaissant, le titre de souveraineté du
Cambodge sur la zone du temple. D'autre part, loin d'observer une
conduite impliquant une acceptation de la carte de l'annexe 1,la
Thaïlande a indiqué avec conséquence au cours des décennies pas-
séesque la zone en question continuait à êtresoumise à sa sou-

veraineté.
45. En l'espèce,la revendication par la Thaïlande de la souverai-
neté sur le temple ne pose pas le problème de sa bonne foi. La
jurisprudence internationale n'accorde de l'importance au silence
en tant que facteur pertinent pour déterminer l'intention d'une
partie dans une revendication de souveraineté qu'à la lumière

d'une conduite sans équivoque et des circonstances concomitantes.
L'exercice de la souveraineté par la Thaïlande sous la forme d'un
contrôle administratif continu dans la zone du temple témoigne de
ses véritables intentions. Les preuves fournies réfutent la thèse
d'après laquelle on devrait présumer que la Thaïlande aurait tacite-
ment accepté le titre de souveraineté du Cambodge sur la zone du
temple selon la carte de l'annexe 1
46. Au surplus, il n'existe en droiî aucun motif valable de rendre

la Thaïlande responsable d'acquiescement. La règlede droit romain
d'après laquelle qui ne dit mot consent s'il doit et peut parler n'est
pas applicable, à mon avis, car les diverses circonstances au cours
desquelles il est prétendu que la Thaïlande aurait pu protester ou
formuler des réserves étaient de caractère entièrement différent,
ainsi que je l'ai démontréplus haut. Le silence ou l'absence de
réaction, même lorsqu'ilsconstituent un facteur pertinent, ne peu-
vent pas êtreconsidérés àeux seuls comme impliquant la reconnais-
sance ou l'acceptation de la revendication de souveraineté de l'autre
partie. Dans l'affaire des Pêcheries(Royaume-Uni c. Norvège), la

Cour a attaché une importance juridique à «l'abstention prolongée ))
du Royaume-Uni qui n'avait pas protesté contre le système
norv4gien de délimitation des eaux territoriales, mais en y voyant
seulement un facteur parmi d'autres: «La notoriété des faits, la
tolérance généralede la communauté internationale, la position de
9497 JUDGM. 15VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
Nonvay's enforcement of her system against the United Kingdom"
(I.C.J. Reports1951, p. 139). In the case under consideration, no
evidence has been adduced of any declaration or act by Siam or

Thailand pointing clearly to her intention to recognize or accept
Cambodia's claim of sovereignty over the Temple area.

47. Nor is there substantiai ground for application of the principle
of preclusion. The legal basis of that principle is that one party
has relied on the statement or conduct of the other either to its
own detriment or to the other's advantage. In tIie present case
Thailand has not made a statement at any time indicating her
acceptance or recognition of the frontier line marked on the Anne1
map. As regards the allegation of her silence as warranting the
presumption of such acceptance or recognition, it is plainly contra-
dicted by evidence of sustained State activity in exercise of
sovereignty in the Temple area. There is no evidence to show that
France, as Cambodia's protecting State, ever relied on Thailand's
silence to her own detriment. Thailand's unequivocal conduct

relating to the Temple area has continued to be the same after
1904-1908 as it had been before this period. France's own failure
to make a protest or raise any question about it until 1949 appears
to have confirmed Thailand's belief that the said area had always
remained under Thai sovereignty under the Treaty of 1904. Nor
could it be validly argued that Thailand had derived special ad-
vantage from France's reliance, if there had been such, on her
alleged silent acceptance of the Annex 1 map in 1908. In fact, as
has just been shown, for over 40 years no such reliance appears
to have been placed by France on the alleged binding character of
the said map. What benefit Thailand may have received from the
stability of the frontiers marked on the other ten maps, she has
been entitled toit under the Treaty of 1904 and the delimitation
work of the first Mixed Commission. These maps have not been
put in question at any time. As regards the frontier of the Dangrek
sector, if Thailand could be said to have enjoyed the advantage

of stability, apart from her constant belief of the Temple area
being always under her own sovereignty, it was due, not to any
reliance by France upon Thailand's alleged acceptance of the
Annex 1 map as binding on her, but rather to an apparent doubt
on the part of the French authorities as to where the correct line
really was with reference to the location of the Temple-a doubt
which explains their continued silence and failure to raise any
question in the face of the continued exercise of sovereignty by
Thailand in the said area. In the light of the foregoing reasons,
the application of the pnnciple of preclusion against Thailand in
the present case is, in my view, not justified.la Grande-Bretagne dans la mer du Nord, son intérêtpropre dans
la question, son abstention prolongée, permettraient en tout cas à
la Norvèged'opposer son systèmeau Royaume-Uni. » (C.I. J.Recueil
1951, p. 139.) Il n'existe en l'espèce aucun témoignage concernant
une déclaration ou un acte du Siam ou de la Thaïlande qui indique
clairement son intention de reconnaître ou d'accepter la revendi-
cation de souveraineté du Cambodge sur la zone du temple.

47. Il n'y a pas non plus de motif valable pour appliquer le

principe de la forclusion. Le fondement juridique de ce principe
est qu'une partie doit s'êtrefiée à une déclaration ou à la conduite
de l'autre soit à son propre détriment, soit à l'avantage de l'autre.
En l'espèce, la Thaïlande n'a jamais fait de déclaration indiquant
qu'elle acceptait ou reconnaissait la frontière tracée sur la carte
de l'annexe 1. Quant à la thèse d'après laquelle son silence justi-
fierait la présomption d'une telle acceptation ou reconnaissance,
elle est clairement réfutée par la preuve de l'activité continue de
cet Etat dans l'exercice de sa souveraineté sur la zone du temple.
Il n'existe aucunepreuve que la France, en tant qulEtat protecteur
du Cambodge, se soit jamais fiéeau silence de la Thaïlande à son
propre détriment. L'attitude sans équivoque de la Thaïlande en
ce qui concerne la zone du temple est restée après 1904-1908 la

mêmequ'auparavant. Le fait que la France se soit abstenue de
toute protestation et n'ait soulevé aucune question à ce sujet
jusqu'en 1949semble avoir confirméla Thaïlande dans sa conviction
que la zone est toujours restée sous sa souveraineté d'après la
convention de 1904. On ne peut non plus soutenir que la Thaïlande
ait retiré un avantage spécial du fait que la France se serait fiée,
si tel est le cas,à la prétendue acceptation tacite de la carte de
l'annexe 1 par la Thaïlande en 1908. En fait, comme je viens de le
montrer, il ne semble pas que, pendant plus de quarante ans, la
France ait beaucoup compté sur le caractère prétendument obli-
gatoire de cette carte. L'avantage que la Thaïlande a pu retirer de
la stabilité des frontières indiquées sur les dix autres cartes repose
en droit sur les termes de la convention de 1904 et sur les travaux de
délimitation de la première Commission mixte. A aucun moment ces

cartes n'ont étémises en cause. En ce qui concerne la frontière dans
le secteur des Dangrek, si l'on peut dire que la Thaïlande a profitéde
l'avantage de la stabilité - indépendamment de sa croyance cons-
tante que le temple s'est toujours trouvé sous sa propre souveraine-
té -, cet avantage n'était pas dû au fait que la France se fiait sur la
prétendue acceptation par la ThaïIande du caractère obIigatoire de
la carte de l'annexe1,mais plutôt à un doute apparent de la part des
autorités françaises quant au tracéexact de la frontière aux abords
du temple -- doute qui explique le fait qu'elles aient constamment
gardé le silence et qu'elles se soient abstenues de soulever aucune
question en dépit de l'exercice continu de la souveraineté thaïlan-
daise dans la zone. Pour les motifs qui précèdent, j'estime que

9598 JUDGM. 15 VI 62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)

48. The usual object of a boundary treaty, of course, is to achieve
certainty of the frontier to which it relates in accordance with the
principle of stability, and the recognized procedure to attain this

object is by joint delimitation on the ground. In the present case
it was precisely this procedure which had been stipulated in Arti-
cle 3 of the Treaty of 1904. Therefore, the argument which seeks
to support the application of the principle of stability by setting
aside the clear intention of the Parties, as expressed in the said
Article providing for careful delimitation by a Mixed Commission,
and by basing it upon the presumed consent of Siam to an undeli-
mited line on the Annex 1 map, seems to me to be strained and
unreal.

49. From the foregoing examination of the pertinent facts in this
case and consideration of.the law applicable to it, 1 summarize my
twofold conclusion as follows :

(1)that Cambodia has not succeeded in establishing the alleged
binding character of the Annex 1 map; and
(2)that Cambodia's contention of Thailand's silence as tacit
acceptance of the frontier line marked on the map Annex 1
is refuted by fact and not warranted in law.

50. Where is, then, the frontierlinein the Dangrek with reference
to the Temple area and on which side of this line, in Thailand or
Cambodia, is the Temple of Preah Vihear situated? The answer is
provided, in principle, by Article I of the Treaty of 13 Febniary
1904, which defines the frontier in the Dangrek as the ridge of "the
watershed between the basins of the Nam Sen and the Mekong,
on the one hand, and of the Nam Moun, on the other hand, and
joins the Pnom Padang chain the crest of which it followseastwards
as far as the Mekong". Of course it goes without saying that what
is pertinent of this frontier in the present case, as has been stated

at the outset, is only that portion which relates to the area in which
the Temple in question is situated.
51. The essential task, then, in order to decide the case, is to
apply or interpret the 1904 Treaty. But where is the true location
of the treaty-defined watershed? This is a crucial question, and a
correct answer must be given. The two Parties in the case have
submitted reports by their respective experts which purport to
give the necessary answer. However, while the four reports, two
from each side, agree on the general location of the matershed line

in the disputed area, they disagree on the crucial precise line. The
International Training Centre for Aerial Survey of Delft, Holland,
on behalf of Thailand, presents a line which places the major part of
96 ARRÊT 15 VI62 (OP. DISS. M. WELLINGTON KOO) 98

l'application du principe de la forclusion contre la Thaïlande n'est
pas justifiéeen l'espèce.
48. L'objectif habituel d'un traité de frontières est naturellement
d'obtenir, conformément au principe de la stabilité, une fixation
certaine des frontières sur lesquelles il porte, et la méthode admise
pour y parvenir est de faire procéderconjointement àla délimitation
du terrain. C'est précisément la procédure qui a étéétablie en

l'espècepar l'article 3 de la convention de 1904. C'est pourquoi la
thèse qui tend àfaire appliquer le principe de la stabilité,en écartant
les intentions claires des Parties expriméesdans cet article, lequel
prévoit une délimitation ~ninutieuse par une comrriission mixte, et
en se fondant sur le consentement présumédu Siam à une ligne
non délimitéefigurant sur la carte de l'annexe 1, me semble exagé-
réeet :ontraire à la réalité.

49. Ayant examiné les faits pertinents et étudiéle droit appli-
:able en l'espèce, je résumerai comme suit ma ,double conclusion:

(1)le Cambodge n'a pas réussi à établir le caractère obligatoire
de la carte de l'annexe 1;
(2)la thèse du Cambodge interprétant le silence de la Thaïlande
comme une acceptation tacite de la frontière indiquée sur la
carte de l'annexe 1est réfutéepar les faits et n'est pas justifiée
en droit.

50. Où est donc la frontière dans les Dangrek et plus précisément
dans la zone du temple? De quel côté de cette ligne est situé le
temple de Préah Vihéar? Est-il en Thaïlande ou au Cambodge?
La réponse figure en principe à l'articleler de la convention
du 13 février 1904, qui définit la frontière des Dangrek comme
suivant «la ligne de partage des eaux entre les bassins du Nam
Sen et du Mékong,d'une part, et du Nam Moun, d'autre part, et
[rejoignant] la chaîne Pnom Padang dont elle suit la crêtevers
l'est justqu'au Mékong ». Il va sans dire que la section de cette
frontière pertinente en l'espèce est uniquement, comme il a été

dit dès le début, celle qui concerne la zone où est situé le temple.

51. La tâche essentielle à accomplir pour pouvoir statuer en
l'espèce consiste donc à appliquer ou à interpréter la convention
de 1904. Mais quel est l'emplacement exact de la ligne de partage
des eaux définiepar cette convention? C'estlà une question cruciale
qui exige une réponse exacte. Les deux Parties en cause ont soumis
des rapports préparéspar leurs experts respectifs et prétendant

apporter la solution recherchée. Toutefois, alors que les quatre
rapports, deux de chaque côté, sont d'accord sur l'emplace~nent
général dela ligne de partage des eaux dans la régioncontestée, ils
diffèrent quant à son tracé précis au point critique. Le Centre
96the Temple ground on the Thai side whereas Doeringsfeld, Amuedo
and Ivey, "Specialists in Photogeology and Photo-interpretation",
of Denver, Colorado, submit a line placing the main portion of the
Temple on the Cambodian side. The conflicting character of the
twoexpert recommendationspresents a perplexing problem, andthe
difficulty has been further increased by the outcome of the examina-
tion and cross-examination of the experts and witnesses at the oral
hearing. From their testimony, it appears that besides the I.T.C.
line and the D.A.I. line, there are two other possible alternative
lines: one at Point 3 near Letter F on Map Sheet 2 attached to
Annex 49 of the Counter-Memorial, and another one from Contour
Line point No. 605, which is just a little west of the D.A.I. line
close to the western side of the Temple and which almost coincides
with the latter line.

52. There is also the question of the nature of the terrain of the
saddle near F, and its elevation, which, according to Thailand's
expert, who went out to the Temple area and made an investigation
on the spot,blocks the eastward flowof stream 3 on the Map Sheet 2
into the Cambodian plain and causes it to turn westward to join
stream 2 flowing northward into Thai territory. Counsel for Cam-
bodia castsdoubts on the acc.uracy of this statement and, in support
of his incredulity, he cites, among other works on archeaology, a
passage from "L'Art Khmèr classiqz~e"by Henri Parmentier,
author records his study of the Temple
Chapter IV, in which this
of Preah Vihear on the spot in February 1930 and mentions "a
rocky plateau" near the north-east corner of the Temple, which

"falls in a somewhat steeper slope towards the east where there
is a rocky ravine, the water from which flows towards Cambodia,
forming a fairly considerable stream, the O Kbal Pos Nakrac".
The divergence of these two views, moreover, raises the following
is the altitude of the saddle neaF? 1sits elevation
questions: what
uniform throughout its surface? What is the character of its ter-
rain? Does it bear any traces of change by the hand of man?
53. Since there is no available record of any sketch map drawn
up by Captain Oum on the basis of the survey he carried out in the
Dangrek sector east of Kel Pass in the period of December 1906 and
January and February 1907-which was the dry season--showing a
precise line of the watershed in the said sector, except what is
claimed by Cambodia to have been marked on the Annex 1 map,
whereas the I.T.C. line was verifiedon the spotduring the wet season
in July 1961, it is also pertinent to ask forthe purpose of ascertain-
ing the precise line: To what extent does the topography of the ARRÊT 15 VI62 (OP. DISS. M. WELLINGTON KOO) 99

international d'instruction pour la photogrammétrie aérienne de
Delft (Pays-Bas) présente au nom de la Thaïlande une ligne qui
situe du côté thaïlandais la majeure partie du terrain sur lequel
est bâti le temple, alors que MM. Doeringsfeld, Amuedo et Ivey,
((spécialistes en photogéologie et en interprétation photogrammé-
trique ))de Denver (Colorado), soumettent un tracé plaçant la plus
grande partie du temple en territoire cambodgien. Le caractère
contradictoire de ces deux expertises présente un problème embar-

rassant, rendu encore plus complexe par les résultats de l'interroga-
toire et du contre-interrogatoire des témoins et experts au cours de
la procédure orale. De ces témoignages, il ressort qu'en plus de la
ligne du Centre international de Delft et de la ligne de Doeringsfeld,
Amuedo et Ivey il existe encore deux autres lignes possibles: l'une
passant par le point 3 situéprès de la lettre F sur la carte 2 jointe
à l'annexe 49 au contre-mémoire et l'autre passant par la cote 605,
légèrement à l'ouest de la ligne de Doeringsfeld, Amuedo et Ivey

et près du côté occidental du .temple,c'est-à-dire coïncidant presque
avec la ligne de Doeringsfeld, Amuedo et Ivey.
52. Il y a aussi la question de lanature etde lahauteur du mouve-
ment de terrain en forme de selle qui est situé près du point F et
qui, d'après l'expert de la Thaïlande lequel est allé dans la zone du
temple et a fait une enquêtesur place, bloque à l'est l'écoulement
vers la plaine cambodgienne du ruisseau 3 de la carte 2 et le fait

tourner vers l'ouest pour rejoindre le ruisseau 2 coulant en direction
du nord vers le territoire thaïlandais. Le conseil du Cambodge a émis
des doutes quant à l'exactitude de cette déclaration et en ce sens
il a cité, parmi d'autres ouvrages d'archéologie,un passage de L'Art
Khmèr classique de Henri Parmentier, chapitre IV, dans lequel
l'auteur, décrivant les résultats d'une étude du temple de Préah
Vihéar effectuéepar lui sur place en février 1930, signale près du
coin nord-est du temple (un plateau rocheux ))qui

((descenden pente un peu plus forte vers l'est où un ravin rocheux
emmèneseseaux versleCambodge,en formant un ruisseauassezim-
portant, 1'0 Kbàl Pos Nakrac ».
Cette opposition de vues soulève les questions suivantes: quelle

est l'altitude du mouvement de terrain en forme de selle situé près
du point F? Est-il d'une hauteur uniforme sur toute son étendue?
Quelle est la nature du sol? Porte-t-il des traces de modifications
effectuéespar la main de l'homme?
53. A l'exception de ce que le Cambodge prétend avoir étéindiqué

sur la carte de l'annexe 1, l'on ne dispose d'aucune preuve qu'après
avoir levéle secteur des Dangrek à l'est du col de Kel en décembre
1906 et janvier et février 1907 - c'est-à-dire pendant la saison
sèche - le capitaine Oum ait dresséun croquis montrant un tracé
précisde la ligne de partage des eaux dans ce secteur; or, la ligne
du Centre international de Delft a étévérifiéesur place pendant la
saison des pluies en juillet 1961 ; il est donc également à propos de IO0 JUDGM. 15 VI62 (DISS. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)

stream channels in the Temple area Vary between the dry and wet
seasons of a normal year ?

54. Furthermore, Cambodia has maintained that what is relevant
in regard to the location of the watershed in the Temple area is
where it was in the period of 1904-1908 and not where it is in
1961-1962. This point gives rise to other questions: could the loca-
tion of a watershed change in the course of time by natural pheno-

menon such as an earthquake, faulting of rock-beds, landslide or
rock fall, etc.? Or is the watershed now found by the experts of
both Parties in the Temple area part of thesame watershed which
the negotiators of the 1904 Treaty had in mind or which Captain
Oum presumably marked on his sketch map on the basis of his
survey on the spot in the Dangrek sector?

55.Al1the foregoing questions are of a technical character and
cal1for an independent expert or experts to supply reliable answers.
1 am of the opinion that the Court would have been well advised,
under Articles 44 and 50 of the Statute, to send its own expert or

experts to investigate on the spot and make a report of their
observations and recommendations, as was done in the Corfzt
Channel case (I.C.J. Reports1949). Such a report would have been
of great assistance to the Court in deciding the case by law on the
basis of al1the relevant facts of a technical as well asother character.
1 for one feel unable to reach a final conclusion satisfactory to
myself without knowing the answers to the technical questions
which 1 have defined above and which, in my view, bear a vital
importance for a correct determination of one of the crucial issues
in the present case.

(Signed) WELLINGTO TOYO.se demander, pour. savoir quelle est la véritable ligne, jusqu'à quel
point la topographie des canaux d'écoulement dans la zone du
temple peut varier au cours d'une année normale entre la saison
siicheet la saison des pluies.

54. Le Cambodge a soutenu, en outre, que ce qui importe c'est
de savoir quel était l'emplacement de la ligne de partage des eaux
dans la zone du temple pendant la période de 1904 à 1908 et non
pas où se situe cette ligne en961-1962. Ce point soulève d'autres
questions: une ligne de partage des eaux peut-elle changer avec le
temps du fait de phénomènes naturels tels que tremblements de
terre, dislocations, glissements, éboulements, etc. alors la ligne
de partage des eaux aujourd'hui constatée par les experts des deux
Parties dans la zone du temple est-elle bien une partie de la ligne
de partage des eaux que les négociateurs de la convention de1904
avaient en vue ou que le capitaine Oum a probablement indiquée
sur le croquis fait par lui à la suite de son levé de ce secteur des
Dangrek ?

55. Toutes les questions ci-dessus ont un caractère technique et
leurs réponses,pour êtredignes de foi, demanderaient l'intervention
d'un ou plusieurs experts indépendants. J'estime, pour ma part,
qu'il aurait étéjudicieux que la Cour, aux termes des articles 44 et
50 de son Statut, envoie son propre expert ou ses propres experts
faire une enquête sur place en vue d'établir un rapport contenant
leurs observations et leurs recommandations, comme il a étéfait
dans l'affaire duétroitde Corfou (C. IJ.Recz~eil1949) U.n tel rap-
port aurait considérablement aidéla Cour à statuer en droit sur la
base de tous les éléments defait pertinents présentanun caractère
technique ou autre. Je,me sens personnellement incapable d'arriver
à une conclusion finale satisfaisante à mes yeux sans connaître les
réponsesaux questions techniques que j'aiprécisées ci-dessuset qui
ont, à mon avis, une importance capitale en vue d'une décisioncor-
recte à l'égard despoints cruciaux que soulève la présente affaire.

(Signé)LYELLIXGTO KOO.

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Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Wellington Koo

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