Separate Opinion of Judge V. K. Wellington Koo

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032-19600412-JUD-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
032-19600412-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JGDGE V. K. WELLINGTON KOO

1 agree with the conclusion of the judgment of the Court in
recognizing a right of passage for Portugal between Daman and the
enclaves and between the enclaves as sanctioned by local custom
in respect of private persons, civil officials and goods in general,
but Iregret to be unable to concur in excluding from the scope or
content of this right the passage of Portuguese armed forces, armed

police and arms and ammunition. This right admittedly is not an
absolute right, since Portugal claims it only to the extent necessary
for the exercise of Portuguese sovereignty over the enclaves and
subject to the control and regulation ofIndia. As thus qualified, the
right of passage is, inmy opinion, applicable to all the six categories.
1

I. Although the Government of British India never expressly
recognized passage as a matter of right for any category, in fact
such passagewas always granted. As a general rule, after the coming
into force of the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Commerce and Extra-
dition of 26 December 1878, the British authorities required pre-
vious authorization for the passage of armed police, military units
and arms and ammunition in each case, but in fact the practice
of authorizing such passage was more uniform and constant than
in the case of private goods. Throughout the 130 years of British
rule in India, 1 am not aware of one single instance in the record
before the Court of a Portuguese request for passage of armed

police, military persons or units or arms and ammunition between
Daman and the enclaves ever having been refused. On the contrary,
in respect of ordinary goods there was enforced by the British a
prohibition of such transit for certain goods at different times, such
as rice, salt, liquor, spirits and ingredients for distilling liquor and
spirits, and there was indeed a total prohibition of passage for al1
goods during the last war.

2. A brief review of the facts would clarify the point.
During the first 60 years of the British period no request for
permission for entry of troops or armed police of either Portugal or
Great Britain into the territory of the other was required. A prac-
tice had been established for such passage on a basis of reci-
procity, which fact probably accounts for the paucity of documents
relating to the question of passage (Rejoinder, 1,p. 181).

It appears, however, that during this period whenever there was

a need of passagefor armed military personnel it was always granted.
52An incident which arose in 1859 was revealing. When two Portu-
guese sepoys were escorting a Portuguese judge from Daman to
Bassein, the British police deprived the sepoys of their bayonets.
The Governor-General of Goa protested to the Governor of Bombay
on 16 May 1859, stating that the two soldiers were furnished with
the necessary passes bearing the Government seal on them, that

in the territories of Daman and Goa English soldiers carrying arms
wereallowed to passunmolested, and that "it is not to be expected
that Portuguese soldiers Ml1 be stopped from doing the same
within British territories, particularly as there is this additional
circumstance connected with Daman, viz. that there are several
Portuguese villages situated within the limits of the British terri-
tory" (Counter-Memorial, Annex C. No. 39). The Governor of
Bombay in his reply stated that "the arms of the two Portuguese
soldiers were detained through an inadvertence which this Govern-
ment regrets and which 1 hope will not occur again" (ibid., p. 195).
3. On this same subject of troops, Article XVIII, paragraph 3,
of the Treaty of Commerce and Extradition of 26 December 1878
provided :

"The armed forces of one of the two High Contracting parties
shall not enter the Indian dominions of the other, except for the
purposes specifiedinformerTreaties, orforthe rendering of mutual
assistance as provided for in the present Treaty, or except in conse-
quence of a formal request made by the party desiring such entry
to the other."
This provision requiring a forma1 request for authorization to
send troops of one High Contracting Party across the territory
of the other had originally been proposed by the Portuguese pleni-
potentiary and was only inserted in the treaty on his insistence
because, as reported by the British plenipotentiary to the Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs, "its insertion or non-insertion might
make the whole difference in.the chances the (Portuguese) Govern-
ment had of passing the Treaty itself through the Cortes". The
explanation given by the Portuguese representative was that such

a provision would enable the Portuguese Government to face the
"great opposition on thepart of the public" to the "customs union"
and the "economic amalgamation of the Portuguese colonies with
the system of the British Indian Empire", as provided for in the
Treaty (Rejoinder, II, Annex 54).
4.This new practice was continued after the expiration ofthetreaty
in 1892, with permission always granted on application. Thus, for
example, one application on 13 January 19x5 for passage of eleven
soldiers from Daman to Nagar-Aveli (Counter-Memorial, Annex E.
No. 25), and another of 22 March 1915 for passage of one soldier
from Goa to Nagar-Aveli (ibid., Annex No. 26) were granted without
difficulty. During the year 1915, seventy-nine applications were
made to the Government of Bombay for permission for Portuguese
soldiers to pass through British territory. Between 29 December1916 and 25 August 1917 also seventy-nine applications were made
for the same purpose. Apparently, in no instance was permission
refused.

5. Earlier, two cases ofpassage of Portuguese soldiers across British
territory, though they do not bear directly on such transit between
Daman and the enclaves, are particularly significant in considering
the question of a local custom for such passage on the Indian penin-
sula. On 26 November 1901 the Portuguese Consul-General asked
the Governor-General of India for permission to send a detachment
of 20 soldiers from Daman by land through Bombay to Goa and
requested him to issue "urgently" the necessary orders for the
passage. This permission was given two days later in a reply of
28 November 1901 and confirmed on 30 November 1901, adding
a request that :

"..on future occasions the date of the proposed movement of sucli
detachmentsmay be stated, and that sufficientnotice may be given
tions to be issued to the local authorities" ob(Counter-Memorial,-
Annex C. No. 51).

Again, when there was a rebellion in 1912 against the Portuguese
Government in Goa, permission was asked on 5 August 1912 of
the Government of Bombay and it was granted by the Government
of India the following day, stating that they "have no objection

to their proposal to march one officer and sixty men across ten
kilometres of British territory", "as a special case". This detach-
ment did not travel as expected. In October of the same year,
however, the Por;tuguese Government at Goa again requested
permission to send sixty men in the charge of an officer for about
thirty miles across country to the Portuguese border. The reply
of the Government of India was again in the affirmative, stating:
"In the opinion of His Excellency we should not allow them trans-
port by train, but othenvise there is no objection." The passage of
the detachment in question duly took place on the 15th and 16th
November of the same year (Counter-Memonal, Annex C. No. 52).

6. The passage of armed police was provided for in Article XVIII,
paragraph 2, of the same Treaty of 1878, which States :

"The revenue, magisterial and police authorities of the Indian
dominions of the High ContractingParties shall cordially CO-operate
with each other for the maintenance, on the commonlines oftraffic
and elsewhere, of perfect security of persons and property; and in
the pursuit of criminals and persons engaged in smuggling and
contraband practices, the saidauthorities ofthe oneHigh Contracting
Party may cross the frontier and enter the dominions of the other
High Contracting Party; Provided that in such dominions they shali
act in accordance with the local laws and the provisions of tliis
Treaty" (Counter-Mernorial,Annes No. 40). This provision relating to the passage of armed police and other
authonties was evidently based upon the practice which had already
been established during the years preceding the conclusion of the
Treaty of 1878. Previous authorization was not expressly stipulated
in the Treaty as necessary, nor was it always required, in practice,
for such passage, as will be indicated later.
7.When the Treaty of1878expired in 1892,the reciprocalarrange-
ment for passage of armed police continued in practice. By an
arrangement of 1913 parties of Portuguese armed police were
allowed "to travel across intervening British territory when it is
necessary forthem to dosoin journeying from onepart of Portuguese
India to another, provided that previous intimation (not previous
authorization) is given to the local authorities" (Counter-Memorial,
Annex C. No. 53). By an agreement of 1920 armed police, as well
as unarmed police of one party in actual pursuit of an offender,
may continue the pursuit uninterrupted in the territory of the
other. It also provided that armed police below a certain rank should

not enter the territory of the other party without consent previously
obtained. Apparently this restriction did not apply to those above
that rank. Under an agreement of 1940, passage of Portuguese
armed police over the Daman-Silvassa (Nagar-Aveli)road was free
provided that the party did not exceed ten in number and that
intimation of the passage was given tothe British authoritieswithin
twenty-four hours of the passage. For any such party of more than
ten in number travelling over the road it was necessary to obtain
the concurrence of the British authorities, as heretofore, by prior
notice.

8. In respect of the requirement of permission for passage of
Portuguese troops and armed police over intervening British
territory, it is useful to note what the practice in fact was. When
the Governor-General of Portuguese India stated in a letter of
22 December 1890 to the Governor of Bombay that "Portuguese
troops never cross British territory without previous permission",

an investigation was ordered by the British authorities and the
District Police Inspector of the Bulsa Division reported on 28 Febru-
ary 1891 that "on a number of occasions Portuguese armed men
had passed through British territory without permission", adding
that "British police sometimes went armed into Portuguese terri-
tory, and were not subjected to any interference". He recommended
that this state ofaffairsbe allowed to continue. The Commissioner of
the Northern District and the District Magistrate of Surat concurred
in the viewthat this reciprocal understanding should be maintained.
Accordingly, in reply to the Governor-General of Portuguese India,
the Secretary to the Government of Bombay, after stating that
an investigation found several instances of troops (Portuguese)
escorting treasure from Daman to the railway station, taking a
prisoner to Wapi from Daman, proceeding through British villagesfrom Daman to Dadra and back again, or again going from Ambli
to Dadra, without any application or notice to the local authonties,
and remarking that "these instances have doubtless not been report-
ed to H.E. the Governor-General, and under the rule which he has
laid down it would seem that notice of such transit should have
been made to the District Magistrate of Surat", concludes:

"At the same time 1am directed to observe that this Government
has no reason to supposethat the parties or persons, whohave passed
armed through tnese strips of British territory, have not conducted
that, in the absence of any special reason, they should not be inter-
fered with. If such movements or transfers can be anticipated doubt-
less the Portuguese authorities on the spot will prevent the risk of
any delay or of any further correspondence by adhering to the rule
mentioned in H.E. letter 'that Portuguese troops never cross Br.
territory without previous permission'. But as already stated by me
the Dist. Mag. at Surat has been informed that this Government
does not wish any interference exercised in the circumçtances now
reported." (Rejoinder, II, pp. 223-224.)

g. Itis thus evident that for the passage of Portuguese troops on

the Daman-Silvassa (Nagar-Aveli) road, previous authonzation was
not always required, in practice, notwithstanding the provisions
of Article XVIII of the Treaty of 1878 to the contrary.

IO. On the question of the passage of Portuguese armed police,
reference has been made above tothe agreement of 1940. The ongin
of this agreement and the discussions leading to its conclusion also
appear significant in ascertaining the practice which prevailed and
the considerations which lay behind it. Following an incident
relating to the arrest of a German missionary in Apnl, 1940, by a
British force in Britisherritory consisting of threeunarmed rnilitary
men and fourarmed men, on a bus going from Silvassa(Nagar-Aveli)
to Daman, the Government of Portuguese India suggested:

"the possibility of comingto an understandingwith the Government
of Bombay, by which on this road, and only on this road, owing to
its specialnature, armed police forcesof both the Governments may
travel freely, independently of any previous authorization".
(Counter-Memorial,II pp. 322-323.)

Before taking a decision on the proposa1 and replying to the
Government of Portuguese India, the Government of Bombay
consulted the various British authorities concerned. At first it was
thought that

56 "in view of the reasons stated by the Government of Port. India,
there seems prima facie no objection to agree to the understanding
which the Govt. of Port. India have proposed".

But some considered it
"desirable to have somesort of controlor check over the movements
of armed police forces. G.R., P.D. No. 4540 of 30.7.1913 (requiring
previous notice of passage) is one way of securing this. The question
is not one of mere administrative detail. If a general permission is
to be given, it may have to be coupled with some restrictions, e.g.
as to number, purpose, etc."

The Political and Services Department of the Government of
Bombay then recommended acceptance of the proposal,
"subject to the understanding that the number of the armed police-
men of the Port. Govt/Br. Govt allowed to traverse through the
British portion/Port. portion of the Daman-Silvassa road should
be restricted to the actual requirements in each case and that
intimation of the march of the armed police forces through the
territories of the Port. Govt/Br. Govt should be given to the local
authorities by the Br. Govt/Port. Govt as soon as possible after the
march takes place".

In the opinion of others consulted, "this would not achieve the
object" and the "distrust" was shared by another who thought
"that without check and control of a fairly easily exercisable type,
the procedure is fraught with danger". Hence the precisely worded
formula which, finally suggested by the Comrnissioner of the North-
ern District, was incorporated in the agreement of 1940.
II. Thus itappears clear from the foregoing review of the facts
that during the first sixty years of the British period, the prevailing
practice of allowing passage of troops and armed police of one
country through the intervening territory of the other was based
upon reciprocity and it had already developed into a local custom.
While military units thus travelling must be in possession of passes
issued by their own Government, this requirement does not appear
to have applied to armed police on duty. However, no previous
authorization for either category of passage was necessary.

Even during the period when the Treaty of 1878 was in force,
though Article XVIII of it expressly provided for the requirement
of a forma1 request and permission for entry of the troops of one
High Contracting Party into the territory of the other, Portuguese
armed forces on a number of occasions, as indicated by the Govern-
ment of Bombay in its reply to the letter of 22 December 1890 of
57the Governor-General of Portuguese India, travelled on duty across
British territory without having applied for and obtained previous
authorization, especially on the Daman-Silvassa(Nagar-Aveli)road.
What appears even more significant is the fact, as citedabove, that
the British authorities expressed their preference for the continuance
of this practice of non-interference with such passages, obviously
in recognition of the necessity for them as well as out of considera-
tion for their own convenience on the reciprocal basis.

12.There is nothingin the record to show that thispracticeunder-
went any significant change after the lapse of the Treaty of 1878.

The agreements of 1913, 1920 and 1940, while in one of them the
requirement of previous authorization for the passage of armed
forces was reaffirmed,formalized this customary practice with more
precision as regards the passage of Portuguese armed police through
intervening British territory.
13. During the post-British period, up to 1954, this practice
was apparently also respected by India.
14.Asregards arms and ammunition,etc., Section17 of Act XXXI
of 1860 required, for their importation into British territory, a
licence from the Governor-General of India in Council, or from
some officer authorized on his behalf by the Governor-General of
India in Council. This Act was replaced by the Indian Arms Act
of 1878 (Counter-Memorial, Annex C. No. 59). Section 6 provides
that no person shall bring or take by sea or land into or out of
British India any arms, ammunition or military stores except under
a licence (with exceptions not relevant here). Section IO empowers
the Governor-General in Council to reeulate or ~rohibit the trans-
port of any description of arms, ammunitions Lr military stores.

The Indian Arms Rules of 1879 (ibid., No. 60) provides for the issue
of licences for the import and export of arms, ammunition and
military stores. In 1880, the Governor-General in Council added
Rule 7 A to these Rules (ibid., No. 60). Rule 7A (a) provides that
nothing in the Rules should be deemed to authorize the grant of
a licence to import arms, ammunition or military stores from Portu-
guese India. Rule 7 A (b) provides that nothing in the Rules should
be deemed to authorize the grant ofa licence to export to Portuguese
India any arms, ammunition or military stores, unless they were
exported for the exclusive use of, or covered by a special import
licence issued by, the Government of Portuguese India. This Rule
7A (b) was made to conform to paragraph 4 of Article XVIII of the
Treaty of 1878, one provision of which reads:

"The exportation of arms, ammunition or military stores from
the Indian dominions of one of the High Contracting Parties into
58 those of the other shall not be permitted, except with the consent
of,and under rules approved of by, the latter. The Government of
British India and Portuguese India shall CO-operateto enforce al1
such rules as are herein contemplated."

Although Rule 7 A (b) was repealed in 1895 after the Treaty of
1878 lapsed, Rule 7 A (a) remained in force and was re-enacted in
new Rules in 1909 and in subsequent re-enactments (ibid., No. 66).

15.But the significant point to note is that the effect of this Rule

7 A (a) was merely to make it necessary to address applications not
to the Government of Bombay, which could grant a licence only
for the export of arms and ammunition, but, as was the case
under the Act XXXI of 1860 referred to above, to the Government
of India, which alone could sanction importation of arms and
ammunition from Portuguese India. Thus, when applications for
authorization to transportarms and ammunition,whether they were
from Daman to Nagar-Aveli, or from Goa to Nagar-Aveli, or from
Nagar-Aveli to Goa, were so addressed, the requested authori-
zation was always granted by the Government of India, regardless
of whether the articles consisted of rifles or bandoliers, or "certain
rifles and cartridges", or "certainuns and cartridges". For example,
such applications were granted on 28 November 1898, and again on
28 January 1915 and I October 1917 (Counter-Memorial, Annex C.
Nos. 64 and 65). Applications made on II January 1939 for free
transit for three muskets being sent from Nagar-Aveli to Daman
and three others to be sent from Daman to Nagar-Aveli (Counter-

Memorial, Annex E. No. 40) and on 24 March 1939foreight muskets
with 400 cartridges and one revolver with 50 cartridges (ibid.,
Annex No. 41), and on 17 April 1940 for free transit for 52,000
cartridges to be sent from Daman to Nagar-Aveli (ibid., No. 42),
were likewise al1granted.
16. The conclusion to be drawn from the practice of the British
authorities in regard to Portuguese arms and ammunition is that
while their importation into British territory was nominally sub-
ject to the strict provisions of the Arms Act and Arms Rules for
general application, special dispensation was always granted by
the Government of India which was alone competent to authorize
it.This was a natural and understandable practice, for the passage
of arms and ammunition, like that of troops, was a matter of greater
importance to the territorial sovereign in consideration of security
than the passage of goods and civil officiais, and therefore required
more effective control. But the need of troops and arms and ammu-

nition, whenever it arose, was also more imperative for the exer-
cise of her sovereignty by Portugal over the enclaves and obviously
this factor was fully realized by the British authorities.In order to
obviate misinterpretation of the general provisions of the Arms
Act and the Arms Rules, particularly Rule 7 A (a), and consequent
59 controversy and incidents with Portugal, the grant of authori-
zation for such passage between Portuguese possessions in India,
including that between Daman and the enclaves, was controlled
and regulated directly by the Government of India instead of by
the British local authorities. The fact that no application in the
record for such passage over British territory to the Portuguese
enclaves from Daman or from the enclaves to another part of
Portuguese territory in the Indian peninsula was ever refused,
clearly indicates,in my view, British recognition of the special
situation involved in regard to the enclaves.

17. The Government of the Union of India respected and con-
tinued this practice up till1954.
18. From the foregoing account of the British and Indian practice
in regulating the passage of troops, armed police, and arms and
ammunition from one Portuguese possession to another across inter-
vening British and later Indian territory, it appears clear that such
passage took place constantly and without difficulty, just as in the
case of private perçons, civil officials and ordinary goods. In fac't,
as pointed out above, the practice of authorizing passage of arms
and ammunition was even more uniform and constant than in the
case of ordinary goods.

19.The requirement of an application to, and a permission by, the

British authorities for the passage of troops and arms and ammu-
nition in each case only meant, in my view, a stricter measure of
control and regulation and did not necessarily signify that the
British considered themselves as warranted to refuse it at will and
did not regard Portugal as entitled to effect such passage. The degree
of control must naturally Vary according to the nature of the
passage desired. The relatively simpler and less forma1 procedure
adopted for the passage of Portuguese armed police, under the
various agreementsreferred to above for "control of a fairly easily
exercisable type" in the words of the British authorities cited
above, appears clearly to confirm this view.

For between the different categories of passage, as for example
between civil officialsand armed forces or armed police and between
ordinary goods and arms or ammunition, the difference in the pro-
cedure of allowing passage between Daman and the enclaves was
a matter of degree in the policy of control and regulation rather than

intended to establish a distinction between what was considered
warranted by local custom and what was not so warranted. The
uniformity and constancy of the practice of granting passage to
armed forces, armed police and arms and ammunition was, indeed,
more marked than, for example, in the case of ordinary goods as
60seen earlier. Nor was there, it appears to me, any evidence of less
consciousness on the part of the British authorities ofan obligation,
opinio juris sive necessitatis,in regard to these three categories of
passage than in regard to those of private persons, Portuguese civil
officials and ordinary goods. In my view there was implicit recog-
nition on the part of the British authorities of a local custom for

permitting passage between Daman and the enclaves of al1 the
six categories of persons and goods, without any legal distinction
but all subject, if necessary, to the control and regulation of the
intervening territorial State.

20.The right of passage,as claimed and defined by Portugal, has
two concurrent features. Its content is to the extent necessary for
the exercise of Portuguese sovereignty over the enclaves, and its
exercise is, at thesame time, subject to the control and regulation
of India in so far as the passage takes place over the intervening
Indian territory. These two elements are inherent in the principle
of temtorial sovereignty from which flows the right of passage on
the one hand and the right of control and regulation on the other.
It means that with the right on each side there also exists an obli-
gation-that of India to accord passage and that of Portugal to

respect the rules of procedure respecting the application for, and
grant of, passage. In other words, the rights and obligations of
both sides are concomitant and correlative. But they are reconcil-
able with each other in the light of how the problem was success-
fullydealt with in the past-in the long period before 1954; that
is, on the basis of the local custom which had crystallized from
the constant and uniform practice of both the British and Indian
authorities before that year.

It appears clear to me that the basic element in the policy of
control and regulation of passage by the intervening territorial
State in the past was consideration in good faith of its own national
interest. Where there was possible prejudice to such interest, pas-
sage was restricted or prohibited as was the case in regard to or-
dinary goods. But where there was no likelihood of such prejudice,

passage was readily granted even in regard to armed forces, armed
police, and arms and ammunition, as has been shown above. This
element of interest was the common denominator in the policy of
control and regulation applied to all categories of passage, whatever
variations there were in the procedure adopted for granting it. 21. If a local custom had evolved, as it undoubtedly had, for a
right of passage between Daman and the enclaves for private
perçons, Portuguese civil officials and ordinary goods, a similar
custom, inmy opinion based upon the consistent practice in the past,

had likewise come into being for a right of passage in regard to
Portuguese armed forces, armed police, and arms and ammunition.
Whatever distinction was observed bv the British and Indian
Governments in granting passage between the enclaves and be-
tween them and coastal Daman for the different categories was a
matter of degree in applying a common policy of control and regu-
lation for al1the categories of passage rather than a matter of studied
differentiation of the scope or content of the right of passage as
between one category and another.

22. It should also be noted that originally Portugal possessed an
implicit right of access to the assigned villages to collect the granted
annual revenue and this right necessarily included access of Portu-

guese troops, armed police, and arms and ammunition over the
intervening Maratha territory from Daman to the villages. In fact
Article II of the "Capitulations relating to the conditions in which
Portugal receives the Pragana of Nagar-Aveli", dated 1785 (An-
nex 8 to Memorial) reads inpart:

"..and the Portuguese will quel1any rebellion ofthe Colyswhich
might break out inthe same Pragana".

True, this is of the character of an obligation imposed upon Portu-
gal. But in order to be able to carry out this obligation, she was
entitled, by necessary implication, to use all requisite and reason-
able means. In other words, she had the implicit right to bring
Portuguese troops, armed police, and arms and ammunition into

the villages for the purpose of quelling rebellion. This right of
access had, under the Marathas, as valid a basis as that for Portu-
guese civil officials and non-military goods for their use. Though
not often invoked by Portugal during the Maratha period, it was
more frequently exercised after the fa11of the Maratha Empire as
an essential attribute of Portuguese sovereignty over the enclaves.
Like the right of passage for private perçons, civil officials and
ordinary goods, it also developed into a customary right in fact,
as seen from the uniform and constant practice referred to above.

23. Moreover, there are additional grounds for recognizing the
broader scope of the right of passage for Portugal.
6265 RIGHT OF PASSAGE (SEP. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
Since Portugal bases this claim upon its title of sovereignty, it is
equally justifiable under the principle of territorial sovereignty.
For as to the validity of this title there is little ground for doubt.

Although no such title was acquired under the Marathas, and al-
though during the early years of British succession the attitude of
the British authorities on the subject was obsciire, their tacit
recognition of Portuguese sovereignty over the enclaves became
increasingly clear as time went on. The record of negotiations
between the Portuguese and British Commissioners for "the ex-
change of a narrow piece of land which should unite the Pragana of
Nagar-Aveli with the other Praganas adjacent to theFort ofDaman",
though the project did not materialize, lends further support to
this conclusion. It is also confirmed by the Treaty of 26 December
1878 concluded between Great Britain and Portugal which in its
preamble states :"being equallyanimated bythe desire ...to improve
and extend the relations of commerce between their respective
dominions.. .". No exception or exclusion was stipulated as regards
the enclaves in the reference to the "respective dominions"; and
British recognition of Portuguese sovereignty over the enclaves, as
well as over the other parts of the Portuguese dominions, must have
been equally implied. There was nothing in the record to indicate

any modification of the British attitude after the termination of
the treaty in 1891.

24. When India succeeded Great Britain and became an independ-
ent State,there wasno indication in the conduct of her relations with
Portugal that she had adopted a different attitude in regard to
the Portuguese dominions on the Indian sub-continent, notwith-
standing her known aspiration for "the re-establishment of her
geographical and historical unity". It is true that Counsel for India
asked in the oral pleadings: "When-where-by whom-did the
Indian Union recognize Portugal's territorial sovereignty ?" But
under international law such recognition need not always be express
or explicit. Itdoes not always cd for an open declaration; it may
be tacit.
In al1its dealings with the Portuguese authorities in the Indian
Peninsula or at Lisbon, the Govemment of the Indian Union, until
the events of 1954 occurred, appears to have always regarded the

enclaves, as well as the other territories of Portuguese India, as
belonging to Portugal. Indeed in the Aide-Memoire of the Indian
Legation at Lisbon of 27 February 1950 to the Portuguese Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, "the request for an immediate start of nego-
tiations regarding the future of Portuguese colonies in India" was
expressly stated to be for "the peaceful reunion of what is now
Portuguese India with the Indian Republic". (Memorial,Annex 29.)
Again, in a Note of 14 January 1953 from the Indian Legation to the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it is stated in its final
paragraph :

"The Government of India have suggested that the principle of
followed by a de factotransfer of the administrationis ...The legal
sovereignty of Portugal would continue until the steps then con-
sidered appropriate had been taken to give effect to the decisions
arrived at. The Government of India would be glad if the Govern-
ment of Portugal would accept these suggestions as a basis for the
proposed negotiations." (Memorial, Annex 31.)

Thus it is beyond doubt that as late as 1953 India continued to
consider al1 the Portuguese territories in India as under Portugal's
legal sovereignty without making any exception concerning the
enclaves of Dadra and Nagar-Aveli.
25. Since international lawmakes no distinction between onesover-
eignty and another, Portuguese sovereignty over the enclaves is as
much entitled to exist as the sovereignty of the State by whose
territory it is encircled. And the passage of troops, armed police,
and arms and ammuhition is as indispensable to the exercise of the
Portuguese sovereignty as, if not more so than, the passage of

private persons, civil officiais and ordinary goods. Even though the
situation of an enclave is a special one, it is inconceivable in inter-
national law that one sovereignty exists only by the will or caprice
of another sovereignty. But on the other hand, while it is true that
this right of passage imposes a correlative obligation binding on
the State through whose territory it has to be effected, it is not an
absolute, unrestricted right; in the nature of things its exercise
must be subject to control and regulation by the sovereign of the
intervening territory.

The existence of two conflicting rights, however, is not an un-
common phenomenon in international law. In the complexities of
intercourse between nations such a situation is often unavoidable.
It is, however, not an intractable problem; its solution only calls
for mutual adaptation and adjustment. By reference to, and appli-
cation of, the general principles of law as stipulated in Article 38,

1, (c), of the Statute, as well as to customary international law,
similar situations have found solutions in the past.

26. In municipal law, as disclosed by a comparative study by
Professor Max Rheinstein, the right of access to enclaved property
is always sanctioned. Admittedly, there are important distinctions
between a right of passage of an international enclave and that of an
enclaved land owned by a private individual. But in whatever
mould municipal law may be cast, in whatever technical frame-
work it may be installed, in harmony with national tradition or
out of preference for a particular legal fiction, the underlying prin-

64ciple of recognition of such a right, in its essence, is the same. It
is the principle of justice founded on reason.

27. Indeed, in the last analysis, the fact that an enclaved land in
municipallaw andan enclaved territory in the international domain
has always been able to enjoy passage through the surrounding
land of another owner or the surrounding territory of another State,

is based upon reason and the elementary principle of justice. For
such land or territory this transit is a necessity and it is reasonable
to provide for this necessity both in municipal law andin customary
international law. As the great Dutch jurisconsult, Cornelius van
Bynkershoek, has so well said: "In the law of nations, reason is
sovereign ..." It is reason which dictates the recognition of a rule
of international customary law in application of the principle of
justice. Only by the existence of this rule of customary law can it
be explained that through the centuries, though many territorial
enclaves have existed and disappeared in the course of the develop-
ment of international relations, not a single case of disappearance
has been due to denial of passage and the consequent geographical
suffocation or strangulation. The reasonableness of according
passage through the surrounding territory accounts for the
constancy and uniformity of the usage which has ripened into a
customary right of passage for international enclaves, however
restricted or qualified it may be according to the circumstances of
each case.

28.Onthe surface, the right ofpassage ofthe sovereign ofan enclave
and the right of the sovereign of the surrounding territory to
uphold his territorial sovereignty appear to be conflicting, but, as
1 have already remarked, they are not incompatible or irreconcil-
able with each other. The fact that enclaves exist and thrive today
in many parts of the world shows that whatever difficulties may
have arisen between the enclaved and enclaving territories from
time to time have always been satisfactorily arranged in good faith
and with goodwill on both sides. The relations between the two
territorial situations are not unlike the relations between the ocean
and the rivers which empty their waters into it. Sometimes the
necessity to exercise the sovereignty over the enclave is more
pressing than the right of the enclaving Stateto protect its territorial
sovereignty intact and sometimes the reverse istrue; just as during
the spring thaw a river rising high with water discharges it deep
into the ocean and, during the flow of the tide, the ocean pushes its
tide water well up the river, without denying the existence of either.

They CO-existand perforrn their respective functions. There is no
intrinsic conflict between them and there is none either between the
right of passage of an enclave of one Stateandthe territorial sover-
eignty of the enclosing State. For customary international law is
no less resourceful than the law of geophysics. 29. For the reasons stated above, 1 hold that Portugal's right of
passage between the enclaves and between them and coastal Daman
embraces al1 the six categories, to the extent necessary for the
exercise of Portuguese sovereignty ovethe enclaves and subject to
control and regulation by India.

(Signed)WELLINGTOK NOO.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JGDGE V. K. WELLINGTON KOO

1 agree with the conclusion of the judgment of the Court in
recognizing a right of passage for Portugal between Daman and the
enclaves and between the enclaves as sanctioned by local custom
in respect of private persons, civil officials and goods in general,
but Iregret to be unable to concur in excluding from the scope or
content of this right the passage of Portuguese armed forces, armed

police and arms and ammunition. This right admittedly is not an
absolute right, since Portugal claims it only to the extent necessary
for the exercise of Portuguese sovereignty over the enclaves and
subject to the control and regulation ofIndia. As thus qualified, the
right of passage is, inmy opinion, applicable to all the six categories.
1

I. Although the Government of British India never expressly
recognized passage as a matter of right for any category, in fact
such passagewas always granted. As a general rule, after the coming
into force of the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Commerce and Extra-
dition of 26 December 1878, the British authorities required pre-
vious authorization for the passage of armed police, military units
and arms and ammunition in each case, but in fact the practice
of authorizing such passage was more uniform and constant than
in the case of private goods. Throughout the 130 years of British
rule in India, 1 am not aware of one single instance in the record
before the Court of a Portuguese request for passage of armed

police, military persons or units or arms and ammunition between
Daman and the enclaves ever having been refused. On the contrary,
in respect of ordinary goods there was enforced by the British a
prohibition of such transit for certain goods at different times, such
as rice, salt, liquor, spirits and ingredients for distilling liquor and
spirits, and there was indeed a total prohibition of passage for al1
goods during the last war.

2. A brief review of the facts would clarify the point.
During the first 60 years of the British period no request for
permission for entry of troops or armed police of either Portugal or
Great Britain into the territory of the other was required. A prac-
tice had been established for such passage on a basis of reci-
procity, which fact probably accounts for the paucity of documents
relating to the question of passage (Rejoinder, 1,p. 181).

It appears, however, that during this period whenever there was

a need of passagefor armed military personnel it was always granted.
52OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. V. K. WELLIKGTOK KOO

jTraduction]
Je me rallie à l'arrêtde la Cour en tant qu'il reconnaît au Portu-
gal, entre Damao et les enclaves et entre ces enclaves elles-mêmes,
un droit de passage sanctionné par la coutume locale pour les
personnes privées, les fonctionnaires civils et les marchandises en
général,maisje regrette de ne pouvoir me rallieràl'exclusion hors du
contenu de ce droit de passage des forces armées, de la police

armée et des armes et munitions portugaises. Il est admis que ce
droit n'est pas absolu, puisque le Portugal ne le réclameque dans la
mesure nécessaire à l'exercice de sa souveraineté sur les enclaves
et sous la réglementation et le contrôle de l'Inde. Xinsi limité, le
droit de passage s'applique à mon avis à toutes les six catégories.

I.Bien que le Gouvernement de l'Inde britannique n'ait ijamais
expressément reconnu le passage en tant que droit pour aucune des
catégories, ce passage a toujours été accordé en fait. En règle
générale,après l'entrée en vigueur du traité de commerce et d'ex-
tradition du 26décembre 1878 entre la Grande-Bretagne et le Portu-
gal, les autorités britanniques ont exigéune autorisation préalable
pourchaque cas de passage de la police armée,des unités militaires et
des armes et munitions, mais en fait la pratique d'autoriser ce pas-
sage a étéplus uniforme et constante que dans le cas des marchan-
dises privées. Tout au long des cent trente ans de gouvernement
britannique en Inde, je n'ai pas connaissance, dans le dossier soumis

à la Cour, d'un seul exemple de demandeportugaise visant lepassage
entre Damao et les enclaves de police armée,de militaires, d'unités
militaires ou d'armes et munitions qui ait essuyéun refus. Pour les
marchandises ordinaires au contraire, les Britanniques ont prohibéà
diverses époques le transit de certaines marchandises comme le riz,
le sel, l'alcool, les spiritueux et les produits nécessairesà la distilla-
tion de l'alcool et des spiritueux; on constate mêmependant la
dernière guerre une prohibition totale du transit de toutes les mar-
chandises.
2. Un rapide examen des faits éclaircira ce point.
Au cours des soixante premières années de la périodebritannique
aucune demande d'autorisation pour permettre aux soldats ou à la
police armée du Portugal ou de la Grande-Bretagne de pénétrer sur
le territoire de l'autre pays n'était exigée. Une pratique concernant
ce passage s'était établiesur la base de la réciprocité,ce qui explique
probablement la rareté des documents se rapportant à la question

du passage (duplique, vol. 1,p. 181).
Mais il semble que, pendant cette période, toutes les fois que le
passage du personnel militaire armé étaitnécessaire,ilétait autorisé.
52An incident which arose in 1859 was revealing. When two Portu-
guese sepoys were escorting a Portuguese judge from Daman to
Bassein, the British police deprived the sepoys of their bayonets.
The Governor-General of Goa protested to the Governor of Bombay
on 16 May 1859, stating that the two soldiers were furnished with
the necessary passes bearing the Government seal on them, that

in the territories of Daman and Goa English soldiers carrying arms
wereallowed to passunmolested, and that "it is not to be expected
that Portuguese soldiers Ml1 be stopped from doing the same
within British territories, particularly as there is this additional
circumstance connected with Daman, viz. that there are several
Portuguese villages situated within the limits of the British terri-
tory" (Counter-Memorial, Annex C. No. 39). The Governor of
Bombay in his reply stated that "the arms of the two Portuguese
soldiers were detained through an inadvertence which this Govern-
ment regrets and which 1 hope will not occur again" (ibid., p. 195).
3. On this same subject of troops, Article XVIII, paragraph 3,
of the Treaty of Commerce and Extradition of 26 December 1878
provided :

"The armed forces of one of the two High Contracting parties
shall not enter the Indian dominions of the other, except for the
purposes specifiedinformerTreaties, orforthe rendering of mutual
assistance as provided for in the present Treaty, or except in conse-
quence of a formal request made by the party desiring such entry
to the other."
This provision requiring a forma1 request for authorization to
send troops of one High Contracting Party across the territory
of the other had originally been proposed by the Portuguese pleni-
potentiary and was only inserted in the treaty on his insistence
because, as reported by the British plenipotentiary to the Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs, "its insertion or non-insertion might
make the whole difference in.the chances the (Portuguese) Govern-
ment had of passing the Treaty itself through the Cortes". The
explanation given by the Portuguese representative was that such

a provision would enable the Portuguese Government to face the
"great opposition on thepart of the public" to the "customs union"
and the "economic amalgamation of the Portuguese colonies with
the system of the British Indian Empire", as provided for in the
Treaty (Rejoinder, II, Annex 54).
4.This new practice was continued after the expiration ofthetreaty
in 1892, with permission always granted on application. Thus, for
example, one application on 13 January 19x5 for passage of eleven
soldiers from Daman to Nagar-Aveli (Counter-Memorial, Annex E.
No. 25), and another of 22 March 1915 for passage of one soldier
from Goa to Nagar-Aveli (ibid., Annex No. 26) were granted without
difficulty. During the year 1915, seventy-nine applications were
made to the Government of Bombay for permission for Portuguese
soldiers to pass through British territory. Between 29 December DROIT DE PASSAGE (OP. IND. DE M. WELLINGTON KOO)
55
Vn incident survenu en 1859 est révélateur. Comme deux cipayes
escortaient un juge portugais de Damao à Bassein, la police bri-
tannique leur retira leurs baïonnettes. Le gouverneur général de
Goa protesta auprès du gouverneur de Bombay le 16 mai 1859,

déclarant que les deux militaires étaient munis des laissez-passer
nécessaires portant le sceau du Gouvernement, que les soldats
anglais porteurs d'armes étaient autorisés à passer sur les territoires
de Damao et de Goa sans être molestéset ajoutant (on ne doit pas
s'attendre à ce que les soldats portugais soient empêchésd'agir
de mêmedans les territoires britanniques, étant donnénotamment
qu'en outre, àpropos deDamao, plusieurs villages portugais reliésà

cette ville sont situés dans les limites du territoire britannique 1)
(contre-mémoire, annexe C no 39). Le gouverneur de Bombay
répondit: (les armes des deux soldats portugais ont été retenues
par une inadvertance que mon Gouvernement regrette et qui, je
l'espère, ne se reproduira pas )(ibid., p. 195).
3. Surcette question des troupes, le troisième alinéa de l'article
XVIII du traité de commerce et d'extradition du 26 décembre 1878

disposait :
((La force armée de l'une des Hautes Parties contractantes
n'entrera pas dans les possessionsindiennes de l'autre, exceptédans
les cas spécifiéspar des traités antérieurs,ou pour se prêter un
mutuel secours comme cela est prévu dans le présent traité, ou
lorsqu'une demande formelle en aura été faite parla partie qui
désireracette entréede l'autre. ))

Cette disposition exigeant une demande d'autorisation formelle
pour les envois de troupes de l'une des Hautes Parties contrac-
tantes sur le territoire de l'autre avait étéproposée par le pléni-
potentiaire portugais et n'avait étéinséréedans le traité sur son
insistance que, comme l'expose le rapport du plénipotentiaire bri-
tannique à son secrétaire d'Etat aux Affaires étrangères,parce que
((de son insertion ou de sa non-insertion pouvaient dépendre en-
tièrement les chances qu'avait le Gouvernement (portugais) de

faire adopter le traité par les Cortès ))L'explication donnée par
le représentant du Portugal était que cette disposition permettrait
au Gouvernement portugais de faire face à la ((forte opposition de
la part du public )à1'~union douanière 1)et à((la fusion économique
des colonies portugaises avec le système de l'Empire britannique
des Indes ))prévues dans le traité (duplique, vol. II, annexe 54).
4. Cette nouvelle pratique continua à êtreobservée après l'expi-

ration du traité survenue en 1892, l'autorisation étant toujours
accordée sur demande. C'est ainsi par exemple que furent satis-
faitessans difficultéune demande du 13janvier 1915pour lepassage
de onze soldats de Damao àNagar-Aveli (contre-mémoire, annexe E.
no 25) et une autre du 22 mars 1915 pour le passage d'un soldat
de Goa àNagar-Aveli (ibid., annexe no 26).Au cours de l'année 1915,
le Gouvernement de Bombay reçut soixante-dix-neuf demandes

d'autorisation pour le passage de soldats portugais sur le territoire1916 and 25 August 1917 also seventy-nine applications were made
for the same purpose. Apparently, in no instance was permission
refused.

5. Earlier, two cases ofpassage of Portuguese soldiers across British
territory, though they do not bear directly on such transit between
Daman and the enclaves, are particularly significant in considering
the question of a local custom for such passage on the Indian penin-
sula. On 26 November 1901 the Portuguese Consul-General asked
the Governor-General of India for permission to send a detachment
of 20 soldiers from Daman by land through Bombay to Goa and
requested him to issue "urgently" the necessary orders for the
passage. This permission was given two days later in a reply of
28 November 1901 and confirmed on 30 November 1901, adding
a request that :

"..on future occasions the date of the proposed movement of sucli
detachmentsmay be stated, and that sufficientnotice may be given
tions to be issued to the local authorities" ob(Counter-Memorial,-
Annex C. No. 51).

Again, when there was a rebellion in 1912 against the Portuguese
Government in Goa, permission was asked on 5 August 1912 of
the Government of Bombay and it was granted by the Government
of India the following day, stating that they "have no objection

to their proposal to march one officer and sixty men across ten
kilometres of British territory", "as a special case". This detach-
ment did not travel as expected. In October of the same year,
however, the Por;tuguese Government at Goa again requested
permission to send sixty men in the charge of an officer for about
thirty miles across country to the Portuguese border. The reply
of the Government of India was again in the affirmative, stating:
"In the opinion of His Excellency we should not allow them trans-
port by train, but othenvise there is no objection." The passage of
the detachment in question duly took place on the 15th and 16th
November of the same year (Counter-Memonal, Annex C. No. 52).

6. The passage of armed police was provided for in Article XVIII,
paragraph 2, of the same Treaty of 1878, which States :

"The revenue, magisterial and police authorities of the Indian
dominions of the High ContractingParties shall cordially CO-operate
with each other for the maintenance, on the commonlines oftraffic
and elsewhere, of perfect security of persons and property; and in
the pursuit of criminals and persons engaged in smuggling and
contraband practices, the saidauthorities ofthe oneHigh Contracting
Party may cross the frontier and enter the dominions of the other
High Contracting Party; Provided that in such dominions they shali
act in accordance with the local laws and the provisions of tliis
Treaty" (Counter-Mernorial,Annes No. 40). britannique. Soixante-dix-neuf demandes analogues furent présen-
tées entre le 29 décembre 1916 et le 25 août 1917. L'autorisation
ne fut apparemment jamais refusée.
5. Antérieurement, deux cas de passage de soldats portugais sur
territoire britannique, s'ils sont sans rapport direct avec le transit

entre Damao et les enclaves, n'en revêtent pas moins une impor-
tance particulière quant à la question d'une coutume locale en
matière de passage dans la péninsule indienne. Le 26 novembre
1901, le consul généraldu\Portugal a demandé au gouverneur géné-
ral del'Inde l'autorisation defairepasser par voie de terre deDamao
à Goa via Bombay un détachement de vingt soldats en le priant de
donner d'ccurgence »les ordres nécessaires à ce passage. L'autori-
sation a étédonnéedeux jours plus tard dans une réponse du 28 no-
vembre 1901 et confirmée le 30 novembre, par une lettre deman-
dant en outre :
« ..à l'avenir de bien vouloir indiquer la date du transport proposé
de ces détachementset de l'annoncer assez tôt pour laisser le temps
d'obtenir les ordres du Gouvernement et de donner des instructions
aux autorités locales» (contre-mémoire,annexe C. no 51).

De même en1912, lorsqu'une rébelliona éclatécontrele Gouverne-
nement portugais àGoa, une autorisation a étédemandée le 5 août
1912 au Gouvernement de Bombay et elle a étéaccordée le lende-
main par le Gouvernement de l'Inde qui a déclaré qu'ilne s'opposait
((nullement à la proposition de faire passer un officier et soixante
hommes sur dix kilomètres de territoire britannique ...à titre

spécial ». Ce détachement n'a pas fait le mouvement prévu. Mais
en octobre de la mêmeannée le Gouvernement portugais de Goa
a sollicitéà nouveau l'autorisation de faire passer soixante hommes
sous les ordres .d'un officier sur environ cinauante kilomètres
jusqiiJà la frontière portugaise. La réponse du Gouvernement
de l'Inde a étéune fois de plus affirmative: «Son Exc. estime
que nous ne devrions pas accorder le transport en train, mais
qu'autrement il n'y a pas d'objection. 1)Le passage du détache-
ment en question a bien eu lieu les 15 et 16 novembre de cette
mêmeannée (contre-mémoire, annexe C. no 52).
6. Le passage de la police armée était prévu au deuxième alinéa
de l'article XVIII du mêmetraité de 1878, qui dispose:

cLes autorités fiscales, judiciaires et de police des possessions
indiennes des Hautes Parties contractantes coopéreront cordiale-
ment pour maintenir, dans les lignes de trafic commun et ailleurs,
la parfaite sécurité des personnes et des propriétés;et, dans la
poursuite de criminels et de personnes se livranà la contrebande,
lesdites autoritésde l'une des Hautes Partiescontractantes pourront
traverser la frontière et entrer dans les Etats de l'autre Haute
Partie contractante, pourvu que dans ces Etats elles agissent en
conformité avecles lois locales et les stipulations du présenttra))é
(contre-mémoire,annexe no 40). This provision relating to the passage of armed police and other
authonties was evidently based upon the practice which had already
been established during the years preceding the conclusion of the
Treaty of 1878. Previous authorization was not expressly stipulated
in the Treaty as necessary, nor was it always required, in practice,
for such passage, as will be indicated later.
7.When the Treaty of1878expired in 1892,the reciprocalarrange-
ment for passage of armed police continued in practice. By an
arrangement of 1913 parties of Portuguese armed police were
allowed "to travel across intervening British territory when it is
necessary forthem to dosoin journeying from onepart of Portuguese
India to another, provided that previous intimation (not previous
authorization) is given to the local authorities" (Counter-Memorial,
Annex C. No. 53). By an agreement of 1920 armed police, as well
as unarmed police of one party in actual pursuit of an offender,
may continue the pursuit uninterrupted in the territory of the
other. It also provided that armed police below a certain rank should

not enter the territory of the other party without consent previously
obtained. Apparently this restriction did not apply to those above
that rank. Under an agreement of 1940, passage of Portuguese
armed police over the Daman-Silvassa (Nagar-Aveli)road was free
provided that the party did not exceed ten in number and that
intimation of the passage was given tothe British authoritieswithin
twenty-four hours of the passage. For any such party of more than
ten in number travelling over the road it was necessary to obtain
the concurrence of the British authorities, as heretofore, by prior
notice.

8. In respect of the requirement of permission for passage of
Portuguese troops and armed police over intervening British
territory, it is useful to note what the practice in fact was. When
the Governor-General of Portuguese India stated in a letter of
22 December 1890 to the Governor of Bombay that "Portuguese
troops never cross British territory without previous permission",

an investigation was ordered by the British authorities and the
District Police Inspector of the Bulsa Division reported on 28 Febru-
ary 1891 that "on a number of occasions Portuguese armed men
had passed through British territory without permission", adding
that "British police sometimes went armed into Portuguese terri-
tory, and were not subjected to any interference". He recommended
that this state ofaffairsbe allowed to continue. The Commissioner of
the Northern District and the District Magistrate of Surat concurred
in the viewthat this reciprocal understanding should be maintained.
Accordingly, in reply to the Governor-General of Portuguese India,
the Secretary to the Government of Bombay, after stating that
an investigation found several instances of troops (Portuguese)
escorting treasure from Daman to the railway station, taking a
prisoner to Wapi from Daman, proceeding through British villages DROIT DE PASSAGE (OP. IND. DE M. WELLINGTON KOO) 57

Cette disposition visant le passage de la police arméeet d'autres
autorités se fondait évidemment sur la pratique déjà établie au
cours des années ayant précédé la conclusion du traité de 1878. Le
traité n'énonce pas expressément la nécessité de l'autorisation
préalable et, comme on l'indiquera plus loin, celle-ci n'était pas
toujours requise en pratique en vue du passage.
7. Quand le traitéde 1878prit finen 1892,l'accord réciproquepour
le passage de la police arméecontinua en pratique. Par un arrange-
ment de 1913, les détachements de police portugaise armés étaient
autorisés à «traverser le territoire britannique intermédiaire quand

il leur est nécessaire de le faire pour se rendre d'une région de
l'Inde portugaise à une autre, pourvu que les autorités locales
en aient reçu notification préalable »(il ne s'agit pas d'autorisation
préalable) (contre-mémoire, annexe C. no 53). Par un accord de
1920 la police, armée ou non, de l'une des parties poursuivant
effectivement un délinquant pouvait continuer la poursuite sur le
territoire de l'autre sans être interrompue. L'accord disposait
également qu'au-dessous d'un certain rang les policiers armés ne
devaient paspénétrer sur le territoire de l'autre partie sans consente-
ment préalable. Cette restriction ne s'appliquait apparemment
pas aux agents d'un rang plus élevé. Auxtermes d'un accord de
1940, le passage despoliciers portugais armés sur la route de Damao

à Silvassa (Nagar-Aveli) était libre à condition qu'il ne se fît pas
en groupes de plus de dix personnes et que leur passage fût signalé
aux autorités britanniques dans les vingt-quatre heures suivant
ce passage. Pour les groupes de plus de dix agents circulant sur
ladite route, il était nécessaired'obtenir comme auparavant I'assen-
timent des autorités britanniques par voie de notification préalable.
8. Au sujet de l'autorisation exigéepour le passage des troupes et
de la police armée portugaises sur le territoire britannique inter-
médiaire,il est utile de voir quelle était en fait la pratique. Lorsque
le gouverneur général de l'Inde portugaise déclara dans une lettre
du 22 décembre 1890 au gouverneur de Bombay: «les troupes

portugaises ne traversent jamais le territoire britannique sans
autorisation préalable »,les autorités britanniques ordonnèrent une
enquêteet le District Police Inspecter de la division de Bulsar rap-
porta le 28 février 1891 (qu'à plusieurs reprises les forces armées
portugaises avaient traversé le territoire britannique sans autori-
sation », ajoutant « que la police britannique entrait parfois en
armes sur le territoire portugais sansque personne ne s'y opposât ».
Il recommandait le maintien de cet état de choses. Le Commander
of the Northern District et le District Magistrate de Surat estimaient
également que cette entente réciproque devait êtremaintenue. En
conséquence, le secrétaire du Gouvernement de Bombay, après

avoir déclarédans sa réponse au gouverneur général de l'Inde
portugaise que l'enquête avait révélé plusieurs casde troupes
(portugaises)escortant un envoi de fonds de Damao à la station de
chemin de fer, transférant un prisonnier de Damao à Vapi, seren-from Daman to Dadra and back again, or again going from Ambli
to Dadra, without any application or notice to the local authonties,
and remarking that "these instances have doubtless not been report-
ed to H.E. the Governor-General, and under the rule which he has
laid down it would seem that notice of such transit should have
been made to the District Magistrate of Surat", concludes:

"At the same time 1am directed to observe that this Government
has no reason to supposethat the parties or persons, whohave passed
armed through tnese strips of British territory, have not conducted
that, in the absence of any special reason, they should not be inter-
fered with. If such movements or transfers can be anticipated doubt-
less the Portuguese authorities on the spot will prevent the risk of
any delay or of any further correspondence by adhering to the rule
mentioned in H.E. letter 'that Portuguese troops never cross Br.
territory without previous permission'. But as already stated by me
the Dist. Mag. at Surat has been informed that this Government
does not wish any interference exercised in the circumçtances now
reported." (Rejoinder, II, pp. 223-224.)

g. Itis thus evident that for the passage of Portuguese troops on

the Daman-Silvassa (Nagar-Aveli) road, previous authonzation was
not always required, in practice, notwithstanding the provisions
of Article XVIII of the Treaty of 1878 to the contrary.

IO. On the question of the passage of Portuguese armed police,
reference has been made above tothe agreement of 1940. The ongin
of this agreement and the discussions leading to its conclusion also
appear significant in ascertaining the practice which prevailed and
the considerations which lay behind it. Following an incident
relating to the arrest of a German missionary in Apnl, 1940, by a
British force in Britisherritory consisting of threeunarmed rnilitary
men and fourarmed men, on a bus going from Silvassa(Nagar-Aveli)
to Daman, the Government of Portuguese India suggested:

"the possibility of comingto an understandingwith the Government
of Bombay, by which on this road, and only on this road, owing to
its specialnature, armed police forcesof both the Governments may
travel freely, independently of any previous authorization".
(Counter-Memorial,II pp. 322-323.)

Before taking a decision on the proposa1 and replying to the
Government of Portuguese India, the Government of Bombay
consulted the various British authorities concerned. At first it was
thought that

56dant de Damao à Dadra et retour par des villages britanniques, ou
encore d'Ambli àDadra, sans présenter dedemandenide notification
aux autorités locales, et après avoir observé (il n'est pas douteux

que ces cas n'ont pas étéportés à la connaissance de S. Exc. le
gouverneur général, et selon la règle qu'il a fixéeil semble que de
tels passages auraient dû être signalés au District Magistrate de
Surat »,concluait en ces termes:
En mêmetemps je suis chargéde faire observerque ce Gouver-
nement n'a aucune raison de supposer que les détachements ou les
personnes qui ont traversé en armes ces portions du territoire
britannique ne se soient pas conduits avec une absolue correction,
et le gouverneur en conseil a donné l'ordre de ne pas entraver
leurs déplacements sans motif particulier. Si de tels mouvements
ou transferts peuvent êtreprévus à l'avance, il ne fait aucun doute
que les autorités locales portugaises éviteront de s'exposer à des
retards ou d'avoir à engager une nouvelle correspondance en se
conformant à la règledont fait état la lettre de S. Exc. aux termes
de laquelle «les troupes portugaises ne traversent jamais le terri-
toire britannique sans autorisation préalable ». Mais, comme
je l'ai déjà indiqué,le District Magistrate de Surat a étéinformé
que ce Gouvernement ne veut pas qu'il soit apporté la moindre
entrave dans les circonstances dont il est fait état. » (Duplique,
vol. II, pp. 223-224.)

9. Il est donc évident que,pour le passage de.troupes portugaises
sur la route de Damao à Silvassa (Nagar-Aveli), la demande d'auto-
risation préalable n'était pas toujours exigéedans la pratique, non-
obstant les dispositions contraires de l'articleXVIII du traité de
1878.
IO. Pour la question du passage de la police armée portugaise, on
a fait état plus haut de l'accord de 1940. L'origine de cet accord et
les négociations qui ont abouti à sa conclusion paraissent également

révélatrices lorsqu'il s'agit de démontrer la pratique qui a prévalu
et les considérations qui ont conduit à l'adopter. A la suite d'un
incident relatif à l'arrestation, enavril 1940, d'un missionnaire alle-
mand en territoire britannique par un détachement britannique
composé de trois hommes non armés et de quatre hommes armés,
dans un autocar allant de Silvassa (Nagar-Aveli) à Damao, le
Gouvernement de l'Inde portugaise a suggéré :

«la possibilité de conclure avec le Gouvernement de Bombay un
accord en vertu duquel, sur cette route et seulement sur cette
route,à raison de son caractère particulier, il serait permià des
ment, indépendamment de toute autorisation préalablecule)).(Contre-
mémoire, vol. II, pp. 322-323.)

Avant de se prononcer sur cette proposition et de répondre au
Gouvernement de l'Inde portugaise, le Gouvernement de Bombay
a consulté les diverses autorités britanniques intéressées. On a

d'abord formulé le point de vue suivant: "in view of the reasons stated by the Government of Port. India,
there seems prima facie no objection to agree to the understanding
which the Govt. of Port. India have proposed".

But some considered it
"desirable to have somesort of controlor check over the movements
of armed police forces. G.R., P.D. No. 4540 of 30.7.1913 (requiring
previous notice of passage) is one way of securing this. The question
is not one of mere administrative detail. If a general permission is
to be given, it may have to be coupled with some restrictions, e.g.
as to number, purpose, etc."

The Political and Services Department of the Government of
Bombay then recommended acceptance of the proposal,
"subject to the understanding that the number of the armed police-
men of the Port. Govt/Br. Govt allowed to traverse through the
British portion/Port. portion of the Daman-Silvassa road should
be restricted to the actual requirements in each case and that
intimation of the march of the armed police forces through the
territories of the Port. Govt/Br. Govt should be given to the local
authorities by the Br. Govt/Port. Govt as soon as possible after the
march takes place".

In the opinion of others consulted, "this would not achieve the
object" and the "distrust" was shared by another who thought
"that without check and control of a fairly easily exercisable type,
the procedure is fraught with danger". Hence the precisely worded
formula which, finally suggested by the Comrnissioner of the North-
ern District, was incorporated in the agreement of 1940.
II. Thus itappears clear from the foregoing review of the facts
that during the first sixty years of the British period, the prevailing
practice of allowing passage of troops and armed police of one
country through the intervening territory of the other was based
upon reciprocity and it had already developed into a local custom.
While military units thus travelling must be in possession of passes
issued by their own Government, this requirement does not appear
to have applied to armed police on duty. However, no previous
authorization for either category of passage was necessary.

Even during the period when the Treaty of 1878 was in force,
though Article XVIII of it expressly provided for the requirement
of a forma1 request and permission for entry of the troops of one
High Contracting Party into the territory of the other, Portuguese
armed forces on a number of occasions, as indicated by the Govern-
ment of Bombay in its reply to the letter of 22 December 1890 of
57 DROIT DE PASSAGE (OP. IND. DE M. WELLINGTON KOO) 59

« Compte tenu des motifs invoquéspar le Gouvernement de l'Inde
portugaise, il ne semble pas qu'il y aità première vue d'objection
à accepter l'accord qu'a proposéle Gouvernement de l'Inde por-
tugaise.))

D'aucuns ont cependant jugé:
((souhaitable d'imposer un certain contrôle ou une certaine régle-
mentation aux mouvements de la police armée. Le G. R., P. D.
no 4540 en date du 30.7.1913 (exigeantla notification préalable du
passage) en fournit le moyen. Il ne s'agit pas seulement d'un simple
détail d'ordre administratif. Si l'on doit accorder une autorisation
de caractère général,il peut y avoir lieu de l'assortir de certaines
restrictions, relatives par exemple au nombre, à l'objet, etc))

Le Political and ServicesDepartment du Gouvernement de Bom-
bay a par la suite recommandé l'acceptation de cette proposition,

(étant entendu que les effectifs de la police armée du Gouver-
nement portugais ou du Gouvernement britannique autorisés à
traverser le tronçon britannique ou le tronçon portugais de la route
de Damao à Silvassa respectivement seront limités aux besoins
réelsdans chaque cas, et que notification du passage des forces de
police arméedans les territoires du Gouvernement portugais ou du
Gouvernement britannique sera donnéeaux autorités locales par
le Gouvernement britannique ou le Gouvernement portugais res-
pectivement dèsque possible après l'exécutionde ce déplacement ».

Selon d'autres avis, (cela ne répondrait pas à l'objectif pour-
suivi »et ce ccscepticisme » était partagé d'autre part car, (sans une

réglementation et un contrôle qui soient assez faciles à exercer,
cette procédure est pleine de risques ».D'où la formule libellée en
termesprécis finalement suggéréepar le Commissioner oftheNorthern
District, qui a étéincorporée dans l'accord de 1940.
II.L'examen des faitsauxquels l'on vientde procédermontre donc
clairement que, pendant les soixante premières années de la période
britannique, la. pratique qui a prévalu d'autoriser le passage des

troupes et de la police armée d'un pays dans le territoire intermé-
diaire de l'autre était fondée sur le principe de la réciprocité et
avait d'ores et déjà donné naissance à une coutume locale. Alors
que les effectifs militaires se déplaçant dans ces conditions devaient
détenir des laissez-passer délivréspar leur propre Gouvernement, il
ne semble pas que cette exigence se soit appliquée à la police
armée dans l'exercice de ses fonctions. En revanche, pour aucune

de ces deux catégories il n'était nécessaire de solliciterune autorisa-
tion préalable de passage.
Mêmeau cours de la période pendant laquelle le traité de 1878
a étéen vigueur, bien que l'article XVIII dudit traité prévoit ex-
pressément la nécessitéde demander formellement et d'obtenir une
autorisation pour l'entrée des troupes de l'une des Hautes Parties
contractantes dans le territoire de l'autre partie, les forces de police

armée portugaises, en un certain nombre d'occasions, comme l'athe Governor-General of Portuguese India, travelled on duty across
British territory without having applied for and obtained previous
authorization, especially on the Daman-Silvassa(Nagar-Aveli)road.
What appears even more significant is the fact, as citedabove, that
the British authorities expressed their preference for the continuance
of this practice of non-interference with such passages, obviously
in recognition of the necessity for them as well as out of considera-
tion for their own convenience on the reciprocal basis.

12.There is nothingin the record to show that thispracticeunder-
went any significant change after the lapse of the Treaty of 1878.

The agreements of 1913, 1920 and 1940, while in one of them the
requirement of previous authorization for the passage of armed
forces was reaffirmed,formalized this customary practice with more
precision as regards the passage of Portuguese armed police through
intervening British territory.
13. During the post-British period, up to 1954, this practice
was apparently also respected by India.
14.Asregards arms and ammunition,etc., Section17 of Act XXXI
of 1860 required, for their importation into British territory, a
licence from the Governor-General of India in Council, or from
some officer authorized on his behalf by the Governor-General of
India in Council. This Act was replaced by the Indian Arms Act
of 1878 (Counter-Memorial, Annex C. No. 59). Section 6 provides
that no person shall bring or take by sea or land into or out of
British India any arms, ammunition or military stores except under
a licence (with exceptions not relevant here). Section IO empowers
the Governor-General in Council to reeulate or ~rohibit the trans-
port of any description of arms, ammunitions Lr military stores.

The Indian Arms Rules of 1879 (ibid., No. 60) provides for the issue
of licences for the import and export of arms, ammunition and
military stores. In 1880, the Governor-General in Council added
Rule 7 A to these Rules (ibid., No. 60). Rule 7A (a) provides that
nothing in the Rules should be deemed to authorize the grant of
a licence to import arms, ammunition or military stores from Portu-
guese India. Rule 7 A (b) provides that nothing in the Rules should
be deemed to authorize the grant ofa licence to export to Portuguese
India any arms, ammunition or military stores, unless they were
exported for the exclusive use of, or covered by a special import
licence issued by, the Government of Portuguese India. This Rule
7A (b) was made to conform to paragraph 4 of Article XVIII of the
Treaty of 1878, one provision of which reads:

"The exportation of arms, ammunition or military stores from
the Indian dominions of one of the High Contracting Parties into
58indiqué le Gouvernement de Bombay dans sa réponseà la lettre du
gouverneur général de l'Inde portugaise en date du 22 décembre
1890, ont traversé le territoire britannique dans l'exercice de leurs
fonctions sans en avoirdemandé et obtenu l'autorisation préalable,
notamment sur la route de Damao à Silvassa (Nagar-Aveli). Plus

significatif encore est le fait cité plus haut que les autorités britan-
niques ont déclaré préférer continuer à observer la pratique consis-
tant à ne pas entraver ce passage en reconnaissant évidemment la
nécessité pour eux-mêmeset cédant à des considérations de com-
modité personnelle sur la base de la réciprocité.
12.Aucun élémentdu dossierne montre que cettepratique ait subi
aucune modification importante,après que le traité de 1878 eut pris
fin. Les accords de 1913, 1920 et 1940, tandis que l'un d'entre eux
réaffirmait la nécessitéd'une autorisation préalable pour le passage
des forces armées. ont formulé cette ~ratiaue coutumière avec
davantage de précision pour le passage de la police armée portu-
gaise sur le territoire britanniqueintermédiaire.
13. Au cours de la période post-britannique, jusqu'en 1954, il
semble que l'Inde ait également respecté cette pratique.

14. Pour les armes et les munitions, etc., l'article 17de l'ActXXXI
de 1860 exigeait pour l'importation en territoire britannique une
licence accordée soit par le gouverneur général de l'Inde en conseil
soit par un fonctionnaire autorisé à cet effet par le gouverneur
généralen conseil. Cet Act a étéremplacé par 1'YndianArms Act de
1878 (contre-mémoire, annexe C. no 59). L'article 6 dispose que
nul ne transportera par terre ou par mer à destination ou en pro-
venance du territoire britannique des armes, des munitions ou des
fournitures militaires s'il ne justifie d'une licence (sous certaines
exceptions non pertinentes ici). L'articlIO habilite le gouverneur
généralen conseil à réglementer ou interdire le transport de toutes
armes, munitions ou fournitures militaires. Les Indian Arms Rules
de 1879 (ibid., no 60) fixent les dispositionsrelativeà la délivrance
de licences pour l'importation et l'exportation des armes, des muni-

tions et des fournitures militaires. En 1880, le gouverneur général
en conseil y a ajouté la règle 7 A (ibid., no 60). Cette règle dispose
à l'alinéaa) que rien dans les Rules ne sera considérécomme auto-
risant l'octroi de licences en vue d'importer des armes, munitions
ou fournitures militaires provenant de l'Inde portugaise; à l'alinéa
b), que rien dans les Rules ne sera considérécomme autorisant
l'octroi de licences en vue d'exporterà destination de l'Inde portu-
gaise des armes, munitions ou fournitures militaires, à moins
qu'elles ne soient exportées pour l'usage exclusif du Gouvernement
de l'Inde portugaise ou qu'elles ne fassent l'objet d'une licence
spéciale d'importation délivréepar le Gouvernement de l'Inde
portugaise. *Larègle 7 A b) était conforme au quatrième alinéa de
l'article XVIII du traité de 1878, qui disposait:

«L'exportation d'armes, de munitions ou fournitures militaires
des possessions de l'une des Hautes Parties contractantes dans those of the other shall not be permitted, except with the consent
of,and under rules approved of by, the latter. The Government of
British India and Portuguese India shall CO-operateto enforce al1
such rules as are herein contemplated."

Although Rule 7 A (b) was repealed in 1895 after the Treaty of
1878 lapsed, Rule 7 A (a) remained in force and was re-enacted in
new Rules in 1909 and in subsequent re-enactments (ibid., No. 66).

15.But the significant point to note is that the effect of this Rule

7 A (a) was merely to make it necessary to address applications not
to the Government of Bombay, which could grant a licence only
for the export of arms and ammunition, but, as was the case
under the Act XXXI of 1860 referred to above, to the Government
of India, which alone could sanction importation of arms and
ammunition from Portuguese India. Thus, when applications for
authorization to transportarms and ammunition,whether they were
from Daman to Nagar-Aveli, or from Goa to Nagar-Aveli, or from
Nagar-Aveli to Goa, were so addressed, the requested authori-
zation was always granted by the Government of India, regardless
of whether the articles consisted of rifles or bandoliers, or "certain
rifles and cartridges", or "certainuns and cartridges". For example,
such applications were granted on 28 November 1898, and again on
28 January 1915 and I October 1917 (Counter-Memorial, Annex C.
Nos. 64 and 65). Applications made on II January 1939 for free
transit for three muskets being sent from Nagar-Aveli to Daman
and three others to be sent from Daman to Nagar-Aveli (Counter-

Memorial, Annex E. No. 40) and on 24 March 1939foreight muskets
with 400 cartridges and one revolver with 50 cartridges (ibid.,
Annex No. 41), and on 17 April 1940 for free transit for 52,000
cartridges to be sent from Daman to Nagar-Aveli (ibid., No. 42),
were likewise al1granted.
16. The conclusion to be drawn from the practice of the British
authorities in regard to Portuguese arms and ammunition is that
while their importation into British territory was nominally sub-
ject to the strict provisions of the Arms Act and Arms Rules for
general application, special dispensation was always granted by
the Government of India which was alone competent to authorize
it.This was a natural and understandable practice, for the passage
of arms and ammunition, like that of troops, was a matter of greater
importance to the territorial sovereign in consideration of security
than the passage of goods and civil officiais, and therefore required
more effective control. But the need of troops and arms and ammu-

nition, whenever it arose, was also more imperative for the exer-
cise of her sovereignty by Portugal over the enclaves and obviously
this factor was fully realized by the British authorities.In order to
obviate misinterpretation of the general provisions of the Arms
Act and the Arms Rules, particularly Rule 7 A (a), and consequent
59 cde cette dernière et sous les règlements approuvés par elle. Les
Gouvernements de l'Inde britannique et de l'Inde portugaises'uni-
ront pour appliquer les règlementstraités dans cet article.)

Bien que la règle7 A b) ait étéabrogée en1895 après que le traité
de 1878 fut venu àson terme,la règle7A a) est demeuréeen vigueur
et a été maintenue dans les nouvelles Rules promulguées en 1909
ainsi que dans leurs remises en vigueur successives (ibid., no 66).
15. Mais le point intéressant à noter est que cette règle 7 A a) se
bornait à imposer que les demandes soient adressées non paq au

Gouvernement de Bombay, qui ne pouvait accorder de licences que
pour l'exportation d'armes et de munitions, mais, comme le dispo-
sait l'ActXXXI de 1860 susmentionné, au Gouvernement de l'Inde
qui seul pouvait autoriser l'importation d'armes et de munitions en
provenance de l'Inde portugaise. Ainsi, lorsque les demandes d'au-
torisation de transporter des armes et des munitions, qu'il s'agît
d'un transit de Damao à Nagar-Aveli ou de Goa à Nagar-Aveli ou
de Nagar-Aveli à Goa, étaient ainsi adressées, les autorisations
demandéesétaient toujours accordéespar 1eGouvernement de l'Inde,
quels que fussent les articles: fusils ou cartouchières, ((certains
types de fusils et de cartouches 1)Des demandes de ce genre ont
étésatisfaites le 28 novembre 1898, puis ànouveau le 28janvier 1915

et le I~~octobre 1917 (contre-mémoire, annexe C. nos64 et 65). Les
demandes de libre transit faites le II janvier 1939 pour trois mous-
quets envoyésde Nagar-Aveli à Damao et trois autres envoyés de
Damao à Nagar-Aveli (contre-mémoire,annexe E. no40), le 24 mars
1939 pour huit mousquets avec quatre cents cartouches et un
revolver avec cinquante cartouches (ibid., annexe no 41) et le
17 avril 1940 pour le passage de cinquante-deux mille cartouches
envoyées de Damao à Nagar-Aveli (ibid., no 42) ont étéégalement
satisfaites.
16. La conclusion à tirer de la pratique des autorités britanniques
à l'égard desarmes et munitions portugaises est la suivante :si leur
importation en territoire britannique était nominalement soumise

aux strictes dispositions des Arms Act et Arms Rules quant à leur
application générale,des dispenses spéciales étaient toujours accor-
déespar le Gouvernement de l'Inde, seul compétent pour les auto-
riser. Pratique à la fois naturelle et compréhensible, car lepassage
des armes et munitions, comme celui des troupes, revêtait plus
d'importance pour le souverain territorial du point de vue de la
sécurité quele passage des marchandises et des fonctionnaires civils
et, par conséquent, nécessitait un contrôle plus effectif. Mais lors-
qu'elle se présentait pour le Portugal, la nécessitéde disposer de
troupes, d'armes et de munitions était à son tour plus impérieuse
puisqu'il s'agissait d'assurer l'exercice de sa souveraineté sur les

enclaves, et les autoritésbritanniquesétaient pleinement conscientes
évidemment de l'importance de ce facteur. Afin de prévenir toute controversy and incidents with Portugal, the grant of authori-
zation for such passage between Portuguese possessions in India,
including that between Daman and the enclaves, was controlled
and regulated directly by the Government of India instead of by
the British local authorities. The fact that no application in the
record for such passage over British territory to the Portuguese
enclaves from Daman or from the enclaves to another part of
Portuguese territory in the Indian peninsula was ever refused,
clearly indicates,in my view, British recognition of the special
situation involved in regard to the enclaves.

17. The Government of the Union of India respected and con-
tinued this practice up till1954.
18. From the foregoing account of the British and Indian practice
in regulating the passage of troops, armed police, and arms and
ammunition from one Portuguese possession to another across inter-
vening British and later Indian territory, it appears clear that such
passage took place constantly and without difficulty, just as in the
case of private perçons, civil officials and ordinary goods. In fac't,
as pointed out above, the practice of authorizing passage of arms
and ammunition was even more uniform and constant than in the
case of ordinary goods.

19.The requirement of an application to, and a permission by, the

British authorities for the passage of troops and arms and ammu-
nition in each case only meant, in my view, a stricter measure of
control and regulation and did not necessarily signify that the
British considered themselves as warranted to refuse it at will and
did not regard Portugal as entitled to effect such passage. The degree
of control must naturally Vary according to the nature of the
passage desired. The relatively simpler and less forma1 procedure
adopted for the passage of Portuguese armed police, under the
various agreementsreferred to above for "control of a fairly easily
exercisable type" in the words of the British authorities cited
above, appears clearly to confirm this view.

For between the different categories of passage, as for example
between civil officialsand armed forces or armed police and between
ordinary goods and arms or ammunition, the difference in the pro-
cedure of allowing passage between Daman and the enclaves was
a matter of degree in the policy of control and regulation rather than

intended to establish a distinction between what was considered
warranted by local custom and what was not so warranted. The
uniformity and constancy of the practice of granting passage to
armed forces, armed police and arms and ammunition was, indeed,
more marked than, for example, in the case of ordinary goods as
60interprétation défectueuse des dispositions générales des ilrms Act
et Arms Rules, et notamment de la règle 7 A a), et d'obvier à toute
controverse et à tout incident avec le Portugal qui risqueraient
d'en découler, la délivrance des autorisations relatives au passage

entre les possessions portugaises en Inde, y compris entre Damao
et les enclaves, était contrôlée et réglementée directement par le
Gouvernementde l'Inde et non par les autorités britanniques locales.
Le fait qu'on ne relève au dossier aucun cas de refus de demande
de passage sur territoire britannique entre Damao et les enclaves
portugaises ou entre cesenclaves ettoute autre partie des possessions
portugaises dans la péninsule de l'Inde montre clairement, à mon
avis, que les Britanniques reconnaissaient la situation particulière
relative aux enclaves.
17.Le Gouvernement de l'Union indienne a respecté et continué
à observer cette pratique jusqu'en 1954.
18. Ce qui vient d'être ditde la pratique britannique et indienne
relative au règlement du passage des troupes, de la police armée,
des armes et des munitions d'une possession portugaise à une autre
à travers le territoireintermédiaire britannique et ultérieurement
indien montre clairement que ce passage s'effectuait constamment
et sans difficulté,tout comme dansle cas despersonnesprivées, des
fonctionnairescivils et desmarchandises ordinaires. En fait, comme

on l'a déjà souligné, la pratique consistant à autoriser le passage
des armes et des munitions revêtait mêmeun caractère encore plus
uniforme et constant que dans le cas des marchandises ordinaires.
19.La nécessitéde demander et d'obtenir l'autorisation des auto-
ritésbritanniques pour le passage destroupes, desarmes et des muni-
tions à chaque occasion ne représentait, à mon avis, qu'une mesure
plus stricte de contrôle et de réglementation et ne signifiait pases
sairement que 1e.s Britanniques jugeaient pouvoir refuser cette
autorisation à leur gré et ne considéraient pas le Portugal comme
habilité à exercer le passage. Le degréde contrôle devait naturelle-
ment varier en fonction de la nature du passage demandé. La procé-
dure relativement plus simple et moins formelle adoptée pour le
passage de la police armée portugaise, en vertu des divers accords
dont on a fait état plus haut, et permettant un ((contrôle assez
facileà exercer »,pour reprendre les termes déjà cités des autorités
britanniques, semble nettement confirmer ce point de vue.
En effet, pour les différentescatégories considérées,par exemple
pour les fonctionnaires civils par opposition aux forces armées ou

à la police arméeet pour les marchandises ordinaires par opposition
aux armes ou aux munitions, la différencecaractérisant la procédure
d'autorisation du passage entre Damao et les enclaves n'était
qu'une question de degrédans la politique de contrôle et de régle-
mentation appliquée et n'était pas destinée à établir une distinction
entre ce que la coutume locale aurait justifié ou non. Le caractère
uniforme et constant de la pratique consistant à accorderle passage
pour les forces armées, la police armée, les armes et les munitions
60seen earlier. Nor was there, it appears to me, any evidence of less
consciousness on the part of the British authorities ofan obligation,
opinio juris sive necessitatis,in regard to these three categories of
passage than in regard to those of private persons, Portuguese civil
officials and ordinary goods. In my view there was implicit recog-
nition on the part of the British authorities of a local custom for

permitting passage between Daman and the enclaves of al1 the
six categories of persons and goods, without any legal distinction
but all subject, if necessary, to the control and regulation of the
intervening territorial State.

20.The right of passage,as claimed and defined by Portugal, has
two concurrent features. Its content is to the extent necessary for
the exercise of Portuguese sovereignty over the enclaves, and its
exercise is, at thesame time, subject to the control and regulation
of India in so far as the passage takes place over the intervening
Indian territory. These two elements are inherent in the principle
of temtorial sovereignty from which flows the right of passage on
the one hand and the right of control and regulation on the other.
It means that with the right on each side there also exists an obli-
gation-that of India to accord passage and that of Portugal to

respect the rules of procedure respecting the application for, and
grant of, passage. In other words, the rights and obligations of
both sides are concomitant and correlative. But they are reconcil-
able with each other in the light of how the problem was success-
fullydealt with in the past-in the long period before 1954; that
is, on the basis of the local custom which had crystallized from
the constant and uniform practice of both the British and Indian
authorities before that year.

It appears clear to me that the basic element in the policy of
control and regulation of passage by the intervening territorial
State in the past was consideration in good faith of its own national
interest. Where there was possible prejudice to such interest, pas-
sage was restricted or prohibited as was the case in regard to or-
dinary goods. But where there was no likelihood of such prejudice,

passage was readily granted even in regard to armed forces, armed
police, and arms and ammunition, as has been shown above. This
element of interest was the common denominator in the policy of
control and regulation applied to all categories of passage, whatever
variations there were in the procedure adopted for granting it.était, en vérité,plus marqué que, par exemple, dans le cas des
marchandises orfinaires, comme on l'a déjà vu précédemment.
A mon sens, rien ne permet non plus de conclure que les autorités
britanniques aient eu moins conscience d'une obligation de leur
part, opiniojuris sivenecessitatis,pour ces trois catégoriesque pour
le passage des personnes privées, des fonctionnaires civils portugais
et des marchandises ordinaires. A mon avis, il y a eu reconnais-
sance implicite par les autorités britanniques d'une coutume locale
consistant à autoriser le passage entre Damao et les enclaves de
chacune des six catégories considéréesde personnes et de marchan-
dises, sans qu'elles fassent l'objet d'aucune distinction d'ordre
juridique, mais toutes étant soumises, le cas échéant,au contrôle
et à la réglementation de 1'Etat souverain du territoire intermé-
diaire.
20. Le droit de passage, tel qu'il est revendiqué et défini par le
Portugal, présente un double caractère. Son contenu s'étend
dans la mesure indispensable à l'exercice de la souveraineté portu-
gaise sur les enclaves, et son exercice est soumis en mêmetemps
au contrôle et à la réglementation de l'Inde pour autant que le

passage a lieu sur le territoireindienintermédiaireCesdeux éléments
sont inhérents au principe de la souveraineté territoriale d'où
découlent, d'une part, le droit de passage et, d'autre part, le pouvoir
de contrôle et de réglementation. Ceci signifie qu'il existe pour l'une
et l'autre Partie à côté d'un droit une obligation - celle pour
l'Inde d'accorder le passage et pour le Portugal de respecter les
règles de procédure relatives à la demande d'autorisation de pas-
sage et àl'octroi de cette autorisation. En d'autres termes, les droits
et les obligations des deux Parties sont concomitants et corréla-
tifs. Mais ils sont conciliables en tenant compte de la manière dont
le problème a étéheureusement résolu dans le passé - pendant
la longue période qui a précédé 1954; c'est-à-dire en se fondant sur
la coutume locale qui s'est cristalliséeà partir de la pratique cons-
tante et uniforme des autorités britanniaues comme des autorités
indiennesjusqu'à cette époque.
Il m'apparaît évjdent que, dans le passé,l'élémentfondamental de
la politique d'un Etat souverain en matière de contrôle et de régle-
mentation d'un droit de passage sur un territoire intermédiaire a été

la prise en considération, en toute bonne foi, de son intérêtnational.
Si un préjudice éventuel risquait d'être porté à cet intérêt,le droit
de passage était restreint ou annulé, comme ce fut le cas pour
certaines marchandises ordinaires. Mais lorsque le risque d'un tel
préjudice semblait peu vraisemblable, l'autorisation de passage
était aisément accordée, mêmes'il s'agissait de forces armées, de
police arméeet d'armes et de munitions, comme on l'a vu ci-dessus.
Cet intérêtnational a étéle commun dénominateur de la politique
de contrôle et de réglementation appliquée à toutes les catégories
de passage, quelles qu'aient été les variations dans la procédure
observée pour l'octroi de ces autorisations.
6 r 21. If a local custom had evolved, as it undoubtedly had, for a
right of passage between Daman and the enclaves for private
perçons, Portuguese civil officials and ordinary goods, a similar
custom, inmy opinion based upon the consistent practice in the past,

had likewise come into being for a right of passage in regard to
Portuguese armed forces, armed police, and arms and ammunition.
Whatever distinction was observed bv the British and Indian
Governments in granting passage between the enclaves and be-
tween them and coastal Daman for the different categories was a
matter of degree in applying a common policy of control and regu-
lation for al1the categories of passage rather than a matter of studied
differentiation of the scope or content of the right of passage as
between one category and another.

22. It should also be noted that originally Portugal possessed an
implicit right of access to the assigned villages to collect the granted
annual revenue and this right necessarily included access of Portu-

guese troops, armed police, and arms and ammunition over the
intervening Maratha territory from Daman to the villages. In fact
Article II of the "Capitulations relating to the conditions in which
Portugal receives the Pragana of Nagar-Aveli", dated 1785 (An-
nex 8 to Memorial) reads inpart:

"..and the Portuguese will quel1any rebellion ofthe Colyswhich
might break out inthe same Pragana".

True, this is of the character of an obligation imposed upon Portu-
gal. But in order to be able to carry out this obligation, she was
entitled, by necessary implication, to use all requisite and reason-
able means. In other words, she had the implicit right to bring
Portuguese troops, armed police, and arms and ammunition into

the villages for the purpose of quelling rebellion. This right of
access had, under the Marathas, as valid a basis as that for Portu-
guese civil officials and non-military goods for their use. Though
not often invoked by Portugal during the Maratha period, it was
more frequently exercised after the fa11of the Maratha Empire as
an essential attribute of Portuguese sovereignty over the enclaves.
Like the right of passage for private perçons, civil officials and
ordinary goods, it also developed into a customary right in fact,
as seen from the uniform and constant practice referred to above.

23. Moreover, there are additional grounds for recognizing the
broader scope of the right of passage for Portugal.
62 21. Si, comme il est incontestable,une coutume locale s'est crééeà
l'égardd'un droit de passage entre Damao et les enclaves touchant
les personnes privées, les fonctionnaires civils portugais et les
marchandises ordinaires, j'estime, me fondant sur la pratique
constante du passé, qu'une coutume similaire s'était également
établie quant au droit de passage touchant les forces armées, la
police armée, les armes et munitions portugaises. Quelles qu'aient
étéles distinctions apportées par les autorités britanniques et
indiennes dans l'octroi des autorisations de passage entre les en-
claves, de mêmequ'entre les enclaves et Damao (Damao littoral)
selon les diversescatégories,il s'agissait là d'une différencede degré

dans l'application d'une politique commune de contrôle et de régle-
mentation applicable à toutes les catégories de passage, plutôt que
d'une différenciationraisonnée quant à l'étendue ou au contenu du
droit de passage pour les diverses catégories.
22. Il convient égalementde noter qu'à l'origine le Portugal pos-
sédait un droit d'accès implicite aux villages qui lui avaient été
assignés pour la perception du revenu annuel à lui consenti, et
que ce droit englobait nécessairement l'accès des troupes, de la
police armée et des armes et munitions portugaises sur le territoire
mahratte intermédiaire, entrè Damao et les villages. En fait
l'article II des (Capitulations [de 17851relatives aux conditions

dans lesquelles le Portugal a reçu la pragana de Nagar-Aveli »
(annexe 8 au mémoire) dit notamment:
(...et ils étoufferont toute rébelliondes Colys qui se produirait
dans ladite Pragana ».

Il est vrai que cette disposition a le caractère d'une obligation
imposée au Portugal. Mais pour être en mesure de remplir cette
obligation il avait le droit, nécessairement sous-entendu, d'utiliser
tous les moyens i-equis et raisonnables. En d'autres termes, il avait
implicitement le droit d'amener dans les villages des troupes, de la
police armée et des armes et munitions portugaises pour y étouffer

la rébellion.Cedroit d'accèsavait, sous les Mahrattes, une base aussi
valide que le droit accordé aux fonctionnaires civils portugais et
aux marchandises de caractère non-militaire destinées à leur usage.
Bien qu'il n'ait pas souvent étéinvoqué par le Portugal au cours
de la période mahratte, il a étéplus fréquemment exercé après la
chute de l'empire mahratte comme un attribut essentiel de la
souveraineté portugaise sur les enclaves. Tout comme le droit de
passage des personnes privées, des fonctionnaires civils et des
marchandises ordinaires, il s'est également transformé, en fait, en
un droit coutumier, comme il ressort de la pratique uniforme et
constante évoquéeci-dessus.

23. Il existed'ailleurs desraisons supplémentairespourreconnaître
un caractère plus étendu au droit de passage du Portugal.
6265 RIGHT OF PASSAGE (SEP. OP. JUDGE WELLINGTON KOO)
Since Portugal bases this claim upon its title of sovereignty, it is
equally justifiable under the principle of territorial sovereignty.
For as to the validity of this title there is little ground for doubt.

Although no such title was acquired under the Marathas, and al-
though during the early years of British succession the attitude of
the British authorities on the subject was obsciire, their tacit
recognition of Portuguese sovereignty over the enclaves became
increasingly clear as time went on. The record of negotiations
between the Portuguese and British Commissioners for "the ex-
change of a narrow piece of land which should unite the Pragana of
Nagar-Aveli with the other Praganas adjacent to theFort ofDaman",
though the project did not materialize, lends further support to
this conclusion. It is also confirmed by the Treaty of 26 December
1878 concluded between Great Britain and Portugal which in its
preamble states :"being equallyanimated bythe desire ...to improve
and extend the relations of commerce between their respective
dominions.. .". No exception or exclusion was stipulated as regards
the enclaves in the reference to the "respective dominions"; and
British recognition of Portuguese sovereignty over the enclaves, as
well as over the other parts of the Portuguese dominions, must have
been equally implied. There was nothing in the record to indicate

any modification of the British attitude after the termination of
the treaty in 1891.

24. When India succeeded Great Britain and became an independ-
ent State,there wasno indication in the conduct of her relations with
Portugal that she had adopted a different attitude in regard to
the Portuguese dominions on the Indian sub-continent, notwith-
standing her known aspiration for "the re-establishment of her
geographical and historical unity". It is true that Counsel for India
asked in the oral pleadings: "When-where-by whom-did the
Indian Union recognize Portugal's territorial sovereignty ?" But
under international law such recognition need not always be express
or explicit. Itdoes not always cd for an open declaration; it may
be tacit.
In al1its dealings with the Portuguese authorities in the Indian
Peninsula or at Lisbon, the Govemment of the Indian Union, until
the events of 1954 occurred, appears to have always regarded the

enclaves, as well as the other territories of Portuguese India, as
belonging to Portugal. Indeed in the Aide-Memoire of the Indian
Legation at Lisbon of 27 February 1950 to the Portuguese Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, "the request for an immediate start of nego-
tiations regarding the future of Portuguese colonies in India" was
expressly stated to be for "the peaceful reunion of what is now
Portuguese India with the Indian Republic". (Memorial,Annex 29.)
Again, in a Note of 14 January 1953 from the Indian Legation to Si le Portugal fonde sa présente revendication sur son titre de
souveraineté, cette revendication se justifie aussi par le principe
mêmede la souveraineté territoriale. On ne saurait raisonnablement
douter de la validité de ce titre. S'il est vrai qu'aucun titre de ce
genre n'a étéacquis sous les Mahrattes et si, pendant les premières
années de la souveraineté britannique l'attitude des autorités bri-

tanniques à ce sujet reste mal connue, il est devenu de plus en plus
évident, avec le temps, que ces autorités reconnaissaient tacitement
la souveraineté portugaise sur les enclaves. Les documents relatifs
aux négociations entre les commissaires portugais et britanniques en
vue de (l'échange d'une étroite bande de terrain qui réunirait la
Pragana de Nagar-Aveli aux autres Praganas adjacentes au fort
de Damao », mêmesi ce projet ne s'est pas réalisé,viennent encore
à l'appui de cette conclusion. Elle est également confirmée par le
traité du 26 décembre 1878 conclu entre la Grande-Bretagne et
le Portugal où il est dit dans le préambule que ces deux Etats sont

((animésdu désir ...d'amélioreret d'augmenter les relations commer-
ciales entre leurs dominations respectives ..D. Aucune exception ni
exclusion n'a étéstipulée au sujet des enclaves dans cette référence
aux ((dominations respectives »; et la reconnaissance par les autori-
tésbritanniques de la souveraineté portugaise sur les enclaves,ainsi
que sur d'autres parties des possessions portugaises, doit également
avoir étéimplicite. Rien, dans le dossier, n'indique une modifica-
tion quelconque de l'attitude britannique après que le traité de
1891 eut cesséd'êtreen vigueur.
24. Lorsque l'Inde a succédé àla Grande-Bretagne et estdevenue un

État indépendant, rien n'indique dans la conduite de ses relations
avec le Portugal qu'elle ait adopté une attitude différentetouchant
les possessions portugaises dans la péninsule indienne, en dépit
de ses aspirations bien connues au ((rétablissement de son unité
géographique et historique 1).Il est vrai que le conseil de l'Inde
a demandé au cours de sa plaidoirie: (Quand - où - par la voix
de qui l'union indienne a-t-elle reconnu la souveraineté temtoriale
du Portugal? ))Mais en droit international une telle reconnaissance
n'a pas toujours besoin d'êtreexpresse ou explicite. Elle n'exige
pas toujours une déclaration publique; elle peut êtretacite.

Dans tous ses rapports avec les autorités portugaises dans la
péninsule indienne ou à Lisbonne, le Gouvernement de l'Union in-
dienne, jusqu'aux événements de 1954, semble avoir toujours
considéré les enclavesainsi que les autres territoires de l'Inde por-
tugaise comme appartenant au Portugal. En fait, dans l'aide-mé-
moire présenté par la légation de l'Inde à Lisbonne au ministre des
Affaires étrangères du Portugal, en date du 27 février 1950, pour
demander l'ouverture immédiate denégociations portant sur l'avenir
des colonies portugaises en Inde »,cette demande est expressément
présentéecomme visant à ((la réunion pacifique à la République

indienne de ce qui est maintenant l'Inde portugaise ». (Mémoire, the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it is stated in its final
paragraph :

"The Government of India have suggested that the principle of
followed by a de factotransfer of the administrationis ...The legal
sovereignty of Portugal would continue until the steps then con-
sidered appropriate had been taken to give effect to the decisions
arrived at. The Government of India would be glad if the Govern-
ment of Portugal would accept these suggestions as a basis for the
proposed negotiations." (Memorial, Annex 31.)

Thus it is beyond doubt that as late as 1953 India continued to
consider al1 the Portuguese territories in India as under Portugal's
legal sovereignty without making any exception concerning the
enclaves of Dadra and Nagar-Aveli.
25. Since international lawmakes no distinction between onesover-
eignty and another, Portuguese sovereignty over the enclaves is as
much entitled to exist as the sovereignty of the State by whose
territory it is encircled. And the passage of troops, armed police,
and arms and ammuhition is as indispensable to the exercise of the
Portuguese sovereignty as, if not more so than, the passage of

private persons, civil officiais and ordinary goods. Even though the
situation of an enclave is a special one, it is inconceivable in inter-
national law that one sovereignty exists only by the will or caprice
of another sovereignty. But on the other hand, while it is true that
this right of passage imposes a correlative obligation binding on
the State through whose territory it has to be effected, it is not an
absolute, unrestricted right; in the nature of things its exercise
must be subject to control and regulation by the sovereign of the
intervening territory.

The existence of two conflicting rights, however, is not an un-
common phenomenon in international law. In the complexities of
intercourse between nations such a situation is often unavoidable.
It is, however, not an intractable problem; its solution only calls
for mutual adaptation and adjustment. By reference to, and appli-
cation of, the general principles of law as stipulated in Article 38,

1, (c), of the Statute, as well as to customary international law,
similar situations have found solutions in the past.

26. In municipal law, as disclosed by a comparative study by
Professor Max Rheinstein, the right of access to enclaved property
is always sanctioned. Admittedly, there are important distinctions
between a right of passage of an international enclave and that of an
enclaved land owned by a private individual. But in whatever
mould municipal law may be cast, in whatever technical frame-
work it may be installed, in harmony with national tradition or
out of preference for a particular legal fiction, the underlying prin-

64annexe 29.) De même, dans une note du 14 janvier 1953 adressée
par la légation de l'Inde au ministère des Affaires étrangères du
Portugal, il est dit ,dans le dernier paragraphe:

« Le Gouvernement de l'Inde a proposé l'acceptation préalable
du principe d'un transfert direct qui devrait être suivi d'un trans-
fert de fait de l'administration...La souveraineté juridique du
Portugal serait maintenue jusqu'5 ce que les mesures jugées utiles
soient prises pour rendre applicables les décisionsintervenues. Le
Gouvernement de l'Inde serait heureux que le Gouvernement du
Portugal accepte ces propositions comme point de départ des
négociations proposées.» (Mémoire,annexe 31.)
Il est donc hors de doute que, jusqu'en 1953 l'Inde a continué à
considérer tous les territoires portugais en Inde comme étant sous
la souveraineté juridiquedu Portugal sans établir aucune exception

au sujet des enclaves de Dadra et de Nagar-Aveli.
25. Ledroitinternational n'établissant aucune distinction entre une
souveraineté et une autre, la souveraineté portugaise sur leç enclaves
est tout autant justifiée à exister que la souveraineté de l'Etat dont
le temtoire les entoure. Et le passage de forces armées, de police
armée et d'armes et munitions est aussi indispensable à l'exercice
de la souveraineté portugaise, sinon davantage, que le passage des
personnes privées, des fonctionnaires civils et des marchandises
ordinaires. Si mêmela situation d'une enclave revêt un caractère
spécial, il est inconcevable en droit international que l'existence
d'une souveraineté dépende de la volonté ou du caprice d'une autre
souverainet-. Mais d'autre part, s'il est vrai que ce droit de passage
impose à 1'Etat qui possède le temtoire où ce passage est effectué
une obligation correspondante, ce droit ne saurait être absolu et

sans restriction; par la nature des choses son exercice doit être
soumis au contrôle et à la réglementation du souverain du territoire
intermédiaire.
L'existence de deux droits contradictoires n'est pas toutefois, en
droit international, un phénomène exceptionnel. Dans l'extrême
complexité des rapports entre nations il est souvent impossible
d'éviter qu'une situationde ce genre se crée.Mais le problème n'est
pas insoluble non plus. Il exige seulement une adaptation et un
accommodement. En se référant aux principes généraux de droit
mentionnés à l'articl38, Ic), du Statut ainsi qu'au droit coutumier
et en les appliquant, on a réussi dans le passé à résoudre pareils
problèmes.
26. En droit interne, comme il ressort d'uneétude comparative du

professeur Max Rheinstein, le droit d'accès aux domaines enclavés
est toujours admis. Il est certain que la différence est considérable
entre un droit de passage relatif à une enclave internationale et un
autre qui porte sur un fonds enclavé appartenant à un particulier.
Mais dans quelque moule que soit couléle droitinterne, dans quelque
cadre technique qu'il soit fixé, qu'il s'agisse de se conformer à une
tradition nationale ou que l'on préfère se fonder sur une fiction

64ciple of recognition of such a right, in its essence, is the same. It
is the principle of justice founded on reason.

27. Indeed, in the last analysis, the fact that an enclaved land in
municipallaw andan enclaved territory in the international domain
has always been able to enjoy passage through the surrounding
land of another owner or the surrounding territory of another State,

is based upon reason and the elementary principle of justice. For
such land or territory this transit is a necessity and it is reasonable
to provide for this necessity both in municipal law andin customary
international law. As the great Dutch jurisconsult, Cornelius van
Bynkershoek, has so well said: "In the law of nations, reason is
sovereign ..." It is reason which dictates the recognition of a rule
of international customary law in application of the principle of
justice. Only by the existence of this rule of customary law can it
be explained that through the centuries, though many territorial
enclaves have existed and disappeared in the course of the develop-
ment of international relations, not a single case of disappearance
has been due to denial of passage and the consequent geographical
suffocation or strangulation. The reasonableness of according
passage through the surrounding territory accounts for the
constancy and uniformity of the usage which has ripened into a
customary right of passage for international enclaves, however
restricted or qualified it may be according to the circumstances of
each case.

28.Onthe surface, the right ofpassage ofthe sovereign ofan enclave
and the right of the sovereign of the surrounding territory to
uphold his territorial sovereignty appear to be conflicting, but, as
1 have already remarked, they are not incompatible or irreconcil-
able with each other. The fact that enclaves exist and thrive today
in many parts of the world shows that whatever difficulties may
have arisen between the enclaved and enclaving territories from
time to time have always been satisfactorily arranged in good faith
and with goodwill on both sides. The relations between the two
territorial situations are not unlike the relations between the ocean
and the rivers which empty their waters into it. Sometimes the
necessity to exercise the sovereignty over the enclave is more
pressing than the right of the enclaving Stateto protect its territorial
sovereignty intact and sometimes the reverse istrue; just as during
the spring thaw a river rising high with water discharges it deep
into the ocean and, during the flow of the tide, the ocean pushes its
tide water well up the river, without denying the existence of either.

They CO-existand perforrn their respective functions. There is no
intrinsic conflict between them and there is none either between the
right of passage of an enclave of one Stateandthe territorial sover-
eignty of the enclosing State. For customary international law is
no less resourceful than the law of geophysics.juridique particulière, le principe sous-jacentà la reconnaissance de
ce droit est essentiellement le même.C'est un principe de justice,

fondé sur la raison.
27. En dernièreanalyse, lefait qu'en droit interne lesfondsenclavés
et en droit international les territoires enclavés ont toujours joui
d'un droit de passage sur les fonds environnants appartenant à un
autre propriétaire ou sur les territoires environnants appartenant à
un autre État se fonde en véritésurla raison en mêmetemps que sur
le principe élémentaire de la justice. Pour ces fonds ou ces territoires
le transit est une nécessité,et il est raisonnable de prendre des dis-
positions pour y satisfaire tant en matière de droit interne qu'en
matière de droit international coutumier. Comme l'a si bien dit le
grand jurisconsulte néerlandais Cornelius van Bynkershoek, ccen
matière de droit des gens, la raison est souveraine ..». C'est la
raison qui impose la reconnaissance d'une règle de droit interna-
tional coutumier en application du principe de la justice. Seule
l'existence de cette règle de droit coutumier peut expliquer qu'au

cours des siècles,alors que bien des enclaves territoriales ont existé
puis disparu dans le mouvement des relations internationales,
aucune de ces disparitions n'a étéimputable à un refus de passage
qui aurait entraînéunétouffement ouun étranglement géographique.
Le caractère raisonnable du fait d'accorder passage sur le territoire
environnant justifie la constance et l'uniformité de cet usage devenu,
avec le temps, un droit coutumier à l'égarddes enclaves internatio-
nales, quelles que puissent êtrelesrestrictions ou les réserves qui y
sont apportées selon le cas.
28.A premièrevue,le droit de passage du souverain d'une enclave
et le droit qu'a le souverain du territoire environnant de préserver
sa souveraineté territoriale peuvent sembler s'opposer mais, je l'ai
dit, ils ne sont ni incompatibles, ni inconciliables. Si des enclaves
existent et prospèrent aujourd'hui dans bien des régions du monde,
c'est qu'en dépit des difficultésqui ont pu surgir de temps à autre
entre territoires enclavéset territoires adjacents, ces difficultésont
toujours été heureusement aplanies par la bonne foi et la bonne
volonté des deux parties. Les rapports entre ces deux situations

territoriales ne sont pas sans ressembler à ceux des océans et des
fleuves qui s'y déversent. Il arrive parfois que la nécessitéd'exercer
une souveraineté sur les enclavessoit plus pressante que le droit de
1'Etat qui entoure l'enclave à conserver intacte sa souveraineté
territoriale, et il arrive parfois que ce soit le contraire; de même,au
moment des fontes printanières, les eaux gonfléesdu fleuve s'avan-
cent profondément dans l'océanet, au temps de la marée, l'océan
pousse ses vagues dans l'estuaire, sans pour autant que l'un menace
l'existence de l'autre. Les flots coexistent et jouent chacun leur rôle.
Nul conflit intrinsèque entre eux, non plus qu'entre le droit de
paçsage de l'enclave d'un État et la souveraineté territoriale de
1'Etat où s'insère l'enclave. Car le droit international coutumier
n'offre pas moins de ressources que les lois de la géographie
physique.

65 29. For the reasons stated above, 1 hold that Portugal's right of
passage between the enclaves and between them and coastal Daman
embraces al1 the six categories, to the extent necessary for the
exercise of Portuguese sovereignty ovethe enclaves and subject to
control and regulation by India.

(Signed)WELLINGTOK NOO. Pour toutes les raisons que je viens d'exposer, je tiens que le
droit de passage du Portugal entre les enclaves comme entre les
enclaves et Damao (Damao littoral) embrasse les six catégories sans
exception, dans la mesure indispensable à l'exercice de la souverai-
neté portugaise sur les enclaves et sous réserve du pouvoir de
contrôle et de réglementation del'Inde.

(Signé)WELLINGTOK NOO.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge V. K. Wellington Koo

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