Dissenting Opinion of Judge Basdevant (translation)

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029-19570706-JUD-01-05-EN
Parent Document Number
029-19570706-JUD-01-00-EN
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DISSENTIXG OPIXIOX OF JCDGE BASDEVAKT

1 regret that 1 am unable to concur in the Judgment of the

Court that it is without jurisdiction in the present case a1dbelieve
1 must indicate briefly the reasons for my dissent.
In order to appraise the value of the Preliminary Objection
raised by the Korwegian Government to the jurisdiction of the
Court, the Court has placed itself on the ground on ~vhich the
Parties chose to argue the matter, namely, Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute of the Court and the Declarations of the Govemments
of the Kingdom of Korway and of the French Republic accepting
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court in accordance with that
Article. 1do not dispute this point of departure.
The Court has concentrated its attention on the reservation
which is contained in the French Declaration and which provides
that "this declaration does not applg- to differences relating to
matters which are essentially within the national jurisdiction as
understood by the Government of the French Republic". The Court
has pointed out that by l-iPéueof the condition of reciprocity
embodied in the tmo Declarations and provided for in Article 36,
paragraph 3, Norway is entitled to relg-on that resen-ation. 1inter-
pret the reciprocity clause in the saine manner.
Nor do 1 consider it necessarj-, any more than the Court does,

to deal with the question of the initial validity of that resen~ation
\vith regard to the preçent case.
It is less the reservation considered by itself and so to speak in
abstracto than the manner in ~vhichXorwal-'s attitude should be
interpreted when she in\-oked the reserx-ation on the basis of
reciprocity, which is at the source of ml- dissent. In other words 1
confine myself strictly to the present case: a dispute between
France and Nonvay, a jurisdictional objection raised by Norway
to the Application presented by France.
The Judgment of the Court upholds this objection to the juris-
diction on the ground that 'iorway, invoking the French reservation
on the basis of reciprocity, has declared that the present matter
was essentially within its national jurisdiction as understood by the
Norwegian Gol-ernment. The position thus adopted by the Nor-
wegian Government \vas regarded by the Court as sufficient to
preclude the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court lvhich was in
principle accepted under the Declarations of the two Governments.
It is with regard to the interpretation thus placed upon the
position adopted by the Non~egian Government that 1 feel the
inost serious doubts.
It is possible to imagine that a Sta:e invoking the reservation

should intend to put it fonvard as categoncal in character so that
the opinion expressed by that State with regard to the character
of the dispute would be sufficient to preclude the jurisdiction of the
Court, without further consideration by the Court: it is not myintention to prejudge in any way the question of the validity of the
reservation, interpreted as having such a scope. 1 merely observe
that that State would have to manifest that that is the scopewhich
it gives to the opinion it expresses, that its will to assume respon-
sibility for such an attitude would have to be sufficiently apparent.

However, 1 find it difficult to ascribe to Norway such an intention,
or such an attitude whichwouldscarcelybe consistent with Nonvay's
traditional attitude in the matter of arbitration and international
jurisdiction; 1 find it difficult to consider that Nonvay intended
to assume such a responsibility, political and moral, not only
vis-à-visthe other Party and before the Court inthe present dispute
but in a more general manner and by such a precedent, before the
Cnited Nations and finally, by reason of the subject-matter of
the proceedings, with regard to her own financial credit.
Forthe terms in which Norway has referred to the reservation are
most moderate. They do not conferupon the reservationacategorical
character signifying that the Court ought to confine itself to the
reservation and not consider the matter further.
The reference to the reservation appears in paragraph 23 of the
Preliminary Objections but it appears there only in a hypothetical
form. On the basis of considerations which are fully developed,

the Preliminary Objections first state this conclusion : "It is clear,
therefore, that in bringing before the Court the dispute set out in
its Application ...the French Government is asking the Court to
adjudicate upon questions of municipal law and not upon questions
of international law, i.e. upon questions which do not fa11within
the jurisdiction conferred upon the Court by the Declarations made
by the Parties under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute."
Immediately followingthis passage, the Preliminary Objections add:
"There can be no possible doubt on this point. If, however, there
should still be some doubt, the Xorwegian Government would rely
upon the reservations made by the French Government in its
Declaration of ilfarch ~st, 1949."
The Xorwegian Government thus begins by stating very strongly
the contention that the dispute relates to questions of municipal
law and does not, therefore, fa11within the jurisdiction of the Court.
The soundness of this contention and the value of the arguments

put forward in support of it are clearly submitted to the consider-
ation of the Court. The Norwegian Government claims that its
contention is irrebuttable and that there can be no possible doubt
on this point. It does refer, however, to a hypothetical situation,
a situation in which there should still be some doubt, and it is only
with regard to that hypothetical situation that the Norwegian
Government refers to the French reservation.
The whole Korwegian argument with regard to the reservation
appears in the Preliminary Objections, but quite apart from the
fact that the argument is there presented only hypothetically,
Norway has not interpreted the reservation as constituting a
categorical means whereby a State may preclude the jurisdiction

67of the Court. Such an interpretation is possible: Norway has not put
it forward. Whilst not stating exactly what her view was, Nonvay
puts forward a more moderate interpretation to the effect that
"such a reservation must be interpreted in good faith and should a
Government seek to rely upon it with a view to denying the juris-
diction of the Court in a case which manifestly did not involve a

'matter which is essentially within the national jurisdiction' it
would be committing an abus de droit which would not prevent the
Court from acting".
Norway thereby acknowledges the Court's power to control the
exercise by a State of its right to invoke the reservation. lVhat
is the extent of this po\ver? The words quoted above do not
define the extent of this power, but some indication has been sup-
plied by the statement appearing at the end of the argument on the
First Preliminary Objection and at the end of what was said regard-
ing the reservation invoked by Nonvay. The NorwegianGovernment
begins by asserting its right to rely upon the French reservation but
does not stop there. It considers it appropriate to justify the use it
inakes of that right andin this connection addsthe following words:
"Convinced that the dispute ...is within the domestic jiirisdiction,
the Norwegian Government considers itself fully entitled to rely on
this right." It would have been unnecessary for the Norwegian
Government to state its conviction on this point if it had purported
to confer upon its own understanding of the nature of the dispute a

decisive character taking it outside the control of the Court. If it
says that it is convinced that the dispute is within the domestic juris-
diction, it is because it derives this conviction from the considera-
tions relied upon to prove that the dispute is within the domain of
Norwegian law and not of international law. And, "accordingly", in
other words as a result of the conviction thus acquired, it "requests
the Court to decline, on grounds that it lacks jurisdiction, the
function which the French Government \vould have it assume".
If this passage is compared with the importance of the position
occupied in the Preliminary Objections by the argument on the
character of the dispute as determined by the character of the law
which is applicable to it, one is led to the view that, in the mind
of the Norwegian Governrnent, the tmo grounds upon which it
relies in support of its first Preliminary Objection converge arid
that in the present case the determination of the character of the
matter will depend upon the law to be applied.

This interpretation is confirmed by the fact in the subsequent
written and oral proceedings, the Norwegian Government carefully
concentrated on the character of the applicable la\$+in support of
its objection to the jurisdiction. Only one allusion \vas made on
behalf of the Nortvegian Government to the French reservation,
with indirect and very brief reference to the condition of reciprocity
at the hearing of May zoth, 1957. And indeed Counsel for the
Norwegian Government merely made the allusion in support of his
conclusion that the undertakings binding the tmo States in the
68 SORWEGIAX LOANS (DISS.OP. OF JUDGE BASDEYAST)
74
matter of jurisdiction "only relate to disputes of international law".
This confirms the interpretation given above of the intentions of
the Nonvegian Government and this interpretation is in harmony
with the frequently repeated assertion that the Norwegian Govern-
ment does not reject the jurisdiction of the Court absolutely,
because it so chooses, but on grounds which have been carefully
set out, thus showing that it was intended that the Court should

adjudicate upon them.
It would have been in the interests of Norway to confer a cate-
gorical character upon the defence provided by the French reser-
vation. She has not done so for a highly commendable reason,
hecause she was anxious to respect her international obligations.
In the matter of compulsory jurisdiction, France and Norway
are not bound only by the Declarations to which they subscribed on
the basis of Article 36, paragraph 2,of the Statute of the Court.
They are bound also by the General Act of September 26th, 1928,
to which they have both acceded. This ,4ct is, so far as they are
concerned, one of those "treaties and conventions in force" which
establish the jurisdiction of the Court and which are referred to in
Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute. For the purposes of the
application of this Act, Article 37 of thetatute has substituted the

International Court of Justice for the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice. This Act was mentioned in the Observations of
the French Government and was subsequently invoked explicitly
at the hearing of May 14th by the Agent of that Gotlernment. It
\\*as mentioned, at the hearing of May z~st, by Counsel for the
Norwegian Government. At no time has any doubt been raised as
to the fact that this Act is binding asbetween France and Nonvay.
There is no reason to think that this General Act should not
receive the attention of the Court.,4t no time did it appear that the
French Government had abandoned its right to rely on it. Even if
it had maintained silence with regard to it, the Court "whose
function it is to decide in accordance with international law such
disputes as are submitted to it" could not ignore it. When it is a

matter of determining its jurisdiction and, above all, of deter-
mining the effect of an objection to its compulsory jurisdiction,
the principle of which has been admitted as between the Parties,
the Court must, of itself, seek withal1the means at its disposa1 to
ascertain what is the law. In a matter in which such research was
less imperatively necessary, the Permanent Court did not hesitate
to undertake it, stating that "in the fulfilment of its task of itself
ascertaining what the international law is, it ...has included in its
researches al1precedents, teachings and facts to which it had access
and which might possibly have revealed the existence of one of the
principles of international law contemplated in the special agree-
ment". (P.C.I.J. Judgment XO. 9, p. 31.)
On acceding to the General Act, on May 31st, 1931, the French
Government, in so far as it was explicitly authorized to do so by

;Irticle 39, sub-paragraph (b), and by Article 31 of that Act, declared
'59 NORWEGIXN L0-4NS (DISS.OP. OF JUDGE BASDET-AST) 73

that its accession, involving inter nlia the acceptance of the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, applied to disputes "other
than those which the Permanent Court of International Justice
may recognize as beanng on a question left by international law
to the exclusive competence of the State". As this reservation was
formulated by France, Norway may, as stated in Article 39,
paragraph 3, of the General Act, rely upon it as against France.
Such was the law in forcebetween France and Norway concerning

the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court at the time when France
accepted afresh the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court by her
Declaration of March ~st, 1949, on the basis of Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute. The law thus in force embodied the reserva-
tion concerning the exclusivecompetence of the State, but, on the one
hand, there was the qualification of that reservation regarding what
is recognized by international law and, on the other hand, the Court
was given the power to verify, when the reservation should corne
to be pleaded, whether it was rightly or wrongly invoked.
The Declaration by which the French Government accepted
compulsory jurisdiction on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute contains a reservation of wider scope, since it refers
not to what is recognized by international law, but to the under-

standing of the Government which invokes the reservation and,
further, since it does not submit that understanding to the verifi-
cation of the Court. At al1events, it does not do so expressly. The
Declaration thus limits the sphere of compulsory jurisdiction more
than did the General Act in relations between France and Norway.
Kow, it is clear that this unilateral Declaration by the French
Government could not modify, in this limitative sense, the law
that was then in force between France and Norway.
In a case in which it had been contended that not a unilateral
declaration but a treaty between two States had limited the scope
as bet~veen them of their previous declarations accepting compul-
sory jurisdiction, the Permanent Court rejected this contention and
said in this connection:
"The multiplicity of agreements concluded accepting the com-

pulsory jurisdiction is evidence that the contracting Parties intended
to open up new ways of access to the Court rather than to close old
ways or to allow them to cancel each other out with the ultimate
result that no jurisdiction would remain." (P.C.I. J., Series AIB,
Xo. 77,p. 76.)A way of access to the Court \iras opened up by the
accession of the two Parties to the General Act of 1928. It could
not be closed or cancelled out by the restrictive clause which the
French Government, and not the h-orwegian Government, added
to its fresh acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction stated in its
Declaration of 1949. This restrictive clause, emanating from only
one of them, does not constitute the law as between France and
Norway. The clause is not sufficient to setaside the juridical system
existing between them on this point. It cannot close the way of NORWEGIAN LOANS (DISS. OP. OF JUDGE B.~SDEV-\NT) 76

access to the Court that was formerly open, or cancel it out with
the result that no jurisdiction would remain.
Between France and Norway, on the point now under considera-
tion, the acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction is, therefore, to-day
as prior to the French Declaration of March ~st, 1949, set aside
only in respect of such disputes as the Court may recognize as
bearing on a question left by international law to the exclusire

competence of the State.
This presentation of the state of thelaw existing between France
and Norway explains the sense attached by Norway to her reliance
on the French reservation. She relied on it, and could only rely
on it, in the sense that this reservation has in relations between
France and Korway, that is to Say, not as a reservation the appli-
cation of which depends on the discretionary judgment of the
State wich relies on it, but as a reservation the scope of which
depends on what is recognized by international law as found by the
Court. 1 cannot suppose that Norway intended to give the reser-
vation a more absolute sense which would be in conflict with the
law existing in thismatter between the two countries.
This interpretation, involving a reference to what is recognized

by international law as found by the Court, is in complete harmony
with the moderate interpretation which Norway gave to the
reservation and with the small place it occupies in her reasoning
which, on the other hand, went to great lengths to show that the
dispute relates to questions of Xorwegian law and not to questions
of international law and, on that ground, does not come within the
jurisdiction of the Court.
In view of al1this reasoning-and even from the mere perusal of
the Preliminary Objections-1 cannot believe that it was the Nor-
wegian Government's intention to prove to the satisfaction of the
Court that the dispute relates only to questions of Xorwegian law,
to ask the Court to find that it agrees with this view and then to

add immediately that the Court's opinion on this point is of no
importance and that it is only the Xorwegian Government's
opinion that counts.
The Norwegian Government's intention seems to me to be quite
different. In invoking the French reservation, its intention was that
its bearing on the present case should be considered in the light of the
elements of the case: the subject of the claim and the law applic-
able. It is on this footing that the appeal to the reservation must be
judged and that the discussionbetween the Parties infact developed.
The Norwegian Government might have followed another
course. When it invoked the French reservation, it might have
relied, in this connection, on the fact that this case is concerned

with public loans, with measures affecting the monetary system
of Norway. 1 do not prejudge the validity of such considerations.
That was the course followed in the case of the nationality decrees
in Tunis and Morocco and it led the Permanent Court to find that
questions of nationality are amongst those which international lawleaves to the jurisdiction of the State but that it is otherwise when
the application of treaties is involved in regard to them. The
Norwegian Government did not take this course. The only grounds
which it advanced and which, if accepted, would be such as to
prove that the present dispute brings before the Court questions
which international law leaves to the exclusive jurisdiction of
Norway, are those relating to the nature of the law to be applied
for the settlement of this dispute, namely, Norwegian law and not
international law.
As the Judgment interprets the Norwegian Government's in-

tention in a different way from that in which 1have felt it proper
to interpret it-and that is the source of my dissent-it was not
necessary for it to consider whether the disputebrought before the
Court falls exclusively within the application of Norwegian law
and whether, on that ground, it falls outside the jurisdiction of
the Court either by the application of Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute or through the effect of the French reservation
invoked by Norway without further explanation. In vieu- of the
silence of the Judgment, 1 shall confine myself to some very brief
observations on this point.
1 understand that the wording adopted for the Submissions in
the Application should have led the Norwegian Government to put
forward its first Preliminary Objection. The same terms might have
been used in the Submissions of a bondholder proceeding against
his Norwegian debtor before a Norwegian tribunal. But the dis-

cussion before the Court eliminated al1 assimilation between these
two cases and, in the course of these proceedings, it was frequentlj-
asserted, particularly on the Norwegian side, that the dispute
between the French Government and the Norwegian Government
was different from the dispute between bondholders and Norwegian
debtors and came within the purview of a different branch of law.
The French Government is here acting in the exercise of its
right under international law to protect its nationals as against a
foreign State. The Judgment rightly recalls that, in its Note of
January 27th, 1955, the French Government proposed to the
Norwegian Government that the dispute should be referred to an
international tribunal in order to determine, on the basis of the
general principles of international law, whether the gold clause
which, it contended, was contained in the bonds in question, had
to be respected. The Judgment recalls also that, at the very outset
of the diplomatic dispute, the French Legation in Oslo, in its Note

dated June 16th, 1925, stated that it believed a contradiction to
exist between the Norwegian law of December 15th, 1923, and the
obligations which had been assumed towards the holders of the
loans of the Mortgage Bank of Norway, and contended, in this
connection, that itwould not seem that a unilateral decision can be
relied upon as against foreign creditors. In the proceedings before
the Court, the French Government continually impugned this law
of 1923, from this point of view, and in its final Submissions filedon May zjth, 1957, it asked the Court to adjudge and declare that
undertakings as to the amount of the debts contracted under the
loans referred to in the Application cannot be unilaterally modified.
The French Government placed reliance en Judgments Nos. 14 and
Ij of the Permanent Court of International Justice, contending
that, in the present case as previously in the cases of the Serbian
loans and the Brazilian Federal loans, the loans in question are
international loans. It complained that Norway was practising
discrimination to the advantage of Danish and Swedish holders

and to the detriment of French holders, and it claimed that this
discrimination constituted adirect violation of international law. On
al1those grounds it sought to obtain redress through a decision ofthe
Court which, without passing upon the financial adjiistment of pay-
ments which the French Government declared itsqlf ready to study
with the Xorwegian Government, would find that the debtorin the
case ofthe loans specified in the Application cannot validly discharge
his obligation except by payments as they fa11due in gold value.
It is on this ground that the French Government intended to
place the claim it brought against the Norwegian Government. It is
not for me to prejudge the replp that should be given to it on any
of the points thus raised. 1 confine myself to noting that adjudi-
cation upon this claim is a matter that cornes within the purview
not of Norwegiari law but of international law.
No doubt, in order that the questions of law thus referred to,

and others of the same kind raised in the proceedings, mai come
up for consideration, it must first be determined that the loans in
dispute, or some of them, do in fact contain a gold clause. This is a
question of the facts involved in the case, and these have been set
out in the Memorial and Counter-Memorial. This statement of the
facts may bring up certain questions of Konvegian law concerning,
for instance, the initial validity of the gold clause in the loans in
dispute. But, if the Court is seised of questions of international law
in the dispute at present pending between France and Norway, and
if, for that reason, the Court has jurisdiction to adjudicate on this
dispute, itobviously follows that the Court will also have to examine
the questions of fact that arise. It must include among these an?
questions of the interpretation of such Norwegian laws as may cal1
for consideration. It has never been contended that the Court should
refer such questions to the consideration and decision of any
particular national tribunal.

Having regard to the sense 1 attach to the Norwegian Govern-
ment's intention in invoking the French reservation, and having
regard to the nature of the questions actually submitted to the
Court, 1 do not think that Norway is justified, in this case, in
declining the jurisdiction of the Court on the ground of the reser-
vation concerning its national jurisdiction.

(Signed) B;\SDEVAXT.

Bilingual Content

OPIKION DISSIDEYTE DE RI. BASDEVAXT

Je regrette de ne pouvoir souscrire à l'arrêtde la Cour dkclinant
sa compétence en la présente affaire et je crois devoir indiquer
sommairement les motifs de mon dissentiment.
Pour apprécier la valeur de l'Exception préliminaire opposée
par le Gouvernement norvégien à la compétence de la Cour, celle-ci
s'est placéesur le terrain que les Parties ont choisi pour en discuter,
à savoir l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut de la Cour et les
déclarations des Gouvernements du Royaume de Norvège et de la

République française acceptant la juridiction obligatoire de la
Cour conformément audit article. Je ne conteste pas ce point de
départ.
La Cour s'est attachée à la réserve énoncéedans ladite déclara-
tion de la France et portant que « cette déclaration ne s'applique
pas aux différendsrelatifs à des affaires qui relèvent essentiellement
de la compétencenationale telle qu'elle est entendue par le Gouver-
nement de la République française o. Elle a relevéqu'en vertu de la
condition de réciprocité énoncéedans les deux déclarations et
admise par l'article 36, paragraphe 3, la Xorrège est au bénéfice
de cette réserve. J'interprète de la mêmefaçon la clause de réci-
procité.

Pas plus que la Cour je n'estime nécessaire de me poser, à
propos de la présente affaire, la question de la validité initiale de
ladite réserve.
C'est moins la réserve considéréeen elle-mêmeet en quelque
sorte dans l'abstrait que la manière d'interpréter l'attitude de la
Sorvège quand elle l'a invoquée au titre de la réciprocitéqui est
à l'origine de inon dissentiment. C'est dire que je me place rigou-
reusement en face du cas d'espèce: un différend entre la France et
la Xorvège, une exception d'incompétence opposéepar la Norvège
à la requête présentée par la France.
L'arrêt de laCour accueille cette exception d'incompétence pour
le motif que la Norvège, invoquant la réserve française au titre de
la réciprocité,a déclaré quela présente affaire relevait essentielle-

ment de sa compétence nationale telle que l'entend le Gouverne-
ment norvégien.Cette prise de position du Gouvernement norvégien
est apparue à la Cour comme suffisantepour faire échecà la juridic-
tion obligatoire de la Cour admise, en principe, par les déclarations
des deux Gouvernements.
C'est au sujet de l'interprétation ainsi donnée à la prise de
position du Gouvernement norvégien que j'éprouve les doutes les
plus sérieux.
On peut concevoir qu'un État, invoquant la réserve, entende lui
donner une portée catégorique, de telle sorte que l'opinion par lui
émisesur la nature du différend suffise à faire échecà la compé-
tence de la Cour, sans autre examen de la part de celle-ci: je n'en-

tends rien préjuger touchant la validité de la réserve interprétée
66 DISSENTIXG OPIXIOX OF JCDGE BASDEVAKT

1 regret that 1 am unable to concur in the Judgment of the

Court that it is without jurisdiction in the present case a1dbelieve
1 must indicate briefly the reasons for my dissent.
In order to appraise the value of the Preliminary Objection
raised by the Korwegian Government to the jurisdiction of the
Court, the Court has placed itself on the ground on ~vhich the
Parties chose to argue the matter, namely, Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute of the Court and the Declarations of the Govemments
of the Kingdom of Korway and of the French Republic accepting
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court in accordance with that
Article. 1do not dispute this point of departure.
The Court has concentrated its attention on the reservation
which is contained in the French Declaration and which provides
that "this declaration does not applg- to differences relating to
matters which are essentially within the national jurisdiction as
understood by the Government of the French Republic". The Court
has pointed out that by l-iPéueof the condition of reciprocity
embodied in the tmo Declarations and provided for in Article 36,
paragraph 3, Norway is entitled to relg-on that resen-ation. 1inter-
pret the reciprocity clause in the saine manner.
Nor do 1 consider it necessarj-, any more than the Court does,

to deal with the question of the initial validity of that resen~ation
\vith regard to the preçent case.
It is less the reservation considered by itself and so to speak in
abstracto than the manner in ~vhichXorwal-'s attitude should be
interpreted when she in\-oked the reserx-ation on the basis of
reciprocity, which is at the source of ml- dissent. In other words 1
confine myself strictly to the present case: a dispute between
France and Nonvay, a jurisdictional objection raised by Norway
to the Application presented by France.
The Judgment of the Court upholds this objection to the juris-
diction on the ground that 'iorway, invoking the French reservation
on the basis of reciprocity, has declared that the present matter
was essentially within its national jurisdiction as understood by the
Norwegian Gol-ernment. The position thus adopted by the Nor-
wegian Government \vas regarded by the Court as sufficient to
preclude the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court lvhich was in
principle accepted under the Declarations of the two Governments.
It is with regard to the interpretation thus placed upon the
position adopted by the Non~egian Government that 1 feel the
inost serious doubts.
It is possible to imagine that a Sta:e invoking the reservation

should intend to put it fonvard as categoncal in character so that
the opinion expressed by that State with regard to the character
of the dispute would be sufficient to preclude the jurisdiction of the
Court, without further consideration by the Court: it is not myavec une telle portée. Je note seulement qu'il faudra que cet État
manifeste que telle est la portée qu'il donne à l'opinion qu'il émet,
qu'apparaisse suffisamment sa volonté de prendre la responsabilité
d'une telle attitude. Or il me paraît difficile d'imputer à la Norvège
une telle intention, une telle attitude quiserait peu compatible avec
son attitude traditionnelle en matière d'arbitrage et de juridiction
internationale; il me paraît difficile d'admettre que la Norvège ait

eu l'intention deprendre une telleresponsabilité, politique et morale,
non seulement envers la Partie adverse et devant la Cour dans le
présent litige, mais, d'une manière plus généraleet par un tel
précédent,devant les Nations Unies, enfin, à la raison de l'objet du
procès, à l'égard de son propre crédit financier. Il y faudrait une
manifestation plus claire d'une telle intention.

Or les termes dans lesquels la Norvège a fait appel à la réserve
sont des plus mesurés. Ils ne donnent pas à cet appel un caractère
catégorique qui signifierait que la Cour doit s'arrêter à lui sans
plus ample examen.

La référence à la réserve est faite dans les Exceptions prélimi-
naires, paragraphe 23, mais elle n'y apparaît que sous une forme
hypothétique. Surla base de considérationsamplement exposées,les
Exceptions préliminaires formulent tout d'abord cette conclusion:
((Il est donc certain qu'en portant devant la Cour le différend
énoncédans sa requête ...le Gouvernement français lui demande de
se prononcer sur des questions de droit interne et non de droit
international, c'est-à-dire sur des questions étrangères à la compé-
tence que lui ont reconnue les déclarations faites par les parties sur
pied de l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut. )Aussitôt après, les
Exceptions préliminaires ajoutent: «Aucun doute n'est possible

sur ce point. S'il en pouvait cependant subsister, le Gouvernement
norvégien se prévaudrait des réserves formuléespar le Gouverne-
ment français dans sa déclaration du I~~mars 1949. »

Ainsi le Gouvernement norvégien commence par énoncer très
fortement la thèse selon laquelle le différendporte sur des questions
de droit interne et échappe par là à la compétence de la Cour. Le
bien-fondé de cette thèse et la valeur des arguments présentés à
l'appui sont évidemment soumis à l'appréciation de la Cour. Le
Gouvernement norvégien prétend que sa thèse est incontestable,
qu'aucun doute n'est possible sur ce point. Il émet cependant une
hypothèse, celle où un doute subsisterait, et c'est seulement en vue

de cette hypothèse qu'il se réfère à la réservefrançaise.

C'est dans les Exceptions préliminaires que se trouve toute l'argu-
mentation norvégienne au sujet de la réserve.Or, indépendamment
du fait que cette argumentation ne prend place ici qu'à titre
hypothétique, la Norvège n'avance pas une interprétation de la
réserve qui ferait de celle-ci un moyen catégorique pour un État

67intention to prejudge in any way the question of the validity of the
reservation, interpreted as having such a scope. 1 merely observe
that that State would have to manifest that that is the scopewhich
it gives to the opinion it expresses, that its will to assume respon-
sibility for such an attitude would have to be sufficiently apparent.

However, 1 find it difficult to ascribe to Norway such an intention,
or such an attitude whichwouldscarcelybe consistent with Nonvay's
traditional attitude in the matter of arbitration and international
jurisdiction; 1 find it difficult to consider that Nonvay intended
to assume such a responsibility, political and moral, not only
vis-à-visthe other Party and before the Court inthe present dispute
but in a more general manner and by such a precedent, before the
Cnited Nations and finally, by reason of the subject-matter of
the proceedings, with regard to her own financial credit.
Forthe terms in which Norway has referred to the reservation are
most moderate. They do not conferupon the reservationacategorical
character signifying that the Court ought to confine itself to the
reservation and not consider the matter further.
The reference to the reservation appears in paragraph 23 of the
Preliminary Objections but it appears there only in a hypothetical
form. On the basis of considerations which are fully developed,

the Preliminary Objections first state this conclusion : "It is clear,
therefore, that in bringing before the Court the dispute set out in
its Application ...the French Government is asking the Court to
adjudicate upon questions of municipal law and not upon questions
of international law, i.e. upon questions which do not fa11within
the jurisdiction conferred upon the Court by the Declarations made
by the Parties under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute."
Immediately followingthis passage, the Preliminary Objections add:
"There can be no possible doubt on this point. If, however, there
should still be some doubt, the Xorwegian Government would rely
upon the reservations made by the French Government in its
Declaration of ilfarch ~st, 1949."
The Xorwegian Government thus begins by stating very strongly
the contention that the dispute relates to questions of municipal
law and does not, therefore, fa11within the jurisdiction of the Court.
The soundness of this contention and the value of the arguments

put forward in support of it are clearly submitted to the consider-
ation of the Court. The Norwegian Government claims that its
contention is irrebuttable and that there can be no possible doubt
on this point. It does refer, however, to a hypothetical situation,
a situation in which there should still be some doubt, and it is only
with regard to that hypothetical situation that the Norwegian
Government refers to the French reservation.
The whole Korwegian argument with regard to the reservation
appears in the Preliminary Objections, but quite apart from the
fact that the argument is there presented only hypothetically,
Norway has not interpreted the reservation as constituting a
categorical means whereby a State may preclude the jurisdiction

67 de faire échec à la compétence de la Cour. Une telle interprétation
est possible: la Norvège ne l'énoncepas. Sans préciser d'ailleurs sa
pensée, elle avance une interprétation plus modérée selonlaquelle
(pareille réserve doit êtreinterprétéede bonne foi et ...un Gouver-
nement qui se retrancherait derrière elle pour dénier compétence

à la Cour dans un cas où il ne s'agira"t manifestement Das d'une
«affaire relevant essentiellement de la compétence nationale 1)
commettrait un abus de droit, devant lequel la Coiir ne serait pas
désarmée N.
Par là, la Norvège reconnaît à la Cour un contrôle sur l'exercice
par un Etat du droit d'invoquer la réserve. Quelle est l'étendue de
ce pouvoir de contrôle? La formule ci-dessus rappelée ne le précise
pas, mais une indication figurant à la fin de l'exposéconcernant la

première exception préliminaire et de ce qui est dit de la réserve
invoquée par la-Norvègefournit une indication. Le Gouvernement
norvégien y affirme tout d'abord son droit de se prévaloir de la
réservefrançaise,mais il ne s'en tient pas là. Il croit utile de justifier
l'usage qu'il fait de ce droit et, à cet effet, il ajoute: ((Convaincu
que le différend ...relève de la compétence nationale, il se sent
pleinement justifié à faire usage de ce droit. 1L'énoncéde cette

conviction serait inutile si le Gouvernement norvégien entendait
donner à son appréciation de la nature du différend un caractère
décisifla faisant échapper au contrôle de la Cour. S'il se dit convain-
cu que le différend relève de la compétence nationale c'est parce
qu'il tire cette conviction des considérations qu'il a exposéespour
établir que ce différend est du ressort du droit norvégien, non du
droit international. Et, ((en conséquence )),donc en conséquence
de la conviction ainsi acquise, il ((demande à la Cour de décliner,

pour raison d'incompétence, la mission dont le Gouvernement
français voudrait la charger 1).

Si l'on rapproche ce passage de la large place faite dans les.
Exceptions préliminaires à l'argumentation sur le caractère du
différend déterminépar le caractère du droit à appliquer, on est
amené à penser que, dans l'esprit du Gouvernement norvégien, les

deux motifs qu'il invoque à l'appui de sa première exception
préliminaire se rejoignent et que, dans l'espèce, l'appréciation du
caractère national de l'affaire doit êtredéduit de la considération
du droit à appliquer.
Cette interprétation est confirmée par le fait que dans la suite
de la procédure écrite et orale, le Gouvernement norvégien s'est
soigneusement attaché au caractère du droit applicable pour fonder

son exception d'incompétence. Il n'a étéfait en son nom qu'une
seule allusion à la réserve française et seulement sous la forme
indirecte et très brève d'une mention de la condition de réciprocité,
à l'audience du 20 mai 1957 . t encore le conseil du Gouvernement
norvégien qui a fait cette allusion ne l'a-t-il faite qye pour aboutir
à la conclusion que les engagements liant les deux Etats en matière

68of the Court. Such an interpretation is possible: Norway has not put
it forward. Whilst not stating exactly what her view was, Nonvay
puts forward a more moderate interpretation to the effect that
"such a reservation must be interpreted in good faith and should a
Government seek to rely upon it with a view to denying the juris-
diction of the Court in a case which manifestly did not involve a

'matter which is essentially within the national jurisdiction' it
would be committing an abus de droit which would not prevent the
Court from acting".
Norway thereby acknowledges the Court's power to control the
exercise by a State of its right to invoke the reservation. lVhat
is the extent of this po\ver? The words quoted above do not
define the extent of this power, but some indication has been sup-
plied by the statement appearing at the end of the argument on the
First Preliminary Objection and at the end of what was said regard-
ing the reservation invoked by Nonvay. The NorwegianGovernment
begins by asserting its right to rely upon the French reservation but
does not stop there. It considers it appropriate to justify the use it
inakes of that right andin this connection addsthe following words:
"Convinced that the dispute ...is within the domestic jiirisdiction,
the Norwegian Government considers itself fully entitled to rely on
this right." It would have been unnecessary for the Norwegian
Government to state its conviction on this point if it had purported
to confer upon its own understanding of the nature of the dispute a

decisive character taking it outside the control of the Court. If it
says that it is convinced that the dispute is within the domestic juris-
diction, it is because it derives this conviction from the considera-
tions relied upon to prove that the dispute is within the domain of
Norwegian law and not of international law. And, "accordingly", in
other words as a result of the conviction thus acquired, it "requests
the Court to decline, on grounds that it lacks jurisdiction, the
function which the French Government \vould have it assume".
If this passage is compared with the importance of the position
occupied in the Preliminary Objections by the argument on the
character of the dispute as determined by the character of the law
which is applicable to it, one is led to the view that, in the mind
of the Norwegian Governrnent, the tmo grounds upon which it
relies in support of its first Preliminary Objection converge arid
that in the present case the determination of the character of the
matter will depend upon the law to be applied.

This interpretation is confirmed by the fact in the subsequent
written and oral proceedings, the Norwegian Government carefully
concentrated on the character of the applicable la\$+in support of
its objection to the jurisdiction. Only one allusion \vas made on
behalf of the Nortvegian Government to the French reservation,
with indirect and very brief reference to the condition of reciprocity
at the hearing of May zoth, 1957. And indeed Counsel for the
Norwegian Government merely made the allusion in support of his
conclusion that the undertakings binding the tmo States in the
68 de juridiction ((ne concernent que des différends de droit inter-
national ».Voilà qui confirme l'interprétation ci-dessus donnée des
intentions du Gouvernement norvégien et celle-ci est en harmonie
avec l'affirmation, souvent répétéeq ,ue le Gouvernement norvégien
ne rejette pas la compétence de la Cour d'une manière absolue,
parce que telle est sa volonté propre, mais pour des motifs soigneu-
sement exposés et dont, par cet exposé même, ilentend faire la

Cour iIVre.
La Norvège aurait eu intérêtà donner au moyen que lui offrait
la réserve française un caractère catégorique. Elle ne l'a pas fait
et pour une raison de haute valeur, parce qu'elle a eu le souci de se
conformer à ses obligations internationales.
En matière de juridiction obligatoire, la France et la ru'orvègene
sont pas liéesseulement par les déclarations qu'elles ont souscrites
sur la base de l'article 36, paragraphe2, du Statut de la Cour. Elles
le sont également par l'Acte généraldu 26 septembre 1928 auquel

elles ont l'une et l'autre adhéré.Cet acte est entre elles un de ces
«traités et conventions en vigueur » qui établissent la compétence
de la Cour et que vise l'article 36, paragraphe 1, du Statut; pour
l'application de cet acte, l'article 37 du Statut a substitué la Cour
internationale de Justice à la Cour permanente de Justice inter-
nationale. Cet acte a étémentionné dans les Observations du Gouver-
nement français, puis expressément invoqué, àl'audience du 14mai,
par l'agent de ce Gouvernement; il a étémentionné, à l'audience
du 21 mai, par le conseil du Gouvernement norvégien. A aucun

moment, il n'a étémis en doute que cet acte fît droit entre la
France et la Korvège.

Rien ne permet de penser que cet Acte général doiveéchapper à
l'attention de la Cour. A aucun moment il n'est apparu que le
Gouvernement français ait renoncé à s'en prévaloir. Eût-il gardé
sur lui le silence que la Cour ((dont la mission est de régler confor-
mément au droit international les différends qui lui sont soumis »
ne saurait l'ignorer. Lorsqu'il s'agit de statuer sur sa compétence et

surtout de statuer sur la portée d'une exception à sa compétence
obligatoire dont le principe a étéadmis entre les Parties, la Cour
doit par elle-même rechercher avec tous les moyens dont elle
dispose quel est le droit. En une matière où une telle recherche
s'imposait moins impérieusement à elle, la Cour permanente n'a
pas reculé devant elle, déclarant que ((dans l'accomplissement de
sa tâche de connaltre elle-même le droit international, elle ...a
étendu ses recherches à tous précédents, doctrines et faits qui lui
étaient accessibles et qui auraient, le cas échéant, pu révéler

l'existence d'un des principes du droit international visés par le
compromis ».(C. P. J.1. Arrêtno g, p. 31.)

En adhérant à l'acte général,le 31 mai 1931, le Gouvernement
français a, dans la mesure où l'y autorisaient expressément l'arti-
cle 39, litt. b, et l'article 41 dudit acte, énoncéque son adhésion,

69 SORWEGIAX LOANS (DISS.OP. OF JUDGE BASDEYAST)
74
matter of jurisdiction "only relate to disputes of international law".
This confirms the interpretation given above of the intentions of
the Nonvegian Government and this interpretation is in harmony
with the frequently repeated assertion that the Norwegian Govern-
ment does not reject the jurisdiction of the Court absolutely,
because it so chooses, but on grounds which have been carefully
set out, thus showing that it was intended that the Court should

adjudicate upon them.
It would have been in the interests of Norway to confer a cate-
gorical character upon the defence provided by the French reser-
vation. She has not done so for a highly commendable reason,
hecause she was anxious to respect her international obligations.
In the matter of compulsory jurisdiction, France and Norway
are not bound only by the Declarations to which they subscribed on
the basis of Article 36, paragraph 2,of the Statute of the Court.
They are bound also by the General Act of September 26th, 1928,
to which they have both acceded. This ,4ct is, so far as they are
concerned, one of those "treaties and conventions in force" which
establish the jurisdiction of the Court and which are referred to in
Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute. For the purposes of the
application of this Act, Article 37 of thetatute has substituted the

International Court of Justice for the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice. This Act was mentioned in the Observations of
the French Government and was subsequently invoked explicitly
at the hearing of May 14th by the Agent of that Gotlernment. It
\\*as mentioned, at the hearing of May z~st, by Counsel for the
Norwegian Government. At no time has any doubt been raised as
to the fact that this Act is binding asbetween France and Nonvay.
There is no reason to think that this General Act should not
receive the attention of the Court.,4t no time did it appear that the
French Government had abandoned its right to rely on it. Even if
it had maintained silence with regard to it, the Court "whose
function it is to decide in accordance with international law such
disputes as are submitted to it" could not ignore it. When it is a

matter of determining its jurisdiction and, above all, of deter-
mining the effect of an objection to its compulsory jurisdiction,
the principle of which has been admitted as between the Parties,
the Court must, of itself, seek withal1the means at its disposa1 to
ascertain what is the law. In a matter in which such research was
less imperatively necessary, the Permanent Court did not hesitate
to undertake it, stating that "in the fulfilment of its task of itself
ascertaining what the international law is, it ...has included in its
researches al1precedents, teachings and facts to which it had access
and which might possibly have revealed the existence of one of the
principles of international law contemplated in the special agree-
ment". (P.C.I.J. Judgment XO. 9, p. 31.)
On acceding to the General Act, on May 31st, 1931, the French
Government, in so far as it was explicitly authorized to do so by

;Irticle 39, sub-paragraph (b), and by Article 31 of that Act, declared
'59comportant entre autres acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de
la Cour, s'appliquait aux différends (autres que ceux que la Cour
permanente de Justice internationale reconnaîtrait comme portant
sur une question que le droit international laisseà la compétence
exclusive de 1'Etat )).Cette réserve ayant étéformulée par la
France, la Norvègepeut, ainsi qu'il est dit àl'articl39, paragraphe 3,
de l'Acte général,s'en prévaloir vis-à-vis de la France.
Tel était le droit en vigueur entre la France et la Norvège sur
la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour au moment où la France a

accepté, à nouveau, la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour par sa
déclaration du I~~mars 1949 sur la base del'article 36, paragraphe 2,
duStatut. Cedoit envigueur comportait la réservedela compétence
exclusive de 1'Etat mais, d'une part, en qualifiant cette réserve,
selon ce que reconnaît le droit international et d'autre part, en
attribuant à la Cour le pouvoir de vérifier,lorsque la réserve vien-
drait à êtreinvoquée, si elle l'était à bon droit ou à tort.

La déclaration par laquelle le Gouvernement français a admis la
juridiction obligatoire sur la base de l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du
Statut contient une réserve de portée plus étendue puisqu'elle se

réfèrenon à ce que reconnaît le droit international mais à l'appré-
ciation du Gouvernement qui invoque la réserveet que, d'autre part,
elle ne soumet pas cette appréciation au contrôle de la Cour, en sa
lettre du moins. La déclaration restreint donc le domaine de la
juridiction obligatoire plus que ne le faisait l'Acte généraldans les
rapportsentre la France et la Norvège. Or il est manifeste que cette
déclaration unilatérale du Gouvernement francais n'a pas pu
modifier, dans ce sens restrictif, le droit alors en vigueur entre la
France et la Norvège.
Dans une affaire où il avait été soutenuque non pas une décla-

ration unilatérale màis un traité entre deux Etats avait limité la
portée entre eux de leurs déclarations antérieures acceptant la
juridiction obligatoire, la Cour permanente a rejeté ce moyen et dit
à ce propos:
(La multiplicité d'engagements conclus en faveur de la juridic-
tion obligatoire atteste chez les contractants la volonté d'ouvrir
de nouvelles voies d'accès à la Cour plutôt que de fermer les
anciennes ou de les laisser se neutraliser mutuellement pour aboutir
à l'incompétence. ))(C.P. J. I., Série A/B, no 77, p.76.) Une voie
d'accès à la Cour a étéouverte par l'adhésion des deus Parties à
l'Acte général de 1928 : elle ne saurait être ferméeou neutralisée par

la disposition restrictive que le Gouvernement français et non le
Gouvernement norvégien a ajoutée à son acceptation nouvelle de la
juridiction obligatoire énoncéedans sa déclaration de 1949. Cette
disposition restrictive, émanant d'un seul, ne fait pas droit entre
la France et la Norvège; elle ne suffit pas à faire échec au régime
juridique existant entre eux sur ce point; elle ne saurait fermer la NORWEGIXN L0-4NS (DISS.OP. OF JUDGE BASDET-AST) 73

that its accession, involving inter nlia the acceptance of the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, applied to disputes "other
than those which the Permanent Court of International Justice
may recognize as beanng on a question left by international law
to the exclusive competence of the State". As this reservation was
formulated by France, Norway may, as stated in Article 39,
paragraph 3, of the General Act, rely upon it as against France.
Such was the law in forcebetween France and Norway concerning

the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court at the time when France
accepted afresh the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court by her
Declaration of March ~st, 1949, on the basis of Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute. The law thus in force embodied the reserva-
tion concerning the exclusivecompetence of the State, but, on the one
hand, there was the qualification of that reservation regarding what
is recognized by international law and, on the other hand, the Court
was given the power to verify, when the reservation should corne
to be pleaded, whether it was rightly or wrongly invoked.
The Declaration by which the French Government accepted
compulsory jurisdiction on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute contains a reservation of wider scope, since it refers
not to what is recognized by international law, but to the under-

standing of the Government which invokes the reservation and,
further, since it does not submit that understanding to the verifi-
cation of the Court. At al1events, it does not do so expressly. The
Declaration thus limits the sphere of compulsory jurisdiction more
than did the General Act in relations between France and Norway.
Kow, it is clear that this unilateral Declaration by the French
Government could not modify, in this limitative sense, the law
that was then in force between France and Norway.
In a case in which it had been contended that not a unilateral
declaration but a treaty between two States had limited the scope
as bet~veen them of their previous declarations accepting compul-
sory jurisdiction, the Permanent Court rejected this contention and
said in this connection:
"The multiplicity of agreements concluded accepting the com-

pulsory jurisdiction is evidence that the contracting Parties intended
to open up new ways of access to the Court rather than to close old
ways or to allow them to cancel each other out with the ultimate
result that no jurisdiction would remain." (P.C.I. J., Series AIB,
Xo. 77,p. 76.)A way of access to the Court \iras opened up by the
accession of the two Parties to the General Act of 1928. It could
not be closed or cancelled out by the restrictive clause which the
French Government, and not the h-orwegian Government, added
to its fresh acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction stated in its
Declaration of 1949. This restrictive clause, emanating from only
one of them, does not constitute the law as between France and
Norway. The clause is not sufficient to setaside the juridical system
existing between them on this point. It cannot close the way ofvoie d'accès àla Cour antérieurement ouverte ni la neutraliser pour
aboutir à l'incompétence.
Entre la France et la Norvège, sur le point ici considéré,l'admis-
sion de la juridiction obligatoire n'est donc, aujourd'hui comme
avant la déclaration française du I~~mars 1949, écartéeque pour

les différendsque la Cour reconnaîtrait comme portant sur une ques-
tion que le droit international laisseà la compétence exclusive de
1'Etat.
Cette constatation de l'état du droit existant entre la France
et la Norvège explique le sens attaché par laKorvège à l'invocation
qu'elle a faiteà la reserve française. Elle l'a invoquée et elle ne
pouvait l'invoquer que dans le sens qu'a cette réserve dans les
rapports entre la France et la Norvège, c'est-à-dire non comme
une réserve dont l'application dépend de l'appréciation discré-
tionnaire faite par l'État qui l'invoque mais comme une réserve
dont la portée dépend de ce que reconnaît le droit international

selon l'appréciation que fera la Cour. Je ne puis pas imputer à la
Norvège l'intention de donner à la réserve un sens plus absolu qui
contredirait le droit existant en la matière entre les deuxDavs.
Cette interprétation comportant référence à ce que recknaît le
droit international selon l'appréciation qu'en fera la Cour est
parfaitement en harmonie avec l'interprétation modéréeque la
Norvège a donnée dela réserveet le peu de place qu'elle lui a faite
dans son argumentation, alors que celle-ci a comportéles plus grands
efforts pour établir que le différend porte sur des points de droit
norvégien, non de droit international et échappe, à ce titre, à la
compétence de la Cour.
En présence de toute cette argumentation et déjà à la simple

lecture des Exceptions préliminaires, je me refuse à interpréter la
penséedu Gouvernement norvégien comme ayant étéde démontrer
à la satisfaction de ln Cour que le différend ne porte que sur des
points de droit norvégien, de la prier de dire que la Cour admet
qu'il en est ainsi et comme ayant étéd'ajouter, aussitôt que l'opinion
de la Cour sur ce point est sans importance, que seule compte ici
l'opinion du Gouvernement norvégien.
La penséedu Gouvernement norvégienme parait bien différente.
En invoquant la réserve française, il a entendu en confronter la
portée en la présente affaire avec les données de celle-ci: l'objet de
la demande et le droit applicable. C'est sur ce terrain que l'appel à
la réservedoit êtreappréciéet c'est sur ce terrain que le débat s'est
effectivement développéentre Parties.

Le Gouvernement norvégien aurait pu procéder autrement.
Invoquant la réserve française il aurait pu se prévaloir, à ce propos,
du fait qu'il s'agit en l'espèce d'emprunts publics, de mesures
affectant le régime monétaire de la Norvège: je ne préjuge pas la
valeur de telles considérations. Il avait été procédé ainsi dans
l'affaire des Décrets de nationalité en Tunisie et au Maroc. ce oui
amena la Cour permanente à dire que les questions de nationalité
sont de celles que le droit international laisseà la compétence de NORWEGIAN LOANS (DISS. OP. OF JUDGE B.~SDEV-\NT) 76

access to the Court that was formerly open, or cancel it out with
the result that no jurisdiction would remain.
Between France and Norway, on the point now under considera-
tion, the acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction is, therefore, to-day
as prior to the French Declaration of March ~st, 1949, set aside
only in respect of such disputes as the Court may recognize as
bearing on a question left by international law to the exclusire

competence of the State.
This presentation of the state of thelaw existing between France
and Norway explains the sense attached by Norway to her reliance
on the French reservation. She relied on it, and could only rely
on it, in the sense that this reservation has in relations between
France and Korway, that is to Say, not as a reservation the appli-
cation of which depends on the discretionary judgment of the
State wich relies on it, but as a reservation the scope of which
depends on what is recognized by international law as found by the
Court. 1 cannot suppose that Norway intended to give the reser-
vation a more absolute sense which would be in conflict with the
law existing in thismatter between the two countries.
This interpretation, involving a reference to what is recognized

by international law as found by the Court, is in complete harmony
with the moderate interpretation which Norway gave to the
reservation and with the small place it occupies in her reasoning
which, on the other hand, went to great lengths to show that the
dispute relates to questions of Xorwegian law and not to questions
of international law and, on that ground, does not come within the
jurisdiction of the Court.
In view of al1this reasoning-and even from the mere perusal of
the Preliminary Objections-1 cannot believe that it was the Nor-
wegian Government's intention to prove to the satisfaction of the
Court that the dispute relates only to questions of Xorwegian law,
to ask the Court to find that it agrees with this view and then to

add immediately that the Court's opinion on this point is of no
importance and that it is only the Xorwegian Government's
opinion that counts.
The Norwegian Government's intention seems to me to be quite
different. In invoking the French reservation, its intention was that
its bearing on the present case should be considered in the light of the
elements of the case: the subject of the claim and the law applic-
able. It is on this footing that the appeal to the reservation must be
judged and that the discussionbetween the Parties infact developed.
The Norwegian Government might have followed another
course. When it invoked the French reservation, it might have
relied, in this connection, on the fact that this case is concerned

with public loans, with measures affecting the monetary system
of Norway. 1 do not prejudge the validity of such considerations.
That was the course followed in the case of the nationality decrees
in Tunis and Morocco and it led the Permanent Court to find that
questions of nationality are amongst those which international lawl'État mais qu'il en est autrement lorsqu'à leur propos est en cause
l'application de traités. Le Gouvernement norvégienn'a pas procédé
ainsi. Les seuls motifs qu'il ait présentéset qui, s'ils sont admis,
seraient de nature à établir que le présent différendmet la Cour en
présence de questions que le droit international laisseà la compé-

tence exclusive de la Norvège sont ceux qui se rapportent à la
nature du droit applicable pour la solution de ce différend: droit
norvégien et non droit international.

Interprétant autrement que j'ai cru pouvoir le faire la penséedu
Gouvernement norvégien - et c'est la source de mon dissentiment
-, l'arrêtn'a pas eu à rechercher si le différend soumis à la Cour
relève exclusivement de l'application du droit norvégien et si,
à ce titre, il échappeà la compétencede la Cour soit par application
de l'article36,paragraphe 3, du Statut, soit par le jeu de la réserve
française invoquée par la Norvège sans autre précision. En consé-
quence de ce silence de l'arrêt,je me bornerai sur ce point à de très
brèves observations.

Je comprends qu'en face de la rédaction donnéeaux conclusions

de la Requête, le Gouvernement norvégien ait soulevésa première
exception préliminaire: les mêmestermes auraient pu se trouver
dans les conclusions d'un porteur agissant devant un tribunal
norvégien contre son débiteur norvégien. Ifais le débat devant la
Cour a éliminétoute assimilation entre ces deux procès et il a été
maintes fois affirmédevant elle, notamment du côté norvégien, que
le différend entre le Gouvernement français et le Gouvernement
norvégien était autre et relevait d'une autre branche du droit que
le différend entre porteurs et débiteurs norvégiens.

Le Gouvernement français agit ici dans l'exercice du droit que
lui reconnaît le droit intemational d'exercer la protection de ses
nationaux vis-à-vis d'un Etat étranger. L'arrêt rappelle à juste
titre que, dans sa note du 27 janvier 1955, le Gouvernement fran-
çais proposait au Gouvernement norvégien deporter le litige devant
le juge international en vue de déterminer, sur la base des principes

générauxdu droit international, si la clause or dont, suivant lui,
les emprunts litigieux étaient assortis devait êtrerespectée. L'arrêt
rappelle de mêmeque, dèsle début de la controverse diplomatique,
dans sa note du 16 juin 1925, la Légation de France à Oslo a
cru pouvoir relever une contradiction entre la loi norvégienne du
15 décembre 1923 et les engagements pris envers les porteurs des
emprunts de la Banque hypothécaire de Norvège, et a invoqué, à
ce propos, qu'une décisionunilatérale ne semble pas opposable à
des créanciersétrangers.Le Gouvernement français n'a cessé,devant
la Cour, de s'en prendre, sous cet aspect,à cette loi d1923, deman-
dant à la Cour, dans ses conclusions finales déposées le2j mai 1957,
de dire et juger que les engagements sur le montant des dettes

72leaves to the jurisdiction of the State but that it is otherwise when
the application of treaties is involved in regard to them. The
Norwegian Government did not take this course. The only grounds
which it advanced and which, if accepted, would be such as to
prove that the present dispute brings before the Court questions
which international law leaves to the exclusive jurisdiction of
Norway, are those relating to the nature of the law to be applied
for the settlement of this dispute, namely, Norwegian law and not
international law.
As the Judgment interprets the Norwegian Government's in-

tention in a different way from that in which 1have felt it proper
to interpret it-and that is the source of my dissent-it was not
necessary for it to consider whether the disputebrought before the
Court falls exclusively within the application of Norwegian law
and whether, on that ground, it falls outside the jurisdiction of
the Court either by the application of Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute or through the effect of the French reservation
invoked by Norway without further explanation. In vieu- of the
silence of the Judgment, 1 shall confine myself to some very brief
observations on this point.
1 understand that the wording adopted for the Submissions in
the Application should have led the Norwegian Government to put
forward its first Preliminary Objection. The same terms might have
been used in the Submissions of a bondholder proceeding against
his Norwegian debtor before a Norwegian tribunal. But the dis-

cussion before the Court eliminated al1 assimilation between these
two cases and, in the course of these proceedings, it was frequentlj-
asserted, particularly on the Norwegian side, that the dispute
between the French Government and the Norwegian Government
was different from the dispute between bondholders and Norwegian
debtors and came within the purview of a different branch of law.
The French Government is here acting in the exercise of its
right under international law to protect its nationals as against a
foreign State. The Judgment rightly recalls that, in its Note of
January 27th, 1955, the French Government proposed to the
Norwegian Government that the dispute should be referred to an
international tribunal in order to determine, on the basis of the
general principles of international law, whether the gold clause
which, it contended, was contained in the bonds in question, had
to be respected. The Judgment recalls also that, at the very outset
of the diplomatic dispute, the French Legation in Oslo, in its Note

dated June 16th, 1925, stated that it believed a contradiction to
exist between the Norwegian law of December 15th, 1923, and the
obligations which had been assumed towards the holders of the
loans of the Mortgage Bank of Norway, and contended, in this
connection, that itwould not seem that a unilateral decision can be
relied upon as against foreign creditors. In the proceedings before
the Court, the French Government continually impugned this law
of 1923, from this point of view, and in its final Submissions filed78 EI\IPRUSTS NORI-ÉGIENS (OP. DISS. DE M. BASDEVANT)

contractées dans les emprunts visés dans la Requête ne peuvent
êtremodifiésunilatéralement. Le Gouvernement français a entendu
se prévaloir des arrêts 14 et 15 de la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale en alléguant que, dans la présente affaire comme
autrefois dans les affaires des emprunts serbes et des emprunts
fédérauxbrésiliens, il s'agit d'emprunts internationaux. Il a fait
griefà la Norvège de la discrimination par elle faite au bénéficedes

porteurs danois et suédois et au détriment des porteurs français,
discrimination qu'il a présentée comme constituant une violation
directe du droit international.De tout cela il a cherché à obtenir
le redressement par une décision de la Cour qui, sans se prononcer
sur un aménagement financier qu'il se déclarait prêt à étudier avec
le Gouvernement norvégien, porterait que le débiteur des emprunts
énumérésdans la Requête ne s'acquitte valablement de son obli-
gation que par un paiement en valeur or à chaque échéance.

C'est sur ce terrain que le Gouvernement français a entendu
placer la demande par lui formée contre le Gouvernement norvé-

gien. Je n'ai pas à préjuger la réponse qu'elle comporte sur tel ou
tel point ainsi soulevé. Je me borne à constater que l'appréciation
de cette demande ne relève pas du droit norvégien mais du droit
international.
Sans doute, pour arriver jusqu'aux points de droit ainsi énoncés
et à d'autres de mêmesorte soulevésdans les débats, faut-il consta-
ter tout d'abord que les emprunts litigieux ou certains d'entre eux
sont assortis de la clause or. Cela concerne les faits de la cause et
ceux-ci ont été exposés à ce titre dans le Mémoire et le Contre-
Mémoire. Cet exposé des faits peut amener à rencontrer certains
points de droit norvégien touchant, par exemple, la validité initiale
de la clause or dans les emprunts litigieux. Mais si la Cour est

saisie de points de droit internationdans le différendactuellement
pendant entre la France et la Norvège et si elle est compétente à
ce titre pour connaître de ce différend, ilva de soi qu'elle aura aussi
à examiner les points de fait qui se posent. Elle doit ranger parmi
ceux-ci les questions d'interprétation des lois norvégiennes qu'elle
pourra rencontrer. Il n'a jamais étésoutenu que la Cour devrait
renvoyer l'examen de telles questions à la décision de tel ou tel
tribunal national.

Compte tenu du sens que j'attache à la penséedu Gouvernement
norvégien invoquant la réserve française, et compte tenu de la
nature des questions effectivement soumises à la Cour, je ne pense

pas que la Norvège soit fondée,en l'espèce,à déclinerla compétence
de la Cour en invoquant la réserve de sa compétence nationale.

(Signé) BL~SDEV~ANT.on May zjth, 1957, it asked the Court to adjudge and declare that
undertakings as to the amount of the debts contracted under the
loans referred to in the Application cannot be unilaterally modified.
The French Government placed reliance en Judgments Nos. 14 and
Ij of the Permanent Court of International Justice, contending
that, in the present case as previously in the cases of the Serbian
loans and the Brazilian Federal loans, the loans in question are
international loans. It complained that Norway was practising
discrimination to the advantage of Danish and Swedish holders

and to the detriment of French holders, and it claimed that this
discrimination constituted adirect violation of international law. On
al1those grounds it sought to obtain redress through a decision ofthe
Court which, without passing upon the financial adjiistment of pay-
ments which the French Government declared itsqlf ready to study
with the Xorwegian Government, would find that the debtorin the
case ofthe loans specified in the Application cannot validly discharge
his obligation except by payments as they fa11due in gold value.
It is on this ground that the French Government intended to
place the claim it brought against the Norwegian Government. It is
not for me to prejudge the replp that should be given to it on any
of the points thus raised. 1 confine myself to noting that adjudi-
cation upon this claim is a matter that cornes within the purview
not of Norwegiari law but of international law.
No doubt, in order that the questions of law thus referred to,

and others of the same kind raised in the proceedings, mai come
up for consideration, it must first be determined that the loans in
dispute, or some of them, do in fact contain a gold clause. This is a
question of the facts involved in the case, and these have been set
out in the Memorial and Counter-Memorial. This statement of the
facts may bring up certain questions of Konvegian law concerning,
for instance, the initial validity of the gold clause in the loans in
dispute. But, if the Court is seised of questions of international law
in the dispute at present pending between France and Norway, and
if, for that reason, the Court has jurisdiction to adjudicate on this
dispute, itobviously follows that the Court will also have to examine
the questions of fact that arise. It must include among these an?
questions of the interpretation of such Norwegian laws as may cal1
for consideration. It has never been contended that the Court should
refer such questions to the consideration and decision of any
particular national tribunal.

Having regard to the sense 1 attach to the Norwegian Govern-
ment's intention in invoking the French reservation, and having
regard to the nature of the questions actually submitted to the
Court, 1 do not think that Norway is justified, in this case, in
declining the jurisdiction of the Court on the ground of the reser-
vation concerning its national jurisdiction.

(Signed) B;\SDEVAXT.

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Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Basdevant (translation)

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