Dissenting Opinion of Judge Guerrero (translation)

Document Number
029-19570706-JUD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
029-19570706-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSEKTING 0PIh;IOK OF J'C'DGEGVERRERO

LTransZafion-i
1 regret to find myself in disagreement with the operative part
of the Judgment and with a feu- of the considerations on mhich it
is founded.
On the other hand, 1 share the view of the Court when it
recognizes that, in the present case, the jurisdiction of the Court
depends upon the Declarations made by the Parties in accordance
with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute.
This view does not seem to me to conflict with the principle
that the problem of the Court's jurisdiction is reduced to deter-
mining the extent of the obligations assumed by the Parties and

to verifying their conformity with the provisions of the Statute
which the Court is obliged to observe and respect for which it
must ensure.
The consideration of the Court is therefore directed to the
instrument by virtue of u-hich it is seised, that is to sa-, the special
agreement or the jurisdictional clause.
In the jurisprudence of the Court, there are to be found very
definite indications for the signatories of these instruments. 1
shall mention only the Order of the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice made on August ~gth, 1929, in the case of the
Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the district of Gex.
The representatives of France and Switzerland, Parties to this
dispute, were in agreement on communication by the Court un-
officially to the Agents of both Parties of any indications which
might appear desirable as to the result of the Court's deliberation.
After stating in the Order that the spirit and letter of its Statute
did not allow the Court to act in accordance with the agreement
between the Parties and that the Court could not, on the proposal

of the Parties, depart from the terms of the Statute, the Order
of -4ugust ~gth, 1929, stated:
"Nevertheless, it is important to set forth clearly that special
agreements whereby international disputes are submitted to the
Court should henceforth be formulated with due regard to the forms
in which the Court is to express its opinion according to the precise
terms of the constitutional provisions governing its activity, in
order that the Court may be able to deaI with such disputes in the
ordinary course and without resorting, as in the present case, to a
construction which must be regarded as strictly exceptional."
(Order of August ~gth, 1929.Caseof theFree Zones,p. 13, SeriesA,
No. 22.)

What is said with regard to special agreements applies equally
to the conditions in \\-hich States formulate their jurisdictional
clauses. 111the latter, as in the former. the colzsensusof the Partiesis not sufficient to establish the jurisdiction of the Court. It is
further necessary to ascertain whether that consensusis compatible
with the provisions of the Statute and whether it can be applied
without the Court's being obliged to depart from those provisions.

It should be pointed out that, in the case of the Free Zones,
the Court decided ex o$cio on the incompatibility of the Franco-
Swiss Agreement with the provisions of the Statute of the Court.
It did not wait for the question of incompatibility to be raised
by the Parties.
It is highly probable that it would have been the same in the
present case if the Court had not considered that it should not
"examine whether the French reservation is consistent with the
undertaking of a legal obligation and is compatible with Article 36,
paragraph 6, of the Statute".

One of the aspects of the problem raised by the second part
of the first Objection put forward by the Norwegian Government
was the question whether that Government is entitled to rely on
the restrictions placed by France on the obligation assumed on
March ~st, 1949, and whether Norway, equally with France, was
entitled to except from compulsory jurisdiction disputes under-
stood by Nonvay to be essentially within its national jurisdiction.

This aspect of the problem was examined in to-day's Judgment.
1 shall endeavour to consider briefly the other aspect of the

problem which the Court did not think it necessary to examine,
namely, that of the compatibility of the French reservation with
the provisions of the Statute of the Court.
The French Government's Declaration accepting the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court contains the following reservation:

"This declarationdoesnot apply to differencesrelating to matters
which are essentially within the national jurisdiction asunderstood
by the Government of the French Republic."

The great defect of this reservation is that it does not conform
either to the spirit of theStatute of the Court or to the provisions
of paragraphs 2 and 6 of Article 36.
Itis obvious that the purpose of paragraph 2 is to establish the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court between States which accede
to the optional clause. By the fact that France reserves her right
to determine herself the limit between her own national jurisdiction
and the jurisdiction of the Court, France renders void her main
undertaking, for the latter ceases to be compulsory if it is France
and not the Court that holds the power to determine the limit

between their respective jurisdictions.
The reservation conflicts also with paragraph 6 of Article 36,
which is in the follo\ving terms:
63 "In the event of a disputeas to whether the Court hasjurisdiction,
the matter shall be settled by the decision of the Court."

This principle is common to al1 arbitral and judicial tribunals of
an international character.
The Court would perhaps be the only tribunal that would be
compelled to refuse to deal with a dispute submitted to it whenever
a State invoked the reservation in question to claim the right to
determine that limit.

Without going in detail into the questions raised by the French
reservation, 1 mish, nevertheless, to point out that it is an obstacle
to the exercise of the judicial function attributed to the Court and
that it serioiisly affects the efficacits; of the optional clause.
These considerations are, in my view, sufficient to prove the
urgent necessity for a judicial decision on the validity of reserva-
tions which go beyond what is permitted by Article 36 of the
Statute.
Although Article 36 has been construed as meaning that a
declaration of accession to the optional clause mas; contain reser-

vations, it is certain that it was never the intention of the authors
of the Statute that such reservations should serve to enable a
State to evade the undertakings involved in the declaration pro-
vided for by Article 36, paragraph 2, or unilaterally to arrogate
to itself rights which the Statute confers solely on the Court.

Such reservations must be regarded as devoid of al1Iegal validity.
It has rightly been said already that it is not possible to establish a
sistem of law if each State reserves to itself the power to decide

itself what the law is.
It is clear, moreover, that the new practices introduced in
August 1946 are contrary to the spirit and to the purpose of the
Statute of the Court and the Charter of the United Nations l.
The problem to be solved is, however, a simple one. It is, in
fact, the problem whether the unilateral \vil1 of one State or the
common \vil1of the Parties before the Court can have priority over
the collective will expressed in an instrument as important as the
Statute of the Court.

It may not be inappropriate to recall that n-hen .Article 36of the
Statute kvasconstrued as meaning that it gave the right to accede
to the optional clause with reservations, this was under the favour-
able influence of the attitude which the hIembers of the League of
Nations had adopted in regard to the jurisdiction of the Court.
Their declarations of acceptance were accompanied only by reser-
vations that came within the framework of Article 36 of the Statute.
The anxiety of the hlembers of the League of Kations n-as that the

l A~nericanBnv .-lssocintiJouvnal,JIarch1947,';o.3.p. 249, an3Iay 19+7,
No. 5,p. 432.

64movement towards the final establishment of international com-
pulsory jurisdiction, which was developing so well before the Second
World War, should not be impeded in any way whatsoever.
It was only in the early days of the United Nations that the
situation changed completely, when one of its Members declared,
on August 14th, 1946, that it accepted the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Court, provided that its Declaration should not apply, inter
alia, to disputes with regard to matters which are essentially
within its own domestic jurisdiction, as determined by itself.

Six other States have up to the present followed the example set
on August 14th, 1946. Should this practice gain other followers, the
optional clause will cease to be an instrument capable of bringing
about compulsory jurisdiction between States.
The validity of these new reservations has, Of course, not yet
been examined by any international organ of the United Nations.
There is, in fact, no other procedure to be followed in regard to
declarations of accession to paragraph 2 of Article 36 than that
which is provided for in paragraph 4 of the same Article. The
Declarations are deposited wLith the Secretary-General of the
United Nations, who transmits copies of them to the Parties to the
Statute and to the Registrar of the Court.
What it will be found difficult to understand is what reason the
Court could have had for not dealing with the question when it was
seised of the Franco-Norwegian dispute, in the course of which the
Parties invoked the terms of their respective declarations of acces-

sion to the optional clause.

As regards the operative part of the Judgment, 1 shall confine
myself to saying that 1 cannot agree that the Court is without
jurisdiction when its lack of jurisdiction is founded on the terms
of a unilateral instrument which 1 consider to be contrary to the
spirit and to the letter of the Statute and which, in mg. view, is,
for that reason, nul1 and void.

(Signed) J. G. GUERRERO.

Bilingual Content

OPISIOS DIÇSIDEKTE DE hl. Gl-ERRER0

Je regrette de me trouver en désaccord avec le dispositif de
l'arrêt et avec quelques-unes des considérations sur lesquelles il
est basé.
En revanche, je partage l'avis de la Cour lorsqu'elle reconnaît
que, dans le cas présent, la compétence de la Cour dépend des
déclarations faites par les Parties conformément à l'article 36,

paragraphe 2,du Statut.
Cette manière de voir ne me semble pas s'opposer au priricipe
selon lequel le problème de la compétence de la Cour se réduit à
déterminer l'étendue des engagements pris par les Parties et de
vérifierleur conformité avec les dispositions du Statut que la Cour
est tenue d'observer et de faire respecter.

L'examen de la Cour se porte donc sur l'acte en vertu duquel
elle est saisie'est-à-dire, le compromis ou la clausejuridictionnelle.

On trouve dans la jurisprudence de la Cour des indications très

précises à l'adresse des signataires de ces actes. Je ne citerai que
l'ordonnance de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale
rendue le 19 août 1929 dans l'affaire des Zones franches de laHaute-
Savoie et du pays de Gex.
Les représentants de la France et de la Suisse, Parties à ce
différend, étaient d'accord pour que les agents de l'une et de l'autre
Parties reçoivent à titre officieux des indications utiles sur le
résultat du délibéré de la Cour.
Après avoir déclal6 dans l'ordonnance que les termes et l'esprit
de son Statut ne permettaient pas àla Cour de donner satisfaction à

l'accord des Parties et qu'il n'appartenait pas à la Cour de déroger,
sur la proposition des Parties, aux dispositions du Statut, l'ordon-
nance du 19 août 1929 déclarait:
«Qu'il importe néanmoinsd'établir clairementquelescomprorriis
par lesquels laCour est saisie de différendsinternationaux devraient
désormaisêtrerédigés en tenant exactement compte de formes dans
lesquelles il appartientà la Cour de manifester son opinion selon
les termes mêmesdes actes constitutionnels qui régissent son
activitéet de telle sorte que la Cour puisse conilaitre naturellement
de ces différendssans recourir, comme dans le cas actuel, à une
construction qui doit êtreconsidéréecomme strictement excep-
tionnelle.»(Ordonnance du 19août 1929.Affairedes Zonesfranches,
p. 13, SérieA, nc 22.)

Ce qui est dità l'égard des compromis s'applique également aux
conditions dans lesquelles les Etats établissent leurs clauses juridic-
tionnelles. Dans les uns comme dans les autres, le collsellszldes

62 DISSEKTING 0PIh;IOK OF J'C'DGEGVERRERO

LTransZafion-i
1 regret to find myself in disagreement with the operative part
of the Judgment and with a feu- of the considerations on mhich it
is founded.
On the other hand, 1 share the view of the Court when it
recognizes that, in the present case, the jurisdiction of the Court
depends upon the Declarations made by the Parties in accordance
with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute.
This view does not seem to me to conflict with the principle
that the problem of the Court's jurisdiction is reduced to deter-
mining the extent of the obligations assumed by the Parties and

to verifying their conformity with the provisions of the Statute
which the Court is obliged to observe and respect for which it
must ensure.
The consideration of the Court is therefore directed to the
instrument by virtue of u-hich it is seised, that is to sa-, the special
agreement or the jurisdictional clause.
In the jurisprudence of the Court, there are to be found very
definite indications for the signatories of these instruments. 1
shall mention only the Order of the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice made on August ~gth, 1929, in the case of the
Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the district of Gex.
The representatives of France and Switzerland, Parties to this
dispute, were in agreement on communication by the Court un-
officially to the Agents of both Parties of any indications which
might appear desirable as to the result of the Court's deliberation.
After stating in the Order that the spirit and letter of its Statute
did not allow the Court to act in accordance with the agreement
between the Parties and that the Court could not, on the proposal

of the Parties, depart from the terms of the Statute, the Order
of -4ugust ~gth, 1929, stated:
"Nevertheless, it is important to set forth clearly that special
agreements whereby international disputes are submitted to the
Court should henceforth be formulated with due regard to the forms
in which the Court is to express its opinion according to the precise
terms of the constitutional provisions governing its activity, in
order that the Court may be able to deaI with such disputes in the
ordinary course and without resorting, as in the present case, to a
construction which must be regarded as strictly exceptional."
(Order of August ~gth, 1929.Caseof theFree Zones,p. 13, SeriesA,
No. 22.)

What is said with regard to special agreements applies equally
to the conditions in \\-hich States formulate their jurisdictional
clauses. 111the latter, as in the former. the colzsensusof the PartiesParties ne suffit pas pour établir la compétence de la Cour. Il faut
encore vérifier si ce conseqzsusest compatible avec les dispositions
du Statut et s'il peut êtreappliqué sans que la Cour soit obligéede
déroger àces dispositions.
Il convient de signaler que, dans l'affaire des Zones franches,
la Cour s'est prononcée d'office sur l'incompatibilité de l'accord
franco-suisse avec les prescriptions du Statut de la Cour. Elle n'a
pas attendu que l'incompatibilité soit mise en question par les
Parties.

Il est fort probable qu'il en aurait étéde mêmedans le cas actuel
si la Cour n'avait pas estiméqu'il n'était pas nécessaire (d'examiner
la question de savoir si la réserve française est compatible avec le
fait d'assumer une obligation juridique et avec l'article 36, para-
graphe 6, du Statut ».
L'un des aspects du problème posé par la seconde partie de la
première exception soulevée par le Gouvernement de Norvège a
étécelui de savoir si ce Gouvernement a le droit de se prévaloir des
restrictions apportées par la France à l'engagement pris le I~~mars

1949 et si la Norvège était fondée,dans les mêmesconditions que la
France, à exclure de la compétence obligatoire les différends que
la Norvège considère comme relevant essentiellement de sa com-
pétence nationale.
Cet aspect du problème a étéexaminé par l'arrêt d'aujourd'hui.
J'essaierai d'examiner brièvement l'autre aspect du problème
que la Cour n'a pas considéréutile d'examiner. Celui de la compati-
bilité de la réserve française avec les dispositions du Statut de la
Cour.

La déclaration du Gouvernement français acceptant comme obli-
gatoire la juridiction de la Cour contient la réservesuivante:
(Cette déclaratiunne s'applique pas aux différendsrelatifs à des
affaires qui relèvent essentiellement de la compéteilcenationale
telle qu'elle est entendue par leGouverilement de la République
française.n

Le grand vice de cette réserveest de ne tenir compte ni de l'esprit
du Statut de la Cour, ni des termes des paragraphes 2 et 6 de

l'article36.
Il est évident que le but du paragraphe 2 est de rendre obligatoire
la compétence de la Cour entre les Etats qui adhèrent à la dispo-
sition facultative. Du fait que la France se réservele droit de fixer
elle-mêmela limite entre sa compétence nationale et la compétence
de la Cour, la France annule son engagement principal, car celui-ci
cesse d'êtreobligatoire si c'est la France et non la Cour qui détient
le pouvoir de déterminer la limite entre leurs compétences respec-
tives.

La réserve va aussi à l'encontre du paragraphe 6 de l'article 36,
ainsi conçu:is not sufficient to establish the jurisdiction of the Court. It is
further necessary to ascertain whether that consensusis compatible
with the provisions of the Statute and whether it can be applied
without the Court's being obliged to depart from those provisions.

It should be pointed out that, in the case of the Free Zones,
the Court decided ex o$cio on the incompatibility of the Franco-
Swiss Agreement with the provisions of the Statute of the Court.
It did not wait for the question of incompatibility to be raised
by the Parties.
It is highly probable that it would have been the same in the
present case if the Court had not considered that it should not
"examine whether the French reservation is consistent with the
undertaking of a legal obligation and is compatible with Article 36,
paragraph 6, of the Statute".

One of the aspects of the problem raised by the second part
of the first Objection put forward by the Norwegian Government
was the question whether that Government is entitled to rely on
the restrictions placed by France on the obligation assumed on
March ~st, 1949, and whether Norway, equally with France, was
entitled to except from compulsory jurisdiction disputes under-
stood by Nonvay to be essentially within its national jurisdiction.

This aspect of the problem was examined in to-day's Judgment.
1 shall endeavour to consider briefly the other aspect of the

problem which the Court did not think it necessary to examine,
namely, that of the compatibility of the French reservation with
the provisions of the Statute of the Court.
The French Government's Declaration accepting the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court contains the following reservation:

"This declarationdoesnot apply to differencesrelating to matters
which are essentially within the national jurisdiction asunderstood
by the Government of the French Republic."

The great defect of this reservation is that it does not conform
either to the spirit of theStatute of the Court or to the provisions
of paragraphs 2 and 6 of Article 36.
Itis obvious that the purpose of paragraph 2 is to establish the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court between States which accede
to the optional clause. By the fact that France reserves her right
to determine herself the limit between her own national jurisdiction
and the jurisdiction of the Court, France renders void her main
undertaking, for the latter ceases to be compulsory if it is France
and not the Court that holds the power to determine the limit

between their respective jurisdictions.
The reservation conflicts also with paragraph 6 of Article 36,
which is in the follo\ving terms:
63 ((El1 cas de contestation sur le point de savoir si la Cour est
compétente,la Courdécide.

Ce principe est commun à tous les tribunaux arbitraux et judi-
ciaires d'ordre international.
La Co~zrserait peut-être le seul tribunal qui se trouverait obligé
de se dessaisir d'un litige porté devant elle chaque fois qu'un État
invoquerait la réserve dont il s'agit pour revendiquer le droit de
déterminer cette limite.

Sans entrer dans le détail des questions posées par la réserve
française, je tiens cependant à indiquer qu'elle entrave l'exercice
de la fonction judiciaire attribuée à la Cour et qu'elle affecte sérieu-
sement l'efficacitéde la disposition facultative.
Ces considérations suffisent, selon moi, à justifier l'urgente
nécessitéd'avoir une décision judiciaire sur la validité des réserves
qui vont au delà de ce qui est permis par l'article 36 du Statut.

Bien que l'article 36 ait été interprété dans le sens que la
déclaration d'adhésion à la disposition facultative peut êtreassortie
de réserves,il est certain qu'il n'a jamais étédans l'intention des
auteurs du Statut que ces réservespouvaient servir pour permettre
à un Etat de se dérober à l'engagement que comporte la déclara-
tion prévuepar le paragraphe 2 de l'article 36, ni pour que 1'Etat
puisse s'octroyer unilatéralement des droits que le Statut confère
uniquement à la Cour.

De telles réserves doivent êtreconsidérées comme dépourvues
de toute validité juridique. C'est à juste titre qu'il a déjà étéd -it
qu'il n'est pas possible d'établir un régimede droit si chaque Etat
se réservele pouvoir de décider lui-mêmece qui est le droit.
Il est évident, d'ailleurs, que les nouvelles pratiques introduites
en août 1946 sont contraires à l'esprit et au but du Statut de la Cour
et de la Charte des Nations Unies l.
Le problème à résoudre est cependanf simple. Il s'agit en somme
de savoir si la volonté unilatérale d'un Etat ou la volonté commune

des parties devant la Cour peuvent avoir la priorité sur la volonté
collective exprimée dans un instrument aussi important que le
Statut de la Cour.
Il n'est pas inutile de rappeler que lorsque l'article 36 du Statut
fut interprétédans le sens qu'il comportait le droit d'adhérer avec
réserves à la disposition facultative, c'était sous l'impression
favorable de l'attitude que les Membres de la Sociétédes Nations
avaient assumée à l'égard de la juridiction de la Coizr. Leurs

déclarations d'acceptation n'étaient accompagnées que de réserves
entrant dans le cadre de l'article36 du Statut. Le souci des Membres
de la Société des Sations était de ne pas entraver d'une manière

' .-lnrevicnrrRnv ;lssoci,Juitritmars 194;. 113,p. 249,etmai r947,nCj,
P.43'.
64 "In the event of a disputeas to whether the Court hasjurisdiction,
the matter shall be settled by the decision of the Court."

This principle is common to al1 arbitral and judicial tribunals of
an international character.
The Court would perhaps be the only tribunal that would be
compelled to refuse to deal with a dispute submitted to it whenever
a State invoked the reservation in question to claim the right to
determine that limit.

Without going in detail into the questions raised by the French
reservation, 1 mish, nevertheless, to point out that it is an obstacle
to the exercise of the judicial function attributed to the Court and
that it serioiisly affects the efficacits; of the optional clause.
These considerations are, in my view, sufficient to prove the
urgent necessity for a judicial decision on the validity of reserva-
tions which go beyond what is permitted by Article 36 of the
Statute.
Although Article 36 has been construed as meaning that a
declaration of accession to the optional clause mas; contain reser-

vations, it is certain that it was never the intention of the authors
of the Statute that such reservations should serve to enable a
State to evade the undertakings involved in the declaration pro-
vided for by Article 36, paragraph 2, or unilaterally to arrogate
to itself rights which the Statute confers solely on the Court.

Such reservations must be regarded as devoid of al1Iegal validity.
It has rightly been said already that it is not possible to establish a
sistem of law if each State reserves to itself the power to decide

itself what the law is.
It is clear, moreover, that the new practices introduced in
August 1946 are contrary to the spirit and to the purpose of the
Statute of the Court and the Charter of the United Nations l.
The problem to be solved is, however, a simple one. It is, in
fact, the problem whether the unilateral \vil1 of one State or the
common \vil1of the Parties before the Court can have priority over
the collective will expressed in an instrument as important as the
Statute of the Court.

It may not be inappropriate to recall that n-hen .Article 36of the
Statute kvasconstrued as meaning that it gave the right to accede
to the optional clause with reservations, this was under the favour-
able influence of the attitude which the hIembers of the League of
Nations had adopted in regard to the jurisdiction of the Court.
Their declarations of acceptance were accompanied only by reser-
vations that came within the framework of Article 36 of the Statute.
The anxiety of the hlembers of the League of Kations n-as that the

l A~nericanBnv .-lssocintiJouvnal,JIarch1947,';o.3.p. 249, an3Iay 19+7,
No. 5,p. 432.

64quelconque le mouvement si bien orienté, avant la seconde guerre
mondiale, vers l'établissement définitifde la juridiction obligatoire
internationale.
Ce n'est qu'au début de l'organisation des Nations Unies que

la situation s'est entièrement modifiée,lorsque l'un de ses Membres
a déclaré, le 14 août 1946, qu'il acceptait comme obligatoire la
juridiction de la Cour, sous réserve que sa déclaration ne s'appli-
querait pas, entre autres, aux différends concernant des questions
qui relèvent essentiellement de sa propre compétence nationale,
telle qu'il la définirait lui-même.
Six autres Etats ont suivi jusqu'ici l'exemple du 14 août 1946-
Pour peu que cette pratique fasse d'autres adhérents, la disposition
facultative cessera d'êtreun instrument capable derendre possible
l'institution de la juridiction obligatoire entre les Etats.
On comprend bien que la validité de ces nouvelles réserves n'ait
encore étévérifiéepar aucun organisme international des Nations
Unies. Il n'existe, en effet, aucune autre procédure à suivre, en
ce qui concerne les déclarations d'adhésion au paragraphe 2 de
l'article6, que celle qui est prévue par le no 4 du même article.
Les déclarations sont remises au Secrétaire général desNations

Unies, qui en transmet copie aux Parties au Statut et au Greffier
de la Cour.
Ce que l'on aura de la peine à comprendre, c'est la raison que
la Cour a pu avoir pour ne pas s'occuper de la question lorsqu'elle
a étésaisie du différend franco-norvégien, au cours duquel les
Parties ont invoqué les termes de leurs déclarations respectives
d'adhésion à la disposition facultative.

En ce qui concerne le dispositif de l'arrêt, je me bornerai à
dire,qu'il m'est impossible d'admettre l'incompétence de la Cour
lorsqu'elle est fondée sur les termes d'un acte unilatéral que je
considère contraire à l'esprit et aux termes du Statut et qui, de
ce fait, està mon avis entaché de nullité.

(Signé J. G. GUERRERO.movement towards the final establishment of international com-
pulsory jurisdiction, which was developing so well before the Second
World War, should not be impeded in any way whatsoever.
It was only in the early days of the United Nations that the
situation changed completely, when one of its Members declared,
on August 14th, 1946, that it accepted the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Court, provided that its Declaration should not apply, inter
alia, to disputes with regard to matters which are essentially
within its own domestic jurisdiction, as determined by itself.

Six other States have up to the present followed the example set
on August 14th, 1946. Should this practice gain other followers, the
optional clause will cease to be an instrument capable of bringing
about compulsory jurisdiction between States.
The validity of these new reservations has, Of course, not yet
been examined by any international organ of the United Nations.
There is, in fact, no other procedure to be followed in regard to
declarations of accession to paragraph 2 of Article 36 than that
which is provided for in paragraph 4 of the same Article. The
Declarations are deposited wLith the Secretary-General of the
United Nations, who transmits copies of them to the Parties to the
Statute and to the Registrar of the Court.
What it will be found difficult to understand is what reason the
Court could have had for not dealing with the question when it was
seised of the Franco-Norwegian dispute, in the course of which the
Parties invoked the terms of their respective declarations of acces-

sion to the optional clause.

As regards the operative part of the Judgment, 1 shall confine
myself to saying that 1 cannot agree that the Court is without
jurisdiction when its lack of jurisdiction is founded on the terms
of a unilateral instrument which 1 consider to be contrary to the
spirit and to the letter of the Statute and which, in mg. view, is,
for that reason, nul1 and void.

(Signed) J. G. GUERRERO.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Guerrero (translation)

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