Separate Opinion of Judge Onyeama

Document Number
054-19720818-JUD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
054-19720818-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ONYEAMA

1 regret tliat 1 find niyself iiiiable to concur in tlic decision that the
Court is conipetent to entertain lndia's appeal.
The jurisdiction of the Court is derived froni the combincd effcct of
Article 36 (1) of the Statute of tlie Court, Article 84 of the Convention on
International Civil Aviation (the Convention) and Article 37 of the

Statute of the Court. Article 36 (1) of the Statiite of the Court confers
jurisdiction on the Court in "all cases which the parties refer to it";
Article 84 of the Convention, in the relevant part, provides that "any
contracting State may . . .appeal from the decision of the Council . . .
to the Permanent Court of International Justice"; and Article 37 of the
Statute of the Court provides that "whenever a trcaty or convention in

force provides for refcrcnce of a niatter to a tribulia1 io have bczn insii-
tuted by the League of Nations, or to the Permanent Court of Interna-
tional Justice, the niatter shall, as between the parties to the present
Statute, be referrrd to the International Court of Justice".
The lnternational Court of Justice is not, in the Charter of theUnited

Nations of which the Statute of the Court is an integral part, designated
a court of appeal, and its coinpetence to hear an appeal froiii soine other
tribunal depends entirely on the terms of the agreement of the parties
to refer a case to it by way of appeal from the decision of the tribunal
concerned. Whether the Coiirt can entertain a particular appeal is there-

fore a matter to be settled in the light of the intention of the parties as
evidenced by the express ternis of the agreement, aiid is not, in rny view,
based on considerations of principle or doctrine.
In the present appeal the relevant provision of tlie Convention for
construction, in order to deterinine whether the Court is comp- . ent to

hear it, is Article 84 which is in the followiiig ternis:

''If un? disagreenio~t bct,t'cetî ttt.o or nlorc coirtracting .Stutcs
reiating Io tire interpretatiol~ or application of'tlris Co~i~.c~itioiiutid
ifs Annexcs cunnot be sctrled hy iiegotiatiorî if slialOIIflic application

of uny Stutc conrernrcl iii t11e~~SU~I.P~'III~ J~I~e,cidedh.v [lie Coiiliril.
No member of the Council shall vote in the consideration by the
Council of any dispute to which it is a party. At7y contractitlg Stutc,
rnaj.,suhject to Article 85, uppeal Jrot?~the decision of tlie Couiicil to
anudhoc tribunal agreed upon with the other parties to the dispute
or to tl~ePernianrnt Court of International Justice. Any such appeal

shall be notified to the Couiicil within sixty days of receipt of noti-
fication of tlie decision of the Couiicil."87 ICAO COUNCIL (SEP. OP. ONYEACIA)

The relevant portions have been italicized. The Council referred to is
the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (herein-
after referred to as the Council).

This provision of the Convention is the only source of the jurisdiction
of the Court to hear the instant appeal from the Council, and if it is not
clear from it that the parties to the Convention intended that appeals from
a decision of the Council on its jurisdiction to adjudicate on a disagree-
ment put before it should lie to the Court, the Court nlust declint juris-
diction.

In approaching the text of Article 84 it is well to bear in mind that
the States, parties to the Convention, were concerned with the develop-
ment of international aviation, and a desire to avoid friction and to pro-
mote CO-operation between nations and peoples. To this end, they agreed
on certain principles and arrangements "in order that international civil
aviation may be developed in a safe and orderly manner and that inter-

national air transport services may be established on the basis of equality
of opportunity and operated soundly and economically". (See the Pre-
amble to the Convention.)
In the attempt to ascertain what the parties meant by the words used
in Article 84 of the Convention, their objectives rnay furnish a useful

guide.
It seems to me that the first requirement of Article 84 is that a dis-
agreement between contracting States should first be negotiated. This
requirement fully accords with the expressed desire to avoid friction.
What is to be negotiated is a disagreement relating to the interpretation
or application of the Convention; that is to say, a difference of opinion

as to the meaning of some provision of the Convention, or as to how
such a provision should be applied between contracting States in the
field of civil aviation. It is only when negotiations have failed that any
State concerned in the disagreement may, by application, cal1 upon the
Council to decide it.It seems to me that this part of Article 84 is con-
cerned with some disagreement arising in the course of the application

of the Convention to the operation of civil aircraft.

1do not apprehend that the intention of the authors of the Convention
was to include among the matters for negotiation a disagreement on a
hypothetical question of the jurisdiction of the Council, unconnected
with any real substantive dispute on a concrete case.

The purpose of the Convention seems to me to make it clear beyond
doubt that the Council was expected, and intended, to decide disagree-
ments on substantial questions concerning civil aviation which may
arise between the contracting States and which cannot be settled by
negotiation.
The jurisdiction conferred on this Court by Article 84 of the Conven-

tion to hear an appeal from a decision of the Council is, in my view,
confined to an appeal from a decision of the Council on a disagreement
on a substantive issue of merits placed before it by the application of a

45Statc coiiccriicci iiithc disagrceiiieiit.
Altliough Article 84 of the Convention (read with Article 54 (h)) con-
stitutes the Council a tribunal to decide on the type of disagreements
therein set out. yet in adjudicating on the question of its jurisdiction to

entertain an application made to it or, indeed, the limits of its juris-
diction, the Colincil, in conlinon with other international tribuiials,
derives power froni geiicral international law.

No doubt. in decidiiig on a preliniinary objection to its jurisdiction to

entertain an application, the Council would have to decide on a dis-
agreement "relating to the interpretation or application of the Conveii-
tion and its Annexes" between the contending States. since the Con-
vention defines the limits of the Council's jurisdiction (Nottebohm case,
I.C.J. Reports 1953, p. 11 1)', but the tenor of Article 84 does not, in my

view, lend any weight to the suggestion that the authors of the Conven-
tion intended to include in the jurisdictional and the appeal clauses any-
thing but the merits of the disagi-eement. 1cal1attention, once again, to
the requirement to rzegofiutrthe disagreement. 1do so because the juris-
diction of the Council is a matter of law not, in my view, susceptible of

negotiation. Furthermore. the disagreement on which the Council is to
decide is referred to the Council by Application, as to which the Rules
for the Settlemeiit of Diffcrences (approved by the Council on 9 April
1957) provide :

Article 2

"Any Contracting State submittiiig a disagreement to the Couiicil
for settlement (hereinafter referred to as 'the applicant') shall file an
app!icatioil to which shall be attached a mernorial containing:

((/)The name of the applicant and the name of any Contracting
State with which the disagreement exists (the latter hereinafter
referred to as 'the respondent');
(h) The nanle of an agent authorized to act for the applicant in the
proccedings, together with his address, at the seat of the Or-

ganization. to which al1 comniunications relating to the case,
including iiotice of the date of any meeting, should be sent;

(c) A statemeiit of relevant facts;
(d) Supporting data related to the facts;

(r) A statement of law;
If) The relief desired by action of Council on the specific poiiits
subinitted;

'"Since the Aluhun~a case.ithas been generally recognized, followiiig the earlier
precedents. that, in the absence of any agreement to the contraryan international
tribunal has the right toecide as to its own jurisdiction and has the power to in-
terpret for tliis purposethe instruments wliich govern that jurisdiction" (ibid.,
p. 119). (g) A stateinent that negotiations to settle the disagreement had
taken place between the parties but were not successful."

These Rules also provide in Article 5 for filingapreliminary objection
"if the respondent questions the jurisdiction of the Council to handle the
matter presented by the applicant"; that is, the matter contained in the
a~~lication.
1.
The proceedings on a preliminary objection, although emanating froni
the substantive case on the merits of the disagreement, are quite distinct
and self-contained, and, as the Rules for the Settlement of Differences
make clear, are governed by different rules from those applicable to the
proceedings on the merits of the Application. Indeed, the proceedings
on the merits are suspended upon a preliminary objection being filed

(see Article 5 (3) of the Rules for the Settlement of Differences).

It seems to me therefore, that if these Rules are any guide to the Coun-
cil's understanding of the meaning of Article 84 of the Convention, they
show that the Council did not regard preliminary objections to jurisdic-
tion as a disagreement which would be covered by an application. This

procedural difference provides further evidence that a disagreement on
the Council's jurisdiction was not intended to corne within the scope of
Article 84 of the Convention which provides for the application.

The right of appeal from the decisioii of the Council conferred by
Article 84 is not limited to the "States concerned in the disagreement"

but is given to "any contracting State". 1 can easily understand that con-
tracting States though not concerned in a disagreement would be directly
affected by a decision of the Council on the merits of such a disagree-
ment, which decision could well set the pattern for a wider application of
a particular, and perhaps unfavourable, interpretation of a provision of
the Convention, and that one or more of such States would, therefore,

wish to appeal against such a decision; but 1 find it difficult to suppose
or conclude that it was also intended that third-party States, not con-
cerned in a disagreement, could appeal from a decision of the Council
affirming or denying its jurisdiction, or making any other interlocutory
order.
If an appeal can lie from a decision of the Council on a question of

jurisdiction, 1can see no reason of principle why it would not also lie
from any other preliminary or interlocutory decision.
A decision to admit or reject a document in a case before the Council
may have a decisive effect on the case. 1sit to be expected that "any con-
tracting state" may appeal from such a decision, or from a decision
setting a time-limit in a case which such other "contracting State" con-

sidered unjust? Indeed, in the present case, Tndia complained that the
Council refused to adjourn the hearing before it in order that members
of the Council would have time to consider the submissions made to the90 ICAO COUNCIL (SEP. OP. ONY~AMA)

Coiincil. Would this refusal bc appealable?

lt is not disputed that adecision on an objection to jurisdictioii settles
a substantial question crucially affecting the position of the parties, and,
if itupheld the objection, capable of bringing the whole case to an end.

But unless such a decision of the Council falls within Article 84 of the
Convention, it is not, in rny view, appealable, no niatter how desirable
it may be that such a right of appeal should be provided for. It is for the
contracting States, and not for the Court by judicial interpretation to
provide it.

For the reasons which 1 have set out above. 1 reached the conclusion
that the framers of the Convention had in mind, in Article 84, final de-
cisions of the Council on the merits of disagreernents, which would be
of concern to al1 contracting States, and not decisions on preliminary
objections, procedural matters or interlocutory applications which con-
Cern only the contesting parties. These latter rnatters the frarners of the

Convention left to the Council to regulate by its Rules. These Rules
deal with these rnatters in a rnanner to suggest that decisions on juris-
diction are not appealable (see Article 18of the Rules for the Settlement
of Differences).
As the Convention does not, in terrns. provide for an appeal froiii a
decision on a preliminary objection, and the Rules for the Settlement of

Differences exclude such a right of appeal, therc is, so far as 1can see,
no provision of law on which the present appeal can be grounded, and
considerations of principle and the importance or potential effect of a
decision on jurisdiction do not appear to me solid bases on which to
construct, for the Court, a jurisdiction which it does not appear other-
wise to possess.

The majority of the Court, however, has dzcided that the Court has
jurisdiction to entertain the appeal, and this, in view of Article 36 (6) of
the Statute of the Court, settles the matter. 1 an1 constrainéd, therefore,
to consider the substance of the appeal.

It is beyond argument that the Application and the Coinplaint filed
with the Council by Pakistan relate to a disagreernent with India, and
manifestly raise matters involving the interpretation and application of
the Convention.
There is nothing on the face of the Application and the Cornplaint

which suggests that the rnatters with which they deal fall outside the
Convention, or do not come within the area of rnatters which the Council
is competent to decide.
In its so-called prelirninary objection, India, it seems to me, does not
suggest that the Council would not be competent to handle the matters

raised in the Application as niade by reason of waiit of competence or
excess of jurisdiction apparent on the facc of the Application; it takesthe line that certain facts, which it then introduced in the objection, would,
if established, disentitle Pakistan to the reliefs it seeks; thisnot, in my
view, a ground for the Council to decline jurisdiction; it is for India to
establish the facts on which its objection is based at a hearing on the
Application.

It is clearly for the Council to consider the allegations in the Appli-
cation which are prima facie within its jurisdiction, and the substance
of the objection raised in defence, and come to a decision on them; its
jurisdiction to do so cannot be taken away by the assertion of one party
to the disagreement that the Council has no jurisdiction on account of
certain unilateral action it alleges ithad taken, and which is itself a

matter of dispute.
1agree with the Court's Judgment oii the substaiice of the issue before
it, which is whether the Council has or has not jurisdiction to decide on
the disagreements between India and Pakistan presented to it by the
Application and the Complaint of Pakistan in purported pursuance of
the provisions of the Convention and the International Air Services
Transit Agreement.
1 concur in the decision that the Council is competent to entertain
the Application and Complaint laid before it by the Government of
Pakistan. 1 agree with the reasons given by the Court for this decision
on this aspect of the appeal, and have nothing further to add to them.

(Signed) Charles D. ONYEAMA.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ONYEAMA

1 regret tliat 1 find niyself iiiiable to concur in tlic decision that the
Court is conipetent to entertain lndia's appeal.
The jurisdiction of the Court is derived froni the combincd effcct of
Article 36 (1) of the Statute of tlie Court, Article 84 of the Convention on
International Civil Aviation (the Convention) and Article 37 of the

Statute of the Court. Article 36 (1) of the Statiite of the Court confers
jurisdiction on the Court in "all cases which the parties refer to it";
Article 84 of the Convention, in the relevant part, provides that "any
contracting State may . . .appeal from the decision of the Council . . .
to the Permanent Court of International Justice"; and Article 37 of the
Statute of the Court provides that "whenever a trcaty or convention in

force provides for refcrcnce of a niatter to a tribulia1 io have bczn insii-
tuted by the League of Nations, or to the Permanent Court of Interna-
tional Justice, the niatter shall, as between the parties to the present
Statute, be referrrd to the International Court of Justice".
The lnternational Court of Justice is not, in the Charter of theUnited

Nations of which the Statute of the Court is an integral part, designated
a court of appeal, and its coinpetence to hear an appeal froiii soine other
tribunal depends entirely on the terms of the agreement of the parties
to refer a case to it by way of appeal from the decision of the tribunal
concerned. Whether the Coiirt can entertain a particular appeal is there-

fore a matter to be settled in the light of the intention of the parties as
evidenced by the express ternis of the agreement, aiid is not, in rny view,
based on considerations of principle or doctrine.
In the present appeal the relevant provision of tlie Convention for
construction, in order to deterinine whether the Court is comp- . ent to

hear it, is Article 84 which is in the followiiig ternis:

''If un? disagreenio~t bct,t'cetî ttt.o or nlorc coirtracting .Stutcs
reiating Io tire interpretatiol~ or application of'tlris Co~i~.c~itioiiutid
ifs Annexcs cunnot be sctrled hy iiegotiatiorî if slialOIIflic application

of uny Stutc conrernrcl iii t11e~~SU~I.P~'III~ J~I~e,cidedh.v [lie Coiiliril.
No member of the Council shall vote in the consideration by the
Council of any dispute to which it is a party. At7y contractitlg Stutc,
rnaj.,suhject to Article 85, uppeal Jrot?~the decision of tlie Couiicil to
anudhoc tribunal agreed upon with the other parties to the dispute
or to tl~ePernianrnt Court of International Justice. Any such appeal

shall be notified to the Couiicil within sixty days of receipt of noti-
fication of tlie decision of the Couiicil." OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. ONYEAMA

Je regrette de ne pouvoir ine rallitr à la décision selon laquelle la
Cour est compétente pour connaître de l'appel de I'lnde.
La compétence de la Cour résulte de l'effet combiné de I'article 36,

paragraphe 1, de son Statut, de I'article 84 de la Convention relative à
l'aviation civile internationale (11la Convention 1))et de I'aiiicle 37 du
Statutde la Cour. L'article 36, paragraphe 1,du Statut de la Cour, donne
à celle-ci compétence pour (toutes les affaires que les parties lui soumet-

tront ));le passage pertinent de I'article 84 de la Convention dispose que
~tout Etal contractant peut ... appeler de la décision du Conseil ...à
la Cour permanente de Justice internationale ));et l'article 37 du Statut
de la Cour s'énonceainsi: ~cLorsqu'un traitéou une convention en vigueur

prévoit le renvoi à une juridiction que devait instituer la Société des
Nations ou à la Cour permanente de Justice internationale, la Cour in-
ternationale de Justice constitiiera cette juridiction entre les parties au
présent Statut 1).

La Charte des Nations Unies, dont le Statut de la Cour constitue une
partie intégrante, ne confère pas à la Cour internationale de Justice le
rôle d'iine juridiction d'appel, et sa compétence pour connaître d'un
appel interjeté contre la décision d'un autre tribunal dépsnd entière-

ment des termes de l'accord par leqiiel les parties lui ont donnéjuridiction
pour ce faire. La question de savoir si la Cour peut êtresaisie d'lin appel
déterminédoit donc êtrerésolue en fonction de l'intention dts parties,
telle qu'elle ressort des termes exprès de l'accord et ne dépend pas. selon

moi, de considérations de principe ou de doctrine.
Dans le présent appel, la disposition de la Convention qu'il convient
d'interpréter pour déterminer si la Cour est compétente est I'article 84,

qui est libellécomme suit:

1Si un désaccordentre rleirx ou i~lusieuis Etats contractants à propos
cle /'N~terpr&tation ozde /'application de lu pic;sente Conilention et de

ses Annexes ne peut Ctre réglépar voie de négociation. le Conseil
statue à la requr^tr de tout Etat impliqiié daris ce d(;saccord. Aucun
membre du Conseil ne peut voter lors de l'examen par le Conseil
d'un différend auquel il est partie. Tout Etaf contractant peut, sous

rbser1.ede I'urticle85, appeler de la décision clu Conseil à un tribunal
d'arbitrage ad hoc établi en accord avec les autres parties au diffé-
rend ou b la Cour permanente de Justice internatiot~ule. Un tel appel
doit êtrenotifiéau Conseil dans les soixante jours à compter de la

réception de la notification de la décisioridu Conseil. 1187 ICAO COUNCIL (SEP. OP. ONYEACIA)

The relevant portions have been italicized. The Council referred to is
the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (herein-
after referred to as the Council).

This provision of the Convention is the only source of the jurisdiction
of the Court to hear the instant appeal from the Council, and if it is not
clear from it that the parties to the Convention intended that appeals from
a decision of the Council on its jurisdiction to adjudicate on a disagree-
ment put before it should lie to the Court, the Court nlust declint juris-
diction.

In approaching the text of Article 84 it is well to bear in mind that
the States, parties to the Convention, were concerned with the develop-
ment of international aviation, and a desire to avoid friction and to pro-
mote CO-operation between nations and peoples. To this end, they agreed
on certain principles and arrangements "in order that international civil
aviation may be developed in a safe and orderly manner and that inter-

national air transport services may be established on the basis of equality
of opportunity and operated soundly and economically". (See the Pre-
amble to the Convention.)
In the attempt to ascertain what the parties meant by the words used
in Article 84 of the Convention, their objectives rnay furnish a useful

guide.
It seems to me that the first requirement of Article 84 is that a dis-
agreement between contracting States should first be negotiated. This
requirement fully accords with the expressed desire to avoid friction.
What is to be negotiated is a disagreement relating to the interpretation
or application of the Convention; that is to say, a difference of opinion

as to the meaning of some provision of the Convention, or as to how
such a provision should be applied between contracting States in the
field of civil aviation. It is only when negotiations have failed that any
State concerned in the disagreement may, by application, cal1 upon the
Council to decide it.It seems to me that this part of Article 84 is con-
cerned with some disagreement arising in the course of the application

of the Convention to the operation of civil aircraft.

1do not apprehend that the intention of the authors of the Convention
was to include among the matters for negotiation a disagreement on a
hypothetical question of the jurisdiction of the Council, unconnected
with any real substantive dispute on a concrete case.

The purpose of the Convention seems to me to make it clear beyond
doubt that the Council was expected, and intended, to decide disagree-
ments on substantial questions concerning civil aviation which may
arise between the contracting States and which cannot be settled by
negotiation.
The jurisdiction conferred on this Court by Article 84 of the Conven-

tion to hear an appeal from a decision of the Council is, in my view,
confined to an appeal from a decision of the Council on a disagreement
on a substantive issue of merits placed before it by the application of a

45 CONSEIL DE L'OACI (OP. INL).ONYLAMA) 87

Les passages qui importent sont en italiques. Le Conseil auquel ilest
fait allusion est le Conseil de l'organisation de I'aviation civile intcrnatio-
nale (ci-après dénommé ((le Conseil D).
Cette disposition de la Convention est la seule source de la compé-

tence de la Cour pour connaître du présent appel interjeté contre une
décision du Conseil; s'il n'en ressort pas clairement que les parties à la
Convention ont voulu que les appels d'une décision du Conseil sur sa
compétence pour connaître d'un désaccord soient portés devant la Cour,
celle-ci doit se récuser.
Lorsqu'on examine le texte de l'article 84, il convient de se rappeler

quc Ics Etats parties à la Convention entendaient favoriser le dévelop-
pement de l'aviation internationale, éviter toute mésentente et promou-
voir la coopération entre les nations et les peuples. A cette fin, ils sont
convenus de certains principes et arrangements 11afin que I'aviation civile
internationale puisse se développer d'une manière sûre et ordonnée et

que les services internationaux de transport aérien puissent être établis
sur la base de l'égalité deschances et exploités d'une manière saine et
économique ». (Voir le préambule de la Convention.)
Pour déterminer ce que les Parties entendaient par les termes utilisés
à I'article 84 de la Convention, il n'cst pas inutile de conserver leurs ob-
jectifs présents à l'esprit.

IIme paraît que la première condition poséepar I'article 84 est qu'un
désaccord entre des Etats contractants doit tout d'abord faire l'objet de
négociations. Cette condition est tout à fait conforme au désir exprimé
d'éviterles frictions. Ce qu'il faut tenter de réglerpar voie de négociation,
c'est un désaccord à propos de l'interprétation ou de l'application de la

Convention c'est-à-dire une divergence d'opinion quant au sens d'une
disposition de la Convention ou à la manière dont une telle disposition
devrait êtreappliquée entre Etats contractants dans le domaine de I'avia-
tion civile. Ce n'est que lorsque les négociations ont échoué quetout
Etat partie au désaccord peut présenter une requête au Conseil pour

l'inviter à statuer. Cette partie de l'article 84 me paraît viser un désaccord
qui surviendrait à propos de l'application de la Convention à I'exploi-
tation d'aéronefs civils.
Je ne crois pas qu'il entrait dans les intentions des auteurs de la Con-
vention d'inclure parmi les questions pouvant donner lieu à négociation
un désaccord sur un problème hypothétique de compétence du Conseil,

indépendant de tout litige réel relatif à un cas concret.
Le but de la Convention me semble montrer, sans doute possible, que
l'on attendait du Conseil qu'il statue sur les désaccords relatifs aux ques-
tions de fond concernant l'aviation civile q~ii pourraient surgir entre
Etats contractants et qui n'auraient pas pu êtrerégléspar voie de négo-

ciation.
La compétence conféréeà la Cour internationale de Justice par I'ar-
ticle 84 de la Convention pour connaître en appel des décisions du Con-
seil est, selon moi, limitéeaux appels de décisions du Conseil relatives
à des désaccords sur des questions de fond dont des Etats impliquésdansStatc coiiccriicci iiithc disagrceiiieiit.
Altliough Article 84 of the Convention (read with Article 54 (h)) con-
stitutes the Council a tribunal to decide on the type of disagreements
therein set out. yet in adjudicating on the question of its jurisdiction to

entertain an application made to it or, indeed, the limits of its juris-
diction, the Colincil, in conlinon with other international tribuiials,
derives power froni geiicral international law.

No doubt. in decidiiig on a preliniinary objection to its jurisdiction to

entertain an application, the Council would have to decide on a dis-
agreement "relating to the interpretation or application of the Conveii-
tion and its Annexes" between the contending States. since the Con-
vention defines the limits of the Council's jurisdiction (Nottebohm case,
I.C.J. Reports 1953, p. 11 1)', but the tenor of Article 84 does not, in my

view, lend any weight to the suggestion that the authors of the Conven-
tion intended to include in the jurisdictional and the appeal clauses any-
thing but the merits of the disagi-eement. 1cal1attention, once again, to
the requirement to rzegofiutrthe disagreement. 1do so because the juris-
diction of the Council is a matter of law not, in my view, susceptible of

negotiation. Furthermore. the disagreement on which the Council is to
decide is referred to the Council by Application, as to which the Rules
for the Settlemeiit of Diffcrences (approved by the Council on 9 April
1957) provide :

Article 2

"Any Contracting State submittiiig a disagreement to the Couiicil
for settlement (hereinafter referred to as 'the applicant') shall file an
app!icatioil to which shall be attached a mernorial containing:

((/)The name of the applicant and the name of any Contracting
State with which the disagreement exists (the latter hereinafter
referred to as 'the respondent');
(h) The nanle of an agent authorized to act for the applicant in the
proccedings, together with his address, at the seat of the Or-

ganization. to which al1 comniunications relating to the case,
including iiotice of the date of any meeting, should be sent;

(c) A statemeiit of relevant facts;
(d) Supporting data related to the facts;

(r) A statement of law;
If) The relief desired by action of Council on the specific poiiits
subinitted;

'"Since the Aluhun~a case.ithas been generally recognized, followiiig the earlier
precedents. that, in the absence of any agreement to the contraryan international
tribunal has the right toecide as to its own jurisdiction and has the power to in-
terpret for tliis purposethe instruments wliich govern that jurisdiction" (ibid.,
p. 119).les désaccords ont saisi le Conseil par voie de requête .

IIest vrai que I'article 84 de la Convention (rapproché de I'article 54
h)) érige le Conseil en tribunal habilité à statuer sur les désaccords du
type envisagé dans l'article, mais lorsqu'il s'agit de se prononcer sur la
compétence du Conseil pour connaître d'une requête, demêmed'ailleurs '
que pour définir les limites de sa compétence, le Conseil, comme tout

autre tribunal international, tire ses pouvoirs du droit international
général.
Certes, pour statuer sur une exception prélinlinaire à sa compétence
pour connaître d'une requête, le Conseil aura à se prononcer sur un
désaccord Cà propos de l'interprétation ou de l'application de la pré-

sente Convention et de ses Annexes » entre les Etats parties au différend
puisque la Convention définit les limites de la compétence du Conseil
(affaire Notteholirn, C.I.J. Recueil 1953, p. 111) '.Mais à mon avis la
teneur de I'article 84 ne confirme nullement l'hypothèse que les auteurs
de la Convention entendaient viser autre chose que le fond du différend
dans les clausesjuridictionnelles et d'appel. Je rappelle une fois de pliis

l'obligation qui est faite de tenter de régler le désaccord par voie de
négociation;en effet, la compétence du Conseil est une question de droit
qui, à mon avis, n'est pas susceptible d'êtrenégociée. De plus,le désaccord
sur lequel le Conseil doit statuer lui est soumis par une requête,à propos

de laquelle le Règlement pour la solution des différends (approuvé par
le Conseil le 9 avril 1957) stipule:

Article 2
((Tout Etat contractant (appelé ci-après (le demandeur 1))qui
soumet un désaccord au Conseil aux fins de règlement, doit intro-

duire une requête,à laquelle est joint un mémoire contenant:
a) le nom du demandeur et le nom de tout Etat contractant (appelé

ci-après (1le défendeur B) avec lequel le désaccord existe;

b) le nom d'un agent autorisé à agir pour le demandeur au cours
de l'instance, avec l'indication de son adresse, au siègede I'Orga-
nisation, à laquelle seront envoyées toutes les communications

relatives à I'affaire, y compris la notification de la date des
séances ;
c) un exposé des faits sur lesquels la requêteest fondée;
d) les pièces à l'appui ;
e) un exposéde droit;

f) le remède sollicitépar décision du Conseil en ce qui concerne
les divers points soumis;

' 1Depuis l'affaire de l'Alabama, il est admis, conformément à des précédents
antérieurs, qu'à moins de convention contraire, un tribunal internationalest juge
de sa propre compétence et a le pouvoir d'interpréter à cet effet les actes qui go~i-
vernent celle-ci)(lhid., p. 119.) (g) A stateinent that negotiations to settle the disagreement had
taken place between the parties but were not successful."

These Rules also provide in Article 5 for filingapreliminary objection
"if the respondent questions the jurisdiction of the Council to handle the
matter presented by the applicant"; that is, the matter contained in the
a~~lication.
1.
The proceedings on a preliminary objection, although emanating froni
the substantive case on the merits of the disagreement, are quite distinct
and self-contained, and, as the Rules for the Settlement of Differences
make clear, are governed by different rules from those applicable to the
proceedings on the merits of the Application. Indeed, the proceedings
on the merits are suspended upon a preliminary objection being filed

(see Article 5 (3) of the Rules for the Settlement of Differences).

It seems to me therefore, that if these Rules are any guide to the Coun-
cil's understanding of the meaning of Article 84 of the Convention, they
show that the Council did not regard preliminary objections to jurisdic-
tion as a disagreement which would be covered by an application. This

procedural difference provides further evidence that a disagreement on
the Council's jurisdiction was not intended to corne within the scope of
Article 84 of the Convention which provides for the application.

The right of appeal from the decisioii of the Council conferred by
Article 84 is not limited to the "States concerned in the disagreement"

but is given to "any contracting State". 1 can easily understand that con-
tracting States though not concerned in a disagreement would be directly
affected by a decision of the Council on the merits of such a disagree-
ment, which decision could well set the pattern for a wider application of
a particular, and perhaps unfavourable, interpretation of a provision of
the Convention, and that one or more of such States would, therefore,

wish to appeal against such a decision; but 1 find it difficult to suppose
or conclude that it was also intended that third-party States, not con-
cerned in a disagreement, could appeal from a decision of the Council
affirming or denying its jurisdiction, or making any other interlocutory
order.
If an appeal can lie from a decision of the Council on a question of

jurisdiction, 1can see no reason of principle why it would not also lie
from any other preliminary or interlocutory decision.
A decision to admit or reject a document in a case before the Council
may have a decisive effect on the case. 1sit to be expected that "any con-
tracting state" may appeal from such a decision, or from a decision
setting a time-limit in a case which such other "contracting State" con-

sidered unjust? Indeed, in the present case, Tndia complained that the
Council refused to adjourn the hearing before it in order that members
of the Council would have time to consider the submissions made to the CONSHL DE L'OACI (OP. INU. ONYEAMA) 89

g) une déclaration attestant que des négociations ont eu lieu entre
les parties pour régler le désaccord, mais qu'elles n'ont pas
abouti. ))

Le Règlement prévoit aussi, à l'article 5, qu'une exception préliminaire
peut êtresoulevée par (le défendeur qui excipe de l'incompétence du
Conseil à connaître de l'affaire soumise par le demandeur )),c'est-à-dire

de la substance de la requête.
La procédure sur l'exception préliminaire se greffe assurément sur
l'affaire principale relative au fond du désaccord, mais elle est tout à
fait distincte et autonome et, comme il est manifeste d'après le Règle-

ment pour la solution des différends,elleest régiepar des règlesdifférentes
de celles qui s'appliquent à la procédure sur le fond de la requête.Bien
plus, la procédure sur le fond est suspendue dès qu'une exception préli-
minaire est soulevée (voir art. 5,par. 3, du Règlement pour la solution

des différends).
II me semble donc que, si ce Règlement peut donner quelque idéede
la manière dont le Conseil a interprétél'article 84 de la Convention, ce

qu'il démontre en fait, c'est que le Conseil ne considérait pas les excep-
tions préliminaires contre sa compétence comme un désaccord pouvant
faire l'objet d'une requête.Cette différencede procédure tend elle aussi
à prouver qu'il n'était pasdans les intentions des rédacteurs de la Con-

vention que les dispositions de l'article 84 prévoyant une requête s'ap-
pliquent aux désaccords sur la compétence du Conseil.
Le droit de faire appel de la décision du Conseil que confère l'article
84 ne se limite pas aux (Etats impliquésdans le désaccord ));il est donné

à ((tout Etat contractant ))Je peux parfaitement comprendre que, même
s'ils ne sont pas parties à un désaccord, des Etats contractants soient
directement affectéspar une décisiondu Conseil sur le fond de ce désac-

cord, car cette décision peut fort bien aboutir à étendre l'application de
telle ou telle interprétation, peut-être défavorable, d'une disposition de
la Convention, et un ou plusieurs Etats peuvent par conséquent vouloir
faire appel d'une telledécision: il me paraît cependant difficilede supposer

ou de conclure qu'on ait voulu donner à des Etats tiers qui ne sont pas
concernés dans un désaccord la faculté d'appeler d'une décision par
laquelle le Conseil affirme ou décline sa compétence ou prend toute
autre mesure interlocutoire.

Si une décision du Conseil sur une question de compétence peut être
attaquée en appel, je ne vois aucune raison de principe pour qu'il n'en
soit pas de mêmepour toute autre décisionpréliminaire ou interlocutoire.
La décision d'accepter ou de rejeter un document comme moyen de

preuve dans une affaire soumise au Conseil peut avoir un effet décisif.
Faut-il penser que ({tout Etat contractant ))pourrait faire appel d'une
telle décision, ou d'une décision fixant un délaiqu'un lEtat contractant ))

autre que l'une des parties en cause considérerait comme injuste? En
fait, dans l'espèce soumise à la Cour, l'Inde s'est plainte de ce que le
Conseil a refusé de surseoir aux débats pour donner à ses membres le90 ICAO COUNCIL (SEP. OP. ONY~AMA)

Coiincil. Would this refusal bc appealable?

lt is not disputed that adecision on an objection to jurisdictioii settles
a substantial question crucially affecting the position of the parties, and,
if itupheld the objection, capable of bringing the whole case to an end.

But unless such a decision of the Council falls within Article 84 of the
Convention, it is not, in rny view, appealable, no niatter how desirable
it may be that such a right of appeal should be provided for. It is for the
contracting States, and not for the Court by judicial interpretation to
provide it.

For the reasons which 1 have set out above. 1 reached the conclusion
that the framers of the Convention had in mind, in Article 84, final de-
cisions of the Council on the merits of disagreernents, which would be
of concern to al1 contracting States, and not decisions on preliminary
objections, procedural matters or interlocutory applications which con-
Cern only the contesting parties. These latter rnatters the frarners of the

Convention left to the Council to regulate by its Rules. These Rules
deal with these rnatters in a rnanner to suggest that decisions on juris-
diction are not appealable (see Article 18of the Rules for the Settlement
of Differences).
As the Convention does not, in terrns. provide for an appeal froiii a
decision on a preliminary objection, and the Rules for the Settlement of

Differences exclude such a right of appeal, therc is, so far as 1can see,
no provision of law on which the present appeal can be grounded, and
considerations of principle and the importance or potential effect of a
decision on jurisdiction do not appear to me solid bases on which to
construct, for the Court, a jurisdiction which it does not appear other-
wise to possess.

The majority of the Court, however, has dzcided that the Court has
jurisdiction to entertain the appeal, and this, in view of Article 36 (6) of
the Statute of the Court, settles the matter. 1 an1 constrainéd, therefore,
to consider the substance of the appeal.

It is beyond argument that the Application and the Coinplaint filed
with the Council by Pakistan relate to a disagreernent with India, and
manifestly raise matters involving the interpretation and application of
the Convention.
There is nothing on the face of the Application and the Cornplaint

which suggests that the rnatters with which they deal fall outside the
Convention, or do not come within the area of rnatters which the Council
is competent to decide.
In its so-called prelirninary objection, India, it seems to me, does not
suggest that the Council would not be competent to handle the matters

raised in the Application as niade by reason of waiit of competence or
excess of jurisdiction apparent on the facc of the Application; it takestemps d'étudier les prétentions des parties. Un tel refus pourrait-il
justifier un appel?
Je ne conteste pas qu'une décision sur une exception d'incompétence

règleune question fondamentale qui affecte de façon cruciale la situation
des Parties et qu'ellt: peut mêmemettre fin à l'affaire si l'exception est
retenue. II n'en reste pas moins que si cette décision du Conseil sort du
cadre de l'article 84 de la Convention elle ne saurait, à mon avis, faire
l'objet d'un appel, aussi souhaitable que puisse êtrel'existence d'un droit
d'appel. C'cst aux Etats contractants qu'il appartient de prévoir ce droit,

et non à la Cour par voie d'interprétation judiciaire.
Pour les raisons que j'ai exposées,je suis parvenu à la conclusion que
les rédacteurs de la Convention ont visé,à l'article 84, les décisionsfinales
du Conseil sur le fond de désaccords, qui intéresseraient tous les Etats
contractants, et non pas des décisions sur des exceptions préliminaires,
des mesures procédurales ou des demandes interlocutoires qui ne con-

cernent que les parties en cause. Sur ce dernier point, les auteurs de la
Convention s'en sont remis au Conseil pour qu'il prenne les dispositions
voulues dans son Règlement. Or, si l'on se reporte à celui-ci, on est fondé
à penser que les décisionssur la conlpétence ne peuvent faire I'objet d'un
appel (voir l'article 18 du Règlement pour la solution des différends).
Etant donné que la Convention ne prévoit pas expressément le droit

d'appel en cas de décisionsur une exception préliminaire et que le Règle-
ment pour la solution des différends exclut ce droit, il n'existe que je
sache aucune disposition juridique sur laquelle le présent appel pourrait
se fonder; des considérations de principe ou tenant à l'importance ou
A l'effet possible d'une décision sur la compétence ne me paraissent pas

des fondements solides sur lesquels asseoir une juridiction que la Cour
ne semble pas posséder par ailleurs.
La majorité de la Cour a cep-ndant conclu que celle-ci était compé-
tente pour connaître de l'appel, ce qui, vu l'article36, paragraphe 6,du
Statut, règle la question. Je me vois donc dans l'obligation d'examiner
la substance mêmede l'appel.

II est incontestableque la requêteet la plainte dont le Pakistan a saisi
le Conseil concernent un désaccord avec I'lnde et soulèvent rnanifeste-
ment des questions d'interprétation et d'application de la Convention.

A l'examen de la requêteet de la plainte, rien ne donne à penser que
les problèmes qu'elles évoquent sortent du cadre de la Convention, ou
n'appartiennent pas au domaine de la compétence du Conseil.

IIme semble que. dans son iexception préliminaire »,l'Inde ne prSteiid

pas que le Conseil ne put connaître des questions soulevées dans la
requêtetelle qu'elle a étéprésentéepar suite d'un défaut de compétence
ou d'un excèsde juridiction qui res~ortirait à première vue de la requête

48the line that certain facts, which it then introduced in the objection, would,
if established, disentitle Pakistan to the reliefs it seeks; thisnot, in my
view, a ground for the Council to decline jurisdiction; it is for India to
establish the facts on which its objection is based at a hearing on the
Application.

It is clearly for the Council to consider the allegations in the Appli-
cation which are prima facie within its jurisdiction, and the substance
of the objection raised in defence, and come to a decision on them; its
jurisdiction to do so cannot be taken away by the assertion of one party
to the disagreement that the Council has no jurisdiction on account of
certain unilateral action it alleges ithad taken, and which is itself a

matter of dispute.
1agree with the Court's Judgment oii the substaiice of the issue before
it, which is whether the Council has or has not jurisdiction to decide on
the disagreements between India and Pakistan presented to it by the
Application and the Complaint of Pakistan in purported pursuance of
the provisions of the Convention and the International Air Services
Transit Agreement.
1 concur in the decision that the Council is competent to entertain
the Application and Complaint laid before it by the Government of
Pakistan. 1 agree with the reasons given by the Court for this decision
on this aspect of the appeal, and have nothing further to add to them.

(Signed) Charles D. ONYEAMA. CONSEI12DE L'OACI (OP. IND. ONYEAMA) 9 1

elle-même;ellesoutient plutôt que certains faits, mentionnésdans l'excep-
tion, ôteraient s'ils étaient établis,tout'droit au Pakistan d'obtenir les
satisfactions qu'il demande. Selon moi, ce n'est pas là un motif qui per-

mette au Conseil de décliner sacompétence; c'est àl'Inde qu'il incombe
d'établir les faits sur lesquels elle fonde son objection dans des débats
contradictoires sur la requête.
II appartient manifestement au Conseil d'examiner lesallégationscon-
tenues dans la requêtequi sont a première vue de son ressort, ainsi que
la substance de l'objection présentée commemoyen de défense, etde se
prononcer à leur sujet; sa compétencepour ce faire ne peut êtreréduite
à néant parce qu'une partie au différend affirmeque le Conseil n'a pas
compétencedu fait de certaines mesures unilatérales qu'elle aurait prises
et qui constituent elles-mêmes l'objetdu différend.
J'approuve l'arrêtde la Cour sur le fond du problème qui lui est sou-
mis, celui de savoir si le Conseil a ou non compétencepour se prononcer

sur les désaccords entre l'Inde et le Pakistan dont le Gouvernement
pakistanais l'a saisi par voie de requêteet de plainte, en se fondant sur
les dispositions de la Convention et de l'Accord international relatif au
transit des services aériensinternationaux.
Je souscrisà la décisionsuivant laquelle le Conseil est compétentpour
connaître de la requêteet de la plainte pakistanaises ainsi qu'aux motifs
énoncéspour cet aspect de l'appel, auxquels je n'ai rien ajouter.

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Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Onyeama

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