Separate Opinion of Judge Petrén (translation)

Document Number
054-19720818-JUD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
054-19720818-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE PETRÉN

[Translation;

To niy regret, 1 am unable to concur in the opinion of the majority
of the Court in respect of the question whether the Chicago Convention
and its annexes authorize India's appeal in the present case. In my view

they do not, and so 1have to set forth my grounds for reaching that con-
clusion. A majority of the judges, however, found that the Court did
have jurisdiction to entertain that appeal,and 1 therefore felt 1must take
part in the consideration of its merits. In the event,agree with the ma-
jority that the appeal should fail, but my view is based on reasons which,
while not unrelated to those of the majority. are not identical with them.

1 have therefore to append to the Judginent the following separate
opinion.

As the case is.an appeal from a decision taken by the governing body
of an international organization, it is first incumbent upon the Court,
independently of the attitude of the Parties to the dispute, to satisfyelf,
ex officio, that the requirements imposed by the applicable treaty pro-
visions for an appeal to lie have been met.

What characterizes the present case is the fact that the decision of the
ICA0 Council from which lndia has appealed is not a decision on the
merits of the case brought before the Council by Pakistan but a prelimi-
nary decision whereby the Council rejected an objection to its jurisdic-
tion. The question is therefore whether an immediate appeal lies from the
preliminary decision whereby a forum of first instance has affirmed its

own jurisdiction. The right to appeal to this Court from the Council's
decisions rests on Article 84 of the Chicago Convention, which provides
that if any disagreement between two or more contracting States relating
to the interpretation or application of the Convention cannot be settled
by negotiation, it shall, on the applicationof any State concerned in the
disagreement. be decided by the Council, and that any contracting State

may appeal from the decision of the Council either to an ad hoc arbitral
tribunal or to the Court.The same Article lays down that any such appeal
shall be notified to the Council within 60 days of the latter's decision.

Article86 also deals with appeals. It provides, first, that, unless the
Council decides otherwise, decisions by the Council on whether an inter-

national airline is operating in conformity with the provisions of the
34Convention shall remain in effect unless reversed on appeal. It next pro-
vides that on any other matter the decisions of the Council shall, if
appealed from, be suspended until the appeal is decided. Article 86 says
nothing as to the forms and time-limits to be observed in making an
appeal.

In the present case we have to ascertain whether a decision finding
that the Council has jurisdiction to deal with a case must be considered
to bear upon the interpretation or application of the Convention within
the meaning of Article 84 and can therefore be the subject of an appeal.

If the answer is in the affirmative, the question will arise as to whether,
by virtue of Article 86, an appeal can be made immediately from such
a decision, with suspensory effect until the appeal is decided.
There is no cut and dried answer to the first question. The scheme of
the Convention seems to indicate that Article 84 contemplates decisions
on the interpretation or application of articles other than Article 84 itself.

Nevertheless, if the decisions rendered by a forum in a given domain can
be appealed from to another forum, it is surely inherent in the functions
of the forum of appeal to rule, if need be, on the soundness of a decision
whereby the first forum found that it had jurisdiction to handle a dis-
agreement which was alleged to have no place in the domain in question.

Applied to the present case, this consideration leads to the conclusion
that the right of appeal conferred by Article 84 includes the right to
appeal from a decision of the Council affirming its own jurisdiction to
deal with a case as concerning the interpretation or application of the
Convention.

Now it must be asked whether the provisions of Article 86 concerning
the suspensory effect of appeals contemplate any appeals other than those
against the definitive decisions of the Council on the material operating-
conditions of the airlines of contracting States. The exception to the sus-
pensory effect of appeals which is specified at the beginning of Article
86 concerns this category of decisions, which is in itself sufficient to

prompt a doubt as to whether the rest of the Article further contemplates
appeals against decisions on preliminary objections.
It can be shown in several ways that Article 84, in the light of which
Article 86 is to be interpreted, was not so drafted as to take into account
the eventuality of there being decisions by the Council on preliminary
objections. Thus according to Article 84 the decisions of the Council

which are subject to appeal must concern disagreements between two or
more contracting States relating to the interpretation or application of
the Convention which it has not been possible to settle by negotiation.
But a preliminary objection contesting the jurisdiction of the Council to
deal with a case does not concern anything which could constitute the
subject-matter of negotiation between the parties. Moreover, Article 84

permits any contracting State, Le., not only the original parties to a dis-
pute but every State party to the Convention, to appeal from decisionswithin the field of application of Article 84. But if the Council declares
that it has jurisdiction to deal with an application by State A against
State B, are we to suppose that any other party to the Convention is
authorized by Article 84 to appeal from that decision? It would strain
belief to imagine that the authors of the Convention could ever have

intended to create so very odd a possibility. It is only in regard to the
definitive decision whereby the Council rules on the interpretation or
application of the Convention that States not parties to the original dis-
pute could have any legitimate need to institute appeal proceedings.

It should also be noted that where international air transport is con-
cerned it is obviously important, because of the econornic repercussions
in particular, that disputes should be rapidly settled. Hence it would

scarcely be reasonable to suppose that there was any intention of opening
the way to procedures likely to result in considerable delay for the-settle-
ment of disputes in this domain. But that is precisely what would have
been the case if Articles 84 and 86 had to be interpreted as authorizing
immediate appeals against decisions whereby the Council declared itself
competent to entertain an application.

Let us begin by considering the first of the hypotheses contemplated
in Article 84 in regard to the organization of appeal proceedings, namely
the constitution of an ad hoc arbitral tribunal. The relevant provisions
are contained in Article 85. If the contracting States, parties to the dis-
pute, cannot agree on the choice of the arbitral tribunal, each of them
is to name an arbitrator and these arbitrators are to name an um~ire.

If any of the States has failed to name an arbitrator within three mohths
of the date of the appeal, an arbitrator is to be named on behalf of that
State by the President of the Council from a list of qualified and available
persons which is to be maintained by the Council. If, within 30 days. the
arbitrators cannot agree on an umpire, the President of the Council is

to designate an umpire from the same list. Thearbitrators and the umpire
then constitute an arbitral tribunal, which settles its own rules of proce-
dure, "provided that the Council may determine procedural questions
in the event of anv delav which in the o~inion of the Council is excessive".
This last clause is worth quoting, because it serves to underline the
concern to avoid undue delays in the settlement of disputes. Imagine,

therefore, the delay that would result frorn the suspension of proceedings
before the Council so as to allow a question of jurisdiction to goto arbi-
tration! To the 60 days within which the appeal from the Council's de-
cision would have to be brought might be added more than four months
before the arbitral tribunal was set up and began organizing its proce-
dure. Then if the decision of the arbitral tribunal confirmed the juris-

diction of the Council, and if the Council's final decision in the case also
gave rise to an appeal, it would be necessary to constitute a second ar-bitral tribunal and thereafter to wait for its decision. At that rate, a case
brought before the Council could easily drag on for years.

It would be agreeable to feel able to assume that the second hypothesis
contemplated in Article 84, namely the hearing of the appeal by the In-
ternational Court of Justice, connoted a more expeditious procedure.
However that might be, it seems to me that the protraction of the
proceedings which the accumulation of arbitrations would entail in the

first hypothesis precludes the thought that the authors of the Convention
could have conceived that instrument in a manner so incompatible with
their concern to avoid delays in the settlement of differences.

The foregoing considerations have led me to the conclusion that the
provisions of Articles 84 and 86 of the Convention concerning the exer-
cise of a right of appeal, with suspensory effect, from decisions of the
Council on disagreements relating to the interpretation or application
of the Convention are not intended to apply to decisions rendered by

the Council on preliminary objections. It remains nevertheless unthink-
able, as explained above, that there should exist a right of appeal which
did not also connote the right to refer decisions whereby the forum of
first instance found that it had jurisdiction to the forum of appeal.

This amounts to saying that, though the right of appeal instituted by
Article 84 implies as its necessary complement a right to appeal from a
decision of the Council on its own jurisdiction, the Convention fails to
regulate the procedure for exercising the latter right. There is therefore
a gap in the Convention, but it is a gap which is filled by the Rules for

the Settlement of Differences approved by the Council on 9 April 1957.
The Council's power thus to repair the deficiency of the Convention
emerges from Article 54 of the Convention, which in enumerating the
mandatorv functions of the Council includes. under ,cz. that of deter-
mining its own organization and rules of procedure.
The answer to the question as to whether India's present appeal is

admissible or not must therefore be sought in the Rules for the Settlement
of Differences.

In these Rules, the provisions on preliminary objections occur in
Chapter 111,which is entitled "Action Upon Receipt of Applications".
The Article dealing with preliminary objections is Article 5. According
to Article 5, paragraph 3, the procedure on the meiits shall be sus-
pended as soon as a preliminary objection is filed, and the time fixed
for the filing of the respondent's counter-memorial will cease to run

"until the objection is decided by the Council". Paragraph 4 stipulates
that if a preliminary objection is filed the Council, after hearing the parties, shall decide the question as a preliniinary issue before any further
steps are taken under the Rules.
Nowhere in this Chapter III of the Rules is there any provision sug-

gesting the existence of an appeal from decisions taken by the Council
under this Chapter. It is only in the following Chapter IV, "Proceedings",
that provisions on appeals are found, in Article 18. That Article is
preceded within the same Chapter. by others regulating the various
stages of the proceedings on the merits. Those proceedings culminate

in the decision. and to this Article 15 devotes a series of provisions,
among which paragraph 2 (v) requires that the decision should contain
the conclusions of the Council together with its reasons for reaching
them. Paragraph 1 of Article 18 itself contains provisions regarding
the notification of the Council's decision to the parties in the case and
other contracting States, while it is paragraph 2 which notes that the

decisions on certain disagreements between two or more contracting
States are subject to appeal pursuant to Article 84 of the Convention.
The same paragraph stipulates in fine that any such appeal should be
notified to the Council through the Secretary General within 60 days
of receipt of notification of the decision of the Council.
It should finally be observed that the following two Articles occur

at the end of Chapter VI, entitled "General Provisions":
Article 32

Suspension qf'the Rulrs

"Subject to agreement of the parties, any of these Rules may
be varied or their application suspended when, in the opinion of
the Council. such action would lead to a more expeditious or ef-
fective disposition of the case."

Articlc 33

Arnendnzents rn the Rules
"The present Rules may, at any time, be amended by the Council.
No amendment shall apply to a pending case except with the agree-
ment of the parties."

Examination of the Rules therefore shows that the preliminary ob-
jections which are not mentioned in the Convention make their appear-

ance in Article 5 of the Rules. That recalls the situation which exists
in regard to the International Court of Justice: the Statute (Art. 36.
para. 6)contains a mere allusion to preliminary objections, which are
however the subject of provisions in the Rules of Court at present in
force (Art. 62). The purpose of such provisions is to ensure that pre-
liminary objections are settled in the framework of a separate procedure
before the proceedings on the merits have advanced beyond the stage

of the first exchange of pleadings. The Council's Rules bear witness
to the same concern by obliging the Council, if any preliminary objec-
tion is raised. to decide the question. described as a preliminary issue, ICA0 COUNCIL (SEP. OP. PETRÉN) 81

before any further steps are taken under the Rules. However, the analogy
with the Rules of the Court, whose proceedings take place within a single
forum without any organ of appeal, goes thus far and no farther.

As to the question whether an isolated appeal may suspend the pro-
ceedings on the merits, the only indication afforded by Article 5 of the
Co~incil's Rules is the provision of paragraph 3 whereby a preliminary
objection has the effect of causing the time-limit fixed for the filing of
the respondent's counter-memorial to cease to run until the Council has
decided the objection. That ~rovision. which of course contem~lates

the event that the Council should reject the objection, does not envisage
the suspension of the proceedings on the merits beyond the date on which
the Council gives its decision on objection. Otherwise, on the hypothesis
that the decision rejecting the objection might be subject to an isolated
appeal, the date specified as the new starting-point for the proceedings
on the merits ought to have been the date on which the rejection becomes

res judicara, i.e., either the sixtieth day after the decision of the Council
or the date on which any appeal therefrom is dismissed.
The conclusion to which Article 5 points is therefore that the Rules
do not admit of any direct appeal from a decision whereby the Council
rejects a preliminary objection. This conclusion is confirmed by the fact

that the articles concerning the procedure on the merits and appeals
are grouped together in the same chapter, whereas the provisions on
preliminary objections are in another chapter. This must be seen as
an indication that onlv final decisions rendered at the conclusion of the
proceedings on the merits, the contents of which are prescribed by
Article 15,are subject to appeal by virtue of Article 18.

It is in the Convention, complemented by the Rules of the Council,
that the answer must be sought to the question whether there exists

any right of immediate appeal from a decision by the Council rejecting
an objection to its own jurisdiction. The doctrines and practices which
have evolved with regard to preliminary objections such as are featured
in other international instruments cannot over-ride the relevant pro-
visions of the Chicago Convention and the Rules which complement it.

In this connection, 1 do not think it irrelevant to draw attention to an
important difference which exists between the context of an objection
to the jurisdiction of the ICA0 Council and that of an objection to the
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice in a case brought
directly before it. As the proceedings in such cases take place before a
single forum, the desirability of avoiding any discussion of the merits

before the objection is decided upon cannot be counter-balanced by the
presumption created against the soundness of the objection through its
dismissal by a forum of first instance. That, on the other hand, is pre-
cisely what can happen in cases that begin before the Council. It ought ICA0 COUNCIL (SEP. OP. PETRÉN) 82

furthermore to be noted that the Court possesses the power to prescribe
interim measures of protection, which can serve to safeguard rights
that would otherwise be jeopardized by procedural delays. But it seems
doubtful, to Say the least, whether it could order measures of protection
in a case which only concerned the Council's jurisdiction to entertain an

application. The Council's own inability to do so would appear beyond
doubt.
The provisions of the Convention and of the Rules for the Settlement
of Differences being what they are, the Council is not permitted to
depart from them, except inasmuch as Article 32 of the Rules authorizes

it. subject to agreement of the parties, to Vary any Rule or suspend its
application if, in its opinion, suah action would be conducive to a more
expeditious or effective disposition of the case.
In the present case, the question of the Council's making use of Article
32 of its Rules did not arise. On the other hand, the minutes of the
meeting held by the Council on 29 July 1971(Memorial of India, Annex

E) show that, after the Council had given its decision to dismiss India's
objections to jurisdiction and the representative of India had announced
his Government's intention to lodge an appeal from that decision,
certain members of the Council asked whether the appeal would have
the effect of suspendingthe proceedings on the merits before the Council.
These questions remained unanswered at the time, but the subject is

dealt with in a document entitled "Notes on Article 86 of the Chicago
Convention relating to Appeals from Decisions of the Council", which
is appended as Annex C to the Reply of India. This document, dated
9 September 1971, emanates from the Secretary General of ICA0 and
is presented as a reply to requests for information submitted by the
President and certain members of the Council. Paragraph 4 of the

document, dealing with the interpretation of the second sentence of
Article 86, affirms,inter alia, that the expression "on anyother matter"
denotes only such matters as relate to a decision of the Council rendered
under Article 84. The document goes on to observe that the expression
"decisions of the Council" (i.e., those which would be suspended in the

event of an appeal) is not accompanied by any qualifying words which
would exclude any particular class of decision. A footnote is attached
to this observation, and it begins as follows: "For example, the decision
may be one affirming or negating the jurisdiction of the Council in a
particular matter: see the words 'shall decide the question' in Article 5
(4) of the Rules for the Settlement of Differences." The footnote goes

on to mention, by way of example, a number of other classes of deci-
sion, taken under various articles of the Rules, from which, according
to that footnote, an appeal should be possible. Among the decisions
thus referred to are decisions taken under Article 28 whereby the Council
rules that a step taken after the expiration of a time-limit shall be con-
sidered as valid.

The Secretary General, then, has here given a legal opinion on one
of the questions at present in issue. According to that opinion. Article ICA0 COUNCIL (SEP. OP. PETRÉN) 83

86 of the Convention would authorize direct appeals with suspensory
effect even from procedural decisions concerning, for example, time-
limits and also from decisions of the Council on the subject of its own
jurisdiction. But, as will be clear from what 1 have said above, 1do not
feel that an analysis of the relevant provisions of the Convention and
of the Council's Rules enables one to share that opinion.

If the Council is cornpetent to depart from the provisions of its Rules
only subject to the agreement of the parties and to its having formed the
opinion that to do so would be in the interest of a more expeditious and
effective disposition of the case, it is evident that the parties could not,
by a rnere agreement between themselves, open the way to an appeal

for which there was no provision in the texts governing the matter. Afor-
tiori,there can be no question of a forumprorogarum established by the
filing of an appeal application by one party and the failure of the other
to raise an objection within a given time. On the contrary, it would have
been for the International Court of Justice, as the forum of second in-
stance specified within the scheme of an international treaty, to determine

ex officio, as soon as the application was filed, whether the requirernents
for an appeal laid down by the relevant treaty provisions had been satis-
fied.
It should be clear from the foregoing that, as 1view the rnatter, there
would in the present case have ernerged frorn an exarnination of that
point the conclusion that the appeal was prernature and that objections

to the jurisdiction of the Council could only be expounded at the tirne
of any appeal against its final decision.
During the course of the oral proceedings in the present c,.se, allusions
were made to the consequences that would flow frorn such an interpre-
tation of the Convention and Rules for decisions by the Council accepting
objections to its jurisdiction. But the Court does not at present have to

pronounce upon that very different kind of situation. Moreover, the
acceptance of a preliminary objection represents a final disposition of a
case and, unlike the dismissal of the objection, is not destined to be fol-
lowed by a second decision concerning the interpretation or application
of the Convention.

Having thus set forth my grounds for considering that the present
appeal is not admissible, 1 have nevertheless to bow before the opposite
position, adopted by the majority, in accordance with which the Court

has declared itself cornpetent to entertain the appeal. That decision of the
Court relates solely to the appeal so far as thejurisdiction of the Council
to deal with the "Application" and "Cornplaint" of Pakistan isconcerned,
and not to the various charges which India has made regarding the pro-
cedure whereby the Council reached its decision. lt is, therefore, neces-
sary to examine only the first of these two points.

In embarking upon this exarnination, one feels irnpelled to ask whatthe Council's decision of 29 July 1971 on lndia's objections to jurisdic-
tion really signified. It is a striking fact that the decision is devoid of al1
statement of grounds and consists solely in a declaration to the effect
that the Council did not accept the objection. It was in that forni that
the decision was notified to the Government of lndia (Meniorial of
Lndia, Annex N). Not only does that higlilight al1the difference there is

between that decision and those from which, in my view, appeals based
on Article 18of the Rules and, consequently, Article 84 of the Cmvention
are intended to be made, but, what is more, the total absence of stated
grounds raises the question in the present instance as to whether the
Council has given a truly exhaustive r~ilingon the preliminary objections.
The essence of these objections was that lndia had legal justification to

suspend its treaty relations with Pakistan in the domain of aviation and
had in fact suspended them, which deprived the Council of jurisdiction
to deal with the application of Pakistan. Now the rejection of the objec-
tions could only have been based on one of the two following grounds:
either the Council considered that the question of India's legal justifi-
cation to suspend its treaty relations with Pakistan constituted a question

of interpretation or application of the Treaties, covered by the wording
of Article 84 of the Convention; or the Council was not of that opinion
but considered that the circumstances relied upon by India were not such
as to authorize it to suspend treaty relations. These two grounds are
niutually iiiconipatible. If the question whether lndia was justified in
siispending treaty relations was a question relating to the interpretation

or application of the Treaties such as oiight to be examined by the Coun-
cil pursiiant to Article 84 of the Convention, the Council could not dis-
pose of that question by ruling on the objcctions. On the other hand,
if the question of the suspension of trcaty relations lay outside the field
of application of Article 84, the Council had to examine it in the course
of the proceedings to which the preliminary objections gave rise and could

not, in ruling on those objections, espouse the view that that question
was governed by Article 84.
As the Council did not indicate its choice between these two mutually
exclusive grounds of decision, onecannot consider that it has really given
a definitive decision on the preliminary objections raised by India. One
may legitimately believe that if, in a similar situation, the International

Court of Justice had not carried its examination of a preliminary objec-
tion any farthcr, it would have joiiicd it to the merits under the Rules of
Court at present in force. The Rules of the Council do not mention the
possibility of the joinder to the merits of a preliminary objection, and
that perhaps explains why the Coiincil expressed itself as it did in its
decision of 29 July 1971. However, though the Council is obliged by

Article 5, paragraph 4, of its Rules to deal with preliminary objections
as preliminary issues, one may not overlook the fact that an objection
to the jurisdiction of a forum may raise one or more questions which
are so closely bound up with the merits of the case that it is necessary
to adopt a position on at least part of the merits before being able toreply to the objection. In this connection, it should be noted that when
the International Court of Justice revised its own Rules in 1972, it eli-
minated the old rule authorizing the joinder of preliminary objections to
the merits only by substituting for it a provision, in the new Article 67,

whereby, if an objection raised as a preliminary objection does not possess
an exclusively preliminary character, the further proceedings will take
their course without the objection having been ruled upon. Now one has
to realize that the Council may be faced with similar situations requiring
an identical procedure. The absence frorn its Rules of any provision for
such procedure must be considered as a lacuna. In the present instance

the Council has covered the gap by declaring, without giving any grounds,
that it did not accept India's objection. The real nature of the Council's
decision appears to me to be highlighted by the fact that it does not dis-
pense the Council from the duty of exarnining, at the merits stage, the
validity of the arguments relied on by lndia in support of its objections
to the Council's jurisdiction, i.e., in support of the contention that the

treaty relations as between the Parties,are suspended. The year of appeal
proceedings brought to an end by the present Judgment has not changed
the situation thus created by the Council's decision in the slightest.

It may be wondered whether the majority of the Court. if the Council
had formally declared that it joined the objections to the merits, would
have considered such a decision as an interpretation or application of the

Convention, susceptible to appeal, or as a procedural decision fron~
which no appeal lay. But in the present context it would be pointless to
piirsue that question.
As 1 personally consider that the Coui-icil'sdecision was such as to
produce the same effects as a joinder so far as the proceedings on the
merits were concerned, I am irnpelled to ask myself whether a decision

of that kind was justified in the circumstances. In that respect, I find
that there exists between the questions of interpretation and application
of the Treaties raised by both the "Application" and the "Cornplaint"
of Pakistan and the question of the suspension of the Treaties, as pre-
sented by India in support of its objections, a relationship which is so
close that the decision of the Council seems to me to have been justified.
Without feeling any need to analyse the various aspects of that relation-

ship, which the Judgment has been at such pains to detail, 1 therefore
concur in the conclusion of the Judgment that India's appeal rnust be
rejected.

Bilingual Content

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. PETRÉN

A mon regret, je ne puis me rallier à I'opinion de la majoritéde la Cour
en ce qui concerne la question de savoir si la Convention de Chicago et
ses annexes autorisent le présent appel de l'Inde. Considérant que tel

n'est pas le cas, je dois expliquer les raisons pour lesquellesje suis arrivé
à cette conclusion. Néanmoins, comme il y a eu une majorité pour dé-
clarer la Cour compétente pour connaître de l'appel, j'ai cru devoir par-
ticiper à l'examen de celui-ci. Le résultat en est que je suis d'accord avec
la majorité pour considérer que l'appel doit êtrerejeté,tout en fondant
mon opinion sur des motifs apparentés mais non identiques à ceux de la
majorité.

Je dois donc joindre à l'arrêtl'opinion individuelle suivante.

La présente affaire étant un appel d'une décision prise par l'organe
directeur d'une organisation internationale, il incombe tout d'abord à la

Cour, indépendamment de l'attitude des Parties au différend,de s'assurer
ex officide ce que les conditions qu'exigent les dispositions convention-
nelles applicables pour un pourvoi en appel sont remplies.
Ce qui caractérise l'affaire actuelle, c'est que la décision du Conseil de
I'OACI contre laquelle l'Inde a fait appel n'est pas une décision sur le
fond de l'affaire soumise au Conseil par le Pakistan mais une décision
préliminaire par laquelle le Conseil a rejeté une exception a sa propre

compétence. II s'agit donc de savoir s'il existe un recours immédiat
contre la décision préliminaire par laquelle la juridiction de première
instance a affirmésa propre compétence. Le droit de faire appel à la
Cour contre des décisionsdu Conseil repose sur l'article 84 de la Conven-
tion de Chicago lequel dispose que, si un désaccord entre deux ou plu-
sieurs Etatscontractants àpropos de l'interprétation ou de l'application de
la Convention ne peut êtreréglépar voie de négociation, le Conseil statue

à la requête detout Etat impliqué dans ce désaccord et que tout Etat
contractant peut en appeler de la décision du Conseil soit à un tribunal
d'arbitrage ad Iloc,soit à la Cour. Le mêmearticle prescrit qu'un tel
appel doit êtrenotifiéau Conseil dans les soixante jours à compter de la
décisiondu Conseil.
L'article86traite également desappels. IIdispose d'abord que, à moins

que le Conseil n'en décide autrement, les décisions du Conseil sur la
question de savoir si l'exploitation d'une entreprise aérienne interna- SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE PETRÉN

[Translation;

To niy regret, 1 am unable to concur in the opinion of the majority
of the Court in respect of the question whether the Chicago Convention
and its annexes authorize India's appeal in the present case. In my view

they do not, and so 1have to set forth my grounds for reaching that con-
clusion. A majority of the judges, however, found that the Court did
have jurisdiction to entertain that appeal,and 1 therefore felt 1must take
part in the consideration of its merits. In the event,agree with the ma-
jority that the appeal should fail, but my view is based on reasons which,
while not unrelated to those of the majority. are not identical with them.

1 have therefore to append to the Judginent the following separate
opinion.

As the case is.an appeal from a decision taken by the governing body
of an international organization, it is first incumbent upon the Court,
independently of the attitude of the Parties to the dispute, to satisfyelf,
ex officio, that the requirements imposed by the applicable treaty pro-
visions for an appeal to lie have been met.

What characterizes the present case is the fact that the decision of the
ICA0 Council from which lndia has appealed is not a decision on the
merits of the case brought before the Council by Pakistan but a prelimi-
nary decision whereby the Council rejected an objection to its jurisdic-
tion. The question is therefore whether an immediate appeal lies from the
preliminary decision whereby a forum of first instance has affirmed its

own jurisdiction. The right to appeal to this Court from the Council's
decisions rests on Article 84 of the Chicago Convention, which provides
that if any disagreement between two or more contracting States relating
to the interpretation or application of the Convention cannot be settled
by negotiation, it shall, on the applicationof any State concerned in the
disagreement. be decided by the Council, and that any contracting State

may appeal from the decision of the Council either to an ad hoc arbitral
tribunal or to the Court.The same Article lays down that any such appeal
shall be notified to the Council within 60 days of the latter's decision.

Article86 also deals with appeals. It provides, first, that, unless the
Council decides otherwise, decisions by the Council on whether an inter-

national airline is operating in conformity with the provisions of the
34tionale est conforme aux dispositions de la Convention conservent leur
effet tant qu'elles n'ont pas été infirméeesn appel. Puis vient une dispo-
sition suivant laquelle, sur toute autre question, les décisions du Conseil

sont suspendues en cas d'appel, jusqu'à ce qu'il soit statué sur l'appel.
L'article 86 ne dit rien des formes et délais à observer en interjetant
appel.
En l'espèce, il s'agit de savoir s'il faut considérer qu'une décision
constatant la compétence du Conseil pour connaître d'une affaire porte
sur I'interprétation ou I'application de la Convention au sens de I'article

84 et peut donc faire l'objet d'un appel. Dans l'affirmative se posera la
question de savoir si, en vertu de I'article 86, un appel peut être fait
immédiatement contre une telle décision, avec effet suspensif, jusqu'à ce
qu'il soit statué sur l'appel.
On pourrait hésiterdevant la réponseà donner à la première question.
De l'économie de la Convention, il semble ressortir que I'article 84

vise des décisions sur I'interprétation ou I'application d'autres articles
que I'article 84 lui-même.Néanmoins, si les décisions qu'une juridiction
rend dans un certain domaine peuvent faire l'objet d'un appel à une
autre juridiction, ilfaut reconnaître qu'il est inhérent aux fonctions de la
juridiction d'appel de se prononcer, le cas échéant,sur le bien-fondéd'une
décision de la première juridiction constatant sa compétence pour con-

naître d'une affaire dont l'appartenance au domaine en question a été
mise en doute. Appliquée à l'affaire actuelle, cette considération conduit
à la conclusion que le droit d'appel admis par I'article 84inclut le droit de
faire appel d'une décisiondu Conseil affirmant sapropre compétencepour
connaître d'une affaire comme concernant I'interprétation ou I'application
de la Convention.

Or ily a lieu de se demander si les dispositions de l'article 86 sur l'effet
suspensif des appels envisagent d'autres appels que des appels contre les
décisions définitivesdu Conseil sur les conditions matériellesdu fonction-
nement de l'aviation des parties contractantes. L'exception à l'effet sus-
pensif des appels par laquelle I'article 86 débute concerne cette catégorie
de décisions, ce qui permet déjà de douter que la suite de I'article vise

égalementdes appels contre des décisionssurdesexceptions préliminaires.

Que I'article 84, à la lumière duquel l'article 86 est à interpréter, n'ait
pas été rédigé etn enant compte de l'éventualitéde décisions du Conseil
sur des exceptions préliminaires peut se constater de plusieurs manières.
Ainsi, selon I'article 84, pour pouvoir faire I'objet d'un appel, les décisions

du Conseil doivent concerner des désaccordsentre deux ou plusieurs Etats
contractants à propos de I'interprétation ou de I'application de la Con-
vention qu'il n'a pas été possible de réglerpar voie de négociation. Or
une exception préliminaire par laquelle la compétence du Conseil pour
connaître d'une affaire est contestéene concerne pas une matière pouvant
faire I'objet d'une négociation entre les parties. Au surplus I'article 84
permet à tout Etat contractant, c'est-à-dire non seulement aux parties

originales à Lin différend maisà tous les Etats parties à la Convention, de
35Convention shall remain in effect unless reversed on appeal. It next pro-
vides that on any other matter the decisions of the Council shall, if
appealed from, be suspended until the appeal is decided. Article 86 says
nothing as to the forms and time-limits to be observed in making an
appeal.

In the present case we have to ascertain whether a decision finding
that the Council has jurisdiction to deal with a case must be considered
to bear upon the interpretation or application of the Convention within
the meaning of Article 84 and can therefore be the subject of an appeal.

If the answer is in the affirmative, the question will arise as to whether,
by virtue of Article 86, an appeal can be made immediately from such
a decision, with suspensory effect until the appeal is decided.
There is no cut and dried answer to the first question. The scheme of
the Convention seems to indicate that Article 84 contemplates decisions
on the interpretation or application of articles other than Article 84 itself.

Nevertheless, if the decisions rendered by a forum in a given domain can
be appealed from to another forum, it is surely inherent in the functions
of the forum of appeal to rule, if need be, on the soundness of a decision
whereby the first forum found that it had jurisdiction to handle a dis-
agreement which was alleged to have no place in the domain in question.

Applied to the present case, this consideration leads to the conclusion
that the right of appeal conferred by Article 84 includes the right to
appeal from a decision of the Council affirming its own jurisdiction to
deal with a case as concerning the interpretation or application of the
Convention.

Now it must be asked whether the provisions of Article 86 concerning
the suspensory effect of appeals contemplate any appeals other than those
against the definitive decisions of the Council on the material operating-
conditions of the airlines of contracting States. The exception to the sus-
pensory effect of appeals which is specified at the beginning of Article
86 concerns this category of decisions, which is in itself sufficient to

prompt a doubt as to whether the rest of the Article further contemplates
appeals against decisions on preliminary objections.
It can be shown in several ways that Article 84, in the light of which
Article 86 is to be interpreted, was not so drafted as to take into account
the eventuality of there being decisions by the Council on preliminary
objections. Thus according to Article 84 the decisions of the Council

which are subject to appeal must concern disagreements between two or
more contracting States relating to the interpretation or application of
the Convention which it has not been possible to settle by negotiation.
But a preliminary objection contesting the jurisdiction of the Council to
deal with a case does not concern anything which could constitute the
subject-matter of negotiation between the parties. Moreover, Article 84

permits any contracting State, Le., not only the original parties to a dis-
pute but every State party to the Convention, to appeal from decisions78 CONSEIL DE L'OA~I (OP. IND. PETR~N)

faire appel contre les décisions qui tombent dans le champ d'application
de l'article 84. Mais, si le Conseil se déclare compétent pour connaître
d'une requêteintroduite par 1'Etat A contre I'Etat B, faut-il penser que
n'importe quel autre Etat partie à la Convention soit autorisé par l'article

84 à faire appel de cette décision? Une telle possibilité semblerait trop
étrange pour que I'on puisse prêteraux auteurs de la Convention I'inten-
tion d'avoir voulu la créer. Ce n'est que face à la décision définitivepar
laquelle le Conseil se prononce sur l'interprétation ou l'application de la
Convention qu'il pourrait exister pour des Etats non parties au différend
original un besoin légitimed'engager une instance d'appel.

II faut aussi constater qu'en matière de trafic aérien international
l'intérêtd'une solution rapide des différendsest évident, à cause notam-

ment des répercussions d'ordre économique. II n'y a donc pas lieu de
supposer que I'on ait voulu ouvrir la porte à des procédures capables de
causer de grands retards dans le règlement de tels différends. Or c'est
précisémentce qui aurait étéle cas s'il fallait interpréter les articles 84 et
86 comme autorisant des appels immédiats contre les décisions par les-
quelles le Conseil se aéciare compétent pour connaître d'une requête.

Considérons d'abord la première des hypothèses envisagées à l'article
84 pour l'organisation d'une instance d'appel, celle ou il faut constituer
un tribunal d'arbitrage ad hoc. Les dispositions pertinentes se trouvent
a l'article85. Si les Etats contractants parties au différend ne peuvent se

mettre d'accord sur le choix du tribunal d'arbitrage, chacun désigne un
arbitre et ces arbitres nomment un surarbitre. Si l'un des Etats n'a pas
désignéd'arbitre dans les trois mois à compter de la date de l'appel, un
arbitre est choisi au nom de cet Etat par le président du Conseil sur une
liste de personnes qualifiéeset disponibles tenue par le Conseil. Si, dans
lestrente jours, lesarbitres ne peuvent se mettred'accord sur un surarbitre,

le président du Conseil désigne un surarbitre choisi sur la mêmeliste.
Les arbitres rt le surarbitre se constituent alors en tribunal d'arbitra., et
déterminent leurs règlesde procédure liétant entendu que le Conseil peut
déciderdesquestions de procédure dans le cas d'un retard qu'il estimerait
excessif 1).
Le dernier membre de phrase mérite d'être cité parce qu'il souligne le

souci d'éviterdes longueurs dans le règlement des différends. Mais quel
retard ne représenterait pas la suspension de la procédure devant le
Conseil pour permettre un arbitrage sur une question de compétence!
Aux soixante jours dans lesquels l'appel contre la décision du Conseil
serait fait, pourraient s'ajouter plus de quatre mois avant que le tribunal

d'arbitrage soit constitué et commence à organiser sa procédure. Puis,
si l'arrêtdu tribunal d'arbitrage confirmait la compétence du Conseil et
si la décision définitive de celui-ci en l'affaire donnait elle aussi lieu à
un appel, il faudraitconstituer un deuxièmetribunal d'arbitrageet attendrewithin the field of application of Article 84. But if the Council declares
that it has jurisdiction to deal with an application by State A against
State B, are we to suppose that any other party to the Convention is
authorized by Article 84 to appeal from that decision? It would strain
belief to imagine that the authors of the Convention could ever have

intended to create so very odd a possibility. It is only in regard to the
definitive decision whereby the Council rules on the interpretation or
application of the Convention that States not parties to the original dis-
pute could have any legitimate need to institute appeal proceedings.

It should also be noted that where international air transport is con-
cerned it is obviously important, because of the econornic repercussions
in particular, that disputes should be rapidly settled. Hence it would

scarcely be reasonable to suppose that there was any intention of opening
the way to procedures likely to result in considerable delay for the-settle-
ment of disputes in this domain. But that is precisely what would have
been the case if Articles 84 and 86 had to be interpreted as authorizing
immediate appeals against decisions whereby the Council declared itself
competent to entertain an application.

Let us begin by considering the first of the hypotheses contemplated
in Article 84 in regard to the organization of appeal proceedings, namely
the constitution of an ad hoc arbitral tribunal. The relevant provisions
are contained in Article 85. If the contracting States, parties to the dis-
pute, cannot agree on the choice of the arbitral tribunal, each of them
is to name an arbitrator and these arbitrators are to name an um~ire.

If any of the States has failed to name an arbitrator within three mohths
of the date of the appeal, an arbitrator is to be named on behalf of that
State by the President of the Council from a list of qualified and available
persons which is to be maintained by the Council. If, within 30 days. the
arbitrators cannot agree on an umpire, the President of the Council is

to designate an umpire from the same list. Thearbitrators and the umpire
then constitute an arbitral tribunal, which settles its own rules of proce-
dure, "provided that the Council may determine procedural questions
in the event of anv delav which in the o~inion of the Council is excessive".
This last clause is worth quoting, because it serves to underline the
concern to avoid undue delays in the settlement of disputes. Imagine,

therefore, the delay that would result frorn the suspension of proceedings
before the Council so as to allow a question of jurisdiction to goto arbi-
tration! To the 60 days within which the appeal from the Council's de-
cision would have to be brought might be added more than four months
before the arbitral tribunal was set up and began organizing its proce-
dure. Then if the decision of the arbitral tribunal confirmed the juris-

diction of the Council, and if the Council's final decision in the case also
gave rise to an appeal, it would be necessary to constitute a second ar-encore son arrêt.Ainsi une affaire portée devant le Conseil pourrait-elle
facilement traîner pendant des années.
On aimerait pouvoir supposer que la deuxième hypothèse envisagée
à I'article 84, celloù l'instance d'appel se déroule devant la Cour inter-

nationale de Justice, correspond à une procédure plus rapide.
Quoi qu'il en soit,il me semble que les longueurs de procédure qu'en-
traînerait, dans la première hypothèse, l'accumulation des arbitrages
empêchent de penser que les auteurs de la Convention l'aient conçue
d'une manière aussi incompatible avec leur souci d'éviter des retards

dans le règlement des différends.

Les considérations qui précèdent m'ont conduit à la conclusion que
les dispositions des articles 84-86 de la Convention concernant l'exercice

d'un droit d'appel, avec effet suspensif, contre les décisions du Conseil
sur des désaccords à propos de l'interprétation ou de l'application de la
Convention ne sont pas destinées à s'appliquer aux décisions que le
Conseil rend sur des exceptions préliminaires. 11 reste néanmoins,
comme je l'ai dit plus haut, qu'on ne saurait concevoir un droit d'appel

qui n'implique pas le droit de soumettre à lajuridiction d'appel également
les décisionspar lesquelles la juridiction de première instance constate sa
propre compétence.
Cela revient à dire que le droit d'appel créépar I'article 84 suppose
comme un complément nécessaire le droit de faire appel contre une
décision du Conseil constatant sa propre compétence, mais que les

modalités d'exercice de ce dernier droit ne sont pas régléespar la Con-
vention. La Convention présente donc une lacune. Cette lacune est
cependant comblée par le Règlement pour la solution des différendsque
le Conseil a adopté le 9 avril 1957. Que le Conseil ait le pouvoir de
compléter ainsi la Convention peut êtredéduit de I'article 54 de celle-ci

qui, énumérant les fonctions obligatoires du Conseil, mentionne sous c)
celle d'arrêterson organisation et son règlement intérieur.
La réponse à la question de savoir si l'appel actuel de I'lnde est re-
cevable ou non doit donc être recherchée dans le Règlement pour la
solution des différends.

Dans le Règlement, les dispositions concernant les exceptions pré-
liminaires se trouvent au chapitre III intitulé (Suite que comportent les
requêtes a. L'article traitant des exceptions préliminaires est I'article 5.
Selon I'article5, paragraphe 3, la procédure sur le fond est suspendue dès

qu'une exception préliminaire est soulevée,et le délaifixépour le dépôt
du contre-mémoire du défendeur cessera de courir ~(jusqu'àce que le
Conseil ait statué sur cette exception ».Puis le paragraphe 4 prescrit que,
si une exception préliminaire est soulevée,le Conseil, après avoir entendubitral tribunal and thereafter to wait for its decision. At that rate, a case
brought before the Council could easily drag on for years.

It would be agreeable to feel able to assume that the second hypothesis
contemplated in Article 84, namely the hearing of the appeal by the In-
ternational Court of Justice, connoted a more expeditious procedure.
However that might be, it seems to me that the protraction of the
proceedings which the accumulation of arbitrations would entail in the

first hypothesis precludes the thought that the authors of the Convention
could have conceived that instrument in a manner so incompatible with
their concern to avoid delays in the settlement of differences.

The foregoing considerations have led me to the conclusion that the
provisions of Articles 84 and 86 of the Convention concerning the exer-
cise of a right of appeal, with suspensory effect, from decisions of the
Council on disagreements relating to the interpretation or application
of the Convention are not intended to apply to decisions rendered by

the Council on preliminary objections. It remains nevertheless unthink-
able, as explained above, that there should exist a right of appeal which
did not also connote the right to refer decisions whereby the forum of
first instance found that it had jurisdiction to the forum of appeal.

This amounts to saying that, though the right of appeal instituted by
Article 84 implies as its necessary complement a right to appeal from a
decision of the Council on its own jurisdiction, the Convention fails to
regulate the procedure for exercising the latter right. There is therefore
a gap in the Convention, but it is a gap which is filled by the Rules for

the Settlement of Differences approved by the Council on 9 April 1957.
The Council's power thus to repair the deficiency of the Convention
emerges from Article 54 of the Convention, which in enumerating the
mandatorv functions of the Council includes. under ,cz. that of deter-
mining its own organization and rules of procedure.
The answer to the question as to whether India's present appeal is

admissible or not must therefore be sought in the Rules for the Settlement
of Differences.

In these Rules, the provisions on preliminary objections occur in
Chapter 111,which is entitled "Action Upon Receipt of Applications".
The Article dealing with preliminary objections is Article 5. According
to Article 5, paragraph 3, the procedure on the meiits shall be sus-
pended as soon as a preliminary objection is filed, and the time fixed
for the filing of the respondent's counter-memorial will cease to run

"until the objection is decided by the Council". Paragraph 4 stipulates
that if a preliminary objection is filed the Council, after hearing theles parties, rend une décision sur cette question préjudicielleavant toute
autre mesure à prendre en vertu du Règlement.
Au chapitre III du Règlement ne figure aucune disposition indiquant
l'existence d'un appel contre des décisions prisespar le Conseil en vertu

de ce chapitre. Ce n'est que dans le chapitre suivant,chapitre IV intitulé
((Procédure 11,que l'on trouve à I'article 18 des dispositions concernant
des appels. L'article 18 est précédé,au mêmechapitre, par d'autres
articles réglant les différentes phases de la procédure sur le fond. Cette
procédure se termine par la décision, à laquelle I'article 15consacre une

sériede dispositions, dont le paragraphe 2 v), exigeant que la décision
contienne les conclusions motivéesdu Conseil. Vient ensuite I'article 18,
dont le paragraphe 1 contient des dispositions concernant la notification
de la décision du Conseil aux parties en cause et à d'autres Etats con-

tractants et dont le paragraphe 2 constate que les décisions concernant
certains désaccords entre deux ou plusieurs Etats contractants peuvent
faire l'objet d'un appel conformément à I'article 84 de la Convention. Le
paragraphe 2 prescrit infine que tout appel de ce genre doit être notifié

au Conseil, par l'entremise du secrétaire général,dans les soixante jours
suivant la date à laquelle notification de la décisiondu Conseil aétéreçue.
IIy a enfin lieu d'observer que, à la fin du chapitre VI intitulé Dis-
positions générales )),se trouvent les deux articles suivants:

Article 32

Suspension de l'application du Règlement

(Sous réservede l'accord des parties, toute disposition du présent
Règlement peut êtremodifiéeou ne pas être appliquéesi, de l'avis
du Conseil, une telle mesure permet d'arriver plus rapidement et
plus efficacement à une solution de l'affaire en instance. 11

Article 33
Amendements au Règlernent

(A tout moment, le Conseil peut amender le présent Règlement.
Toutefois, aucun amendement n'est applicable à une affaire en cours
d'instance, sauf avec l'accord des parties. ))

L'examen du Règlement montre donc que les exceptions préliminaires,
qui ne sont pas mentionnées dans la Conventior?, font leur apparition à
I'article 5 du Règlement. Cela rappelle la situation qui existe en ce

qui concerne la Cour internationale de Justice: le Statut (art. 36, par. 6)
ne contient qu'une allusion aux exceptions préliminaires qui en revanche
font l'objet de dispositions incluses dans le Règlement actuellement en
vigueur (art. 62). Pareilles dispositions visent à ce que le sort des excep-

tions préliminaires soit réglédans une procédure à part, avant que la
procédure sur Ir fond n'ait dépasséle stade du pre~ier échangede mémoi-
res. Le Règlement du Conseil témoigne du même souci enobligeant le
Conseil, si une exception préliminaire est soulevée,à rendre une décision

sur cette question qualifiée de préjudicielle avant toute autre mesure à

38 parties, shall decide the question as a preliniinary issue before any further
steps are taken under the Rules.
Nowhere in this Chapter III of the Rules is there any provision sug-

gesting the existence of an appeal from decisions taken by the Council
under this Chapter. It is only in the following Chapter IV, "Proceedings",
that provisions on appeals are found, in Article 18. That Article is
preceded within the same Chapter. by others regulating the various
stages of the proceedings on the merits. Those proceedings culminate

in the decision. and to this Article 15 devotes a series of provisions,
among which paragraph 2 (v) requires that the decision should contain
the conclusions of the Council together with its reasons for reaching
them. Paragraph 1 of Article 18 itself contains provisions regarding
the notification of the Council's decision to the parties in the case and
other contracting States, while it is paragraph 2 which notes that the

decisions on certain disagreements between two or more contracting
States are subject to appeal pursuant to Article 84 of the Convention.
The same paragraph stipulates in fine that any such appeal should be
notified to the Council through the Secretary General within 60 days
of receipt of notification of the decision of the Council.
It should finally be observed that the following two Articles occur

at the end of Chapter VI, entitled "General Provisions":
Article 32

Suspension qf'the Rulrs

"Subject to agreement of the parties, any of these Rules may
be varied or their application suspended when, in the opinion of
the Council. such action would lead to a more expeditious or ef-
fective disposition of the case."

Articlc 33

Arnendnzents rn the Rules
"The present Rules may, at any time, be amended by the Council.
No amendment shall apply to a pending case except with the agree-
ment of the parties."

Examination of the Rules therefore shows that the preliminary ob-
jections which are not mentioned in the Convention make their appear-

ance in Article 5 of the Rules. That recalls the situation which exists
in regard to the International Court of Justice: the Statute (Art. 36.
para. 6)contains a mere allusion to preliminary objections, which are
however the subject of provisions in the Rules of Court at present in
force (Art. 62). The purpose of such provisions is to ensure that pre-
liminary objections are settled in the framework of a separate procedure
before the proceedings on the merits have advanced beyond the stage

of the first exchange of pleadings. The Council's Rules bear witness
to the same concern by obliging the Council, if any preliminary objec-
tion is raised. to decide the question. described as a preliminary issue,81 CONSEIL DE L'OACI (OP. IND. PETKÉN)

prendre en vertu du Règlement. Là s'arrête cependant l'analogie avec
le Règlement de la Cour, dont toute la procédure se déroule devant une
instance unique sans organe d'appel.
Sur le point de savoir si un appel isolé peutsuspendre la procédure sur

le fond, la seule indication que donne l'article5du Règlement du Conseil
est la disposition du paragraphe 3 selon laquelle une exception prélimi-
naire a pour effet que le délai fixépour le dépôt du contre-mémoire du
défendeur cesse de courir jusqu'à ce que le Conseil ait statué sur I'excep-
tion. Cette disposition, visant évidemment le cas où le Conseil rejette

I'exception, n'envisage pas la suspension de la procédure sur le fond au-
delà du jour où le Conseil rend sa décision sur I'exception. Autrement,
dans l'hypothèse de la possibilitéd'un appel isolécontre lerejet de I'excep-
tion, le nouveau point de départ de la procédure sur le fond aurait dû
êtrefixéau jour où le rejet de I'exception acquiert la force de chose jugée,
c'est-à-dire le soixantième jour après la décisiondu Conseil ou bien lejour

du rejet de l'appel.

La conclusion à laquelle conduit l'article5 est donc celle que le Règle-
ment n'admet pas qu'un appel immédiat soit fait contre une décision
par laquelle le Conseil rejette une exception préliminaire. Cette con-

clusion est confirmée par le fait que les articles concernant la procédure
sur le fond et les appels sont groupés dans un mêmechapitre, alors
que les dispositions sur les exceptions préliminaires se trouvent dans
un autre chapitre. IIfaut y voir un indice de ce que seules les décisions
définitives rendues au terme de la procédure sur le fond, dont le contenu
est régléà l'article 15, peuvent faire l'objet d'un appel en vertu de I'ar-

ticle 18.

C'est dans la Convention, complétéepar le Règlement du Conseil,

qu'il faudra chercher la réponse à la question de savoir s'il existe un
droit d'appel immédiatcontre une décisionpar laquelle le Conseil rejette
une exception à sa propre compétence. Les doctrines et les pratiques
qui ont pu se développer au sujet des exceptions préliminaires telles
qu'elles figurent dans d'autres instruments internationaux ne sauraient

prévaloir contre les dispositions pertinentes de la Convention et du
Règlement qui la complète. A ce sujet, ilne paraît pas hors de propos
d'attirer l'attention sur une différence importante entre le cadre dans
lequel se situe une exception à la compétence du Conseil de 1'OACI
et celui dans lequel s'inscrit une exception à la compétence de la Cour
internationale de Justice dans une affaire portée directement devant

celle-ci. Comme ce genre d'affaire se déroule devant une instance unique,
l'intérêtà éviter un débat sur le fond avant la décision sur I'exception
ne saurait être contrebalancé par la présomption'contre le bien-fondé
de I'exception que crée son rejetpar une juridiction de première instance.
Mais c'est justement ce qui peut se produire dans les affaires qui com-

39 ICA0 COUNCIL (SEP. OP. PETRÉN) 81

before any further steps are taken under the Rules. However, the analogy
with the Rules of the Court, whose proceedings take place within a single
forum without any organ of appeal, goes thus far and no farther.

As to the question whether an isolated appeal may suspend the pro-
ceedings on the merits, the only indication afforded by Article 5 of the
Co~incil's Rules is the provision of paragraph 3 whereby a preliminary
objection has the effect of causing the time-limit fixed for the filing of
the respondent's counter-memorial to cease to run until the Council has
decided the objection. That ~rovision. which of course contem~lates

the event that the Council should reject the objection, does not envisage
the suspension of the proceedings on the merits beyond the date on which
the Council gives its decision on objection. Otherwise, on the hypothesis
that the decision rejecting the objection might be subject to an isolated
appeal, the date specified as the new starting-point for the proceedings
on the merits ought to have been the date on which the rejection becomes

res judicara, i.e., either the sixtieth day after the decision of the Council
or the date on which any appeal therefrom is dismissed.
The conclusion to which Article 5 points is therefore that the Rules
do not admit of any direct appeal from a decision whereby the Council
rejects a preliminary objection. This conclusion is confirmed by the fact

that the articles concerning the procedure on the merits and appeals
are grouped together in the same chapter, whereas the provisions on
preliminary objections are in another chapter. This must be seen as
an indication that onlv final decisions rendered at the conclusion of the
proceedings on the merits, the contents of which are prescribed by
Article 15,are subject to appeal by virtue of Article 18.

It is in the Convention, complemented by the Rules of the Council,
that the answer must be sought to the question whether there exists

any right of immediate appeal from a decision by the Council rejecting
an objection to its own jurisdiction. The doctrines and practices which
have evolved with regard to preliminary objections such as are featured
in other international instruments cannot over-ride the relevant pro-
visions of the Chicago Convention and the Rules which complement it.

In this connection, 1 do not think it irrelevant to draw attention to an
important difference which exists between the context of an objection
to the jurisdiction of the ICA0 Council and that of an objection to the
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice in a case brought
directly before it. As the proceedings in such cases take place before a
single forum, the desirability of avoiding any discussion of the merits

before the objection is decided upon cannot be counter-balanced by the
presumption created against the soundness of the objection through its
dismissal by a forum of first instance. That, on the other hand, is pre-
cisely what can happen in cases that begin before the Council. It oughtmencent devant le Conseil. En outre ily a lieu de remarquer que la Cour

possède le pouvoir de prescrire des mesures conservatoires, ce qui peut
servir à la sauvegarde des droits qui autrement seraient mis en danger
par des retards de procédure. Or ilparaît au moins douteux que la Cour
puisse ordonner des mesures conservatoires dans une affaire qui ne

concernerait que la compétence du Conseil pour connaître d'une requête.
Que le Conseil ne puisse le faire semble hors de doute.
Les dispositions de la Convention et du Règlement pour la solution
des différends étant ce qu'elles sont, il n'est pas permis au Conseil de

s'en écarter, sauf que I'article 32 du Règlement l'autorise, sous réserve
de l'accord des parties, à modifier ou à ne pas appliquer une disposition
du Règlement s'il estime qu'une telle mesure permet d'arriver plus
rapidement et plus efficacement à une solution de l'affaire.

En la présente affaire, il n'a pas été question pour le Conseil de se
servir de l'article 32 du Règlement. En revanche les procès-verbaux de
la séancetenue par le Conseil le 29 juillet 1971 (Annexe E au mémoire
de I'lnde) montrent que, après que le Conseil eut rendu sa décision de

rejeter les exceptions d'incompétence soulevéespar I'inde et après que
le représentant de I'lnde eut annoncé que son gouvernement allait inter-
jeter appel contre cette décision, des membres du Conseil ont demandé
si l'appel aurait pour effet de suspendre la procédure sur le fond devant

le Conseil. Ces questions sont restéessans réponse au moment où elles
ont étéposées, mais le sujet est traité dans un document intitulé 1Notes
sur l'article 86 de la Convention de Chicago relatif aux appels des déci-
sions du Conseil )qui constitue l'annexe C à la réplique de I'lnde. Ce
document, daté du 9 septembre 1971, émane du secrétaire généralde

1'OACl et se présente comme une réponse à des demandes de renseigne-
ments formulées par le président et par des membres du Conseil. Le
paragraphe 4 du document, qui traite de l'interprétation de la deuxième
phrase de l'article 86, énonce entre autres choses que l'expression 1sur

toute autre question 11désigne uniquement les questions qui se rappor-
tent à une décision rendue par le Conseil en vertu de I'article 84. Vient
ensuite la constatation que l'expression ((les décisions du Conseil II(qui
seront suspendues en cas d'appel) n'est assortie d'aucune réserve qui

exclurait une catégorie particulière de décisions. A cette dernière phrase,
est ajoutée une note commençant ainsi: (1La décision peut, par exemple,
consister à affirmer ou nier la compétence du Conseil dans une affaire
donnée: voir les mots 1rend une décision ià l'article 5, paragraphe 4,

du Règlement pour la solution des différends 11Puis la note mentionne,
à titre d'exemple, plusieurs autres catégories de décisionsprises en vertu
de différents articles du Règlement qui, selon la note, devraient pouvoir
faire l'objet d'un appel. Parmi elles, référence est faiteà des décisions

en vertu de l'article 28 par lesquelles le Conseil permet qu'un acte de
procédure fait après l'expiration d'un délai fixésoit considérécomme
valable.
Le secrétaire général adonc émisici une opinion juridique concernant

l'une des questions présentement en litige. Selon cette opinion, I'article ICA0 COUNCIL (SEP. OP. PETRÉN) 82

furthermore to be noted that the Court possesses the power to prescribe
interim measures of protection, which can serve to safeguard rights
that would otherwise be jeopardized by procedural delays. But it seems
doubtful, to Say the least, whether it could order measures of protection
in a case which only concerned the Council's jurisdiction to entertain an

application. The Council's own inability to do so would appear beyond
doubt.
The provisions of the Convention and of the Rules for the Settlement
of Differences being what they are, the Council is not permitted to
depart from them, except inasmuch as Article 32 of the Rules authorizes

it. subject to agreement of the parties, to Vary any Rule or suspend its
application if, in its opinion, suah action would be conducive to a more
expeditious or effective disposition of the case.
In the present case, the question of the Council's making use of Article
32 of its Rules did not arise. On the other hand, the minutes of the
meeting held by the Council on 29 July 1971(Memorial of India, Annex

E) show that, after the Council had given its decision to dismiss India's
objections to jurisdiction and the representative of India had announced
his Government's intention to lodge an appeal from that decision,
certain members of the Council asked whether the appeal would have
the effect of suspendingthe proceedings on the merits before the Council.
These questions remained unanswered at the time, but the subject is

dealt with in a document entitled "Notes on Article 86 of the Chicago
Convention relating to Appeals from Decisions of the Council", which
is appended as Annex C to the Reply of India. This document, dated
9 September 1971, emanates from the Secretary General of ICA0 and
is presented as a reply to requests for information submitted by the
President and certain members of the Council. Paragraph 4 of the

document, dealing with the interpretation of the second sentence of
Article 86, affirms,inter alia, that the expression "on anyother matter"
denotes only such matters as relate to a decision of the Council rendered
under Article 84. The document goes on to observe that the expression
"decisions of the Council" (i.e., those which would be suspended in the

event of an appeal) is not accompanied by any qualifying words which
would exclude any particular class of decision. A footnote is attached
to this observation, and it begins as follows: "For example, the decision
may be one affirming or negating the jurisdiction of the Council in a
particular matter: see the words 'shall decide the question' in Article 5
(4) of the Rules for the Settlement of Differences." The footnote goes

on to mention, by way of example, a number of other classes of deci-
sion, taken under various articles of the Rules, from which, according
to that footnote, an appeal should be possible. Among the decisions
thus referred to are decisions taken under Article 28 whereby the Council
rules that a step taken after the expiration of a time-limit shall be con-
sidered as valid.

The Secretary General, then, has here given a legal opinion on one
of the questions at present in issue. According to that opinion. Article86 de la Convention autoriserait des appels immédiats, aveceffet sus-
pensif, mêmecontre des décisions deprocédure concernant, par exemple,

des délaiset aussi contre des décisions du Conseil au sujet de sa propre
compétence. II ressort de ce qui précèdeque l'analyse des dispositions
pertinentes de la Convention et du Règlement du Conseil ne me paraît
pas permettre de partager cette opinion.
Si le Conseil n'a compétence pour s'écarter desdispositions du Règle-

ment que sous réserve que les parties soient d'accord et que le Conseil
trouve qu'une telle mesure permettrait d'arriver plus rapidement et plus
efficacement à une solution de l'affaire, il est évident que les parties ne
pourraient pas, par un simple accord entre elles, ouvrir la porte à un
appel non prévu dans le cadre conventionnel. A plus forte raison, il
ne saurait être question d'un .forum prorogatum établi par le pourvoi

en appel de l'une des parties auquel l'autre n'oppose pas d'exception
dans un délai quelconque. Au contraire, il aurait incombé à la Cour
internationale de Justice, en tant que juridiction de deuxième instance
établie dans le cadre d'une convention internationale, d'examiner ex

o@cio, dès l'engagement de l'instance d'appel, si les conditions exigées
par les dispositions conventionnelles pour un pourvoi en appel étaient
remplies.
IIressort de ce qui précèdequ'à mes yeux un tel examen aurait abouti
en l'espèceà la conclusion que l'appel était prématuréet que des excep-

tions à la compétence du Conseil n'auraient pu êtredéveloppéesqu'au
moment d'un appel éventuel contre sa décision définitive.

Au cours de la procédure orale en la présente affaire, des allusions
ont été faitesaux conséquences que l'adoption d'une telle interprétation
de la Convention et du Règlement aurait pour les décisionspar lesquelles

le Conseil accepte des exceptions à sa compétence. Mais ce n'est pas
sur ce genre de situation très différente que la Cour a à se prononcer
en l'espèce. D'ailleurs l'acceptation d'une exception préliminaire règle
définitivement une affaire et n'est pas, comme le rejet de l'exception,
appelée à êtresuivie d'une seconde décision portant sur l'interprétation

ou l'application de la Convention.

Ayant ainsi expliquéles motifs pour lesquelsje considère que le présent

appel n'est pas recevable, je dois néanmoins m'incliner devant la position
contraire adoptée par la majorité selon laquelle la Cour s'est déclarée
compétente pour connaître de l'appel. Cette décisionde la Cour ne porte
que sur l'appel en ce qui concerne la question de la compétence du
Conseil pour connaître de la requête ))et de la 1plainte ))du Pakistan

et non sur les divers griefs de l'Inde au sujet de la procédure selon laquelle
le Conseil est arrivéà sa décision.Ce n'est donc qu'un examen du premier
de ces deux points qui s'impose.
En procédant à un tel examen, on est d'abord amené a se demander ce ICA0 COUNCIL (SEP. OP. PETRÉN) 83

86 of the Convention would authorize direct appeals with suspensory
effect even from procedural decisions concerning, for example, time-
limits and also from decisions of the Council on the subject of its own
jurisdiction. But, as will be clear from what 1 have said above, 1do not
feel that an analysis of the relevant provisions of the Convention and
of the Council's Rules enables one to share that opinion.

If the Council is cornpetent to depart from the provisions of its Rules
only subject to the agreement of the parties and to its having formed the
opinion that to do so would be in the interest of a more expeditious and
effective disposition of the case, it is evident that the parties could not,
by a rnere agreement between themselves, open the way to an appeal

for which there was no provision in the texts governing the matter. Afor-
tiori,there can be no question of a forumprorogarum established by the
filing of an appeal application by one party and the failure of the other
to raise an objection within a given time. On the contrary, it would have
been for the International Court of Justice, as the forum of second in-
stance specified within the scheme of an international treaty, to determine

ex officio, as soon as the application was filed, whether the requirernents
for an appeal laid down by the relevant treaty provisions had been satis-
fied.
It should be clear from the foregoing that, as 1view the rnatter, there
would in the present case have ernerged frorn an exarnination of that
point the conclusion that the appeal was prernature and that objections

to the jurisdiction of the Council could only be expounded at the tirne
of any appeal against its final decision.
During the course of the oral proceedings in the present c,.se, allusions
were made to the consequences that would flow frorn such an interpre-
tation of the Convention and Rules for decisions by the Council accepting
objections to its jurisdiction. But the Court does not at present have to

pronounce upon that very different kind of situation. Moreover, the
acceptance of a preliminary objection represents a final disposition of a
case and, unlike the dismissal of the objection, is not destined to be fol-
lowed by a second decision concerning the interpretation or application
of the Convention.

Having thus set forth my grounds for considering that the present
appeal is not admissible, 1 have nevertheless to bow before the opposite
position, adopted by the majority, in accordance with which the Court

has declared itself cornpetent to entertain the appeal. That decision of the
Court relates solely to the appeal so far as thejurisdiction of the Council
to deal with the "Application" and "Cornplaint" of Pakistan isconcerned,
and not to the various charges which India has made regarding the pro-
cedure whereby the Council reached its decision. lt is, therefore, neces-
sary to examine only the first of these two points.

In embarking upon this exarnination, one feels irnpelled to ask what que signifie en réalitéla décisionque le Conseil a rendue le 29jullet 1971
sur les exceptions d'incompétence soulevées par I'lnde. II est frappant
que la décision manque totalement de motivation et ne consiste qu'en
une déclaration selon laquelle le Conseil n'accepte pas l'exception. C'est
sous cette forme que la décisiona été notifiéa eu Gouvernen~ent de l'Inde
(annexe N au mémoire de I'lnde). Cela met non seulement en relief toute

la différence entre cette décision et celles contre lesquelles, mon avis,
les appels fondés sur l'article 18 du Règlement et par conséquent
I'article 84 de la Convention sont censésêtredirigés. Au surplus, cette
absence totale de motivation soulève dans le cas d'espèce la question de
savoir si le Conseil s'est vraiment ~rononcé de manière com~lète sur les
exceptions préliminaires. L'essence de ces exceptions était que I'lnde

était fondée à suspendre ses relations conventionnelles avec le Pakistan
en matière d'aviation et les avait en effet suspendues, ce qui ôtait au
Conseil toute compétencepour connaître de la requêtedu Pakistan. Or le
rejet desexceptionS n'a pu être fondé quesur I'unedes deux motivations qui
suivent: ou bien le Conseil a estiméque la question de savoir si I'lnde était

fondéeà suspendre ses relations conventionnelles avec le Pakistan consti-
tuait une question d'interprétation ou d'application des Traités couverte
par la formule de I'article 84 de la Convention; ou bien le Conseil n'a
pas étéde cet avis mais a considéré queles circonstances invoquées par
l'Inde n'étaient pas de nature à lui permettre de suspendre les relations
conventionnelles. Ces deux motivations sont incompatibles. Si la question

de savoir si l'Inde était fondéeà suspendre les relations conventionnelles
était une question d'interprétation ou d'application des traités devant
êtreexaminée Dar le Conseil en vertu de I'article 84 de la Convention. le
Conseil ne piuvait trancher cette question en se prononçant sur les
exceptions. En ievanche, si la question de la suspension des relations
conventionnelles n'appartenait pas au champ d'application de I'article

84. le Conseil devait l'examiner au cours de la ~rocédure déclenchéeDar
lesexceptions préliminaires et ne pouvait, en se prononçant sur celles-ci,
adopter l'opinion que la question relevait de I'article 84.
Le Conseil n'ayant pas indiqué son choix entre ces deux motivations
dont chacune excluait l'autre. on ne saurait considérer qu'il ait vraiment
rendu une décision définitivesur les exceptions préliminaires de l'Inde.

II est permis de croire que si, dans une situation analogue, la Cour
internationale de Justice n'avait pas poussé son examen d'une exception
préliminaire plus loin, elle l'aurait jointe au fond aux termes de son
Règlement encore en vigueur. Le Règlement du Conseil ne mentionne
pas l'éventualitéde la jonction au fond d'une exception préliminaire,
ce qui explique peut-être pourquoi le Conseil s'est exprimé comme il

l'a fait dans sa décision du 29 juillet 1971. Or, bien que I'articl5, para-
graphe 4, du Règlement du Conseil oblige celui-ci à traiter les excep-
tions préliminaires comme des questions préjudicielles, on ne saurait
négligerqu'une exception à la compétenced'une juridiction peut soulever
une ou plusieurs questions si intimement liéesau fond de l'affaire qu'il
faut prendre position sur le fond au moins en partie, avant de pouvoirthe Council's decision of 29 July 1971 on lndia's objections to jurisdic-
tion really signified. It is a striking fact that the decision is devoid of al1
statement of grounds and consists solely in a declaration to the effect
that the Council did not accept the objection. It was in that forni that
the decision was notified to the Government of lndia (Meniorial of
Lndia, Annex N). Not only does that higlilight al1the difference there is

between that decision and those from which, in my view, appeals based
on Article 18of the Rules and, consequently, Article 84 of the Cmvention
are intended to be made, but, what is more, the total absence of stated
grounds raises the question in the present instance as to whether the
Council has given a truly exhaustive r~ilingon the preliminary objections.
The essence of these objections was that lndia had legal justification to

suspend its treaty relations with Pakistan in the domain of aviation and
had in fact suspended them, which deprived the Council of jurisdiction
to deal with the application of Pakistan. Now the rejection of the objec-
tions could only have been based on one of the two following grounds:
either the Council considered that the question of India's legal justifi-
cation to suspend its treaty relations with Pakistan constituted a question

of interpretation or application of the Treaties, covered by the wording
of Article 84 of the Convention; or the Council was not of that opinion
but considered that the circumstances relied upon by India were not such
as to authorize it to suspend treaty relations. These two grounds are
niutually iiiconipatible. If the question whether lndia was justified in
siispending treaty relations was a question relating to the interpretation

or application of the Treaties such as oiight to be examined by the Coun-
cil pursiiant to Article 84 of the Convention, the Council could not dis-
pose of that question by ruling on the objcctions. On the other hand,
if the question of the suspension of trcaty relations lay outside the field
of application of Article 84, the Council had to examine it in the course
of the proceedings to which the preliminary objections gave rise and could

not, in ruling on those objections, espouse the view that that question
was governed by Article 84.
As the Council did not indicate its choice between these two mutually
exclusive grounds of decision, onecannot consider that it has really given
a definitive decision on the preliminary objections raised by India. One
may legitimately believe that if, in a similar situation, the International

Court of Justice had not carried its examination of a preliminary objec-
tion any farthcr, it would have joiiicd it to the merits under the Rules of
Court at present in force. The Rules of the Council do not mention the
possibility of the joinder to the merits of a preliminary objection, and
that perhaps explains why the Coiincil expressed itself as it did in its
decision of 29 July 1971. However, though the Council is obliged by

Article 5, paragraph 4, of its Rules to deal with preliminary objections
as preliminary issues, one may not overlook the fact that an objection
to the jurisdiction of a forum may raise one or more questions which
are so closely bound up with the merits of the case that it is necessary
to adopt a position on at least part of the merits before being able to85 CONSEIL DL: L'OACI (OP.IND. PCTRÉN)

répondre à I'exception. A ce sujet,ily a lieu de constater que la Cour
internationale de Justice, en revisant soli propre Règlement en 1972,
n'a éliminé l'ancienne règleautorisant la jonction des exceptions pré-
liminaires au fond qu'en la remplaçant par la disposition du nouvel
article 67 prévoyant que, si une exception soulevée à titre d'exception

préliminaire n'a pas un caractère exclusivement préliminaire, la pro-
cédure sur le fond suivra son cours sans qu'il soit statué d'abord sur
l'exception. Il faut bien reconnaître que le Conseil peut avoir à faire
face à des situations analogues exigeant une procédure identique. Que
son Règlement ne l'ait pas prévu doit être considéré commeune lacune.
Dans le cas d'espèce, le Conseil a pallié cette lacune en déclarant, sans

aucune motivation, ne pas accepter I'exception de l'Inde. La vraie nature
de la décision du Conseil me parait êtremise en relief par le fait que
celle-ci ne dispense pas le Conseil du devoir d'examiner, au stade de
la procédure sur le fond, la va.liditédes moyens invoqués par l'Inde
à l'appui de ses exceptions à la compétence du Conseil, c'est-à-dire à

l'appui de la thèse que les relations conventionnelles entre les Parties
se trouvent suspendues. Une année de procédure en appel terminée par
le présent arrêtn'a rien pu changer à la situation ainsi crééepar la déci-
sion du Coiiseil.
On peut se demander si la majorité de la Cour, au cas où le Conseil

aurait fornlellement déclaré joindre les exceptions au fond, aurait con-
sidéréune telle décision comme une interprétation ou une application
de la Convention pouvant faire l'objet d'un appel ou comme une déci-
sion de procédure contre laquelle il n'existe pas de droit d'appel. La
question est sans objet dans le contexte actuel.
Comme je considère pour ma part que la décision du Conseil a été

de nature à produire pour la procédure sur le fond les mêmes effets
qu'une jonction au fond, la question que je suis amené à me poser est
de savoir si les circonstances ont motivéune telle décision. A cet égard,
je trouve qu'il existe entre les questions d'interprétation et d'application
des traités soulevées par la ((requête» ainsi que par la ((plainte >)du

Pakistan et la question de la suspension des traités, telle que cette ques-
tion a été présentée par. l'Inde à l'appui des exceptions, une relation si
étroite que la décision du Conseil me semble justifiée. Sans éprouver
le besoin d'analyser les différents aspects de cette relation, auxquels
l'arrêt a consacréune étude si minutieuse, je me rallie donc à la con-

clusion de l'arrêtselon laquelle l'appel de l'Inde doit êtrerejeté.reply to the objection. In this connection, it should be noted that when
the International Court of Justice revised its own Rules in 1972, it eli-
minated the old rule authorizing the joinder of preliminary objections to
the merits only by substituting for it a provision, in the new Article 67,

whereby, if an objection raised as a preliminary objection does not possess
an exclusively preliminary character, the further proceedings will take
their course without the objection having been ruled upon. Now one has
to realize that the Council may be faced with similar situations requiring
an identical procedure. The absence frorn its Rules of any provision for
such procedure must be considered as a lacuna. In the present instance

the Council has covered the gap by declaring, without giving any grounds,
that it did not accept India's objection. The real nature of the Council's
decision appears to me to be highlighted by the fact that it does not dis-
pense the Council from the duty of exarnining, at the merits stage, the
validity of the arguments relied on by lndia in support of its objections
to the Council's jurisdiction, i.e., in support of the contention that the

treaty relations as between the Parties,are suspended. The year of appeal
proceedings brought to an end by the present Judgment has not changed
the situation thus created by the Council's decision in the slightest.

It may be wondered whether the majority of the Court. if the Council
had formally declared that it joined the objections to the merits, would
have considered such a decision as an interpretation or application of the

Convention, susceptible to appeal, or as a procedural decision fron~
which no appeal lay. But in the present context it would be pointless to
piirsue that question.
As 1 personally consider that the Coui-icil'sdecision was such as to
produce the same effects as a joinder so far as the proceedings on the
merits were concerned, I am irnpelled to ask myself whether a decision

of that kind was justified in the circumstances. In that respect, I find
that there exists between the questions of interpretation and application
of the Treaties raised by both the "Application" and the "Cornplaint"
of Pakistan and the question of the suspension of the Treaties, as pre-
sented by India in support of its objections, a relationship which is so
close that the decision of the Council seems to me to have been justified.
Without feeling any need to analyse the various aspects of that relation-

ship, which the Judgment has been at such pains to detail, 1 therefore
concur in the conclusion of the Judgment that India's appeal rnust be
rejected.

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Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Petrén (translation)

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