Declaration of President Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan (as appended immediately after the judgment)

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054-19720818-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
054-19720818-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

71 ICA0 COUNCIL (DECL. ZAFRULLA KHAN)

President Sir Muhammad ZAFRULL KHAN makes the following decla-
ration:

1 much regret 1am unable to agree that Article 84 of the Convention
read with Articles 5 (4), 15 and 18 of the Rules for the Settlement of

Differences provides a right of appeal against a decision of the Council of
ICAO rejecting a preliminary objection to its competence-to handle an
application or complaint. It seems to me that the considerations that
have impelled the Court to arrive at the opposite conclusion do not
carry the matter any further than the desirability of a provision to that
effect. However strong that desirability may be it cannot serve as aub-

stitute for the lack of such a provision in the Convention read with the
relevant rules. The entire scheme of the Rules excludes the possibility of
an appeal against a decision of the Council rejecting a preliminary objec-
tion against its competence. The remedy for the correction of this situa-
tion, if a correction should be desired, would be by way ofamendment of
the Convention and the Rules, and not by reading into them a meaning

which they are not capable of bearing.
Nor am 1 able to agree that Section 1 of Article II of the Transit
Agreement contemplates only cases of injustice or hardship occasioned
by action which is lawful but is prejudicial, and that to the extent to
which a complaint under that Section alleges unlawful action as the cause
of the injustice or hardship complained of, it becomes assimilable to the

case of an application for thepurposes of appealability to the Court.

In view, however, of the finding of the Court that the Council of
ICAO has jurisdiction to entertain the Application and Complaint laid
before it by the Government of Pakistan on 3 March 1971,a finding with
which 1am in entire agreement, my dissent on the question of the admissi-
bility of India's appeal assumes a purely academic aspect.

A large part of the submission of India's counsel to the Court was
devoted to the exposition of irregularities of procedure alleged to have
been committed by the Council of ICAO in dealing with India's Prelim-
inary Objection to its assumption of jurisdiction in respect of Pakistan's
Application and Complaint. The purpose of this exposition was to
persuade the Court to hold that the proceedings before the Council were

vitiated by these alleged irregularities and that the decision of the Council
on India's Preliminary Objection was thus rendered void and of no effect
and should consequently be set aside.
These alleged irregularities fall broadly into two categories; those
relating to the "manner and method" of arriving at the decision appealed
against, and those resulting from failure to comply with the requirements
laid down in Article 15 of the Rules for the Settlement of Differences.

As regards the first category, India's objections and suggestions were
thoroughly debated in the Council (Memorial of India. Annex E, (e),
Discussion, paras. 50-84) and the rulings of the President were upheld by72 ICA0 COUNCIL (DECL. ZAFRULLA KHAN)

the Council. Nothing urged by India's counsel in his submissions to the
Court in this context has served to raise any doubt in my mind concerning
the correctness and propriety of the President's rulings and of the pro-
cedure followed by the Council.
As regards the second category, the brief answer to India's objections
is that Article 15 of the Rules for the Settlement of Differences has no

relevance to a decision on a preliminary objection. The subject of Pre-
liminary Objection and Action Thereon is dealt with in Article 5 of the
Rules. This Article is comprised in Chapter III of the Rules, which deals
with Action upon Receipt of Applications. The Article is self-contained
and comprehensive. The procedure for dealing with a preliminary ob-
jection is prescribed in paragraph (4) of Article 5 which runs as follows:

"If a preliminary objection has been filed, the Council. after hearing the
parties,shall decide the question as a preliminary issue before any further
steps are taken under these Rules." This 1sexactly what the Council did.

Article 15 of the Rules is contained in Chapter IV which prescribes
the procedure to be followed in respect of "~roceedin~s", which start

after a preliminary objection has been disposed of and which relate to the
merits of the case. Article 15 which is headed "Decision" obviously has
reference to a decision on the merits, and does not relate back to a
decision on a preliminary objection disposing of the question as a pre-
liminary issue before the commencement of proceedings on the merits.
The record of the discussion before the Council does not show that
India urged compliance by the Council with the requirements of Article

15. Even before the Court some of the alleged irregularities were men-
tioned for the first time in the oral submissions of counsel and the list
was expanded in reply. Be that as it mag, it is clear that Article 15of the
Rules has no application to a decision on a preliminary objection. The
Council rightly proceeded on that assumption and not a single member
gave expression to a difference of view

Judge LACHS makes the following declaration:

Feeling as 1 do that there are certain observations which should be

made on some aspects of the Judgment, 1 avail myself of the right
conferred by Article 57 of the Statute of the Court and append hereunder
the following declaration.

While 1fully agree with the findings of the Court concerning its com-

petence to entertain the appeal, 1wish to comment further on the inter-
pretation of Article 84 of the Chicago Convention on International Civil

Bilingual Content

71 ICA0 COUNCIL (DECL. ZAFRULLA KHAN)

President Sir Muhammad ZAFRULL KHAN makes the following decla-
ration:

1 much regret 1am unable to agree that Article 84 of the Convention
read with Articles 5 (4), 15 and 18 of the Rules for the Settlement of

Differences provides a right of appeal against a decision of the Council of
ICAO rejecting a preliminary objection to its competence-to handle an
application or complaint. It seems to me that the considerations that
have impelled the Court to arrive at the opposite conclusion do not
carry the matter any further than the desirability of a provision to that
effect. However strong that desirability may be it cannot serve as aub-

stitute for the lack of such a provision in the Convention read with the
relevant rules. The entire scheme of the Rules excludes the possibility of
an appeal against a decision of the Council rejecting a preliminary objec-
tion against its competence. The remedy for the correction of this situa-
tion, if a correction should be desired, would be by way ofamendment of
the Convention and the Rules, and not by reading into them a meaning

which they are not capable of bearing.
Nor am 1 able to agree that Section 1 of Article II of the Transit
Agreement contemplates only cases of injustice or hardship occasioned
by action which is lawful but is prejudicial, and that to the extent to
which a complaint under that Section alleges unlawful action as the cause
of the injustice or hardship complained of, it becomes assimilable to the

case of an application for thepurposes of appealability to the Court.

In view, however, of the finding of the Court that the Council of
ICAO has jurisdiction to entertain the Application and Complaint laid
before it by the Government of Pakistan on 3 March 1971,a finding with
which 1am in entire agreement, my dissent on the question of the admissi-
bility of India's appeal assumes a purely academic aspect.

A large part of the submission of India's counsel to the Court was
devoted to the exposition of irregularities of procedure alleged to have
been committed by the Council of ICAO in dealing with India's Prelim-
inary Objection to its assumption of jurisdiction in respect of Pakistan's
Application and Complaint. The purpose of this exposition was to
persuade the Court to hold that the proceedings before the Council were

vitiated by these alleged irregularities and that the decision of the Council
on India's Preliminary Objection was thus rendered void and of no effect
and should consequently be set aside.
These alleged irregularities fall broadly into two categories; those
relating to the "manner and method" of arriving at the decision appealed
against, and those resulting from failure to comply with the requirements
laid down in Article 15 of the Rules for the Settlement of Differences.

As regards the first category, India's objections and suggestions were
thoroughly debated in the Council (Memorial of India. Annex E, (e),
Discussion, paras. 50-84) and the rulings of the President were upheld by Sir Muhammad ZAFKULLA KHAN, Président, fait la déclaration
suivante :

A mon grand regret, ilm'est impossible d'admettre que l'article 84
de la Convention, rapproché des articles 5, paragraphe 4, 15 et 18 du

Règlement pour la solution des différends, prévoieledroit d'appeler d'une
décisionpar laquelle le Conseil de I'OACI rejette une exception prélimi-
naire soutenant qu'il n'a pascompétencepour connaitre d'une requêteou
d'une plainte. Il me semble que lesconsidérations qui ont amenéla Cour à
la conclusion contraire montrent simplement qu'une disposition à cet effet
serait souhaitable. Si souhaitable que cela soit, cependant, cette constata-

tion ne saurait remédierà l'absence d'une clause semblable dans la Con-
vention, complétée par les articles pertinents du Règlement. Le plan
généraldu Règlement exclut la possibilité d'un appel d'une décision du
Conseil rejetant une exception préliminaire contre sa compétence. Pour
rectifier cette situation, à supposer qii'on le juge opportun, il convien-
drait d'amender IcaConvention et le Règlement, et non de leur prêter
un sens qu'ils ne peuvent avoir.

Je ne pense pas non plus que l'article II, section 1, de l'Accord de
transit n'envisage que les cas d'injustice ou de préjudice causéspar des
mesures!icites mais préjudiciables, ni que, dans la mesure où une plainte
déposéeaux termes de cette section fait état de mesures illicites comme
cause de l'injustice ou du préjudice allégués, la plainte puisseêtreassi-
miléeà une requfite pour ce qui est de la possibilité d'interjeter appel

devant la Cour.
Cependant, la Cour ayant conclu que le Conseil de I'OACI a compé-
tence pour connaitre de la requêteet de la plainte qui lui ont été soumises
par le Gouvernement du Pakistan le 3 mars 1971, conclusion à laquelle
je m'associe pleinement, mon désaccord au sujet de la recevabilité de
l'appel de l'Inde revêtun caractère purement académique.

Une grande partie de la plaidoirie du conseil de l'Inde devant la Cour
a été consacréeà l'exposé des irrégularités de procédure qui auraient
étécommises par le Conseil de I'OACI lors de l'examen de l'exception
préliminaire soulevée par l'Inde contre la compétence du Conseil pour
connaitre de la requêteet de la plainte du Pakistan. Cet exposé visait à
convaincre la Cour que la procédure devant le Conseil avait étéviciéepar
ces prétendues irrégularitéset que la décision du Conseil sur l'exception

préliminaire de l'Inde étaitpour cette raison nulle et de nul effet et devait
êtreinfirmée.
Ces irrégularité:^dont on fait état rentrent dans deux catégories
principales: celles qui concernent la méthode suivie pour parvenir à la
décision attaquée et celles qui tiennent au fait que le Conseil n'aurait pas
respectéles prescriptions de I'article 15du Règlement pour la solution des

différends.
En ce qui concerne la première catégorie, les objections et affirmations
de l'Inde ont étabondamment débattues au Conseil (annexe E,e), Débat,
au mémoire du Cilouvernement indien, par. 50-84) et les décisions du72 ICA0 COUNCIL (DECL. ZAFRULLA KHAN)

the Council. Nothing urged by India's counsel in his submissions to the
Court in this context has served to raise any doubt in my mind concerning
the correctness and propriety of the President's rulings and of the pro-
cedure followed by the Council.
As regards the second category, the brief answer to India's objections
is that Article 15 of the Rules for the Settlement of Differences has no

relevance to a decision on a preliminary objection. The subject of Pre-
liminary Objection and Action Thereon is dealt with in Article 5 of the
Rules. This Article is comprised in Chapter III of the Rules, which deals
with Action upon Receipt of Applications. The Article is self-contained
and comprehensive. The procedure for dealing with a preliminary ob-
jection is prescribed in paragraph (4) of Article 5 which runs as follows:

"If a preliminary objection has been filed, the Council. after hearing the
parties,shall decide the question as a preliminary issue before any further
steps are taken under these Rules." This 1sexactly what the Council did.

Article 15 of the Rules is contained in Chapter IV which prescribes
the procedure to be followed in respect of "~roceedin~s", which start

after a preliminary objection has been disposed of and which relate to the
merits of the case. Article 15 which is headed "Decision" obviously has
reference to a decision on the merits, and does not relate back to a
decision on a preliminary objection disposing of the question as a pre-
liminary issue before the commencement of proceedings on the merits.
The record of the discussion before the Council does not show that
India urged compliance by the Council with the requirements of Article

15. Even before the Court some of the alleged irregularities were men-
tioned for the first time in the oral submissions of counsel and the list
was expanded in reply. Be that as it mag, it is clear that Article 15of the
Rules has no application to a decision on a preliminary objection. The
Council rightly proceeded on that assumption and not a single member
gave expression to a difference of view

Judge LACHS makes the following declaration:

Feeling as 1 do that there are certain observations which should be

made on some aspects of the Judgment, 1 avail myself of the right
conferred by Article 57 of the Statute of the Court and append hereunder
the following declaration.

While 1fully agree with the findings of the Court concerning its com-

petence to entertain the appeal, 1wish to comment further on the inter-
pretation of Article 84 of the Chicago Convention on International Civil COhISEILDE L'OACI (DÉCL. ZAFRULLA KHAN) 72

président ont étéconfirmées par celui-ci. Rien de ce qu'a pu dire à cet

égardle conseil de I'lnde devant la Cour n'a fait naître un doute quelcon-
que dans mon esprit à propos de la régularitéou de l'opportunité des
décisionsdu président etde la procédure suivie par le Conseil.
Pour ce qui est de la seconde catégorie, il suffit pour réfuter les objec-
tions de I'lnde de constater que I'article 15 du Règlement pour la solution

des différends ne se rapporte aucunement à unedécision relative à une
exception préliminaire. La question des exceptions préliminaires et de
leur suite fait l'objet de I'articl5 du Règlement, dans le chapitre IIIqui
traite de la suite que comportent les requêtes.Cet article a un caractère

autonome et il épuisele sujet des exceptions préliminaires. La procédure
prévuepour leur examen est définieau paragraphe 4, ainsi libellé: lSi une
exception préliminaire est soulevée, le Conseil, après avoir entendu les
parties, rend une décision sur cette question préjudicielle avant toute
mesure àprendre en vertu du présent Règlement. »C'est exactement ce que

le Conseil a fait.
L'article 15 du Règlement se trouve au chapitre IV, qui définit les
règles applicables li la(procédure 11qui s'engage après qu'une exception
préliminaire a étér,ejetéeet qui concerne le fond d'une affaire. L'article 15,
intitulé 1Décision I)concerne manifestement une décision au fond, et ne

revient pas sur la décision prisesur une exception préliminaire en tant que
question préjudicielleavant que s'engage la procédure au fond.

Le procès-verbal des débatsau Conseil ne fait pas apparaître que I'lnde

ait insistépour que le Conseil se conforme aux prescriptions de I'article
15. Mêmedevant la Cour, certaines irrégularités ont été évoquéepsour
la première fois dans la plaidoirie du conseil de I'lnde, qui a mentionné
encore d'autres irrégularitésdans sa réplique. Quoi qu'il en soit, il est
clair que l'article 15 du Règlement ne s'applique nullement à une déci-

sion .sur une exception préliminaire. C'est ce que le Conseil a supposé à
juste titre et aucun de ses membres n'a expriméd'avis contraire.

M. LACHS, juge, fait la déclaration suivante:

Estimant que certaines observations doivent être faites sur divers
aspects de l'arrêt,je me prévauxdu droit conférépar I'article 57 du Statut

de la Cour pour pr'isenter la déclaration qui suit.

Je souscris pleinement aux conclusions de la Cour concernant sa
compétence pour connaître de l'appel, mais n'en voudrais pas moins
formuler des observations complémentaires sur l'interprétation de
l'article 84 de la Convention de Chicago relative à l'aviation civile interna-

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Document Long Title

Declaration of President Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan (as appended immediately after the judgment)

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