Separate Opinion of President Bustamante y Rivero (translation)

Document Number
050-19700205-JUD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
050-19700205-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION
OF PRESIDENT BUSTAMANTE Y RIVER0

[Translation]

1 subscribe to the reasons on which the Court has based its Judgment
in the BarcelonaTraction case. Nevertheless, certain very special aspects
ofthis casehave prompted meto certain additional reflectionsconcerning
the question of the law applicable, and1feel it right that 1should com-
municate them as concerning matters of doctrine. 1consider, moreover,

that the question of the exhaustion of local remedies, which was raised in
thefourth preliminary objection during the first phase of the proceedings,
could have been taken into consideration in the reasons forjudgment and
mentioned in the Court's decision. 1 consequently propose to examine
these two points succinctly in the paragraphs which follow.

1. The Application in the present case stands on the principle of inter-
national law which recognizes that each State has the power, subject to
certain conditions, to exercisediplomaticprotection of its nationals who,
in a foreign country, have suffered an injury affecting their persons or
their rights in violation of international law. Relyingon this principle, the
Belgian Government's Application, filed on 19 June 1962 in behalf of
certain Belgian nationals holding shares in Barcelona Traction, treated
of certain responsibiIities which, according to the Applicant, should be
imputed to the Spanish Government. These responsibilities were said to

arise, on the one hand, from the bankruptcy adjudication made by the
Reus judge on 12February 1948against the holding company Barcelona
Traction, Light and Power Co., Limited, of Canadian nationality, which
carried on activities in Spain through the medium of various subsidiary
companies. They were said to relate, on the other hand, to the allegedly
improper treatment afforded this group of companies by the Spanish
administrative and judicial authorities before and after the bankruptcy
adjudication.
That Barcelona Traction has the character of a holding company has
been recognized by both Parties; it is established in particular by the
documents printed in Appendices 1and 2 to Annex 22and in Annex 23 of
the Bel~ianMemorial.
~cc&din~l~,the Application givesrise to the necessity ofinvestigating,
among other cardinal points, the question of whether the fact of Bar-
celona Traction's being a holding companyhas anyparticular bearing on BARCELONA TRACTION (SEP.OP. BUSTAMANTE Y RIVERO) 55

the conditions for the diplomatic protection of that company or even on
the extent of the responsibility of the respondent State. Such investigation
reveals an almost total absence of specificrules of general international
law or treaty law applicable to transnational holding companies and shows
why, in consequence, judges tend to encounter difficulty in ascertaining
the law applicable in each case and may even be forced to fa11back on
debatable analogies drawn from municipal law or on private inter-
national law norms of questionable relevance. A brief analysis of the
way holding companies belie the legally established mechanism of the
limited company will doubtless facilitate appreciation of the problem.

2. The institution of the limited company, which was destined to
displace the old partnership, was a creation of municipal law devised
within the purely national domain for the purpose of expanding the

financial potentialities and scope of activities of business associations.
Each legal system consequently laid down the rules governing the struc-
ture and working of commercial companies within the national territory,
but always with the end in view of endowing them with the character of
autonomous legal personae distinct from the personae of their share-
holders. At a certain moment, however, world-wide economic expansion,
under the twofold stimulus of increasing needs and the abundance of
investmentcapital, multiplied thephenomena offinancial interdependence
between States, thereby revealing that the purely national field of action
of the classic commercial company had become insufficient. The holding
company then appeared, as a manifestation of the new transnational
character of the company. Thus it was that the centre of gravity of com-
mercial and stock-exchange business not infrequently shifted from the
field ofprivate law into the international domain.
Nevertheless, this practical evolution in contemporary economic life
was not matched on the legislative plane by the appearance of any new
form of juridical institution. In order to achieve it, the already familiar

appearance of the limited company was quite simply borrowed, though
the holding company introduced into that institution a heterogeneous
element, one contrary to its very nature, by denying a truly independent
legal personality to the subsidiary companies of the constituent group
and placing them entirely under the authority of the parent or chief
company of the group, the holder of al1or a majority of their shares. In
fact, this situation arosewithout any visible alteration in the structure and
functioning of the subsidiary companies being perceptible from outside:
what unites the constituent group is generally only an invisible bond, a
network of hidden linksconsistingin the decisions of thecentral organs of
control, which "radiate" to the directors of the subsidiaries who are
charged with their implementation. It is a further advantage of this
system that thecentralentity of theholding company does not necessarily
have to be registered or beseen to carry on business in the country where
the capital is invested:l1that is required is that the subsidiaries may ap-pear there in the guise of independent legalentities. The result is a certain
possibility of evading responsibilities.
3. This defacto reality of the conduct of holding companies-which
represents the most usual case-does not, in my opinion, answer the nor-
mal requirements of a dejure situation. The foregoing historical outline
showsthat (for the reasons indicated) the concept ofthe holdingcompany
corresponded to a unilateralintention or concern on the part of investors
who, engrossed with their own interests, relegated to the background the
legal situation of the subsidiary companies and the laws of the country of
investment. However, the diplomatic protection of foreigners doing
business in the territory of a given State must be regarded as establishing
a bilateral relationship in which a duality of reciprocal rights and obliga-
tions comes into play: those of the protecting Statein relation to those of

the State in which the investment was made. It is hard to see how the
terms of this relationship could be definedif no legal bond has first been
established between the holding company which forms the subject of dip-
lomatic protection and the State whose acts are the subject of complaint.
As soon asthe holding company crossesa frontier and pvnetrates the ter-
ritory of another State, it is ipsofacto transformed into an institution of
private international law, to ensure the equitable functioning of which
would require the formulation of principles and rules defining the
reciprocal interests of thesubjidiary companies and the central entity of
the group, as well as the pacent company's rzlations with and duties
towards the States in which the subsidiaries have their domicile and in
which they carry on their business. Any other system of organization
must run counter to the principles of the equality ofjuristic persons and
of a State's powerof imperiumover its territory. It istrue that a fewlegal
norms may be found here and there on this subject, but, despite the
importance of the problem, it can be said that neither the legal systems
of States nor thelaw-making organs of the international community have

yet succeededin grasping this elusive reality of holding companies so as
to bring it within the framework of a sufficientlyexplicitand precise body
of law. In municipal law, certain precautionary and, moreover, fairly
sporadic measures have been taken, such as obligingparent companies to
submit consolidated balance-sheets that summarize the individual
balance-sheets of the subsidiary companies. The exportation of earnings
has also been madethe occasion for measures ofcontrol, so as to preclude
the evasion of fiscalrequirements by those who do not fulfil the role of
either investor or taxpayer. Finally, certain legai systems require that
foreign limited companies be entered in the national commercial register
before engaging in activity within the territory of the State where the
investment ismade. But none of these provisions has ever beenmore than
partially effective, and their sporadic nature stands in the way of any
systemization. With the advent of transnationality, the question of the
law applicable involves problems of a particularly thorny and controver-
sial nature: for example, that of the apportionment of jurisdictional competence among the States in whose territories the various companies
of the group are established. Other, still graver questions can be posed,
moreover, and it may be wondered, for example, whether a holding
Companyneither registered nor domiciled in the country of its operations
can avail itself of the right of diplomaticprotection; and whether, in such
a case, the principle of the responsibility of the State charged with
wrongdoing operates undiminished or only for the benefit of certain
subsidiaries. In short, the whole subject is bedevilled, on the international
plane, with the existence of gaps in the law which it would be desirable to

close either by way of treaties (bilateral or multilateral agreements) or
through the possible emergence-hardly likely in the circumstances-of
customary law.
4. Meanwhile,in the face of this reality, the only way to try and resolve
disputes resulting from the insufficient development of the law in its
present stage of evolution is to submitthem to the appreciation of muni-
cipal courts. But as the number of gaps in legislation increases, so the
task of the judge grows more difficult and more and more resembles a
work of legislation, something which is always dangerous and out of
place on his part. It is no doubt for this reason that in the present case
the Barcelona Traction bankruptcy proceedings in Spain have given rise
to numerous controversial episodes in which scathing criticism has been
met with apologetics of a questionable kind. Having regard to the orienta-
tion the Court has given to the Judgment it is delivering, it is not possible
to broach the merits of the dispute in order to examine the charges
relating to the denial of justice of which Belgium cornplains; in my
opinion, however, this does not absolve the international judge of his

obligation to lay stress on the objective position of the question of prin-
ciple,i.e., the existing disparity between the development of certain phe-
nomena in international economics, such as the grouping of limited
companies under what are known as holding companies, and the evolu-
tion of the law applicable. This evolution has lagged behind; and it is
possible that the legal lacunae which have in consequence made their
appearance may hamper the proper working of justice.

5. The preliminary question of the exhaustion of the remedies of
Spanish municipal law, though it wasjoined to the merits by the Judgment
delivered by the Court in 1964,did not on that account lose its character
of being a preliminary question. The relevant rule of international law in
fact lays it down that a claim based on the principle of the diplomatic
protection of foreign nationals is onlyamenable to decision if it is shown
that the remedies provided by municipal law have been exhausted. For
this reason,1 think the Court might have included an examination of this

question in its Judgment, since, properly speaking, this matter merely
complements the other, concerning Belgium's jus standE i.en supposingthatthat State had proved itscapacity to institute proceedings in behalf of
the shareholders in Barcelona Traction,the essential charges advanced in
its Application could only have been examined by the Court if the ex-
haustion of local means of complaint had first been proved.
Due note must at al1events be taken of the fact that, even though the
question of the various procedural remedies to be employed is closely
bound up with the merits of the Belgianclaim,theCourt has decided that,

since the Belgian Government has not been shown to havejus standi, it
must refrain from considering in the Judgment the merits of the dispute.
Nevertheless, while respecting this decision, it is still permissible, where
the exhaustion of local remedies rule is concerned, to reason, while
drawing the distinction which is essential in order to preclude, when the
time comes to decide the purely procedural problem, any obtrusion of
elements implying a decision on the merits.
6. The first question to consider in this connection is that of the
ascertainment of the persons obliged to exhaust local remedies in the
present case.In principle, this obligation liesuponthose who put forward
a complaint on the grounds of damage allegedly caused in respect of
their rights or interests. In 1958Belgium submitted a first Application in
behalf of Barcelona Traction; but after its discontinuance of proceedings
in 1961that same State filed a fresh Application in 1962,in behalf, this
time, of the company's shareholders. Asfromthat moment, the burden of
the obligation to exhaust local remedies fell without any doubt on the
shareholders concerned. Nevertheless, in my opinion al1 the remedies

sought by the bankrupt company before the date of the second Applica-
tion must, for good legal reasons, be regarded as having been sought for
the benefit of the shareholders. Theunlawful actswith which the Spanish
judicial authorities are charged are the same in both Applications. If the
obligation to give the Spanish courts an opportunity to rectify those acts
-which is the underlying intention of the rule-had already once been
complied with by the injured company, it seemsclear that the seeking of
those sameremediesbythe claimants under the secondApplication would
not still be necessary, indeed would be impossible if the time-limits for
doing so had lapsed with the passing of time. In accordance with the
logic ofthis reasoning, the omissions ofthebankrupt company during the
first period are opposable to the shareholders protected by the terms of
the second Application.
7. My general impression is as follows: it is beyond doubt that, in the
course of the judicial proceedings which took place in Spain, Barcelona
Traction and other persons and entities which made common cause with
it availed themselvesof a considerable number of remedieswith a viewto

having the decisions of the Spanish authorities which they considered
unjust reversed. It is noless true that, on the one hand, those interested
parties did not in al1 circumstances respect certain general principles
which form the essence of the rule of the exhaustion of local remedies,
andthat, on the other, they neglectedto seekcertain available remediesordid not pursue to the very end other remedies which they had sought but
which they did not take as far as the highest court open to them, and,
finally, that certain natural or juristic persons who had sought various
remedies had in law no chance of succeeding since under Spanish law
they were not empowered to bring such actions. For example: as is well
known, in bankruptcy proceedings only the bankrupt and his creditors
have jus standi injudicio, yet persons who did not possess or did not claim
these capacities nevertheless sought certain remedies.
On another point, the law is clear that itis for the judge alone and not
for the interested party todecide whether a remedy provided by law must
in practice be sought or not. In order to be entitled to refrain from doing
so, itdoes not sufficefor such a party to prejudge the result and to regard

success as improbable either because there are adverse precedents or be-
cause the courts are presumed partial. It seems to me that the defence, on
the Belgian side, placed much reliance in certain circumstances on its own
judgment in evaluating the relevance or viability of certain remedies,
without leaving such decision to the courts,as ought to have been done.

8. Having recalled these questions of principle, 1feel it worthwhile to
consider the chief remedies failure to seek which must, in my opinion,
be regarded as an omission for which the Belgian side would be respon-
sible.
So far as administrative remedies are concerned, those that were
omitted concern in particular the decisions by which the SpanishInstitute
of Foreign Exchange refused to grant currency that would have made it
possible to implement the various plans of compromise contemplated
between Barcelona Traction and its bondholders, and, more particularly,
its refusa1 to approve the last plan of compromise, which provided-at
the cost of a considerable loss-for the conversion into Spanish currency
of certain bonds expressed in foreign currency. The regulations then in
forcein Spain allowed private parties to applyto the competent authorities

forthe necessary authorizations: it is consequently evident, in accordance
wiah well-established principles relating to administrative hierarchies,
that al1refusals of authorization of such a nature could form the subject
of an appeal to a higher authority. The refusals of the SpanishInstitute of
Foreign Exchange ought consequently to have led to complaints by the
interested party to the Minister of Commerce, to whom the Institute was
directly responsible. Furthermore, this type of appeal, known as a
hierarchic appeal, is indispensable if it is desired that it should subse-
quently be possible for a contentious-administrative appeal to beadmitted.
It has been alleged that no remedy is available against certain ad-
ministrative decisions if they fa11within the discretionary power of the
authority which takes them, since that power, by virtue of its very
nature, excludes al1possibility of their reversal. But the proceedings have
shown that precedents are to be found in Spanish administrative juris-
prudence of remedies sought and granted against decisions of this kind,for a discretionary power by no means implies an arbitrary one and only
a higher authority is able to discern whether a subordinate officia1has
exceeded the limits of a reasonable discretion and ventured into the
unlawful domain of arbitrariness or unjust discrimination.
So far as the remedy of a contentious-administrative appeal is con-
cerned, it can be said to constitute the culminating point of purely ad-
ministrative procedure. When appeals to the administrative authorities
have been totally exhausted, the way of contentious-administrative pro-
ceedingsremains open and has the advantage that this matter falls within
the purview ofthe Supreme Court. It istrue that in order to have accessto
this new remedy it would have been necessary in the present instance for
the party concerned first to appeal to the Minister against the decisions of
the Spanish Institute of Foreign Exchange, in order to obtain a decision
from the highest administrative authority, that is to Say,an irrevocable

decision. This remedy was not sought; and it ought to have been, in
particular, in connection with the refusal to authorize the implementation
of the last plan of compromise, which provided for the payment of the
bands in pesetas, for the subsidiary company Ebro maintained in relation:
thereto that ithad been the subject of unjust discrimination on thepart of
the administrative authorities, when compared with other entities.
9. With respect tojudicial remedies, 1must refer in the first place to the
remedy of "opposition" to the bankruptcy judgment (auto de quiebra),
for which provision is made in Article 1028of the Spanish Commercial
Code and in Article 1326 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The former
article lays down a time-limit of eight days as from the publication of the
bankruptcy judgment within which this remedy may be sought. On
17March 1948,no plea of opposition having been entered, the Reusjudge
gave a decision declaring the bankruptcy judgment deliveredwith respect
to Barcelona Traction on 12 February 1948to be final and res judicafa.
The pleadings show that, by extra-judicial means, this Toronto company
had knowledge of the bankruptcy adjudication in Spain two days after

the Reus judgment was delivered; that the newspapers of Toronto, of
Montreal and of London published information on this subject as from
14 February; that representatives of or shareholders in the company
made statements to the press in Toronto and Madrid during the month of
February alluding to the bankruptcy adjudication; that on 1 March the
president of the company, on behalf of the board of directors, addressed
to bondholders a circular letter concerning the bankruptcy adjudication;
and that the company on 9 March gave a power of attorney to enter
judicial appearance in Spain (seeAnnex 81to the Preliminary Objections).
There is thus no doubt that froman extra-judicial or factual point of view
Barcelona Traction would have been in a position to take legalaction and
enter a plea of opposition to the bankruptcy judgment well before the
decision taken by the Reusjudge on 17March. However, the bankruptcy
proceedings gave rise to a controversy between the Parties with respect to
two points of law: the non-notification of thejudgment of 12February tothe bankrupt at its domicile in Toronto (Article 260 of the Code of Civil
Procedure), and the positive irregularity which, according to Belgium,
characterized the mode of publication of the said judgment, which took
place only in Spain and never at Toronto where the bankrupt Company
had its domicile. The Belgian Government maintains that in these circum-
stances the legal time-limit for making use of the remedy of "opposition"
did not begin to run. In fact, Barcelona Traction did not enter a plea of

opposition to the bankruptcy until June 1948.The Spanish Government
takes the view that, since Barcelona Traction's subsidiaries were domi-
ciled and carried on their activities in Spain, publication abroad was not
warranted. The Court could only have decided these disputedpoints byex-
amining the relevant decisions of the municipal courts which upheld the
Spanish position, in order to establish whether or not a denial of justice
from the point of view of international law can be imputed to them:
which would have meant deciding"the merits of the case. Since such a
pronouncement has been ruled out by the Judgment, 1 mu3 refrain from
taking up a position on the question of whether the Belgian side did or
did not seek the local remedy of "opposition" to the bankruptcy judg-
ment in proper fashion and in good time.
10. The judicial order of 17 March 1948,which finally confirmed the
effects of the bankruptcy judgment of 12 February, was no doubt of a
very serious nature, for it opened the way for the sale of the bankrupt's

property. The remedies sought by the subsidiaries against this order were
paralysed, in accordance with the law, in consequence of the Boter
declinatoria;it consequently became necessary to seek a different sort of
remedy in order to avoid or postpone the sale. One of the few remedies
capable of having this effect was the remedy of revisibn (Articles 1796
et seq. of the Code of Civil Procedure). According to the law, this remedy
may be sought if a judgment which has become final was delivered "as a
result of subornation, violence or otherfraudulent means" (paragraph 4
of the article referred to). In this connection, the Application speaks of
arbitrariness, partiality, contempt for the principle of the equality of
parties, and, in short, of a "deliberate intention" on the part of certain
Spanish judicial authorities "of favouring" the persona1 "plans" of the
enemies of Barcelona Traction. These defects, in Belgium's opinion, go
beyond mere negligence,flagrant errors or imperfections in the law applic-
able. Referring more specificallyto the bankruptcy judgment pronounced

by the Reus judge, Belgium has spoken in the Reply of "flagrant con-
nivance" between that judge and the petitioners in bankruptcy (para-
graph 26) and in oral argument of the court's lack of scruples. It has thus
unequivocally maintained that there was dolus or fraud.
Belgium has raised various objections with regard to the appropriate-
ness and effectiveness of the remedy of revisibn.
In the first place, it contends that under Spanish law revisibn is only
available against a sentencia$rme, i.e., against a judgment finally pro-
nouncing upon an action or claim, and that in Spanish terminology itselfa bankruptcy judgment is onlyan auto, i.e., a decisionwhichputs an end
not to the dispute, as a sentencia or judgment proper does, but only to
an incidental issue or partial aspect of the case.

This assertion might appear justified from a strictly terminological
point of view, but in fact bankruptcy proceedings have in substance a
structure al1their own, which differsfrom that of ordinary proceedings
with their three classicstages of statement of claim and answer thereto,
production of evidenceandjudgment. In bankruptcy, the proceedingsare
divided into five "sections", dealt with in separate "files" (Articles 1321
and 1322 ofthe Code of Civil Procedure). TheJirst section concernsthe
bankruptcy judgment, ancillary provisions concerningits execution, and

compositions; theseconddealswiththe administration ofthe bankruptcy ;
the third withthe retroactive effects ofthe bankruptcy; the fourth with the
proving and ranking of debts; and thefifth with the classificationof the
bankruptcy and the discharge of the bankrupt. The subject-matter of
each of these sections,each with its separate file, iskept clearlydistinct,
and in each ofthem independent decisionshavingthe force ofresjudicata
can be delivered. In this sense, it is sound doctrine that a bankruptcy
judgment (auto) can be assimilated to a sentencia, in particular when
that judgment has become final (Jirme) by express judicial decision,
either through no plea of opposition to it having been entered or through
such opposition's having failed. It is consequently correct to Saythat in
sucha casethe fate or finaldirection ofthe action issettled.A bankruptcy
judgment, onceit has becomeresjudicata, autornatically sets in motion
al1the measures of execution whichmust carry the proceedingsthrough
to their conclusion: liquidation of the assets, payment of the liabilities
and distribution of the surplus if any. The effectsof such a judgment are
those of a true sentencia. Lastly(and this is decisive)an examination of
Title XIII, Book II, of the Code of Civil Procedure enables it to be seen

that Article 1330,with Article 755, gives the name of sentencia to the
judge's pronouncemen?deciding, after the presentation of evidence,the
incidental proceedings of opposition to the bankruptcy judgment. In
terms of the law, a decision which, in the absence of an entry of opposi-
tion, recognizes suchjudgment to have the authority of resjudicata, has
exactlythe same character and weight as a sentencia(seeArticle 408).
It is consequently my belief that the remedy of revisibnis available
against an auto adjudicating bankruptcy, since the latter possesses the
characteristics of a true sentencia.In any event, should anydoubt have
remained, the rule of exhaustion required that the remedy be sought by
the interested Party, for solely a judge can pronounce upon its admis-
sibility.
Still other reservations havebeen expressedby Belgiumwith regard to
the possibilityofrelyingon the ground for revisibnto do withthe employ-
ment of fraudulent means in the proceedings. Although in the last stage
of oral argument counsel for Belgiumattenuated noticeably the accusa- tions made in the pleadings against certain Spanish judicial authorities,
there was no forma1withdrawal of them. Those accusations consequently
stand and,for the purposes of the rule of theexhaustion of local remedies,
evidence would have had to be supplied for it to be possible to establish
whether the proceedings were or were not vitiated by such irregularities.
It was the more indispensable in the present case in that proof of the
facts alleged would have had as its immediate consequence the annulment
of the tainted procedural acts: in other words, that very correction of the
legal position which is theobject of the rule. It will consequently be seen
how, from the international point of view, the results of the remedy of
revisibn are of capital importance when it subsequently comes to estab-
lishing the existence or non-existence of the responsibility of the State.
The Belgian side nevertheless foresaw difficulty in obtaining tangible
proof of the accusations of dishonesty. But it always had at its disposa1
against the authorities accused the prior remedy of proceedings to estab-
lish civil liability (Code of Civil Procedure, Articles903 et seq.), which

would have made it possible to establish whether criminal liability was
involved or not (Article 918 of the same Code). In the event of an affir-
mative answer, the appropriateness of the remedy of revisibnwould have
been beyond dispute. In short, the omission of this remedy created a legal
vacuity for which the applicant Party must bear the responsibility. The
rule of exhaustion was not complied with.
11. It would also be possible to consider the case of other remedies
that were not sought, or which were sought improperly orout of time, by
Barcelona Traction, Sidro and Sofina, or other entities defending the
interests of the bankrupt Company. In this connection an analysis might
be made of certain remedies aimed, for example, at challenging the
jurisdiction of the courts or calling in question certain aspects of the
Conditions of the judicial sale. It seems to me, moreover, to have been
proved by the pleadings and oral arguments that some of the remedies
sought on behalf of Barcelona Traction were not pursued to the end, that
is to say, so far asthe obtaining of a finalcision from the highest court.
Others were only exhausted after the commencement of the international
proceedings in this Court. 1nevertheless do not consider it indispensable

to enter into detail in this connection: 1 would merely stress that the
remedies 1have just examined were consideredsimply as examples, with-
out there being any intention of exhaustively enumerating them; since
this question has in fact been excluded from the Judgment, any more
thorough study of its many aspects would, indeed, serve no practical
purpose. The essential point is that, certain of the local remedies avail-
able not having been sought or duly pursued to the end, the conditions
for the continuation of diplomatic protection by judicial means have not
been satisfied.

(Signed) J. L. BUSTAMAN YTEIVERO.

Bilingual Content

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE
DE M. BUSTAMANTE Y RIVERO, PRÉSIDENT

Je souscris aux motifs sur lesquels la Cour fonde son arrêten l'affaire
de la Barcelona Traction. Toutefois, certains aspects très particuliers de
cette affaire m'inspirent quelques réflexions complémentairestouchant
le problème du droit applicable et je crois devoir les exposer en tant
qu'élémentsintéressant la doctrine. Je considère d'autre part que la
question de l'épuisement desrecours internes, que soulevait la quatrième

exception préliminaire au premier stade de la procédure, aurait pu être
prise en considération dans les motifs et mentionnéedans la décisionde
la Cour. Je me propose donc d'examiner succinctement ces deux points
dans les paragraphes qui suivent.

1. En l'espèce,la requêtese fonde sur le principe de droit international
qui reconnaît à chaque Etat, sous certaines conditions, le pouvoir de
protection diplomatique de ses ressortissants ayant subià l'étranger une
lésion affectant leurs personnes ou leurs droits, en violation du droit
international. S'appuyant sur ce principe, la requêtedu Gouvernement
belge, déposée le19juin 1962pour le compte de certains ressortissants
belges actionnaires de la Barcelona Traction, a trait aux responsabilités
qui, de l'avis du demandeur, doivent êtreimputées au Gouvernement
espagnol. Ces responsabilitésdécouleraient, d'unepart, de la déclaration

de faillite prononcéepar le juge de Reus, le 12 février 1948, contre la
sociétéholding Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited,
de nationalité canadienne, laquelle exerçait des activités en Espagnepar
l'intermédiairede diverses sociétés filiale. lles tiendraient d'autre part
au traitement prétendument abusif infligé àce groupe de sociétés par les
autorités administratives et judiciaires espagnoles avant et après la
déclarationde faillite.

Le caractère de holding de la Barcelona Traction a été admispar les
deux Parties; il est établi, notamment, par les documents reproduits dans
les appendices 1 et 2à l'annexe 22 et l'annexe 23 du mémoirebelge.

De ce fait, la requête entraîne la nécessitéd'examiner, entre autres
points capitaux, sile caractèrede holding de la société BarceloTraction
peut avoir une influenceparticulière sure régimede protection diploma- SEPARATE OPINION
OF PRESIDENT BUSTAMANTE Y RIVER0

[Translation]

1 subscribe to the reasons on which the Court has based its Judgment
in the BarcelonaTraction case. Nevertheless, certain very special aspects
ofthis casehave prompted meto certain additional reflectionsconcerning
the question of the law applicable, and1feel it right that 1should com-
municate them as concerning matters of doctrine. 1consider, moreover,

that the question of the exhaustion of local remedies, which was raised in
thefourth preliminary objection during the first phase of the proceedings,
could have been taken into consideration in the reasons forjudgment and
mentioned in the Court's decision. 1 consequently propose to examine
these two points succinctly in the paragraphs which follow.

1. The Application in the present case stands on the principle of inter-
national law which recognizes that each State has the power, subject to
certain conditions, to exercisediplomaticprotection of its nationals who,
in a foreign country, have suffered an injury affecting their persons or
their rights in violation of international law. Relyingon this principle, the
Belgian Government's Application, filed on 19 June 1962 in behalf of
certain Belgian nationals holding shares in Barcelona Traction, treated
of certain responsibiIities which, according to the Applicant, should be
imputed to the Spanish Government. These responsibilities were said to

arise, on the one hand, from the bankruptcy adjudication made by the
Reus judge on 12February 1948against the holding company Barcelona
Traction, Light and Power Co., Limited, of Canadian nationality, which
carried on activities in Spain through the medium of various subsidiary
companies. They were said to relate, on the other hand, to the allegedly
improper treatment afforded this group of companies by the Spanish
administrative and judicial authorities before and after the bankruptcy
adjudication.
That Barcelona Traction has the character of a holding company has
been recognized by both Parties; it is established in particular by the
documents printed in Appendices 1and 2 to Annex 22and in Annex 23 of
the Bel~ianMemorial.
~cc&din~l~,the Application givesrise to the necessity ofinvestigating,
among other cardinal points, the question of whether the fact of Bar-
celona Traction's being a holding companyhas anyparticular bearing on tique de ladite sociéet mêmesur l'étenduede la responsabilité de1'Etat
incriminé.Cet examen fait ressortir l'absence presque totale de règles
spécifiquesde droit international général ouconventionnel applicables
aux holdings transnationaux et montre pourquoi, en conséquence, les
juges se heurtent à la difficulté qu'ilspeuvent avoir à déterminerdans
chaque cas le droit applicable, à moins qu'ils ne se voient contraints
d'invoquer des analogies contestables tiréesdu droit interne ou des nor-

mes du droit international privédont la pertinence est discutable. Une
analyse sommaire de la façon dont les holdings faussent le mécanisme
légalementétabli dela sociétéanonyme aide sans doute à mieux apprécier
le problème.
2. L'institution de la sociétéanonyme, destinée à remplacer les an-
ciennes sociétés de personnes, a étéune créationdu droit interne conçue
dans le domaine purement national en vue d'élargir les possibilités
financièreset le champ des activités sociales.Chaque législationa donc
établiles règles régissantla structure et le fonctionnement des sociétés
commerciales sur le territoire national, mais toujours dans le souci de
leur attribuer le caractère de personnes juridiques autonomes, distinctes

des personnes de leurs actionnaires. Cependant, à un certain moment,
l'expansion économique mondiale, doublement stimuléepar l'accroisse-
ment des besoins et l'abondance des capitaux à investir, a multiplié les
rapports d'interdépendance financière des Etats et démontré,partant,
que le champ d'action purement national de la sociétécommerciale
classique étaitdésormaisinsuffisant. Le holding est alors apparu comme
une expression du nouveau caractère transnational de la société.C'est
ainsi que le centre de gravitédes affaires commerciales et boursièress'est
vu souvent transférédu domaine du droit privéau domaineinternational.

Néanmoins, cette évolutionpratique de la vie économique contem-

poraine ne s'estpas traduite, sur le plan législatif,par l'apparition d'une
institution de forme juridique nouvelle. Pour la réaliser, on a tout
simplement emprunté l'apparence déjàfamilière de la sociétéanonyme,
bien que le holding ait introduit dans cette institution un élémet étéro-
gèneet contraire à sa nature même, enrefusant une véritable personnalité
juridique indépendante aux sociétés filialesdu groupe constituant le
holding et en les plaçant entièrement sous l'autorité de la sociétémère
ou chef de groupe, détentrice de la totalité ou d'une majorité de leurs
actions. En fait, cette situation s'instaure sans qu'une altération visible
de la structure et des fonctions des sociétés filialesoit extérieurement
perceptible: ce qui unit le groupe constituant le holding n'est générale-

ment qu'un lien invisible, un réseaude maillons cachésfaits des décisions
des organes de l'administration centrale qui (crayonnent )vers les ad-
ministrateurs des filialeschargésde les faire exécuter.Ce systèmepermet,
de plus,à l'entité centraledu holding de ne pas être forcément enregistrée
ou de ne pas sembler exercer des activitésdans le pays où les capitaux
sont investis: il suffira que les sociétés fils apparaissent en tant que BARCELONA TRACTION (SEP.OP. BUSTAMANTE Y RIVERO) 55

the conditions for the diplomatic protection of that company or even on
the extent of the responsibility of the respondent State. Such investigation
reveals an almost total absence of specificrules of general international
law or treaty law applicable to transnational holding companies and shows
why, in consequence, judges tend to encounter difficulty in ascertaining
the law applicable in each case and may even be forced to fa11back on
debatable analogies drawn from municipal law or on private inter-
national law norms of questionable relevance. A brief analysis of the
way holding companies belie the legally established mechanism of the
limited company will doubtless facilitate appreciation of the problem.

2. The institution of the limited company, which was destined to
displace the old partnership, was a creation of municipal law devised
within the purely national domain for the purpose of expanding the

financial potentialities and scope of activities of business associations.
Each legal system consequently laid down the rules governing the struc-
ture and working of commercial companies within the national territory,
but always with the end in view of endowing them with the character of
autonomous legal personae distinct from the personae of their share-
holders. At a certain moment, however, world-wide economic expansion,
under the twofold stimulus of increasing needs and the abundance of
investmentcapital, multiplied thephenomena offinancial interdependence
between States, thereby revealing that the purely national field of action
of the classic commercial company had become insufficient. The holding
company then appeared, as a manifestation of the new transnational
character of the company. Thus it was that the centre of gravity of com-
mercial and stock-exchange business not infrequently shifted from the
field ofprivate law into the international domain.
Nevertheless, this practical evolution in contemporary economic life
was not matched on the legislative plane by the appearance of any new
form of juridical institution. In order to achieve it, the already familiar

appearance of the limited company was quite simply borrowed, though
the holding company introduced into that institution a heterogeneous
element, one contrary to its very nature, by denying a truly independent
legal personality to the subsidiary companies of the constituent group
and placing them entirely under the authority of the parent or chief
company of the group, the holder of al1or a majority of their shares. In
fact, this situation arosewithout any visible alteration in the structure and
functioning of the subsidiary companies being perceptible from outside:
what unites the constituent group is generally only an invisible bond, a
network of hidden linksconsistingin the decisions of thecentral organs of
control, which "radiate" to the directors of the subsidiaries who are
charged with their implementation. It is a further advantage of this
system that thecentralentity of theholding company does not necessarily
have to be registered or beseen to carry on business in the country where
the capital is invested:l1that is required is that the subsidiaries may ap- personnesjuridiques indépendantes.D'où unecertaine possibilité d'élu-
der les responsabilités.
3. Cette réalité objectivdeu comportement des holdings - qui repré-
sente le casleplus généra- necorrespond pas, àmon avis,auxexigences
normales d'un état de droit.L'historique qui précèdemontre que (pour
les raisons indiquées)l,a conception du holding arépondu àune intention
ou à une préoccupationunilatérale des investisseurs qui, soucieuxavant
tout de leurs seuls intérêts,reléguèrentau dernier plan la situation
juridique des sociétés filiales et les lois du pays de placement. Ilfaut
toutefois considérer que la protection diplomatique d'étrangersqui
exercent des activitésdans un Etat établit une relationbilatéraledans
laquelle un dualisme corrélatifde droits et d'obligations entre en jeu:
ceux de 1'Etatprotecteur par rapport àceuxde 1'Etatoh l'investissement
est réalisé. n voit malcommentlesmodalitésdecetterelation pourraient

êtredéfiniessi un lien juridique n'a pas été établaiu préalableentre le
holding qui fait l'objet de la protection diplomatique et1'Etatdont les
actes sont incriminés.Sitôt que le holding franchit une frontière pour
pénétrer surle territoire d'un autre Etat, il se transforme par le fait
mêmeen une institution de droit international privédont le fonctionne-
ment exigerait - pour êtreéquitablementgaranti - la formulation de
principes et de règles définissantles intérêts réciproques dessociétés
auxiliaires et de la centrale du groupe, ainsi que les relations et devoirs
de la société mère à l'égard desEtats où les filialesont leur domicile
social et où ellesexercent leur activité.Tout autre systèmeorganique se
heurte aux principes de l'égalité des personnes morale est du pouvoir
d'imperiumde 1'Etatsur son territoire. Certes, quelquesnormesjuridiques
peuvent êtretrouvées iciet làà ce sujet; mais, malgrél'importance du
problème,on peut dire que ni les systèmeslégaux deE stats ni lesorganes
Iégiférantdse la communautéinternationale n'ont encore réussi à appré-
hender cette réalité insaisissable des holdings,pour la faire entrer dans
le cadre d'une législation suffisamment expliciett précise.Dans le droit

interne, on a pris certainesmesuresde précaution,d'ailleurs assez isolées,
en obligeantpar exemplelessociétés mères àprésenter des bilans consoli-
dés qui reprennent sommairement les bilans individuels des filiales.
L'exportationdes recettesdonnelieu également à des mesuresdecontrôle,
afin d'éviterque ceux qui n'ont pas la qualitéd'investisseurs ou de
contribuables puissent pratiquer l'évasion fiscale. Enfin, certaines
législationsimposent aux sociétés anonymes étrangèresl'obligation de
s'inscrireau registre du commerce national avant d'exercer une activité
dans 1'Etatoù l'investissementa lieu. Maistoutes ces dispositions n'ont
jamais qu'une efficacitépartielle et leur caractère isoléinterdit toute
systématisation.Quand la transnationalité intervient, la questiondu
droit applicable soulève des problémes particulièrement épineu etx
prêtant àcontroverse,par exemple celuidel'attribution dela compétence
juridictionnelle entre les Etats où sont établies les diverses sociétdus
groupe. Onpeut d'ailleurs poserd'autres questions,plus gravesencore, etpear there in the guise of independent legalentities. The result is a certain
possibility of evading responsibilities.
3. This defacto reality of the conduct of holding companies-which
represents the most usual case-does not, in my opinion, answer the nor-
mal requirements of a dejure situation. The foregoing historical outline
showsthat (for the reasons indicated) the concept ofthe holdingcompany
corresponded to a unilateralintention or concern on the part of investors
who, engrossed with their own interests, relegated to the background the
legal situation of the subsidiary companies and the laws of the country of
investment. However, the diplomatic protection of foreigners doing
business in the territory of a given State must be regarded as establishing
a bilateral relationship in which a duality of reciprocal rights and obliga-
tions comes into play: those of the protecting Statein relation to those of

the State in which the investment was made. It is hard to see how the
terms of this relationship could be definedif no legal bond has first been
established between the holding company which forms the subject of dip-
lomatic protection and the State whose acts are the subject of complaint.
As soon asthe holding company crossesa frontier and pvnetrates the ter-
ritory of another State, it is ipsofacto transformed into an institution of
private international law, to ensure the equitable functioning of which
would require the formulation of principles and rules defining the
reciprocal interests of thesubjidiary companies and the central entity of
the group, as well as the pacent company's rzlations with and duties
towards the States in which the subsidiaries have their domicile and in
which they carry on their business. Any other system of organization
must run counter to the principles of the equality ofjuristic persons and
of a State's powerof imperiumover its territory. It istrue that a fewlegal
norms may be found here and there on this subject, but, despite the
importance of the problem, it can be said that neither the legal systems
of States nor thelaw-making organs of the international community have

yet succeededin grasping this elusive reality of holding companies so as
to bring it within the framework of a sufficientlyexplicitand precise body
of law. In municipal law, certain precautionary and, moreover, fairly
sporadic measures have been taken, such as obligingparent companies to
submit consolidated balance-sheets that summarize the individual
balance-sheets of the subsidiary companies. The exportation of earnings
has also been madethe occasion for measures ofcontrol, so as to preclude
the evasion of fiscalrequirements by those who do not fulfil the role of
either investor or taxpayer. Finally, certain legai systems require that
foreign limited companies be entered in the national commercial register
before engaging in activity within the territory of the State where the
investment ismade. But none of these provisions has ever beenmore than
partially effective, and their sporadic nature stands in the way of any
systemization. With the advent of transnationality, the question of the
law applicable involves problems of a particularly thorny and controver-
sial nature: for example, that of the apportionment of jurisdictionalse demander, par exemple, si le holding non enregistréni domiciliédans
le pays d'exploitation peut se prévaloirdu droit de protection diploma-
tique; ou si, dans le même cas,le principe de la responsabilitéde 1'Etat
incriminéjoue en entier ou seulement au profit de certaines des filiales.
Toute cette matière, en somme, se ressent, sur le plan international, de
l'existence de lacunes du droit qu'il serait bon de combler soit par voie
conventionnelle au moyen d'accords bilatérauxou multilatéraux,soit par

l'apparition éventuelle - peu probable en l'espèce - d'un droit cou-
tumier.

4. Entre temps et devant cette réalité,on ne peut essayer de résoudre
les différendsrésultant du développementinsuffisant du droit, au point
actuel de son évolution, qu'en les soumettant à l'appréciation des
tribunaux internes. Mais au fur et àmesure que les vides de la législation
se font plus nombreux, la tâche du juge devient plus difficileet ressemble

de plus en plus à une véritableŒuvrede législateurtoujours dangereuse
et déplacéede sa part. C'est sans doute pour cette raison que dans le
cas d'espècela procédurede faillite de la Barcelona Traction en Espagne
a donnélieu à de nombreux épisodescontroversésoù lescritiques acerbes
vont de pair avec lesjustifications contestables. Etant donné l'orientation
que la Cour a donnée à l'arrêtqu'elle rend aujourd'hui, il n'est pas
possible d'aborder le fond du litige afin d'examiner les griefs concernant
le déni dejustice dénoncépar la Belgique; mais, à mon avis, cela ne
dispense pas lejuge international de l'obligation de souligner la position
objective du problème de principe, c'est-à-dire le décalagequi existe entre
le développement de certains phénomènes dela vie économique inter-

nationale tels que les groupements de sociétésanonymes appelés holdings
et l'évolutiondu droit applicable. Cette évolution est en retard; et les
lacunes juridiques qui se présentent de ce fait peuvent éventuellement
perturber la bonne marche de la justice.

5. La question préliminaire de l'épuisement desrecours du droit
interne espagnol, qui fut jointe au fond par l'arrêt dela Cour rendu
en 1964,n'a pas perdu pour autant son caractère de question préalable.

En effet,la règlepertinente du droit international établitqu'une demande
fondéesur le principe de la protection diplomatique des ressortissants
étrangersn'est enétatd'êtrerésolueque s'ilest démontréque les recours
de la législationinterne ont été épuiséD s.e ce fait, je crois que la Cour
aurait pu inclure l'examen de cette question dans son arrêt,puisque à
proprement parler ce sujet ne fait que compléter l'autre concernant le
jus stand de la Belgique. Mêmeen supposant que cet Etat eût prouvésa competence among the States in whose territories the various companies
of the group are established. Other, still graver questions can be posed,
moreover, and it may be wondered, for example, whether a holding
Companyneither registered nor domiciled in the country of its operations
can avail itself of the right of diplomaticprotection; and whether, in such
a case, the principle of the responsibility of the State charged with
wrongdoing operates undiminished or only for the benefit of certain
subsidiaries. In short, the whole subject is bedevilled, on the international
plane, with the existence of gaps in the law which it would be desirable to

close either by way of treaties (bilateral or multilateral agreements) or
through the possible emergence-hardly likely in the circumstances-of
customary law.
4. Meanwhile,in the face of this reality, the only way to try and resolve
disputes resulting from the insufficient development of the law in its
present stage of evolution is to submitthem to the appreciation of muni-
cipal courts. But as the number of gaps in legislation increases, so the
task of the judge grows more difficult and more and more resembles a
work of legislation, something which is always dangerous and out of
place on his part. It is no doubt for this reason that in the present case
the Barcelona Traction bankruptcy proceedings in Spain have given rise
to numerous controversial episodes in which scathing criticism has been
met with apologetics of a questionable kind. Having regard to the orienta-
tion the Court has given to the Judgment it is delivering, it is not possible
to broach the merits of the dispute in order to examine the charges
relating to the denial of justice of which Belgium cornplains; in my
opinion, however, this does not absolve the international judge of his

obligation to lay stress on the objective position of the question of prin-
ciple,i.e., the existing disparity between the development of certain phe-
nomena in international economics, such as the grouping of limited
companies under what are known as holding companies, and the evolu-
tion of the law applicable. This evolution has lagged behind; and it is
possible that the legal lacunae which have in consequence made their
appearance may hamper the proper working of justice.

5. The preliminary question of the exhaustion of the remedies of
Spanish municipal law, though it wasjoined to the merits by the Judgment
delivered by the Court in 1964,did not on that account lose its character
of being a preliminary question. The relevant rule of international law in
fact lays it down that a claim based on the principle of the diplomatic
protection of foreign nationals is onlyamenable to decision if it is shown
that the remedies provided by municipal law have been exhausted. For
this reason,1 think the Court might have included an examination of this

question in its Judgment, since, properly speaking, this matter merely
complements the other, concerning Belgium's jus standE i.en supposingcapacité d'agirpour le compte des actionnaires de la Barcelona Traction,
les griefs essentiels avancésdans sa requête nepourraient êtreexaminés
par la Cour que si l'épuisement des voiesinternes de réclamation avait
été préalablemenp trouvé.
Il faut en tout cas noter que, b:en que la question des divers recours
procéduraux à employer soit étroitement liéeau fond de la réclamation

belge, la Cour a décidéque, le jus standidu Gouvernement belge n'étant
pas démontré,elle doit s'abstenir d'examiner dans l'arrêtle fond du
litige. Néanmoins, et tout en respectant cette décision,il est toujours
loisible, pour cequi concerne la règlede l'épuisement desrecoursinternes,
de raisonner en faisant la distinction indispensable pour que, au moment
de résoudre le problème purement procédural, il ne puisse se produire
aucune interférence d'élémentis mpliquant une décisionsur le fond.

6. La première question à envisager à ce sujet consisteà déterminer
quelles sont, dans le cas d'espèce,les personnes soumises à l'obligation
d'épuiserles recours internes. En principe, cette obligation incombe à
ceux qui formulent la plainte à raison de préjudices lésantprétendument

leurs droits ou leurs intérêts. En1958,la Belgiquea présenté une première
requêtepour le compte de la Barcelona Traction; mais après sondésiste-
ment, survenu en 1961, le mêmeEtat a introduit une nouvelle requête
en 1962, pour le compte, cette fois, des actionnaires de ladite société.
A partir de ce moment, la charge de l'obligation d'épuiserles recours
s'imposait, sans aucun doute, aux actionnaires intéressés.A mon avis,
il faut néanmoins considérer commeexercésau profit des actionnaires
tous les recours intentés par la société faillieavant la date de la seconde
requêteet cela pour de bonnes raisons de droit. Les actes illicites repro-
chés au pouvoir judiciaire espagnol étaient les mêmesdans l'une et
l'autre requête.Si l'obligation de donner aux juges espagnols une possi-
bilitéde rectifier ces actes comme le veut l'esprit de la règle- avait
déjàétéobservéeune première fois par la sociétélésée,il paraît clair

que l'exercice des mêmesrecours par les demandeurs à la deuxième
requêtene serait plus nécessaire, voire impossible, sile passage du temps
avait entraîné l'expiration des délais légaux.Dans la logique de ce
raisonnement, les omissions de la société failliependant la première
périodesont opposables aux actionnaires protégés envertu de la seconde
requête.
7. Mon impression générale estla suivante: il est certain que, dans le
cours de la procédurejudiciaire qui s'est dérouléeen Espagne, la Barce-
lona Traction et d'autres personnes et entitésqui faisaient cause commune
avec elle ont fait usage d'un nombre considérablede recours en vue de
faire réformer les décisions desautorités espagnoles qu'elles estimaient
injustes.Il n'en est pas moins vrai que, d'un côté,ces intéressn'ont pas

observé entoutes circonstances certains principes générauxqui font l'es-
sence de la règle de l'épuisement desrecours internes; que d'un autre
côté ilsont omis d'exercer certains recours valables ou n'ont pas menéthatthat State had proved itscapacity to institute proceedings in behalf of
the shareholders in Barcelona Traction,the essential charges advanced in
its Application could only have been examined by the Court if the ex-
haustion of local means of complaint had first been proved.
Due note must at al1events be taken of the fact that, even though the
question of the various procedural remedies to be employed is closely
bound up with the merits of the Belgianclaim,theCourt has decided that,

since the Belgian Government has not been shown to havejus standi, it
must refrain from considering in the Judgment the merits of the dispute.
Nevertheless, while respecting this decision, it is still permissible, where
the exhaustion of local remedies rule is concerned, to reason, while
drawing the distinction which is essential in order to preclude, when the
time comes to decide the purely procedural problem, any obtrusion of
elements implying a decision on the merits.
6. The first question to consider in this connection is that of the
ascertainment of the persons obliged to exhaust local remedies in the
present case.In principle, this obligation liesuponthose who put forward
a complaint on the grounds of damage allegedly caused in respect of
their rights or interests. In 1958Belgium submitted a first Application in
behalf of Barcelona Traction; but after its discontinuance of proceedings
in 1961that same State filed a fresh Application in 1962,in behalf, this
time, of the company's shareholders. Asfromthat moment, the burden of
the obligation to exhaust local remedies fell without any doubt on the
shareholders concerned. Nevertheless, in my opinion al1 the remedies

sought by the bankrupt company before the date of the second Applica-
tion must, for good legal reasons, be regarded as having been sought for
the benefit of the shareholders. Theunlawful actswith which the Spanish
judicial authorities are charged are the same in both Applications. If the
obligation to give the Spanish courts an opportunity to rectify those acts
-which is the underlying intention of the rule-had already once been
complied with by the injured company, it seemsclear that the seeking of
those sameremediesbythe claimants under the secondApplication would
not still be necessary, indeed would be impossible if the time-limits for
doing so had lapsed with the passing of time. In accordance with the
logic ofthis reasoning, the omissions ofthebankrupt company during the
first period are opposable to the shareholders protected by the terms of
the second Application.
7. My general impression is as follows: it is beyond doubt that, in the
course of the judicial proceedings which took place in Spain, Barcelona
Traction and other persons and entities which made common cause with
it availed themselvesof a considerable number of remedieswith a viewto

having the decisions of the Spanish authorities which they considered
unjust reversed. It is noless true that, on the one hand, those interested
parties did not in al1 circumstances respect certain general principles
which form the essence of the rule of the exhaustion of local remedies,
andthat, on the other, they neglectedto seekcertain available remediesorjusqu'au bout d'autres recours qu'ils avaient entamésmais qu'ils n'ont
pas portés jusqu'aux dernières instances;et finalement, que certaines des
personnes physiques ou morales qui ont intentédivers recours n'avaient
juridiquement aucune chance de réussitecar elles n'étaientpas habilitées
à entamer de telles actions d'aprèsla loi espagnole. Par exemple: on sait
que dans la procédure defaillite seuls le failli et les créanciers jouissent

du droit d'être admisau prétoire; en fait, des personnes qui ne possé-
daient pas ou n'invoquaient pascesqualitésont introduit certains recours.
Sur un autre point, la règlede droit est claire quant au fait que c'est
uniquement au juge et non pas à la partie intéressée qu'ilppartient de
décidersi un recours prévupar la loi doit ou non êtreexercédans la
pratique. Pour pouvoir s'en abstenir, il ne suffitpas cette partie de pré-
juger le résultatet de considérerle succèscomme improbable, soit qu'il
existe des précédents adversess,oit qu'on présumela partialité des juges.
Il me semble que la défense,du côtébelge, s'est beaucoup fiéedans cer-
taines circonstances à son propre jugement pour apprécierla pertinence
ou la viabilité desrecours, et cela sans soumettre, comme il le fallait, la
décisionaux tribunaux.

8. Après avoir rappeléces questions de principe, il me parait utile
d'examiner quels sont les principaux recours dont le non-exercice doit,
à mon avis, être considéré comme une omission dont la partie belge
serait responsable.
Pour ce qui est des recours administratifs, ceux qui ont éténégligés
concernent spécialement les décisionspar lesquelles l'Institut espagnol
de monnaie étrangèrerefusa l'octroi des devisesqui eussent permis de
donner effet aux divers plans d'arrangement envisagésentre la Barcelona
Traction et ses obligataires, et plus particulièrement l'approbation du
dernier plan d'arrangement qui prévoyait - au prix d'une perte con-
sidérable - la conversion en monnaie espagnole de certaines obligations
en monnaie étrangère. La réglementation alorsen vigueur en Espagne
donnait aux particuliers la facultéde demanderaux autorités compétentes

les autorisations nécessaires: il est donc évident, conformément aux
principes bien établisen matière de hiérarchie administrative, quetout
refus d'autorisation de cette nature pouvait faire l'objet d'un recours
devant l'autoritésupérieure.Les refus de I'IEME auraient dû, en consé-
quence, provoquer des réclamations de la partie intéresséedevant le
ministre du commerce, dont l'Institut dépendaitdirectement. En outre,
ce type de recours, dit hiérarchique, est indispensable si l'on veut que
plus tard le recours contentieux-administratif puisse êtreadmis.

On a allégué que certaines décisionsadministratives ne sont susceptibles
d'aucun recours si elles relèventdu pouvoir discrétionnaire del'autorité
qui les prend, car ce pouvoir, par sa nature même, excluttoute possibilité

de réformation. Mais la procédure amontré que, dans la jurisprudence
administrative espagnole, on trouve des précédentsau sujet de recours
qui ont étéintroduits et admis contre des décisionsde ce genre, car ledid not pursue to the very end other remedies which they had sought but
which they did not take as far as the highest court open to them, and,
finally, that certain natural or juristic persons who had sought various
remedies had in law no chance of succeeding since under Spanish law
they were not empowered to bring such actions. For example: as is well
known, in bankruptcy proceedings only the bankrupt and his creditors
have jus standi injudicio, yet persons who did not possess or did not claim
these capacities nevertheless sought certain remedies.
On another point, the law is clear that itis for the judge alone and not
for the interested party todecide whether a remedy provided by law must
in practice be sought or not. In order to be entitled to refrain from doing
so, itdoes not sufficefor such a party to prejudge the result and to regard

success as improbable either because there are adverse precedents or be-
cause the courts are presumed partial. It seems to me that the defence, on
the Belgian side, placed much reliance in certain circumstances on its own
judgment in evaluating the relevance or viability of certain remedies,
without leaving such decision to the courts,as ought to have been done.

8. Having recalled these questions of principle, 1feel it worthwhile to
consider the chief remedies failure to seek which must, in my opinion,
be regarded as an omission for which the Belgian side would be respon-
sible.
So far as administrative remedies are concerned, those that were
omitted concern in particular the decisions by which the SpanishInstitute
of Foreign Exchange refused to grant currency that would have made it
possible to implement the various plans of compromise contemplated
between Barcelona Traction and its bondholders, and, more particularly,
its refusa1 to approve the last plan of compromise, which provided-at
the cost of a considerable loss-for the conversion into Spanish currency
of certain bonds expressed in foreign currency. The regulations then in
forcein Spain allowed private parties to applyto the competent authorities

forthe necessary authorizations: it is consequently evident, in accordance
wiah well-established principles relating to administrative hierarchies,
that al1refusals of authorization of such a nature could form the subject
of an appeal to a higher authority. The refusals of the SpanishInstitute of
Foreign Exchange ought consequently to have led to complaints by the
interested party to the Minister of Commerce, to whom the Institute was
directly responsible. Furthermore, this type of appeal, known as a
hierarchic appeal, is indispensable if it is desired that it should subse-
quently be possible for a contentious-administrative appeal to beadmitted.
It has been alleged that no remedy is available against certain ad-
ministrative decisions if they fa11within the discretionary power of the
authority which takes them, since that power, by virtue of its very
nature, excludes al1possibility of their reversal. But the proceedings have
shown that precedents are to be found in Spanish administrative juris-
prudence of remedies sought and granted against decisions of this kind,pouvoir discrétionnairen'implique nullementl'arbitraire et seule I'auto-
ritésupérieure esten mesure de discerner si le fonctionnaire subalterne
a outrepassé les limites d'une discrétionraisonnable pour s'aventurer
dans le domaine illicite de l'arbitraire ou d'une injuste discrimination.
Pour ce qui est du recours contentieux-administratif, on peut dire qu'il
constitue le point culminant de la procédure purement administrative.
Quand les recours devant les autorités administratives ont étéépuisés
jusqu'au bout, la voie du contentieux administratif reste ouverte et pré-
sente cet avantage que cette matière est du ressort du Tribunal suprême.

Certes, pour accéder à cette nouvelle voie, il aurait fallu, dans le cas
d'espèce,que la partie intéressée fasseau préalableappel devant le mi-
nistre contre les résolutionsde I'IEME, afind'obtenir une décisionde
l'instance administrative la plus haute, c'est-à-dire une décisionirrévo-
cable. Ce recours n'a pas étéexercé;et son exercicefait défautspéciale-
ment à propos du refus de l'autorisation d'exécuter ledernier plan d'ar-
rangement, tendant au paiement des obligations en pesetas car, dans ce
cas, la société filiEbro a soutenu qu'elle avait été l'objetd'une discri-
mination injuste de la part des autorités administratives,par rapport à
d'autres entités.

9. Pour ce qui est des recours judiciaires, je dois me réfépour com-
mencer au recours d'opposition contre le jugement de faillite (auto de

quiebra), recours prévupar l'article 1028du code de commerce espagnol
et par l'article 1326du code de procédurecivile.Le premier de cesarticles
fixe un délai dehuit jours pour l'introduction du recours,à partir de la
publication du jugement de faillite. Le17 mars 1948,aucune opposition
n'ayant été forméel,e juge de Reus prononça une décisiondéclarant
définitifet passé en forcedechosejugée lejugementdefaillitedu 12février
1948rendu au sujet de la Barcelona Traction. Les écrituresmontrent que
cette sociétéde Toronto avait eu connaissance, par des voies extrajudi-
ciaires, de la déclaration defaillite en Espagne, deuxjours après le pro-
noncédu jugement de Reus;-que lesjournaux de Toronto, de Montréal
et de Londrespublièrentdesinformations àcesujet, àpartir du 14février;
que des représentants ou des actionnaires de la société à Toronto et à
Madrid avaient, dans des déclarations à la presse, fait allusiànla mise
en faillite au cours du mois de février;que le" mars, le présidentde la

sociétéadressa, au nom du conseil d'administration, une circulaire aux
porteurs d'obligations concernant la déclaration de faillite; et que la
sociétéavait délivré uneprocuration pour comparaître judiciairement en
Espagne le 9 mars (voir exceptions préliminaires,ann. 81).Il ne fait donc
aucun doute que sur un plan extrajudiciaire ou defait la Barcelona Trac-
tion aurait été enmesure d'ester en justiceet de faire opposition au juge-
ment de faillite bien avant la décision prisepar lejuge de Reus le 17mars.
Cependant la procédure de faillite a donnélieu à une controverse entre
les Parties au sujet de deux points de droit: l'absence de notification au
failli du jugement du 12février à son domicile de Toronto (art. 260 dufor a discretionary power by no means implies an arbitrary one and only
a higher authority is able to discern whether a subordinate officia1has
exceeded the limits of a reasonable discretion and ventured into the
unlawful domain of arbitrariness or unjust discrimination.
So far as the remedy of a contentious-administrative appeal is con-
cerned, it can be said to constitute the culminating point of purely ad-
ministrative procedure. When appeals to the administrative authorities
have been totally exhausted, the way of contentious-administrative pro-
ceedingsremains open and has the advantage that this matter falls within
the purview ofthe Supreme Court. It istrue that in order to have accessto
this new remedy it would have been necessary in the present instance for
the party concerned first to appeal to the Minister against the decisions of
the Spanish Institute of Foreign Exchange, in order to obtain a decision
from the highest administrative authority, that is to Say,an irrevocable

decision. This remedy was not sought; and it ought to have been, in
particular, in connection with the refusal to authorize the implementation
of the last plan of compromise, which provided for the payment of the
bands in pesetas, for the subsidiary company Ebro maintained in relation:
thereto that ithad been the subject of unjust discrimination on thepart of
the administrative authorities, when compared with other entities.
9. With respect tojudicial remedies, 1must refer in the first place to the
remedy of "opposition" to the bankruptcy judgment (auto de quiebra),
for which provision is made in Article 1028of the Spanish Commercial
Code and in Article 1326 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The former
article lays down a time-limit of eight days as from the publication of the
bankruptcy judgment within which this remedy may be sought. On
17March 1948,no plea of opposition having been entered, the Reusjudge
gave a decision declaring the bankruptcy judgment deliveredwith respect
to Barcelona Traction on 12 February 1948to be final and res judicafa.
The pleadings show that, by extra-judicial means, this Toronto company
had knowledge of the bankruptcy adjudication in Spain two days after

the Reus judgment was delivered; that the newspapers of Toronto, of
Montreal and of London published information on this subject as from
14 February; that representatives of or shareholders in the company
made statements to the press in Toronto and Madrid during the month of
February alluding to the bankruptcy adjudication; that on 1 March the
president of the company, on behalf of the board of directors, addressed
to bondholders a circular letter concerning the bankruptcy adjudication;
and that the company on 9 March gave a power of attorney to enter
judicial appearance in Spain (seeAnnex 81to the Preliminary Objections).
There is thus no doubt that froman extra-judicial or factual point of view
Barcelona Traction would have been in a position to take legalaction and
enter a plea of opposition to the bankruptcy judgment well before the
decision taken by the Reusjudge on 17March. However, the bankruptcy
proceedings gave rise to a controversy between the Parties with respect to
two points of law: the non-notification of thejudgment of 12February tocode de procédure civile) et l'irrégularité substantielleque la Belgique
attache au mode de publication dudit jugement, qui n'eut lieu qu'en
Espagne et jamais à Toronto où la société faillieavait son domicile.
Le Gouvernement belge soutient que, dans ces conditions, le délailégal

pour entamer le recours d'opposition n'a pas commencé à courir. En
réalitéla Barcelona Traction n'a fait opposition à la faillite qu'au mois
de juin 1948. Le Gouvernement espagnol estime que les filiales de la
Barcelona Traction ayant leur domicile et leurs activités enEspagne, la
publication à l'étranger n'était pajsustifiée.La Cour n'aurait pu trancher
ces points controversés qu'en examinant les décisionspertinentes des
tribunaux locaux favorables au point de vue espagnol, en vue d'établir
si l'on peut ou non imputer à ceux-ci un déni dejustice du point de vue
international; ce qui eût signifiéstatuer sur le fond de l'affaire. Etant

donné qu'un tel prononcé a étéexclu par l'arrêt,je dois m'abstenir de
prendre position sur le point de savoir si la Partie belge a ou non exercé
d'une façon régulièreet en temps opportun le recours interne d'opposi-
tion au jugement de faillite.

10. L'ordonnance judiciaire du 17mars 1948,qui confirmait définitive-
ment les effets du jugement de faillite du 12février,avait sans doute un
caractère très grave car elle ouvrait la voie la vente des biens du failli.
Les recours introduits par les filiales contre cette ordonnance étaient

paralysés, conformément à la loi, comme conséquence du déclinatoire
Boter: il fallait donc faire appel à une autre sorte de recours, en vue
d'éviterou d'ajourner la vente. Un des seuls recours susceptibles d'avoir
cet effetétaitle recours en revisibn(art. 1796et suiv.du code deprocédure
civile). Celui-ci, d'aprèsla loi, peut notamment êtreexercé silejugement
devenu définitifa étérendu «à la suite d'une subornation, violence ou
autre rnanæuvrefrauduleuse »(article cité ci-dessus,par. 4)A ce propos,
la requête faitétat d'arbitraire, de partialité, de méprisdu principe de
l'égalité desparties, en somme d'une ((volontéarrêtée )),de la part de

certaines autoritésjudiciaires espagnoles,(de favoriser les dessein» per-
sonnels des adversaires de la Barcelona Traction. Ces vices, de l'avis de
la Belgique, dépassent le caractère de simples négligences,d'erreurs
grossièresou d'imperfections de la législationapplicable. Se référantplus
précisémentau jugement de faillite prononcépar lejuge de Reus, la Bel-
gique a parléde (connivence flagrante » entre cejuge et les demandeurs
de la faillite (réplique,par. 26) et, dans les plaidoiries, du manque de
scrupules du tribunal.Il est donc soutenu sans équivoquequ'ily a eu do1
ou fraude.

La Belgique a soulevé diversesobjections quant à la pertinence età
l'efficacitédu recours en revision.
Premièrement, elle affirme que la revisibn n'est possible, selonla loi
espagnole, que contre une sentencia firme, c'est-à-dire contre un juge-
ment se prononçant définitivementsur une action ou une demande; etthe bankrupt at its domicile in Toronto (Article 260 of the Code of Civil
Procedure), and the positive irregularity which, according to Belgium,
characterized the mode of publication of the said judgment, which took
place only in Spain and never at Toronto where the bankrupt Company
had its domicile. The Belgian Government maintains that in these circum-
stances the legal time-limit for making use of the remedy of "opposition"
did not begin to run. In fact, Barcelona Traction did not enter a plea of

opposition to the bankruptcy until June 1948.The Spanish Government
takes the view that, since Barcelona Traction's subsidiaries were domi-
ciled and carried on their activities in Spain, publication abroad was not
warranted. The Court could only have decided these disputedpoints byex-
amining the relevant decisions of the municipal courts which upheld the
Spanish position, in order to establish whether or not a denial of justice
from the point of view of international law can be imputed to them:
which would have meant deciding"the merits of the case. Since such a
pronouncement has been ruled out by the Judgment, 1 mu3 refrain from
taking up a position on the question of whether the Belgian side did or
did not seek the local remedy of "opposition" to the bankruptcy judg-
ment in proper fashion and in good time.
10. The judicial order of 17 March 1948,which finally confirmed the
effects of the bankruptcy judgment of 12 February, was no doubt of a
very serious nature, for it opened the way for the sale of the bankrupt's

property. The remedies sought by the subsidiaries against this order were
paralysed, in accordance with the law, in consequence of the Boter
declinatoria;it consequently became necessary to seek a different sort of
remedy in order to avoid or postpone the sale. One of the few remedies
capable of having this effect was the remedy of revisibn (Articles 1796
et seq. of the Code of Civil Procedure). According to the law, this remedy
may be sought if a judgment which has become final was delivered "as a
result of subornation, violence or otherfraudulent means" (paragraph 4
of the article referred to). In this connection, the Application speaks of
arbitrariness, partiality, contempt for the principle of the equality of
parties, and, in short, of a "deliberate intention" on the part of certain
Spanish judicial authorities "of favouring" the persona1 "plans" of the
enemies of Barcelona Traction. These defects, in Belgium's opinion, go
beyond mere negligence,flagrant errors or imperfections in the law applic-
able. Referring more specificallyto the bankruptcy judgment pronounced

by the Reus judge, Belgium has spoken in the Reply of "flagrant con-
nivance" between that judge and the petitioners in bankruptcy (para-
graph 26) and in oral argument of the court's lack of scruples. It has thus
unequivocally maintained that there was dolus or fraud.
Belgium has raised various objections with regard to the appropriate-
ness and effectiveness of the remedy of revisibn.
In the first place, it contends that under Spanish law revisibn is only
available against a sentencia$rme, i.e., against a judgment finally pro-
nouncing upon an action or claim, and that in Spanish terminology itself que, mêmedans la terminologie espagnole, le jugement de faillite n'est
qu'un auto,c'est-à-dire une décisionqui ne met pas fin au litige comme le
fait la sentenciaoujugement, mais seulement àun incident ou à un aspect
partiel de l'affaire.
Cette allégationpourrait paraître fondéedu point du vue strictement
terminologique, mais en fait la procédure de faillite possède quant au
fond une structure tout à fait particulière et différentede celle de la

procédure ordinaireavecsestrois étapesclassiquesde demande et réponse
à la demande, production des preuves et arrêt.Dans la faillite, la procé-
dure est diviséeen cinq ((sections1faisant l'objet de ((pièce))séparées
(art. 1321et 1322du code de procédurecivile). La premièresection est
relative au jugement de faillite, aux dispositions accessoires concernant
son exécution et au concordat; la deuxième à l'administration de la
faillite; la troisièmeaux effets rétroactifs dela faillite; la quatrième
reconnaissance et au rang des créanceset la cinquième à la qualification
de la faillite et la réhabilitation du failli. L'objet de chacune de ces
sections formant des cahiers séparésest nettement différenciéet, dans

chacune d'elles,des décisionsindépendantes, ayant force dechosejugée,
peuvent êtrerendues. Dans ce sens, le jugement (auto) de faillite peut
être en bonne doctrineassimilé à une sentencia, notamment quand ce
jugement est devenu définitif(firme) par décision judiciaire expresse,
soit qu'il n'ait pasétfait opposition, soit que l'opposition ait érejetée.
Il est exact alors dedire que dans ce cas, le sort ou l'orientation définitive
de l'action est régléL.e jugement de faillite, une fois passéen force de
chose jugée, déclenche automatiquement toutes les mesures d'exécution
qui doivent mettre fin à la procédure: liquidation del'actif, paiementdu
passif,distribution du reliquat s'ily en a un. Leseffetsitjugement sont
ceux d'une vraie sentencia. Finalement (et ceci est décisif), l'examendu

Titre XIII, Livre IIdu code de procédurecivile permet de constater que
l'article 1330,en accord avec l'article 755, donne le nom de sentencia la
décisiondu juge qui tranche, après la présentationdes preuves, l'incident
d'opposition au jugement de faillite. En vertu de la loi, la décisionqui,
à défaut d'opposition, reconnaît audit jugement l'autorité dela chose
jugée, possède exactementle mêmecaractère et la mêmeportée qu'une
sentencia (voir art.408).

Je crois donc que le recours en revision peut êtreexercécontre un auto
déclaratoire de la faillite car celui-ci possède lescaractères d'une vraie

sentencia. En tout cas, si un doute pouvait subsister, la règledeI'épuise-
ment exigeait que le recours soit tentépar la partie intéressée,ar seul le
juge peut se prononcer au sujet de sa recevabilité.

D'autres réservesencore ont été expriméespar la Belgique àpropos de
la possibilitéde faire valoir le motif de revision relatif à l'existence de
manŒuvres frauduleuses dans la prockdure. Bien qu'au stade des der-
nières plaidoiries les conseilsbelges aient visiblement atténuélesaccusa-a bankruptcy judgment is onlyan auto, i.e., a decisionwhichputs an end
not to the dispute, as a sentencia or judgment proper does, but only to
an incidental issue or partial aspect of the case.

This assertion might appear justified from a strictly terminological
point of view, but in fact bankruptcy proceedings have in substance a
structure al1their own, which differsfrom that of ordinary proceedings
with their three classicstages of statement of claim and answer thereto,
production of evidenceandjudgment. In bankruptcy, the proceedingsare
divided into five "sections", dealt with in separate "files" (Articles 1321
and 1322 ofthe Code of Civil Procedure). TheJirst section concernsthe
bankruptcy judgment, ancillary provisions concerningits execution, and

compositions; theseconddealswiththe administration ofthe bankruptcy ;
the third withthe retroactive effects ofthe bankruptcy; the fourth with the
proving and ranking of debts; and thefifth with the classificationof the
bankruptcy and the discharge of the bankrupt. The subject-matter of
each of these sections,each with its separate file, iskept clearlydistinct,
and in each ofthem independent decisionshavingthe force ofresjudicata
can be delivered. In this sense, it is sound doctrine that a bankruptcy
judgment (auto) can be assimilated to a sentencia, in particular when
that judgment has become final (Jirme) by express judicial decision,
either through no plea of opposition to it having been entered or through
such opposition's having failed. It is consequently correct to Saythat in
sucha casethe fate or finaldirection ofthe action issettled.A bankruptcy
judgment, onceit has becomeresjudicata, autornatically sets in motion
al1the measures of execution whichmust carry the proceedingsthrough
to their conclusion: liquidation of the assets, payment of the liabilities
and distribution of the surplus if any. The effectsof such a judgment are
those of a true sentencia. Lastly(and this is decisive)an examination of
Title XIII, Book II, of the Code of Civil Procedure enables it to be seen

that Article 1330,with Article 755, gives the name of sentencia to the
judge's pronouncemen?deciding, after the presentation of evidence,the
incidental proceedings of opposition to the bankruptcy judgment. In
terms of the law, a decision which, in the absence of an entry of opposi-
tion, recognizes suchjudgment to have the authority of resjudicata, has
exactlythe same character and weight as a sentencia(seeArticle 408).
It is consequently my belief that the remedy of revisibnis available
against an auto adjudicating bankruptcy, since the latter possesses the
characteristics of a true sentencia.In any event, should anydoubt have
remained, the rule of exhaustion required that the remedy be sought by
the interested Party, for solely a judge can pronounce upon its admis-
sibility.
Still other reservations havebeen expressedby Belgiumwith regard to
the possibilityofrelyingon the ground for revisibnto do withthe employ-
ment of fraudulent means in the proceedings. Although in the last stage
of oral argument counsel for Belgiumattenuated noticeably the accusa-tions formulées dansles écriturescontre certaines autorités du pouvoir
judiciaire espagnol, il n'y a pas eu rétractation formelleà leur sujet.
Ces accusations subsistent donc et, aux fins de la règlede l'épuisement
des recours internes, il aurait fallu fournir des preuves pour qu'il soit
possible d'établirsi la procédure avaitou non étéviciéepar ces irrégula-
rités. C'étaitd'autant plus indispensable en l'espèceque la démonstration
des faits alléguésaurait eu comme conséquenceimmédiatel'annulation
des actes de procédure entachés device, c'est-à-dire le redressement dela
situation juridique, qui est précisémentl'objet de la règle.On voit donc
comment, du point de vue international, les résultats du recours en re-
vision revêtentune importance capitale quand il s'agit ultérieurement

d'établirl'existence ou la non-existence de la responsabilité detat.
La partie belgeprévoyait néanmoinsdes difficultésquanà la possibilité
d'obtenir des preuves tangibles des accusations de malhonnêteté.Mais
elle avait toujoursà sa disposition, contre les autorités incriminées, le
recours préalable en responsabilitécivile (code de procédure civile, art.
903et suiv.),qui eût permis d'établirsi,éventuellement,une responsabilité
pénaleétait ou non en cause (art. 918dudit code). Dans l'affirmative, la
pertinence du recours en revision aurait été incontestable.En somme,
l'omission de ce recours a crééun vide légaldont la responsabilité in-
combe à la Partie demanderesse. La règle de l'épuisementn'a pas été
respectée.
11. On pourrait égalementexaminer le cas d'autres recours qui n'ont

pas étéintroduits ou qui l'ont étédans des conditions irrégulièresou en
dehors des délaisprescrits, par la Barcelona Traction, la Sidro et la
Sofina ou d'autres entitésdéfendant les intérêts dela société faillie.
On pourrait analyser à ce titre certains recours visant par exemple la
contestation de la compétencedes tribunaux et la mise en cause de cer-
tains aspects du cahier des charges. me semble, d'autre part, démontré
par les écritureset les plaidoiries que quelques-uns des recours entamés
au nom de la Barcelona Traction n'ont pas été poursuivisjusqu'aubout,
c'est-à-dire jusqu'à l'obtention d'une décision définitivede l'instance
supérieure.D'autres n'ont été épuisé qsu'après le commencement de la
procédure internationale devant la Cour. Néanmoins, je n'estime pas
indispensable d'entrer dans des détails ce propos: je me borne à sou-
ligner que les recours que je viens d'examiner ne l'ont été qu'àtitre

d'exemples citéssans intention d'en donner une énumération complète;
en effet,ceproblèmeayant été excludel'arrêt, uneétudeplus approfondie
de tous ses'aspectsserait dépourvue d'utilitépratique. L'essentielest que,
certains des recours internes qui étaient ouverts n'ayant pas été intentés
ou dûment menés àleur terme, les conditions ne sont pas remplies pour
que la protection diplomatique puisse se poursuivre par la voiejudiciaire.

(Signé J. L. BUSTAMAN YTRIVERO. tions made in the pleadings against certain Spanish judicial authorities,
there was no forma1withdrawal of them. Those accusations consequently
stand and,for the purposes of the rule of theexhaustion of local remedies,
evidence would have had to be supplied for it to be possible to establish
whether the proceedings were or were not vitiated by such irregularities.
It was the more indispensable in the present case in that proof of the
facts alleged would have had as its immediate consequence the annulment
of the tainted procedural acts: in other words, that very correction of the
legal position which is theobject of the rule. It will consequently be seen
how, from the international point of view, the results of the remedy of
revisibn are of capital importance when it subsequently comes to estab-
lishing the existence or non-existence of the responsibility of the State.
The Belgian side nevertheless foresaw difficulty in obtaining tangible
proof of the accusations of dishonesty. But it always had at its disposa1
against the authorities accused the prior remedy of proceedings to estab-
lish civil liability (Code of Civil Procedure, Articles903 et seq.), which

would have made it possible to establish whether criminal liability was
involved or not (Article 918 of the same Code). In the event of an affir-
mative answer, the appropriateness of the remedy of revisibnwould have
been beyond dispute. In short, the omission of this remedy created a legal
vacuity for which the applicant Party must bear the responsibility. The
rule of exhaustion was not complied with.
11. It would also be possible to consider the case of other remedies
that were not sought, or which were sought improperly orout of time, by
Barcelona Traction, Sidro and Sofina, or other entities defending the
interests of the bankrupt Company. In this connection an analysis might
be made of certain remedies aimed, for example, at challenging the
jurisdiction of the courts or calling in question certain aspects of the
Conditions of the judicial sale. It seems to me, moreover, to have been
proved by the pleadings and oral arguments that some of the remedies
sought on behalf of Barcelona Traction were not pursued to the end, that
is to say, so far asthe obtaining of a finalcision from the highest court.
Others were only exhausted after the commencement of the international
proceedings in this Court. 1nevertheless do not consider it indispensable

to enter into detail in this connection: 1 would merely stress that the
remedies 1have just examined were consideredsimply as examples, with-
out there being any intention of exhaustively enumerating them; since
this question has in fact been excluded from the Judgment, any more
thorough study of its many aspects would, indeed, serve no practical
purpose. The essential point is that, certain of the local remedies avail-
able not having been sought or duly pursued to the end, the conditions
for the continuation of diplomatic protection by judicial means have not
been satisfied.

(Signed) J. L. BUSTAMAN YTEIVERO.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of President Bustamante y Rivero (translation)

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