Separate Opinion of Judge Ignacio-Pinto (translation)

Document Number
058-19741220-JUD-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
058-19741220-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE IGNACIO-PINTO

[Translation]

1concur in the Judgment delivered by the Courtin the second phase of
this case, but without entirely sharingthe grounds on which it has relied
to reach the conclusion that the Australian claim "no longer has any

object".
Before explaining on what points my reasoning differs from that of the
Court, I must refer to the Order of 22 June 1973, by which the Court,
after having acceded to Australia's request for the indication of interim
measures of protection, decided that the proceedings would next be con-
cerned with the questions of jurisdiction and admissibility. The Court
having thus defined the character which the present phase of the proceed-
ings was to possess, I find myself, much to my regret, impelled not to
criticize the Court's Judgment, but to present the following observations
in order unequivocally to substantiate my separate opinion in the matter.
First I wish to confirm my view, already set forth in the dissenting
opinion which 1appended to the above-mentioned Order of 22June 1973,
that, considering the al1 too markedly political character of this case,
Australia's request for the indication of interim measures of protection

ought to have been rejected asil1founded. Nowthat we have come to the
end of these proceedings and before going any further, 1think it useful to
recall certain statements emanatingfrom the competentauthorities of the
AustralianGovernment which givethe plainest possible illustration of the
political character of this case.
1 would first draw attention to the statement made by the Prime
Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of Australia in a Note of
13 February 1973 to the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the French
Government (Application, Ann. 11,p. 62):
"In my discussion with your Ambassador on 8 February 1973, 1

referred to the strength of public opinion in Australia about the
effects of French tests in theacific. I explained that the strength of
public opinion was such that,whicherer political party was in ofJice,
it would be under great pressure tu take action. The Australian
public would consider it intolerable if the nuclear tests proceeded
during discussions to which the Australian Government had agreed."
(Emphasis added.)
Secondly 1 wish to recall what the Solicitor-General of Australia said at
the hearing which the Court held on 22 May 1973:

"May 1conclude, Mr. President, by saying that few Orders ofthe
Court would be more closely scrutinized than the one which the NUCLEAR TESTS(SEP. OP. IGNACIO-PINTO) 309

Court will make upon this application. Governments and people al1
over the world will look behind the contents of that Order to detect
what they may presume to be the Court's attitude towards the funda-

mental question of the legality of further testing of nuclear weapons
in the atmosphere." (Emphasis added.)

It appears therefore, taking into account my appreciation of the politi-
cal character of the claim, that it was from the beginning that, basing
myself on this point, 1had considered the claim of Australia to be without
object.
That said, 1now pass to the observations for which my appraisal of the

Court's Judgment calls, together with the explanation of my affirmative
vote.
First of all, 1consider that the Court, having called upon the Applicant
to continuethe proceedings and return before it so that it might rule upon
itsjurisdiction to entertain the case and on the admissibility of the Appli-
cation, ought to treat these two questions clearly, especially as certain

erroneous interpretations appear to have lent credence among the lay
public to the idea that Australia "had won its case against France", since
in the final analysis it had obtained the object of its claim, which was to
have Franceforbidden to continueatmospheric nuclear testing.

As 1seethe matter, it is extremely regrettable that the Court should have

thought it ought to omit doing this, so that unresoived problems remain
with regard to the validity of the 1928General Act, relied on by Australia,
as also to the declaration filed under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute
and the express reservations made by France in 1966so far as everything
connected with its national defence was concerned. It would likewise
have been more judicious to give an unequivocal ruling on the question of

admissibility, having regard to what 1 consider to be the definitely
political character revealed by the Australian claim, as 1 have recalled
above.
These, [ find, are so many important elements which deserved to be
taken into consideration in order to enable the Court to give a clear

pronouncement on the admissibility of Australia's claim, more particu-
larly as the objective of this claim is to have the act of a sovereign State
declared unlawful even though it is not possible to point to any positive
international law.
1must say in these circumstances that Lpersonally remain unsatisfied as
to the procedure followed and certain of the grounds relied on by the

Court for reaching the conclusion that the claim no longer has any object.
1nevertheless adhere to that conclusion, which is consistent with the
position which 1have maintained from the outset of the proceedings in
the first phase; 1shall content myself with the Court's recognition that the
Australian Application "no longer" has any object, on the understan-
ding, nevertheless, that for me it never had any object, and ought to havebeen declared inadmissible inlimine litis and, therefore, removed from the
list for the reasons which 1gave in the dissenting opinion to which 1 have
referred above.
The fact remains that, to my mind, the Court was right to take the

decision it has taken today. 1 gladly subscribe-at least in part-to the
considerations which have led to its doing so, for, failing the adoption
by the Court of my position on the issues of jurisdiction and the ad-
missibility of the Australian claim, 1would in any case have been of the
view that it should take into consideration, at least in the alternative, the
new facts which supervened in the course of the present proceedings and

after the closure of the oral proceedings, to wit various statements by
interested States, with a view to ascertaining whether circumstances
might not have rendered the object of the Application nugatory. Since, in
the event, it emerges that the statements urbi et orbi of the competent
French authorities constitute an undertaking on the part of France to
carry out no more nuclear tests in the atmosphere, 1 can only vote in

favour of the Judgment.
It is in effect evident that'one could not rule otherwise than the Court
has done, when one analyses objectively the various statementsemanating
whether from the Applicant or from France, which, confident in the reser-
vations embodied in the declaration filed under Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute, contested the Coiirt's jurisdiction even before the opening
of oral proceedings.

As should be re-emphasized, it cannot be denied that the essential
object of Australia's claim is to obtain from the Court the cessation by
France of the atmospheric nticlear tests it has been conducting in the
atoll of Mururoa which is situated in the South Pacific and is under
French sovereignty. Consequently. if France had changed its attitude, at
the outset of the proceedings, and had acquiesced in Australia's request

that it should no longer carry out its tests, the goal striven for by the
Applicant would have been attained and its claim would no longer have
had any object. But now the Court has been led by the course of events to
take note that the President of the French Republic and his competent
ministers have made statements to the effect that the South Pacific test
centre will not be carrying out any more atmospheric nuclear tests. It

follows that the goal of the Application has been attained. That is a
material finding which cannot properly be denied, for it is manifest that
the object of the Australian claim no longer has any real existence. That
being so, the Court is bound to accord this fact objective recognition and
to conclude that the proceedings ought to be closed, inasmuch as it has
acquired the conviction that, taking the circumstances in which they were
made into account, the statements of the competent French authorities

are sufficient to constitute an undertaking on the part of France which
connotes a legal obligation erga omnes, despite the unilateral character of
that undertaking.
One may regret-and 1do regret-that the Court, particularly at this
stage, did not devote more of its efforts to seeking a way of first settling

61the questions ofjurisdiction and admissibility. Some would doubtless go
so far as strongly to criticize the grounds put forward by the Court to
substaritiate its decision. 1could not take that attitude, for in a case so
exceptionally characterized by politico-humanitarian considerations, and
in the absence of any guiding light of positive international law, 1do not
think the Court can be blamed for having chosen, for the settlement
of the dispute, the means which it considered to be the most appropriate

in the circumstances, and to have relied upon the undertaking, made
urbi et orbi in official statements by the President of the French Republic,
that no more atmospheric nuclear tests will be carried out by the French
Government. Thus the Judgment rightly puts an end to a case one of
whose consequences would, in my opinion, be disastrous-1 refer to the
disregardofArticle 36,paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court-and would

thereby be likely to precipitate a general flight from the jurisdiction of the
Court, inasmuch as it would demonstrate that the Court no longer
respects the expression of the will of a State which has subordinated its
acceptance of the Court's compulsory jurisdiction to express reservations.

In spite of the criticisms which some of my colleagues have ex-

pressed in their opinions, and sharing as 1 do the opinion of Judge
Forster, 1will say, bearing in mind the old adage that "al1 roads lead to
Rome", that 1 find the Judgment just and well founded and that there is,
at al1events, nothing in the French statements "which could be inter-
preted as an admission of any breach of positive international law".
In conclusion, 1would like to emphasize once again that 1 am fully in

agreement. with Australia that al1 atmospheric nuclear tests whatever
should be prohibited, in view of their untold implications for the survival
of mankind. 1 am nevertheless convinced that in the present case the
Court has given a proper Judgment, which meets the major anxieties
which 1 expressed in the dissenting opinion to which 1 have referred,
inasmuch as it must not appear to be flouting the principles expressed in
Article 2,paragraph 7,of the United Nations Charter (Order of 22 June

1973, I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 130),and indirectly inasmuch as it respects
the principle of sovereign equality of the member States of the United
Nations. France must not be given treatment inferior to that given to al1
other States possessing nuclear weapons, and the Court's competence
would not be well founded if it related only to the French atmospheric
tests.

(SignedL ).IGNACIO-PINTO.

Bilingual Content

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. IGNACLO-PINTO

Je souscris à l'arrêtrendu par la Cour en la deuxième phase de cette
affaire mais sans faire entièrement miens les moyens qu'elle a invoqués
pour aboutir à la conclusion quela demande australienne ((n'adésormais
plus d'objet)).
Avant d'exposer lespoints où mon raisonnement diffèrede celui de la
Cour, je dois me référer à l'ordonnance du 22juin 1973,laquelle, après

avoir fait droit à la demande de l'Australie en indication de mesures
conservatoires, avait décidéque la suite de la procédure porterait sur les
questions de compétence et de recevabilité. LaCour ayant ainsi précid
le 'caractèreque devait revêtir la présentephase de l'instance, je suis à
mon grand regret amené,non pas à critiquer l'arrêt dela Cour, mais à
présenter les observations qui vont suivre pour justifier sans équivoque
mon opinion individuelle en la matière.
Tout d'abord je tiens à confirmer I'opinion déjà exposéedans mon
opinion dissidentejointe à l'ordonnance du 22juin 1973précitéeet selon
laquelle, cette affaire étant d'un caractère politique par trop marqué, il

fallait rejeter la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires de
l'Australie comme mal fondée. Aujourd'hui que nous sommes arrivés,au
terme de ce procès et avant d'aller plus loin, je crois utile de rappeler
certains propos des autorités qualifiéesdu Gouvernement australien qui
rendent on ne peut plus évidentle caractère politique de cette affaire.

Je signalerai premièrement la déclaration du premier ministre et
ministre des affaires étrangèresde l'Australie dans une note au ministre
des affaires étrangèresdu Gouvernement français en date du 13 février
1973(requête,ann. 11,p. 63):

((Au cours de mon entretien du 8 février1973avec votre ambas-
sadeur, j'ai dit avec quelle vivacité I'opinion enAustralie réagitaux
effetsdes essais français dans le Pacifique. J'ai expliquéquel'opinion
publique réagissaitsi vivement que le parti politique au pouvoir, quel
qu'ilsoit,,ferait l'objet depressions considérapour passer à l'action.
Le public australien estimerait intolérable que les essais nucléaires
se poursuivent pendant des discussions auxquelles le Gouvernement
australien aurait consenti.)(Les italiques sont de moi.)

Je rappellerai deuxièmement les propos du Solicitor-Generald'Australie
à l'audience de la Cour du 22 mai 1973 :
((Puis-je conclure, Monsieur le Président, en disant que peu
d'ordonnances seront plus passéesau crible que celle que la Cour SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE IGNACIO-PINTO

[Translation]

1concur in the Judgment delivered by the Courtin the second phase of
this case, but without entirely sharingthe grounds on which it has relied
to reach the conclusion that the Australian claim "no longer has any

object".
Before explaining on what points my reasoning differs from that of the
Court, I must refer to the Order of 22 June 1973, by which the Court,
after having acceded to Australia's request for the indication of interim
measures of protection, decided that the proceedings would next be con-
cerned with the questions of jurisdiction and admissibility. The Court
having thus defined the character which the present phase of the proceed-
ings was to possess, I find myself, much to my regret, impelled not to
criticize the Court's Judgment, but to present the following observations
in order unequivocally to substantiate my separate opinion in the matter.
First I wish to confirm my view, already set forth in the dissenting
opinion which 1appended to the above-mentioned Order of 22June 1973,
that, considering the al1 too markedly political character of this case,
Australia's request for the indication of interim measures of protection

ought to have been rejected asil1founded. Nowthat we have come to the
end of these proceedings and before going any further, 1think it useful to
recall certain statements emanatingfrom the competentauthorities of the
AustralianGovernment which givethe plainest possible illustration of the
political character of this case.
1 would first draw attention to the statement made by the Prime
Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of Australia in a Note of
13 February 1973 to the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the French
Government (Application, Ann. 11,p. 62):
"In my discussion with your Ambassador on 8 February 1973, 1

referred to the strength of public opinion in Australia about the
effects of French tests in theacific. I explained that the strength of
public opinion was such that,whicherer political party was in ofJice,
it would be under great pressure tu take action. The Australian
public would consider it intolerable if the nuclear tests proceeded
during discussions to which the Australian Government had agreed."
(Emphasis added.)
Secondly 1 wish to recall what the Solicitor-General of Australia said at
the hearing which the Court held on 22 May 1973:

"May 1conclude, Mr. President, by saying that few Orders ofthe
Court would be more closely scrutinized than the one which the rendra sur la présente requête. Les gouvernements et peuples du
monde entier pousseront leurexamen au-delà du contenu de cette
ordonnancepour détecterl'attitude qu'ils présumentêtrecelle de la
Cour à l'égard de la question fondamentale de la légalitéde la

poursuite des essais nucléaires dans l'atmosphère)) (Les italiques
sont de moi.)
11apparaît donc, compte tenu de mon appréciation du caractère politi-

que de la demande, que c'est dèsle début que, me fondant sur ce point,
j'avais considéréla demande de ['Australie comme sans objet.

Cela étant dit, voici les observations qu'appelle ma façon d'apprécier
l'arrêt dela Cour, avec l'explication de mon vote positif.

En tout premier lieu,j'estime que la Cour, ayant invitéle demandeur à
continuer la procédure et à revenir devant elle afin qu'il soit statué sur sa
compétence pour connaître de l'affaire et sur la recevabilitéde la requête,
devrait traiter clairement ces deux questions, d'autant plus que certaines
interprétations erronées semblent avoir laissé croire à un public non
averti que l'Australie ((avait gagné son procès contre la France D, puis-'

qu'en fin d'analyse elle avait obtenu l'objet de sa demande qui était de
voir interdire à la France la continuation des essais nucléaires dans
l'atmosphère.
II est infiniment regrettable, à mon point de vue, que la Cour ait cru
devoir omettre de le faire, si bien que le problème demeure entier tant en
ce qui concerne la validitéde l'Acte généralde 1928,invoqué par l'Austra-

lie, qu'en ce qui concerne la déclaration déposée envertu de l'article 36,
paragraphe 2, du Statut et les réserves formelles faites par la France en
1966 pour tout ce qui se rapporte à sa défensenationale. De même,il eût
étéplus judicieux de statuer sans équivoque sur la question de la receva-
bilité,eu égard au caractère selon moi nettement politique que révèle la
demande australienne, ainsi que je l'ai rappeléplus haut.

Ce sont là, me semble-t-il, autant d'élémentsimportants qui mérite-
raient d'êtrepris en considération pour permettre à la Cour de se pronon-
cer clairement sur la recevabilité de la demande de l'Australie, d'autant
que cette demande vise à déclarer illicite l'acte d'un Etat souverain sans
qu'on puisse se référerà un droit international positif.

Je dois dire dans ces conditions que je demeure pour ma part insatisfait
quant au processus suivi et à certains des motifs invoqués par la Cour
pour aboutir à la conclusion que la demande n'a plus d'objet.
J'adhère cependant à cette conclusion, qui est conforme à la thèse que
j'ai soutenue dès le début de la procédure en la première phase; je me

contente que la Cour reconnaisse que la requête de l'Australie n'a
((désormais ))plus d'objet, étant entendu toutefois que, pour moi, elle
n'a jamais eu d'objet, aurait dû êtredéclarée irrecevable in limine litiet NUCLEAR TESTS(SEP. OP. IGNACIO-PINTO) 309

Court will make upon this application. Governments and people al1
over the world will look behind the contents of that Order to detect
what they may presume to be the Court's attitude towards the funda-

mental question of the legality of further testing of nuclear weapons
in the atmosphere." (Emphasis added.)

It appears therefore, taking into account my appreciation of the politi-
cal character of the claim, that it was from the beginning that, basing
myself on this point, 1had considered the claim of Australia to be without
object.
That said, 1now pass to the observations for which my appraisal of the

Court's Judgment calls, together with the explanation of my affirmative
vote.
First of all, 1consider that the Court, having called upon the Applicant
to continuethe proceedings and return before it so that it might rule upon
itsjurisdiction to entertain the case and on the admissibility of the Appli-
cation, ought to treat these two questions clearly, especially as certain

erroneous interpretations appear to have lent credence among the lay
public to the idea that Australia "had won its case against France", since
in the final analysis it had obtained the object of its claim, which was to
have Franceforbidden to continueatmospheric nuclear testing.

As 1seethe matter, it is extremely regrettable that the Court should have

thought it ought to omit doing this, so that unresoived problems remain
with regard to the validity of the 1928General Act, relied on by Australia,
as also to the declaration filed under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute
and the express reservations made by France in 1966so far as everything
connected with its national defence was concerned. It would likewise
have been more judicious to give an unequivocal ruling on the question of

admissibility, having regard to what 1 consider to be the definitely
political character revealed by the Australian claim, as 1 have recalled
above.
These, [ find, are so many important elements which deserved to be
taken into consideration in order to enable the Court to give a clear

pronouncement on the admissibility of Australia's claim, more particu-
larly as the objective of this claim is to have the act of a sovereign State
declared unlawful even though it is not possible to point to any positive
international law.
1must say in these circumstances that Lpersonally remain unsatisfied as
to the procedure followed and certain of the grounds relied on by the

Court for reaching the conclusion that the claim no longer has any object.
1nevertheless adhere to that conclusion, which is consistent with the
position which 1have maintained from the outset of the proceedings in
the first phase; 1shall content myself with the Court's recognition that the
Australian Application "no longer" has any object, on the understan-
ding, nevertheless, that for me it never had any object, and ought to havedonc rayéedu rôle pour les raisons invoquées dans mon opinion dissi-
dente à laquelle référenceest faite plus haut.

Il n'en demeure pas moins qu'à mon sens la Cour est bien fondée à
statuer comme elle le fait cejour et je souscris volontie-s du moins en.
partie - aux considérations qui l'ont amenée à agir de la sorte, car,à
défaut de voir la Cour adopter ma thèse sur la compétence et sur la

recevabilité de la demande australienne, j'aurais de toute manière été
d'avis qu'elle envisage,du moins subsidiairement,les faits nouveaux qui
sont intervenus au cours de la présente instance et après la clôture de la
procédure orale et qui ont consisté en diverses déclarations des Etats
intéresséspour voir si les circonstances n'ont pas rendu inutile I'objet de
la requête.Puisqu'en définitiveil appert que les déclarationsurbi et orbi
des autoritésfrançaises qualifiéesconstituent un engagement de la France
à ne plus procéderaux essais nucléairesdans l'atmosphère,je ne peux que
voter en faveur de l'arrêt.

Il est évidenten effet que l'on nesaurait statuer autrement que dans le
sens adopté par la Cour, quand on a analysé objectivement les diverses
déclarations émanant tant du demandeur que de la France qui, forte des
réservesformulées dans la déclaration déposéeau titre de l'article 36,
paragraphe 2, du Statut, a contestéla compétencede la Cour avant même

l'ouverture des débats.
11importe de souligner encore une fois qu'il est indéniable que l'objet
essentiel de la demande de l'Australie est d'obtenir de la Cour que la
France cesse de poursuivre les essais nucléairesatmosphériques qu'elle a
entrepris dans l'atoll de Mururoa situédans le Pacifique Sud et relevant
de sa souveraineté. En conséquence, si la France s'était ravisée, dèsle
début de l'instance, et avait acquiescé à la demande que lui adressait
l'Australie de ne plus procéderàsesessais, le but poursuivi par le deman-
deur aurait étéatteint et il n'y aurait plus eu d'objet sa demande. Or
voici que le cours des événementsa amenéla Cour à constater que des
déclarations ont étéfaites par le président dela République française et
ses ministres lesplus qualifiésaux termes desquelles lecentre d'expérimen-
tations du Pacifique Sud ne procéderait plus à des essais nucléairesdans
l'atmosphère. Il en découleque le but de la requêteest ainsi atteint. C'est

là une constatation matériellequ'on ne saurait valablement nier car il
est manifeste que la réalitéde l'objet de la demande australienne n'existe
plus. La Cour est dèslors tenue de reconnaître objectivement ce fait et de
conclure qu'il convient de clore la procédure dès l'instant qu'ellea acquis
la conviction que, compte tenu des circonstances où elles ont étéfaites,
lesdéclarationsdes autoritésfrançaises qualifiées suffisentpour constituer
un engagement de la France comportant une obligation juridique erga
omnes, malgréle caractère unilatéral decet engagement.

L'on peut regretter, et c'est mon cas, que la Cour ne se soit pas con-
sacrée àrechercher particulièrement à ce stade le moyen de réglerd'abord

61been declared inadmissible inlimine litis and, therefore, removed from the
list for the reasons which 1gave in the dissenting opinion to which 1 have
referred above.
The fact remains that, to my mind, the Court was right to take the

decision it has taken today. 1 gladly subscribe-at least in part-to the
considerations which have led to its doing so, for, failing the adoption
by the Court of my position on the issues of jurisdiction and the ad-
missibility of the Australian claim, 1would in any case have been of the
view that it should take into consideration, at least in the alternative, the
new facts which supervened in the course of the present proceedings and

after the closure of the oral proceedings, to wit various statements by
interested States, with a view to ascertaining whether circumstances
might not have rendered the object of the Application nugatory. Since, in
the event, it emerges that the statements urbi et orbi of the competent
French authorities constitute an undertaking on the part of France to
carry out no more nuclear tests in the atmosphere, 1 can only vote in

favour of the Judgment.
It is in effect evident that'one could not rule otherwise than the Court
has done, when one analyses objectively the various statementsemanating
whether from the Applicant or from France, which, confident in the reser-
vations embodied in the declaration filed under Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute, contested the Coiirt's jurisdiction even before the opening
of oral proceedings.

As should be re-emphasized, it cannot be denied that the essential
object of Australia's claim is to obtain from the Court the cessation by
France of the atmospheric nticlear tests it has been conducting in the
atoll of Mururoa which is situated in the South Pacific and is under
French sovereignty. Consequently. if France had changed its attitude, at
the outset of the proceedings, and had acquiesced in Australia's request

that it should no longer carry out its tests, the goal striven for by the
Applicant would have been attained and its claim would no longer have
had any object. But now the Court has been led by the course of events to
take note that the President of the French Republic and his competent
ministers have made statements to the effect that the South Pacific test
centre will not be carrying out any more atmospheric nuclear tests. It

follows that the goal of the Application has been attained. That is a
material finding which cannot properly be denied, for it is manifest that
the object of the Australian claim no longer has any real existence. That
being so, the Court is bound to accord this fact objective recognition and
to conclude that the proceedings ought to be closed, inasmuch as it has
acquired the conviction that, taking the circumstances in which they were
made into account, the statements of the competent French authorities

are sufficient to constitute an undertaking on the part of France which
connotes a legal obligation erga omnes, despite the unilateral character of
that undertaking.
One may regret-and 1do regret-that the Court, particularly at this
stage, did not devote more of its efforts to seeking a way of first settling

61311 ESSAISNUCLÉAIRES (OP. IND. IGNACIO-PINTO)

les questions de compétence et de recevabilité. D'aucuns iraient même
sans doute jusqu'à critiquer énergiquement les motifs invoqués par la
Cour à l'appui de sa décision. Tel ne peut êtremon cas car je considère
que, dans une affaire aussi exceptionnellement caractérisée par des

considérations politico-humanitaires et en l'absence d'un droit inter-
national positif susceptible d'éclairer utilement la Cour, on ne saurait
faire grief à la Cour d'avoir choisi, pour régler le différend, le moyen
qu'elle a jugé le plus adéquat, eu égard aux circonstances, et de s'être
appuyée sur l'engagement pris urbiet orbidans des déclarations officielles
par le président de la Répubiique française qu'il n'y aura plus d'essais

nucléairesen atmosphère du fait du Gouvernement français. L'arrêt met
ainsi fin valablement à un procès dont l'une des conséquencesapparaîtrait,
à mon avis, désastreuse, ce serait la méconnaissance de l'article 36,
paragraphe 2,du Statut de la Cour et, partant, risquerait de déclencher
une fuite des Etats devant la juridiction de la Cour puisque la preuve
serait ainsi rapportée que la Cour ne respecte plus l'expression de la

volonté d'un Etat qui a subordonné son acceptation de la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour aux réserves formelles qu'il a formulées.
En dépit des critiques exprimées dans les opinions de plusieurs de mes
collègues et partageant l'opinion de mon collègue M. Forster, je dirai,
appliquant en l'espèce le vieux proverbe ((tous les chemins mènent à
Rome)), que je trouve l'arrêt justeet bien-fondéet qu'en tout cas il n'y a
rien dans les déclarations françaisesccqui puisse être interprétcommeun

aveu d'une quelconque violation du droit international positif n.
En terminant, j'entends affirmer encoreune fois que je suis parfaitement
d'accord avec l'Australie pourque soientinterdits tous lesessaisnucléaires
atmosphériques quels qu'ils soient en raison de tout ce qu'ils représentent
d'inconnu pour la survie de notre humanité. Je n'en demeure pas moins
convaincu qu'en la présente affaire la Cour a prononcé une sentence

adéquate, répondant aux préoccupations majeures que j'ai exposéesdans
l'opinion dissidente à laquelle j'ai fait référence, parcequ'elle ne saurait
paraître fairefides principes de l'articl2, paragraphe 7,de la Charte des
Nations Unies (ordonnance du 22 juin 1973, C.I.J. Recueil 1973, p. 130)
et indirectement parce qu'elle respecte le principe de l'égalitésouveraine
des Etats Membres des Nations Unies. La France ne devrait pas être

moins bien traitéeque tous les autresEtats détenteurs de l'arme nucléaire
et la compétencede la Cour serait mal fondée si elle ne visait que les seuls
essais atmosphériques français.

(Signé) L. IGNACIO-PINTO.the questions ofjurisdiction and admissibility. Some would doubtless go
so far as strongly to criticize the grounds put forward by the Court to
substaritiate its decision. 1could not take that attitude, for in a case so
exceptionally characterized by politico-humanitarian considerations, and
in the absence of any guiding light of positive international law, 1do not
think the Court can be blamed for having chosen, for the settlement
of the dispute, the means which it considered to be the most appropriate

in the circumstances, and to have relied upon the undertaking, made
urbi et orbi in official statements by the President of the French Republic,
that no more atmospheric nuclear tests will be carried out by the French
Government. Thus the Judgment rightly puts an end to a case one of
whose consequences would, in my opinion, be disastrous-1 refer to the
disregardofArticle 36,paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court-and would

thereby be likely to precipitate a general flight from the jurisdiction of the
Court, inasmuch as it would demonstrate that the Court no longer
respects the expression of the will of a State which has subordinated its
acceptance of the Court's compulsory jurisdiction to express reservations.

In spite of the criticisms which some of my colleagues have ex-

pressed in their opinions, and sharing as 1 do the opinion of Judge
Forster, 1will say, bearing in mind the old adage that "al1 roads lead to
Rome", that 1 find the Judgment just and well founded and that there is,
at al1events, nothing in the French statements "which could be inter-
preted as an admission of any breach of positive international law".
In conclusion, 1would like to emphasize once again that 1 am fully in

agreement. with Australia that al1 atmospheric nuclear tests whatever
should be prohibited, in view of their untold implications for the survival
of mankind. 1 am nevertheless convinced that in the present case the
Court has given a proper Judgment, which meets the major anxieties
which 1 expressed in the dissenting opinion to which 1 have referred,
inasmuch as it must not appear to be flouting the principles expressed in
Article 2,paragraph 7,of the United Nations Charter (Order of 22 June

1973, I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 130),and indirectly inasmuch as it respects
the principle of sovereign equality of the member States of the United
Nations. France must not be given treatment inferior to that given to al1
other States possessing nuclear weapons, and the Court's competence
would not be well founded if it related only to the French atmospheric
tests.

(SignedL ).IGNACIO-PINTO.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Ignacio-Pinto (translation)

Links