Declaration of Judge Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan (as appended immediately after the judgment)

Document Number
051-19690220-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
051-19690220-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

(1) the general configuration of the coasts of the Parties, as well as the
presence of any special or unusual features;
(2) so far as known or readily ascertainable, the physical and geological
structure, and natural resources, of the continental shelfreas in-
volved ;
(3) the element of a reasonable degree of proportionality, which a delimi-
tation carried out in accordance with equitable principles ought to
bring about between the extent of the continental shelf areas apper-
taining to the coastal State and the length of its Coast measured in
the general direction of the coastline, account beingaken for this
purpose of the effects, actual or prospective, of any other continental
shelf delimitations between adjacent States in theme region.

Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twentieth day of February, one
thousand nine hundred and sixty-nine, in four copies, one of which will
be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the
Government of the Federal Republic of Germany, to the Government
of the Kingdom of Denmark and to the Government of the Kingdom of

the Netherlands, respectively.

(Signed ).L. BUSTAMANT R.,
President.
(Signed S).AQUARONE,

Registrar.

Judge Sir Muhammad ZAFRULLA KHANmakes the following declara-
tion :
1am in agreement with the Judgment throughout but would wish to
add the following observations.
The essence of the dispute between the Parties is that the twodoms
claim that the delimitation effected between them under the Agreement
of 31 March 1966 is binding upon the Federal Republic and that the
Federal Republic is bound to accept the situation resulting therefrom,
which would confine its continental shelf to the triangle formed bynes
A-B-E and C-D-E in Map 3. The Federal Republic stoutly resists that
claim.
Not only is Article 6 of the Geneva Convention of 1958not opposable
to the Federal Republic but the delimitation effectedunder the Agree-
ment of 31March 1966 does not derive fromthe provisions of that Article
as Denmark and the Netherlands are neither States "whose coasts are

opposite each other" within the meaning of the first paragraph of that
Article nor are they "two adjacent States" within the meaning of thesecond paragraph of that Article. The situation resulting from that delimi-
tation, so far as it affects the Federal Republic is not, therefore, brought
about by the application of the principle set out in either of theparagraphs
of Article 6 of the Convention.

Had paragraph 2 of Article 6 been applicable to the deliinitation of
the continental shelf between the Parties to the dispute, a boundary line,
determined by the application of the principle of equidistance, would
have had to allow for the configuration of the coastline of the Federal
Republic as a "special circumstance".
ln the course of the oral pleadings the contention that the principle
of equidistance cum special circumstances had crystallized into a rule of

customary international law was not advanced on behalf of the two
Kingdoms as an alternative to the claim that that principle was inherent
in the very concept of the continental shelf. The Judgment has, in fair-
ness, dealt with these two contentions as if they had been put forward
in the alternative and were thus consistent with each other, and has
rejected each of them on the merits. 1am in agreement with the reasoning

of the Judgment on both these points. But, 1consider, it is worth men-
tioning that Counsel for the two Kingdoms summed up their position
in regard to the effect of the 1958 Convention as follows:

". .. They have not maintained that the Convention embodied al-
ready received rules of customary law in the sense that the Conven-
tion was merely declaratory of existing rules. Their position is rather
that the doctrine of the coastal State's exclusive rights over the
adjacent continental shelf was in process of formation between 1945

and 1958; that the State practice prior to 1958 showed fundamental
variations in the nature and scope of the rights claimed: that, in
consequence, in State practice the emerging doctrine was wholly
Iacking in any definition of these crucial elements as it was also of
the legal rCgime applicable to the coastal State with respect to the
continental shelf;that the process of the definition and consolidation

of the emerging customary law took place through the work of the
International Law Commission, the reaction of governments to that
work and the proceedings of the Geneva Conference; that the
emerging customary law, iiow become more defined, both as to the
rights of the coastal State and the applicable régime, crystallized in
the adoption of the Continental Shelf Convention by the Conference;

and that the numerous signatures and ratifications of the Convention
and the other State practice based on the principles set out in the
Convention had the effect of consolidating those principles as cus-
tomary law."

If it were correct that the doctrine of the coastal State's exclusive
rights over the adjacent continental shelf was in process of formation56 CONTINENTAL SHELF (DECL.BENGZON)

between 1945 and 1958 and that in State practice prior to 1958 it was
wholly lacking in any definition of crucial elements as it was also of the
legal régimeapplicable to the coastal State with respect to the continental
shelf,then it would seem to follow conclusively that the principle of
equidistance was not inherent in the concept of the continental shelf.

Judge BENGZON makes the following declarati:n
1 regret my inability to concur with the main conclusions of the
majority of the CourT.agree with my colleagues who maintain the view

that Article of the Geneva Convention is the applicable international
law and that as betweenhese Parties equidistance is the rule for delimita-
tion, which rule may even be derived from the general principles of law.

PresidentBUSTAMANT Y ERIVEROJ,udges JESSUPP,ADILLA NERVO and
AMMOUa Nppend Separate Opinions to the Judgment of the Court.

Vice-PresidentKORETSKY Ju,dges TANAKAM, ORELLIL,ACHS and Judge
ad hoc SDRENSEa ppend Dissenting Opinions to the Judgrnent of the
Court.
(Initialled) J. L. B.-R.

(Initialled) S. A.

Bilingual Content

(1) the general configuration of the coasts of the Parties, as well as the
presence of any special or unusual features;
(2) so far as known or readily ascertainable, the physical and geological
structure, and natural resources, of the continental shelfreas in-
volved ;
(3) the element of a reasonable degree of proportionality, which a delimi-
tation carried out in accordance with equitable principles ought to
bring about between the extent of the continental shelf areas apper-
taining to the coastal State and the length of its Coast measured in
the general direction of the coastline, account beingaken for this
purpose of the effects, actual or prospective, of any other continental
shelf delimitations between adjacent States in theme region.

Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twentieth day of February, one
thousand nine hundred and sixty-nine, in four copies, one of which will
be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the
Government of the Federal Republic of Germany, to the Government
of the Kingdom of Denmark and to the Government of the Kingdom of

the Netherlands, respectively.

(Signed ).L. BUSTAMANT R.,
President.
(Signed S).AQUARONE,

Registrar.

Judge Sir Muhammad ZAFRULLA KHANmakes the following declara-
tion :
1am in agreement with the Judgment throughout but would wish to
add the following observations.
The essence of the dispute between the Parties is that the twodoms
claim that the delimitation effected between them under the Agreement
of 31 March 1966 is binding upon the Federal Republic and that the
Federal Republic is bound to accept the situation resulting therefrom,
which would confine its continental shelf to the triangle formed bynes
A-B-E and C-D-E in Map 3. The Federal Republic stoutly resists that
claim.
Not only is Article 6 of the Geneva Convention of 1958not opposable
to the Federal Republic but the delimitation effectedunder the Agree-
ment of 31March 1966 does not derive fromthe provisions of that Article
as Denmark and the Netherlands are neither States "whose coasts are

opposite each other" within the meaning of the first paragraph of that
Article nor are they "two adjacent States" within the meaning of the PLATEAU CONTINENTAL (AR~T) 54

1) la configuration générale des côtes desParties et la présencede toute

caractéristique spécialeou inhabituelle;
2) pour autant que cela soit connu ou facile à déterminer, la structure
physique et géologiquz et les ressources naturelles des zones de
plateau continental en cause;
3) le rapport raisonnable qu'une délimitation opérée conformément à
des principes équitables devrait faire apparaître entre l'étendue des
zones de plateau continental relevant de 1'Etatriverain et la longueur
de son littoral rnesurée suivant la direction généralede celui-ci,
compte tenu à cette fin des effets actuels ou éventuelsde toute autre
délimitation du plateau continental effectuéeentre Etats limitrophes

dans la mêmerégion.

Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au palais de la
Paix, à La Haye, le vingt février mil neufcent soixante-neuf, en quatre
exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives de la Cour et dont les
autres seront transniis respectivement au Gouvernement de la Répu-
blique fédéraled'Allemagne, au Gouvernement du Royaume du Dane-
mark et au Gouvernement du Royaume des Pays-Bas.

Le Président,
(SignéJ ). L. BUSTAMANT RE.
Le Greffier,

(Signr')S. AQUARONE.

Sir Muhammad Z.AFRULLK AHAN.juge, fait la déclaration suivante:

Je souscris à l'arrêtdans son intégralité mais voudraisajouter les ob-
servations ci-après.
Le différend entre les Parties se ramène pour l'essentiel à ceci: le
Danemark et les Pays-Bas soutiennent que la délimitationeffectuéeentre
eux conformément àl'accord du 31 mars 1966lie la République fédérale
et que celle-ci est tenue d'accepter la situation ainsi créée,dans laquelle
son plateau continental se trouverait limité au triangle formé par les
lignes ABE et CDE de la carte 3. La République fédéralerejette caté-
goriquement cette thèse.

Or. non seulement l'article 6 de la Convention de Genève de 1958
n'est pas opposable à la République fédérale, maisla délimitation ef-
fectuée par l'accord du 31 mars 1966 ne procède pas des dispositions
dudit article, puisque le Danemark et les Pays-Bas ne sont ni des Etats
((dont les côtes se forit face sens du premier paragraphe de cet article,
ni des Etats I(limitrophes11au sens du second paragraphe. La situationsecond paragraph of that Article. The situation resulting from that delimi-
tation, so far as it affects the Federal Republic is not, therefore, brought
about by the application of the principle set out in either of theparagraphs
of Article 6 of the Convention.

Had paragraph 2 of Article 6 been applicable to the deliinitation of
the continental shelf between the Parties to the dispute, a boundary line,
determined by the application of the principle of equidistance, would
have had to allow for the configuration of the coastline of the Federal
Republic as a "special circumstance".
ln the course of the oral pleadings the contention that the principle
of equidistance cum special circumstances had crystallized into a rule of

customary international law was not advanced on behalf of the two
Kingdoms as an alternative to the claim that that principle was inherent
in the very concept of the continental shelf. The Judgment has, in fair-
ness, dealt with these two contentions as if they had been put forward
in the alternative and were thus consistent with each other, and has
rejected each of them on the merits. 1am in agreement with the reasoning

of the Judgment on both these points. But, 1consider, it is worth men-
tioning that Counsel for the two Kingdoms summed up their position
in regard to the effect of the 1958 Convention as follows:

". .. They have not maintained that the Convention embodied al-
ready received rules of customary law in the sense that the Conven-
tion was merely declaratory of existing rules. Their position is rather
that the doctrine of the coastal State's exclusive rights over the
adjacent continental shelf was in process of formation between 1945

and 1958; that the State practice prior to 1958 showed fundamental
variations in the nature and scope of the rights claimed: that, in
consequence, in State practice the emerging doctrine was wholly
Iacking in any definition of these crucial elements as it was also of
the legal rCgime applicable to the coastal State with respect to the
continental shelf;that the process of the definition and consolidation

of the emerging customary law took place through the work of the
International Law Commission, the reaction of governments to that
work and the proceedings of the Geneva Conference; that the
emerging customary law, iiow become more defined, both as to the
rights of the coastal State and the applicable régime, crystallized in
the adoption of the Continental Shelf Convention by the Conference;

and that the numerous signatures and ratifications of the Convention
and the other State practice based on the principles set out in the
Convention had the effect of consolidating those principles as cus-
tomary law."

If it were correct that the doctrine of the coastal State's exclusive
rights over the adjacent continental shelf was in process of formationcrééepar cette délimïtation, dans les effets qu'elle a pour la République
fédérale,n'est par conséquent pas due à l'application du principe énoncé
dans l'un ou l'autre cleces deux paragraphes de l'article 6 de la Conven-

tion.
Le paragraphe 2 de l'article6 eût-il été applicableà la délimitation du
plateau continental entre les Parties que la ligne de délimitation déter-
minéepar applicationdu principe de l'équidistanceaurait dû tenir compte
de la configuration de la côte de la République fédéralecomme d'une

ccirconstance spéciale )).
Au cours de la procédure orale, le Danemark et les Pays-Bas n'ont pas
présentéla thèse suivant laquelle le principe ccéquidistance-cii-constances
spéciales 1se serait cristallisé enune règlede droit international coutumier

comme I'un des termes d'une alternative. l'autre étant que ce principe
serait inhérent à la notion mêmede plateau continental. Dans son arrSt
la Cour a cru devoir examiner ces deux thèses comme si elles avaient été
présentéessous la forme d'une alternative et étaient par conséquent
compatibles l'une avec l'autre, et la Cour a rejetéchacune d'elles au fond.

Je souscris dans les deux cas au raisonnement de l'arrêt. Mais je crois
utile de signaler que l'agent du Danemark et des Pays-Bas a résuméla
position des deux gouvernements quant à l'effetde la Convention de 1958
de la façon suivante

(1[Les deux gouvernements] n'ont pas soutenu que la Convention
consacrait des rkgles déjà reçues dedroit coutumier en ce sens qu'elle
était simplement déclaratoire des règles existantes. Ils estiment

plutôt que la doctrine des droits exclusifs d'un Etat riverain sur le
plateau continental adjacent se trouvait en voie de formation entre
1945 et 1958; que la pratique des Etats antérieure a 1958 témoignait
de variations fondamentales quant à la nature et à la portée des

droits revendiqués; qu'en conséquence, dans la pratique des Etats, la
doctrine en voie de formation ne définissait nullement ces éléments
essentiels pas plus qu'elle ne définissait lerégimejuridique applicable
aux Etats riverains en ce qui concerne le plateau continental; que
la définition et la consolidation du droit coutumier en voie de for-

mation s'étaient effectuéesgrâce aux travaux de la Commission du
droit international, aux réactions des gouvernements devant I'aeuvre
de la Commission et aux débats de la conférence de Genève; que ce
droit coutumier en formation, désormais plus précis sur la double
question des droits des Etats riverairis et du régimeapplicabls, s'est

cristallisé du fait de l'adoption de la Convention sur le plateau
continental par la conférence; et que les nombreuses signatures et
ratifications recueillies par la Convention, ainsi que la pratique des
Etats s'inspirant des principes énoncésdans la Convention, ont eu
pour effet de consolider ces principes en tant que droit coutumier. ))

Si l'on admet que la doctrine des droits exclusifs de 1'Etat riverain sur

le plateau continental adjacent à sa côte était en voie de formation entre56 CONTINENTAL SHELF (DECL.BENGZON)

between 1945 and 1958 and that in State practice prior to 1958 it was
wholly lacking in any definition of crucial elements as it was also of the
legal régimeapplicable to the coastal State with respect to the continental
shelf,then it would seem to follow conclusively that the principle of
equidistance was not inherent in the concept of the continental shelf.

Judge BENGZON makes the following declarati:n
1 regret my inability to concur with the main conclusions of the
majority of the CourT.agree with my colleagues who maintain the view

that Article of the Geneva Convention is the applicable international
law and that as betweenhese Parties equidistance is the rule for delimita-
tion, which rule may even be derived from the general principles of law.

PresidentBUSTAMANT Y ERIVEROJ,udges JESSUPP,ADILLA NERVO and
AMMOUa Nppend Separate Opinions to the Judgment of the Court.

Vice-PresidentKORETSKY Ju,dges TANAKAM, ORELLIL,ACHS and Judge
ad hoc SDRENSEa ppend Dissenting Opinions to the Judgrnent of the
Court.
(Initialled) J. L. B.-R.

(Initialled) S. A.1945et 1958et que la pratique des Etats antériàu1958ne fournissait
aucune définition, ni de certains éléments essentiels nidu régimejuri-
dique applicable1'Etatriverain encequi concerne le plateau continental,
on doit, semble-t-il, en tirer la conclusion que le principe de l'équidis-
tance n'était pas inhérent notion de plateau continental.

M. BENGZOjN u,ge,!fait la déclaration su:vante

Je regrette de ne pouvoir souscrire aux conclusions principales émises
par la majoritéde la Cour. Je suis d'accord avec ceux de mescollèguesqui
soutiennent que l'articlede la Convention de Genève constitue le
droit international applicable et qu'entre les Parties la règle de délimi-
tation estl'équidistiance,cette règle pouvant mêmeêtre déduitedes
principes généraux dedroit.

M. BUSTAMAN YTEIVFRO Pr,ésident,MM. JESSUPP,ADILLANERVO et
AMMOUN ju,ges, joignànl'arrêtlesexposésde leur opinion individuelle.

M. KORETSKV Yi,ce-Président,MM. TANAKA , ORELL LI, CHSj,ges,
etM. SPIRENSE jug,e ad Iroc,joignàl'arrêtles exposésde leur opinion

dissidente.
(Paraphé)J. L. B.-R.
(Paraphé)S. A.

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Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan (as appended immediately after the judgment)

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