Declaration by Judge Nagendra Singh (as appended immediately after the judgment)

Document Number
055-19740725-JUD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
055-19740725-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

particular for the benefit of the developing countries. But since 1 am
above al1 faithful to judicial practice, 1 continue fervently to urge the
need for the Court to confine itself to its obligation to state the law as
it is at present in relation to the facts of the case brought before it.
1consider it entirely proper that, in international law as in every other
system of law, the existing law should be questioned from time to time
-this is the surest way of furthering its progressive development-but

it cannot be concluded from this that the Court should, for this reason
and on the occasion of the present dispute between Iceland and the United
Kingdom, emerge as the begetter of certain ideas which are more and
more current today, and are even shared by a respectable number of
States, with regard to the law of the sea, and which are in the minds, it
would seem, of most of those attending the Conference now Sitting in

Caracas. It is advisable, in my opinion, to avoid entering upon anything
which would anticipate a settlement of problenls of the kind implicit in
preferential and other rights.
To conclude this declaration, 1 think 1 may draw inspiration from the
conclusion expressed by the Deputy Secretary of the United Nations
Sea-Bed Committee, Mr. Jean-Pierre Lévy,in the hope that the idea it

expresses may be an inspiration to States, and to Iceland in particular
which, while refraining from following the course of law, prefers to
await from political gatherings a justification of its rights.
1 agree with Mr. Jean-Pierre Lévyin thinking that:

"it is to be hoped that States will make use of the next four or
five years to endeavour to prove to themselves and particularly to
theirnationals that the general interest of theinternational community
and the well-being of the peoples of the world can be preserved by
moderation, mutual understanding, and the spirit of compromise;

only these will enable the Third Conference on the Law of the Sea
to be held and to succeed in codifying a new legal order for the sea
and itsresources" ("La troisième Conférence sur le droit de la mer",
Annuairefrançais de droit international, 1971,p828).

In the expectation of the opening of the new era which is so much
hoped for, 1am honoured at finding myself in agreement with certain
Members of the Court like Judges Gros, Petrén and Onyeama for whom

the golden rule for the Court is that, in such a case, it should confine
itself strictly within the limits of the jurisdiction conferred on it.

Judge NAGENDR SINGHmakes the following declaration :

There are certain valid reasons which weigh with me to the extent that
they enable me to support the Judgment of the Court in this case and39 FlSHERlES JURISDICTION (DECL. NAGENDRA SINGH)

hence 1consider them of such importance as to be appropriately empha-

sized to convey the true significance of the Judgment-its extent as well
as its depth. These reasons, as well as those aspects of theJudgment which
have that importance from my viewpoint are briefly stated as follows:

While basing its findings on the bilateral law, namely the Exchange of
Notes of 1961which has primacy in this case, the Court has pronounced
upon (6) and (c) 1the second and third submissions of the Applicant's

Memorial on the merits, in terms of non-opposability to the United
Kingdom. This suffices for the purpose of that part of the Judgment and
is in accordance with the statement made by counsel2 for the Applicant
at the hearings, to the effect that the second and'third submissions are
separable from the first and it is open to the Court not to adjudicate on

the first submission (a) 1 which relates to the general law.

In the special circumstances of this case the Court has, therefore, not

proceeded to pronounce upon the first submission (a) of the Applicant,
which requests the Court to declare that Iceland's extension of its ex-
clusive fishery limit to 50 nautical miles is invalid being without foun-
dation in international law which amounts to asking the Court to find
that such extension is ipsojure, illegal and invalid erga omnes. Having re-

frained from pronouncing on that aspect it was, consequently, unneces-
sary for the Court to pronounce on the Applicant's legal contention in
support of its first submission, namely, that a customary rule of inter-
national law exists today imposing a general prohibition on extension
by States of their fisheries jurisdiction beyond 12 miles.

There is still a lingering feature of development associated with the
general law. The rules of customary maritime law relating to the limit
of fisheries jurisdiction have still been evolving and confronted by a
widely divergent and, discordant State practice, have not so far

crystallized. Again, the conventional maritime law though substantially
codified by the Geneva Conferences on the Law of the Sea of 1958 and
1960 has certain aspects admittedly left over to be settled and these now
constitute, among others, the subject of subsequent efforts at codification.
The question of the extent of fisheriesjurisdiction which is still one of the

unsettled aspects could not, therefore, be settled by the Court since it
could not "render judgment sub specie legis ferendae, or anticipate the
law before the legislator has laid it down".

--
1 See paras.1I and 12of the Judgmentfor the text of the submissions.
2 Hearing of 29 March 1974, CR 7413,p. 23.40 FISHERIES JURISDICTION (DECL. NAGENDRA SINGH)

This is of importance to me but 1do not have to elaborate this point
any further since 1 have subscribed to the views expressed by my col-
leagues in the jointseparate opinion of the fiveJudges wherein this aspect
has been more fully dealt with.

The contribution which the Judgment makes towards the development
of the Law of the Sea lies in the recognition which it gives to the concept
of preferential rights of a coastal State in the fisheries of the adjacent
waters particularly if that State is in a special situation with its population
dependent on those fisheries. Moreover, the Court proceeds further to

recognize that the law pertaining to fisheries must accept the primacy for
the need of conservation based on scientific data. This aspect has been
properly emphasized to the extent needed to establish that the exercise
of preferential rights of the coastal State as well as thehistoric rights of
other States dependent on the same fishing grounds, have al1 to be
subject to the over-riding consideration of proper conservation of the
fishery resources for the benefit ofal1concerned. This conclusion would
appear warranted if this vital source of man's nutrition is to be preserved
and developed for the community.
In addition there has always been the need for accepting clearly in
maritime matters the existence of the duty to "have reasonable regard to
the interests of other States"-a principle enshrined in Article 2 of the
Geneva Convention of the High Seas 1958 which applies even to the
four freedoms of the seas and has weighed with the Court in this case.
Thus the rights of the coastal State which must have preference over the
rights of other States in the coastal fisheries of the adjacent waters have
nevertheless to be exercised with due regard to the rights of other States

and the claims and counter-claims in this respect have to be resolved on
the basis of considerations of equity. There is, as yet, no specific con-
ventional law governing this aspect and it is the evolution of customary
law which has furnished the basis of the Court's Judgment in this case.

III

TheCourt,as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, taking
into consideration the special field in which it operates, has a distinct role
to play in the administration of justice. In that context the resolving of a
dispute brought before it by sovereign Statesconstitutes an element which
the Court ought not to ignore in its adjudicatory function. This aspect
relating to the settlement of a dispute has been emphasized in more than
one article of the Charter of the United Nations. There is Article 2,
paragraph 3, as well as Article 1,which both use words like "adjustrnentor settlement of international disputes or situations", whereas Article 33
directs Members to "seek u solution" of their disputes by peaceful means.

Furthermore, this approach is very much in accordance with the juris-
prudence of the Court. On 19 August 1929 the Permanent Court of
International Justice in its Order in the case of the Free Zones of Upper
Sai70gand the District of Gex (P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 22, at p. 13) ob-
served that the judicial settlement of international disputes is simply an

alternative to the direct and friendly settlement of such disputes between
the parties. Thus if negotiations become necessary in the special circum-
stances of a particular case the Court ought not to hesitate to direct
negotiations in the best interests of resolving the dispute. Defining the
content of the obligation to negotiate, the permanent Court in its Ad-
visory Opinion of 1931 in the case of Railway Trafic between Lithuania

andPoland(P.C.I.J., Series AIB, No. 42, 1931,at p. 116)observed that the
obligation was "not only to enter into negotiations, but also to pursue
them as far as possible, with a view to concluding agreements" even if
"an obligation to negotiate does not imply an obligation to reach an
agreement". This does clearly imply that everything possible should be
done not only to promote but also to help to conclude successfully the

process of negotiations once directed for the settlement of a dispute. In
addition we have also the North Sea Continental Sheif cases (I.C.J.
Reports 1969) citing Article 33 of the United Nations Charterand where
the Parties were to negotiate in good faith on the basis of the Judgment to
resolve the dispute.

Though it would not only be improper but quite out of the question for
a court of law to direct negotiations in every case or even to contemplate
such a step when the circumstances did not justify the same, it would
appear that in this particular case negotiations appear necessary and flow
from the nature of the dispute, which is confined to the same fishing

grounds and relates to issues and problems which best lend themselves to
settlement by negotiation. Again, negotiations are also indicated by the
nature of the law which fiasto be applied, whether it be the treaty of 1961
with its six months' notice in the compromissory clause provided osten-
sibly for negotiations or whether it be reliance on considerations of
equity. The Court has, therefore, answered the last submission ((e) re-

lettered as (d) of the Applicant's Mernorial on the merits) in the affir-
mative and accepted that negotiations furnished the correct answer to the
problem posed by the need for equitably reconciling the historic right
of the Applicant based on traditional fishing with the preferential rights
of Iceland as a coastal State in a situation of special dependence on its
fisheries. The Judgment of the Court, in asking the Parties to negotiate a

lSee paras.11and 12of the Judgment for the text of the submissions.settlement, has thus emphasized the importance of resolving the dispute
inthe adjudication of the case.

No court of law and particularly not the International Court of Justice

could ever be said to derogate from its function when it gives due im-
portance to the settlement of a dispute which is the ultimate objective of
al1adjudication as wellas of the United Nations Charter and the Court,as
its organ, could hardly afford to ignore this aspect. A tribunal, while
discharging its function in that manner, would appear to be adjudicating
in the larger interest and ceasing to be narrow and restrictive in its
approach.
Thus, the interim agreement of 1973 entered into by the contesting
Parties with full reservations as to their respective rights andch helped
to avoid intensification of the dispute couldnever prevent the Court from
pronouncing on the United Kingdom submissions. To decide otherwise
would have meant imposing a penalty on those who negotiate an interim
agreement to avoid friction as a preliminary to the settlement of a dis-
pute.
Again, when confronted with the problem of its own competence in
dealing with that aspect of the dispute which relates to the need for con-
servation and the exercise of preferential rights with due respect forhis-

toric rights, the Court has rightly regarded those aspects to be an integral
part of the dispute. Surely, the dispute before the Court has to be con-
sidered in al1 its aspects if it is to be properly resolved and effectively
adjudicated upon. This must be so if it is not part justice but the whole
justice which a tribunal ought always to have in view. It could, therefore,
be said that it was in the overall interests of settlement of the dispute
that certain parts of it which were inseparably linked to the core of
the conflict were not separated in this case to be left unpronounced
upon. The Court has, of course, to be mindful of the limitations that
result from the principle of consent as the basis of international obli-
gations, which also governs its own competence to entertain a dispute.
However, this could hardly be taken to mean that a tribunal con-
stituted as a regular court of law when entrusted with the determination
of a dispute by the willing consent of the parties should in any way
fa11short of fully and effectively discharging its obligations. It would be
somewhat disquieting if the Court were itself to adopt either too narrow
an approach ortoo restricted an interpretation of those very words which
confer jurisdiction on the Court such as in this case "the extension of

fisheries jurisdiction around Iceland" occurring in the compromissory
clause of the Exchange of Notes of 1961.Those words could not be held
to confine the competence conferred on the Court to the sole question
of the conformity or otherwise of Iceland's extension of its fishery limits
with existing legal rules. The Court, therefore, need not lose sight of the
consideration relating to the settlement of the dispute while remaining
strictly within the framework of the 1awwhich it administers and adhering
always to the procedures which it must follow. FISHERIESJURJSDICTION (DECL. NAGENDRA SINGH)

For purposes of administering the law of the sea and for proper under-
standing of matters pertaining to fisheries as well as to appreciate the
facts of this case, it is of some importance to know the precise content of
the expression "fisheries jurisdiction" and for what it stands and means.

The concept of fisheries jurisdiction does cover aspects such as enforce-
ment of conservation measures, exercise of preferential rights and respect
for historic rights since each one may involve an element of jurisdiction
to implement them. Even the reference to "extension" in relation to
fisheries jurisdiction which occurs in the compromissory clause of the
1961 treaty could not be confined to mean merely the extension of a

geographical boundary line or limit since such an extension would be
meaningless without a jurisdictional aspect which constitutes, as it were,
itsjuridical content. It is significant, therefore, that the preamble of the
Truman Proclamation of 1945 respecting United States coastal fisheries
refers to a "jurisdictional" basis for implementing conservation measures
inthe adjacent sea since such measures have to be enforced like any other

regulations in relation to a particular area. This further supports the
Court's conclusion that it had jurisdiction todeal with aspects relating to
conservation and preferential rights since the 1961 treaty by the use of
the words "extension of fisheries jurisdiction" must be deeined to have
covered those aspects.

Another aspect of the Judgment which has importance from my
viewpoint is that it does not "preclude the Parties from benefiting from
any subsequent developments in the pertinent rules of international law"
(para. 77). The adjudicatory function of the Court must necessarily be

confined to the case before it. No tribunal could take notice of future
events, contingencies or situations that may arise consequent on the
holding or withholding of negotiations or otherwise even by way of a
further exercise of jurisdiction. Thus, a possibility or even a probability
of changes in law or situations in the future could not prevent the Court
from rendering Judgment today.

Bilingual Content

particular for the benefit of the developing countries. But since 1 am
above al1 faithful to judicial practice, 1 continue fervently to urge the
need for the Court to confine itself to its obligation to state the law as
it is at present in relation to the facts of the case brought before it.
1consider it entirely proper that, in international law as in every other
system of law, the existing law should be questioned from time to time
-this is the surest way of furthering its progressive development-but

it cannot be concluded from this that the Court should, for this reason
and on the occasion of the present dispute between Iceland and the United
Kingdom, emerge as the begetter of certain ideas which are more and
more current today, and are even shared by a respectable number of
States, with regard to the law of the sea, and which are in the minds, it
would seem, of most of those attending the Conference now Sitting in

Caracas. It is advisable, in my opinion, to avoid entering upon anything
which would anticipate a settlement of problenls of the kind implicit in
preferential and other rights.
To conclude this declaration, 1 think 1 may draw inspiration from the
conclusion expressed by the Deputy Secretary of the United Nations
Sea-Bed Committee, Mr. Jean-Pierre Lévy,in the hope that the idea it

expresses may be an inspiration to States, and to Iceland in particular
which, while refraining from following the course of law, prefers to
await from political gatherings a justification of its rights.
1 agree with Mr. Jean-Pierre Lévyin thinking that:

"it is to be hoped that States will make use of the next four or
five years to endeavour to prove to themselves and particularly to
theirnationals that the general interest of theinternational community
and the well-being of the peoples of the world can be preserved by
moderation, mutual understanding, and the spirit of compromise;

only these will enable the Third Conference on the Law of the Sea
to be held and to succeed in codifying a new legal order for the sea
and itsresources" ("La troisième Conférence sur le droit de la mer",
Annuairefrançais de droit international, 1971,p828).

In the expectation of the opening of the new era which is so much
hoped for, 1am honoured at finding myself in agreement with certain
Members of the Court like Judges Gros, Petrén and Onyeama for whom

the golden rule for the Court is that, in such a case, it should confine
itself strictly within the limits of the jurisdiction conferred on it.

Judge NAGENDR SINGHmakes the following declaration :

There are certain valid reasons which weigh with me to the extent that
they enable me to support the Judgment of the Court in this case andfaire, notamment ail bénéficedes pays en voie de développement. Mais
fidèleavant tout à la pratique juridictionnelle, je demeure fervent partisan
de la nécessitépour la Cour de se limiterà son obligation de dire le droit

tel qu'il existe présentement par rapport aux faits de la cause soumiseà
son appréciation.
pour le surplus, jie trouve absolument normal que, en droit interna-
tional comme en tout autre droit d'ailleurs, le droit existant puisse être
remis en cause de teimpsà autre - c'est le plus sûr moyen de promouvoir
son développement progressif - mais il n'ya pas lieu d'en conclure pour
autant que la Cour doit, pour cette raison età l'occasion du présent dif-
férend entre l'lslaride et le Royaume-Uni, paraître l'inspiratrice de
certaines idéesde plus en plus d'actualité,voire partagéespar un nombre
respectable d'Etats, en matière de droit de la mer et qui hantent, semble-
t-il, la plupart des conférenciers siégeantactuellement à Caracas. Il
convient, à mon avis, d'éviterd'entrer dans une voie d'anticipation quant
au règlement des p1:oblèmescomme ceux que les droits préférentielset
autres impliquent.
Pour terminer cette déclaration, je crois pouvoir m'inspirer de la con-

clusion que formule le secrétaireadjoint du Comitédes fonds marins des
Nations Unies, M. Jean-Pierre Lévy,en souhaitant que l'idéequi s'en
dégage puisse inspirer les Etats et plus particulièrement l'Islande qui,
négligeant de suivre la voie du droit, préfèreattendre des assemblées à
caractère politique la justification de sesdroits.
Je suis d'accord avecM. Jean-Pierre Lévypour penser que:

(cil esà espérer que les Etats mettront à profit ces quelques pro-
chaines quatre oucinq annéespour tenter de se prouver àeux-mêmes
et surtoutà leurs ressortissants, que l'intérêt générdael la commu-
nauté internationale et le bien-être des peuplesde la terre peuvent
être préservéspar la modération, la compréhension mutuelle et
l'esprit de compromis, qui seuls permettront à la troisième Confé-
rence sur le droit de la mer de se tenir et deréussir à codifier un
ordre juridiquce nouveau pour la mer et ses ressources)) (((La
troisième conference sur le droit de la mer », Annuairefrançais de
droit intern~tio~aal,1971,p. 828).

En attendant l'avènementde l'èrenouvelle tant souhaitée,je m'honore
de me trouver en accord avec quelques juges de la Cour tels que
MM. Gros, Petrén et Onyeama pour qui la règled'or pour la Cour doit
êtrede se limiter strictement, en de semblables causes,à ses attributions
juridictionnelles.

M. NAGENDRA SINGHj,uge, fait la déclarationsuivante:

Il est certains motifs dont la validité s'impàsmoi avec tant de force

qu'ils me permetterit de donner ma voix à l'arrêtque rend la Cour en la
3939 FlSHERlES JURISDICTION (DECL. NAGENDRA SINGH)

hence 1consider them of such importance as to be appropriately empha-

sized to convey the true significance of the Judgment-its extent as well
as its depth. These reasons, as well as those aspects of theJudgment which
have that importance from my viewpoint are briefly stated as follows:

While basing its findings on the bilateral law, namely the Exchange of
Notes of 1961which has primacy in this case, the Court has pronounced
upon (6) and (c) 1the second and third submissions of the Applicant's

Memorial on the merits, in terms of non-opposability to the United
Kingdom. This suffices for the purpose of that part of the Judgment and
is in accordance with the statement made by counsel2 for the Applicant
at the hearings, to the effect that the second and'third submissions are
separable from the first and it is open to the Court not to adjudicate on

the first submission (a) 1 which relates to the general law.

In the special circumstances of this case the Court has, therefore, not

proceeded to pronounce upon the first submission (a) of the Applicant,
which requests the Court to declare that Iceland's extension of its ex-
clusive fishery limit to 50 nautical miles is invalid being without foun-
dation in international law which amounts to asking the Court to find
that such extension is ipsojure, illegal and invalid erga omnes. Having re-

frained from pronouncing on that aspect it was, consequently, unneces-
sary for the Court to pronounce on the Applicant's legal contention in
support of its first submission, namely, that a customary rule of inter-
national law exists today imposing a general prohibition on extension
by States of their fisheries jurisdiction beyond 12 miles.

There is still a lingering feature of development associated with the
general law. The rules of customary maritime law relating to the limit
of fisheries jurisdiction have still been evolving and confronted by a
widely divergent and, discordant State practice, have not so far

crystallized. Again, the conventional maritime law though substantially
codified by the Geneva Conferences on the Law of the Sea of 1958 and
1960 has certain aspects admittedly left over to be settled and these now
constitute, among others, the subject of subsequent efforts at codification.
The question of the extent of fisheriesjurisdiction which is still one of the

unsettled aspects could not, therefore, be settled by the Court since it
could not "render judgment sub specie legis ferendae, or anticipate the
law before the legislator has laid it down".

--
1 See paras.1I and 12of the Judgmentfor the text of the submissions.
2 Hearing of 29 March 1974, CR 7413,p. 23.présente affaire;je leur attache une telle importance que je crois devoir les

souligner pour bien mettre en relief la valeur réellede cet arrêt,sa portée
aussi bien que son sens profond. Je voudrais les exposer brièvement ci-
après, ainsi que les aspects de l'arrêtqui revêtentà mes yeux une si grande
importance.

Fondant sa décision sur le droit résultant d'accords bilatéraux, à

savoir l'échange de notes de 1961 qui prime en l'espèce, la Cour s'est
prononcée sur les c:onclusions b) et c) 1 du demandeur, c'est-à-dire les
deuxième et troisièrne conclusions du mémoire déposépar celui-ci sur le
fond, en proclamant que les mesures prises par l'Islande ne sont pas

opposables au Royaume-Uni. Cela suffit aux fins de cette partie de l'arrêt;
c'est égalementconforme à la déclaration faite à l'audience2 par le conseil
du demandeur, lorsqu'il a dit que les deuxième et troisième conclusions
pouvaient être dissociées de la première, si bien qu'il était loisible à la
Cour de ne pas statuer sur la première conclusion, la conclusion a) 1,qui

faisait appel au droit général.
Dans les circonstances particulières de la présente affaire, la Cour ne
s'est donc pas prononcée sur la première conclusion, la conclusion a), du
demandeur qui priait la Cour de dire que l'élargissementpar l'Islande de

sa zone de compétericeexclusive sur les pêcheriesjusqu'à 50 milles marins
n'était pas valabledu fait qu'il étaitsansfondement en droit international,
ce qui équivalaitàd,emander à la Cour dedirequ'un tel élargissementétait
ipso jure contraire ;lu droit et dépourvu de validité erga omnes. S'étant

abstenue de statuer sur ce point, la Cour n'a donc pas eu à se prononcer
sur la thèsejuridique que le demandeur faisait valoir à l'appui de sa pre-
mière conclusion, à savoir qu'il existe actuellement une règle de droit in-
ternational coutumiier interdisant de façon généraleaux Etats d'étendre

au-delà de 12milles leur compétence en matière de pêcheries.
Un élémentde développement subsiste encore en ce qui concerne le
droit généra!.Les règlesde droit maritime coutumier relatives aux limites
de la compétence eri matière de pêcheriessont encore en voie d'évolution

et, face à des pratiques étatiques largement divergentes et fortement
discordantes, ne se sont pas cristallisées jusqu'ici. De même, bien
qu'on ait codifiéune grande partie du droit maritime conventionnel aux
Conférences de Genève de 1958 et de 1960 sur le droit de la mer, il est
certains élémentsde ce droit qui, tout le inonde l'admet, ont étélaissésde

côtépour êtreréglésplus tardet qui, avec d'autres matières, sont mainte-
nant l'objet de nouveaux efforts de codification. Etant donné que la
question de l'étenduede la compétence des Etats en matière de pêcheries
est au nonibre de ces élémentssur lesquels l'accord ne s'est pas encore

fait, la Cour ne pouvait pas la réglercar elle ne saurait ((rendre de décision
- --
1 On troiivera le texte de ces conclusions aux paragra11eet 12de l'arrêt.
2 11s'agit de l'audience du 29 mars 1974 (compte rendp.23).40 FISHERIES JURISDICTION (DECL. NAGENDRA SINGH)

This is of importance to me but 1do not have to elaborate this point
any further since 1 have subscribed to the views expressed by my col-
leagues in the jointseparate opinion of the fiveJudges wherein this aspect
has been more fully dealt with.

The contribution which the Judgment makes towards the development
of the Law of the Sea lies in the recognition which it gives to the concept
of preferential rights of a coastal State in the fisheries of the adjacent
waters particularly if that State is in a special situation with its population
dependent on those fisheries. Moreover, the Court proceeds further to

recognize that the law pertaining to fisheries must accept the primacy for
the need of conservation based on scientific data. This aspect has been
properly emphasized to the extent needed to establish that the exercise
of preferential rights of the coastal State as well as thehistoric rights of
other States dependent on the same fishing grounds, have al1 to be
subject to the over-riding consideration of proper conservation of the
fishery resources for the benefit ofal1concerned. This conclusion would
appear warranted if this vital source of man's nutrition is to be preserved
and developed for the community.
In addition there has always been the need for accepting clearly in
maritime matters the existence of the duty to "have reasonable regard to
the interests of other States"-a principle enshrined in Article 2 of the
Geneva Convention of the High Seas 1958 which applies even to the
four freedoms of the seas and has weighed with the Court in this case.
Thus the rights of the coastal State which must have preference over the
rights of other States in the coastal fisheries of the adjacent waters have
nevertheless to be exercised with due regard to the rights of other States

and the claims and counter-claims in this respect have to be resolved on
the basis of considerations of equity. There is, as yet, no specific con-
ventional law governing this aspect and it is the evolution of customary
law which has furnished the basis of the Court's Judgment in this case.

III

TheCourt,as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, taking
into consideration the special field in which it operates, has a distinct role
to play in the administration of justice. In that context the resolving of a
dispute brought before it by sovereign Statesconstitutes an element which
the Court ought not to ignore in its adjudicatory function. This aspect
relating to the settlement of a dispute has been emphasized in more than
one article of the Charter of the United Nations. There is Article 2,
paragraph 3, as well as Article 1,which both use words like "adjustrnentsub specie legisferendae, ni énoncerle droit avant que le législateurl'ait
édicté N.
Bien que j'attache de l'importance à ce point, je ne m'y attarderai pas
davantage car je souscris aux vues exprimées par mes collègues dans
l'opinion commune ,quele groupe de cinq juges dont je fais partie a pré-
sentéeet où cet aspect du problèmeest traitéde façon plus détaillée.

La contribution que l'arrêtapporte au développement du droit de la
mer résidedans la ireconnaissance qu'il accorde à la notion des droits
préférentielsde 1'Etat riverain sur les pêcheries deseaux adjacentes,
surtout quand cet Etat se trouve dans une situation spécialeparce que
sa population est trilbutaire des pêcheriesdont il s'agit. De plus, la Cour
reconnaît ensuite que le droit en matière de pêchedoit accepter la
primauté des impératifs de la conservation sur la base de données
scientifiques. Cet éliment està juste titre mis en relief dans la mesure
nécessairepour établir que les droits préférentielsde 1'Etatriverain et les
droits historiquesd'#autresEtats tributaires des mêmes lieuxde pêche
doivent êtreexercéssous réservede la considération primordiale d'une

conservation rationnelle des ressources halieutiques dans l'intérêdte tous.
Cette conclusion se~nblejustifiéesi l'on doit protéger et développer au
profit de la collectivitécette source vitale de l'alimentation humaine.
En outre, il a toujours éténécessaired'admettre clairement, en matière
de droit maritime, l'existenced'une obligation de tenir ((raisonnablement
compte de l'intérêt [des] autres Etats)), ce principe consacréà l'article 2
de la Convention de: Genève de 1958 sur la haute mer qui s'applique
mêmeaux quatre libertésde la haute mer et que la Cour a pris en consi-
dération en l'espèce.. Enconséquence, les droits de 1'Etat riverain, qui
doivent avoir priorité sur ceux des autres Etats dans les pêcheries
côtières des eaux adjacentes, doivent néanmoins êtreexercéscompte
dûment tenu des droits des autres Etats et les prétentions opposéesqui
sont émises à ce sujet doivent êtreconciliéessur la base de considérations
d'équité. Il n'existe pas, jusqu'ici, de droit conventionnel qui régisse
expressément la question et c'est l'évolution du droit coutun~ier qui,

en l'espèce,a servi d.efondement à l'arrêtde la Cour.

III

La Cour, en tant qu'organe judiciaire principal des Nations Unies et eu
égard au domaine spécialdans lequel elle exerce son activité, a un rôle
particulierà jouer dans l'administration de la justice. Dans cette optique,
la nécessitéd'apporte:r une solutionà tout différendque des Etats souve-
rains lui soumettent est un élémentque la Cour ne doit pas perdre de vue
dans l'exercice de sa. fonction judiciaire. Plus d'une disposition de la
Charte des Nations Unies met l'accent sur cet aspect de la question du
règlement des différends.On peut d'abord citer l'article 2, paragraphe 3,or settlement of international disputes or situations", whereas Article 33
directs Members to "seek u solution" of their disputes by peaceful means.

Furthermore, this approach is very much in accordance with the juris-
prudence of the Court. On 19 August 1929 the Permanent Court of
International Justice in its Order in the case of the Free Zones of Upper
Sai70gand the District of Gex (P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 22, at p. 13) ob-
served that the judicial settlement of international disputes is simply an

alternative to the direct and friendly settlement of such disputes between
the parties. Thus if negotiations become necessary in the special circum-
stances of a particular case the Court ought not to hesitate to direct
negotiations in the best interests of resolving the dispute. Defining the
content of the obligation to negotiate, the permanent Court in its Ad-
visory Opinion of 1931 in the case of Railway Trafic between Lithuania

andPoland(P.C.I.J., Series AIB, No. 42, 1931,at p. 116)observed that the
obligation was "not only to enter into negotiations, but also to pursue
them as far as possible, with a view to concluding agreements" even if
"an obligation to negotiate does not imply an obligation to reach an
agreement". This does clearly imply that everything possible should be
done not only to promote but also to help to conclude successfully the

process of negotiations once directed for the settlement of a dispute. In
addition we have also the North Sea Continental Sheif cases (I.C.J.
Reports 1969) citing Article 33 of the United Nations Charterand where
the Parties were to negotiate in good faith on the basis of the Judgment to
resolve the dispute.

Though it would not only be improper but quite out of the question for
a court of law to direct negotiations in every case or even to contemplate
such a step when the circumstances did not justify the same, it would
appear that in this particular case negotiations appear necessary and flow
from the nature of the dispute, which is confined to the same fishing

grounds and relates to issues and problems which best lend themselves to
settlement by negotiation. Again, negotiations are also indicated by the
nature of the law which fiasto be applied, whether it be the treaty of 1961
with its six months' notice in the compromissory clause provided osten-
sibly for negotiations or whether it be reliance on considerations of
equity. The Court has, therefore, answered the last submission ((e) re-

lettered as (d) of the Applicant's Mernorial on the merits) in the affir-
mative and accepted that negotiations furnished the correct answer to the
problem posed by the need for equitably reconciling the historic right
of the Applicant based on traditional fishing with the preferential rights
of Iceland as a coastal State in a situation of special dependence on its
fisheries. The Judgment of the Court, in asking the Parties to negotiate a

lSee paras.11and 12of the Judgment for the text of the submissions.ainsi que l'article premier, où figurent des expressions telles que ((I'ajuste-
ment ou le règlement de différends ou de situations de caractère interna-

tional » ou ((règlent leurs différends internationaux )); il y a également
l'article 33 quienjointaux Etats Membres de ((rechercher la solution 1)de
leurs différendspar des moyens pacifiques.
Cette façon de voir les choses est, du reste, tout à fait conforme à la

jurisprudence de la Cour. Dans l'ordonnance qu'elle a rendue le 19 août
1929 en l'affaire des Zones franches de la Haute-Savoie et du Pays de
Gex (C.P.J.I. série,4 no 22, p. 13), la Cour permanente de Justice interna-
tionale a déclaréque le règlement judiciaire des conflits internationaux

n'était qu'un succédanéau règlement direct et amiable de ces conflits
entre les parties. Par conséquent, si la conduite de négociations paraît
nécessairidans les circonstances particulières d'un cas donné, la cour ne
doit pas hésiter à ordonner aux parties de négocier dans l'intérêtde la

solution du différend. Définissant le contenu de l'obligation de négocier,
la Cour permanente a déclaré,dans l'avis consultatif qu'elle a rendu en
1931 dans l'affaire du Trajc ferroviaire entre la Lithuanie et la Pologne
(C.P.J.I. sc;rieA/B rio42, 1931, p. 116), qu'il ne s'agissait ((pas seulement

d'entamer des négociations, mais encore de les poursuivre autant que
possible, en vue d'arriver à des accords D, mêmesi ((l'engagement de né-
gocier n'implique pas celui de s'entendre )).On doit manifestement en
déduire qu'une fois les négociations ordonnées en vue du règlement d'un

différend,tout doit être misen Œuvre non seulement pour en favoriser le
déroulement, mais aussi pour contribuer à en assurer l'heureuse issue.
Nous avons également l'arrêt rendu par la Cour dans les affaires du
Plateau continental de la mer du Nord (C.I.J. Recueil 1969) qui cite

l'article 33 de la Charte et d'après lequel les Parties devaient négocierde
bonne foi pour réglerleur différendsur la base de l'arrêt.
De toute évidence, il ne conviendrait guère et il serait mêmehors de
question qu'un tribunal ordonne des négociations dans chaque affaire

dont il est saisi, ou qu'il envisage de le faire lorsque les circonstances ne le
justifient pas; mais (enl'espèce desnégociations paraissent nécessaireseu
égard à la nature du différend,qui porte sur les mêmeslieux de pêcheet
soulève controverse!; et problèmes qui, plus que tous autres, se prêtentà

un règlement par voie de négociation. Le recours aux négociations paraît
également indiqué si I'on tient compte de la nature du droit qui doit être
appliqué, qu'il s'agisse de l'accord de 1961dont la clause compromissoire
prévoit un préavisde six mois manifestement destiné à permettre des né-

gociations ou que I'on fasse appel à des considérations d'équité.La Cour
a donc accueilli la dernière conclusion du demandeur, la conclusion e) 1,
devenue la conclusion d) dans le mémoire sur le fond, et a dit que les
négociations étaient le moyen auquel il convenait de recourir pour

résoudre le problème que pose la nécessitéde concilier de façon équitable
les droits historique:; que le demandeur tient de son activité traditionnelle
de pêche avec lesdroits préférentielsque l'Islande possède en tant qu'Etat

1On trouvera le texte de cette conclusion aux paragraphIl et 12 de l'arrêt.settlement, has thus emphasized the importance of resolving the dispute
inthe adjudication of the case.

No court of law and particularly not the International Court of Justice

could ever be said to derogate from its function when it gives due im-
portance to the settlement of a dispute which is the ultimate objective of
al1adjudication as wellas of the United Nations Charter and the Court,as
its organ, could hardly afford to ignore this aspect. A tribunal, while
discharging its function in that manner, would appear to be adjudicating
in the larger interest and ceasing to be narrow and restrictive in its
approach.
Thus, the interim agreement of 1973 entered into by the contesting
Parties with full reservations as to their respective rights andch helped
to avoid intensification of the dispute couldnever prevent the Court from
pronouncing on the United Kingdom submissions. To decide otherwise
would have meant imposing a penalty on those who negotiate an interim
agreement to avoid friction as a preliminary to the settlement of a dis-
pute.
Again, when confronted with the problem of its own competence in
dealing with that aspect of the dispute which relates to the need for con-
servation and the exercise of preferential rights with due respect forhis-

toric rights, the Court has rightly regarded those aspects to be an integral
part of the dispute. Surely, the dispute before the Court has to be con-
sidered in al1 its aspects if it is to be properly resolved and effectively
adjudicated upon. This must be so if it is not part justice but the whole
justice which a tribunal ought always to have in view. It could, therefore,
be said that it was in the overall interests of settlement of the dispute
that certain parts of it which were inseparably linked to the core of
the conflict were not separated in this case to be left unpronounced
upon. The Court has, of course, to be mindful of the limitations that
result from the principle of consent as the basis of international obli-
gations, which also governs its own competence to entertain a dispute.
However, this could hardly be taken to mean that a tribunal con-
stituted as a regular court of law when entrusted with the determination
of a dispute by the willing consent of the parties should in any way
fa11short of fully and effectively discharging its obligations. It would be
somewhat disquieting if the Court were itself to adopt either too narrow
an approach ortoo restricted an interpretation of those very words which
confer jurisdiction on the Court such as in this case "the extension of

fisheries jurisdiction around Iceland" occurring in the compromissory
clause of the Exchange of Notes of 1961.Those words could not be held
to confine the competence conferred on the Court to the sole question
of the conformity or otherwise of Iceland's extension of its fishery limits
with existing legal rules. The Court, therefore, need not lose sight of the
consideration relating to the settlement of the dispute while remaining
strictly within the framework of the 1awwhich it administers and adhering
always to the procedures which it must follow. COMPE~ENCEPÊCHERIES(DÉCL.NAGENDRASINGH) 42

riverain spécialementtributaire de sespêcheries.Dansson arrêt,la Cour a
invitéles Parties à négocierun règlement; elle a ainsi soulignécombien

elletenaità ce que :sadécisionassurela solution du différend.
On ne peut dire (d'aucuneinstance judiciaire- et d'autant moins de la
Cour international'e de Justic- qu'elle déroge à sa fonction lorsqu'elle
accorde au règ1eme:ntdu litige la place importante qu'il mérit- c'est là
l'objectif ultime de toute décision judiciaire de mêmeque celui de la
Charte, et la Cour, en tant qu'organe des Nations Unies, ne saurait guère
manquer d'en tenir compte. Touktribunal qui s'acquitterait de sa fonc-
tion decette manièirerendrait, semble-t-il, lajustice dans une optique plus
large, libre deoute:sconceptions étroites et limitées.
L'accord provisoire de 1973que les Parties au différendont conclu en
réservant pleinement leurs droits respectifs et qui a beaucoup contribué
à prévenirl'aggravation du litige ne pouvait en aucune manière empêcher
la Cour destatuersur lesconclusions du Royaume-Uni. En déciderautre-
ment aurait abouti à punir ceux qui, en attendant le règlement de leur

différend, négocientun arrangement provisoire pour prévenir les fric-
tions.
De même, lorsquiela Cour a examinéla question de savoir si elle avait
compétencepour connaître de l'aspect du litige qui avait trait aux néces-
sités de la conservation et à l'exercice de droits préférentielscompte
dûment tenu des droits historiques, elle a considéré à juste titre que cet
aspect faisait partie intégrante du di'fférenddont elle était saisie. Il est
évidentque, pour pouvoir se prononcer efficacement sur le différendqui
lui étaitsoumis etIiiitrouver la solution appropriée, la Cour devait I'exa-
miner sous tous ses asoects. Comment en irait-il autrement si l'on veut
que la justicerendue ne soit pas une justice partielle, mais cette justice
complète à laquelle un tribunal doit toujours tendre?On peut donc dire
que c'est égalementdans l'intérêt générdau l règlement du différendque

la Cour n'en a pas dissocié certains élémentsindissolublement liés à
l'essentiel du présent litige pour refuser de se prononcer à leur égard.
La Cour doit certes ne pas perdre de vue les limitations qui découlentdu
principe du consentement en tant que fondement des obligations inter-
nationales, principe qui régit également sapropre compétence pour
connaître d'un différend. Cela ne saurait cependant signifier que lorsque,
du libre consentement des parties, un organe régulièrement constitué
en cour de justice est chargé detrancher un différendil doit de quelque
manière que ce soit manquer de s'acquitter pleinement et efficacement
de ses obligations.KIserait un peu inquiétant de voir la Cour elle-même
adopter une conception trop étroite ouune interprétation trop restrictive
du libelléde la .disposition qui lui confère compétence, en l'occurence
du membre de phrase (tl'élargissement de la juridiction sur les
pêcheriesautour de l'Islande», que l'on trouve dans la clause com-

promissoire de l'échange de notes de 1961. Il serait impossible de
considérer que ce membre de phrase limite la compétence conférée à la
Cour à la seule question desavoir sil'extension par l'Islande de sazone de
pêche estou non conforme aux règlesde droit existantes. Aussi, la Cour FISHERIESJURJSDICTION (DECL. NAGENDRA SINGH)

For purposes of administering the law of the sea and for proper under-
standing of matters pertaining to fisheries as well as to appreciate the
facts of this case, it is of some importance to know the precise content of
the expression "fisheries jurisdiction" and for what it stands and means.

The concept of fisheries jurisdiction does cover aspects such as enforce-
ment of conservation measures, exercise of preferential rights and respect
for historic rights since each one may involve an element of jurisdiction
to implement them. Even the reference to "extension" in relation to
fisheries jurisdiction which occurs in the compromissory clause of the
1961 treaty could not be confined to mean merely the extension of a

geographical boundary line or limit since such an extension would be
meaningless without a jurisdictional aspect which constitutes, as it were,
itsjuridical content. It is significant, therefore, that the preamble of the
Truman Proclamation of 1945 respecting United States coastal fisheries
refers to a "jurisdictional" basis for implementing conservation measures
inthe adjacent sea since such measures have to be enforced like any other

regulations in relation to a particular area. This further supports the
Court's conclusion that it had jurisdiction todeal with aspects relating to
conservation and preferential rights since the 1961 treaty by the use of
the words "extension of fisheries jurisdiction" must be deeined to have
covered those aspects.

Another aspect of the Judgment which has importance from my
viewpoint is that it does not "preclude the Parties from benefiting from
any subsequent developments in the pertinent rules of international law"
(para. 77). The adjudicatory function of the Court must necessarily be

confined to the case before it. No tribunal could take notice of future
events, contingencies or situations that may arise consequent on the
holding or withholding of negotiations or otherwise even by way of a
further exercise of jurisdiction. Thus, a possibility or even a probability
of changes in law or situations in the future could not prevent the Court
from rendering Judgment today.ne doit-elle pas perdre de vue les considérations touchant la solution du
litige, tout en se ma.intenant rigoureusement dans le cadre du droit qu'elle

estchargéed'appliquer et en demeurant fidèleen toute occasion aux procé-
dures qu'elle doit suivre.

Aux fins de l'application du droit de la mer, de mêmeque pour bien
comprendre les questions relatives aux pêcherieset se faire unejuste idée
des faits dans la prr!sente espèce, il n'est pas sans importance de savoir ce

qu'est le contenu précisdes expressions ((compétenceen matière de pêche-
ries ))ou ((juridiction sur les pêcheries ))ce qu'elles signifientet ce qu'elles
recouvrent. La notion de compétenceen matière de pêcheriess'étend à des
domaines comme l'application de mesures de conservation, l'exercice de

droits préférentielset le respect de droits historiques, étant donné que,
dans chacun de ces domaines, la mise en Œuvre peut faire intervenir un
élémentde compéti:nce. Mêmele mot ccélargissement ))qui figure, aux
côtésdesmots ((delajuridiction sur lespêcheries »,dans la clause compro-

missoire de I'accorclde 1961, ne saurait être interprétérestrictivement de
manière à viser simplement l'élargissementd'une zonegéographique ou le
report d'une limite, car un tel élargissement ou report serait privé de
toute signification en l'absence d'un élément juridictionnel lui donnant,

en quelque sorte, son contenu juridique. Il'n'est donc pas sans intérêtde
souligner que le priiambule de la Proclamation Truman de 1945 concer-
nant les pêcheriescôtières des Etats-Unis fait mention d'une base ccjuri-
dictionnelle ))pour l'application de mesures de conservation dans les eaux

adjacentes, étant donné que de telles mesures doivent être appliquées
comme tout autre rkglement dans une zone particulière. C'est là un argu-
ment de plus à l'appui de la conclusion de la Cour selon laquelle elle a
compétence pour traiter des aspects du différendqui ont trait à la conser-

vation et aux droits préférentiels,car l'expression ((l'élargissement de la
juridiction sur les plScheries ))que l'on trouve dans l'accord de 1961 doit
êtreréputée engloberlesdits aspects.

Un autre aspect de l'arrêt quirevêtde l'importance à mes yeux est qu'il
((ne peut ... empêcherles Parties de tirer avantage de toute évolution

ultérieure des règlespertinentes du droit international ))(par. 77). La Cour
ne peut connaître qlue de I'afraire dont elle est saisie; elle ne saurait en
aucun cas tenir comlpted'une situation hypothétique qui pourrait résulter,
plus tard, de la con'duite de négociations ou du refus de négocier, ou de

tout autre événement, ycompris mêmeun nouvel acte juridictionnel.
Aussi, la possibilité ou mêmela probabilité de modifications du droit ou
des situations dans l'avenir ne saurait empêcher un tribunal de rendre
actuellement sa décision.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration by Judge Nagendra Singh (as appended immediately after the judgment)

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