Declaration by Judge Ignacio-Pinto (as appended immediately after the judgment)

Document Number
055-19740725-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
055-19740725-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

vation and development, and equitable exploitation, of those
resources, making use of the machinery established by the
North-East Atlantic Fisheries Convention or such other means
as may be agreed upon as a result of international negotiations.

Done in English, and in French, the English text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-fifth day of July, one
thousand nine hundred and seventy-four, in three copies, of which one
will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to
the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern

Ireland and to the Government of the Republic of Iceland respectively.

(Sigt~ed) Manfred LACHS,

President.
(Signe4 S. AQUARONE,

Registrar.

President LACHSmakes the following declaration:

1am in agreement with the reasoning and conclusions of the Court, and

since the Judgment speaks for and stands by itself, 1 would not feel it
appropriate to make any gloss upon it.

Judge IGNACIO-PINTm Oakes the followingdeclaration

To my regret, 1have been obliged to vote against the Court's Judgment.
However, to my mind my negative vote does not, strictly speaking, signify
opposition, since in a different context 1 would certainly have voted in
favour of the process which the Court considered it should follow to
arrive at its decision. In my view that decision is devoted to tixing the
conditions for exercise of preferential rights, for conservation of fish

species, and historic rights, rather than to responding to the primary
clain~of the Applicant, which is for a statement of the law on a specific
point.
1would have al1the more willingly endorsed the concept of preferential
rights inasmuch as the Court has merely followed its own decision in the
Fishcrics case.

It should be observed that the Applicant has nowhere sought a decision
from the Court on a dispute between itself and lceland on the subject of
the preferential rights of the coastal State, the conservation of fish
species, or historic rights-tl-iisis apparent throughout the elaborate

36reasoning of the Judgment. It is obvious that considerations relating to
these various points, dealt with at length in the Judgment, are not subject
to any dispute between the Parties. There is no doubt that, after setting
out the facts andthe grounds relied on in support of its case, the Applicant
has asked the Court only for a decision on the dispute between itself and
Iceland, and to adjudge and declare:

". ..that there is no foundation in international law for the claim
by Iceland to be entitled to extend its fisheries jurisdiction by
establishing a zone of exclusive fisheriesjurisdiction extending to50
nautical miles from the baselines hereinbefore referred to; and that
its claim is therefore invalid" (I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 5,para. 8
(a)).
This is clear and precise, and al1the other points in the submissions are
only ancillary or consequential to this primary claim. But in response to
this basic claim, which was extensively argued by the Applicant both in
its Memorial and orally, and which was retained in its final submissions,
the Court, by means of a line of reasoning which it has endeavoured at

some length tojustify, has finallyfailed to give anypositive answer.

The Court has deliberately evaded the question which was placed
squarely before it in this case, namely whether Iceland's claims are in
accordance with the rules of international law. Having put this question
on one side, it constructs a whole system of reasoning in order ultimately
to declare that the Regulations issued by the Government of Iceland
on 14July 1972and "constituting a unilateral extension of the exclusive
fishing rights of Iceland to50 nautical miles from the baselines specified
therein arenot opposable to the Government of the United Kingdom".
In my view, the whole problem turns on this, since this claim is based
upon facts which, at leastunder present-day law and in the practice of the
majority of States, are flagrant violations of existing international con-
ventions. It should be noted that Iceland does not deny them. Now the
facts complained of are evident, they undoubtedly relate to the treaty
which binds the States which are Parties, for the Exchange of Notes of
11 March 1961amounts to such an instrument. For the Court to consider,
after having dealt with the Applicant's fundamental claim in relation to
international law, that account should be taken of Iceland's exceptional
situation and the vital interests of its population, with a view to drawing
inspiration from equity and to devising a solution for the dispute, would
have been the normal course to be followed, the more so since the
Applicant supports it .in its final submissions. But it cannot be admitted
that because of its special situation lceland can ipso factobe exempted
from the obligation to respect the international commitments into which

it has entered. By not giving an unequivocal answer on that principal
claim, the Court has failed to perform the act of justice requested of it.
For what is one to Sayof the actions and behaviour of Iceland which
have resulted in its being called upon to appear before the Court? Itsrefusa1to respect the commitment it accepted in the Exchange of Notes of
11 March 1961,to refer to the International Court of Justice any dispute
which might arise on an extension of its exclusive fisheries zone, which
was in fact foreseen by the Parties, beyond 12 nautical miles, is not this
unjustified refusal a breach of international law?
In the same way, when-contrary to what is generally recognized by
the majority of States in the 1958Geneva Convention, in Article 2, where
it is clearly specified that there is a zone of high seas which is res com-
munis-Iceland unilaterally decides, by means of its Regulations of 14
Jul. 1972. to extend its exclusive iurisdiction from 12to 50nautical miles
from the baselines, does it not in this way also commit a breach of inter-
national law? Thus the Court would in no way be open to criticism if it
upheld the claim as well founded.
For my part, 1believethat the Court would certainly have strengthened
its judicial authority if it had given a positive reply to the claim laid
before it by the United Kingdom, instead of embarking on the construc-
tion of a thesis on preferential rights, zones of conservation of fish
species, or historic rights, on which there has never been any dispute,
nor even the slightest shadow of a controversy on the part either of the
Applicant or of the Respondent.
Furthermore, it causes me some concern also that the majority of the

Court seemsto have adopted the position which is apparentin the present
Judgment with the intention of pointing the way for the participants in
the Conference on the Law of the Sea now sitting in Caracas.
The Court here gives the impression of being anxious to indicate the
principles on the basis of which it would be desirable that a general inter-
national regulation of rights of fishing should be adopted.
1 do not discount the value of the reasons which guided the thinking
of the majority of the Court, and the Court was right to take account of
the special situation of Iceland and its inhabitants, which is deserving of
being treated with special concern. In this connection, the same treatment
should be contemplated for al1developing countries in the same position,
which cherish the hope of seeing al1these fisheries problems settled, since
it is at present such countries which suffer from the anarchy and lack of
organization of international fishing. But that is not the question which
has been laid before the Court, and the reply given can only be described
as evasive.
In taking this viewpoint 1 am not unaware of the risk that 1may be
accused of not being in tune with the modern trend for the Court to
arrogate a creative power which does not pertain to it under either the
United Nations Charter or its Statute. Perhaps some might even say that
the classic conception of international law to which 1 declare allegiance
is out-dated; but for myself, 1 do not fear to continue to respect the
classic norms of that law. Perhaps from the Third Conference on the
Law of the Sea some positive principles accepted by al1States willemerge.
1hope that this will beso, and shall be the first to applaud-and further-
more 1 shall be pleased to see the good use to which they can be put, inparticular for the benefit of the developing countries. But since 1 am
above al1 faithful to judicial practice, 1 continue fervently to urge the
need for the Court to confine itself to its obligation to state the law as
it is at present in relation to the facts of the case brought before it.
1consider it entirely proper that, in international law as in every other
system of law, the existing law should be questioned from time to time
-this is the surest way of furthering its progressive development-but

it cannot be concluded from this that the Court should, for this reason
and on the occasion of the present dispute between Iceland and the United
Kingdom, emerge as the begetter of certain ideas which are more and
more current today, and are even shared by a respectable number of
States, with regard to the law of the sea, and which are in the minds, it
would seem, of most of those attending the Conference now Sitting in

Caracas. It is advisable, in my opinion, to avoid entering upon anything
which would anticipate a settlement of problenls of the kind implicit in
preferential and other rights.
To conclude this declaration, 1 think 1 may draw inspiration from the
conclusion expressed by the Deputy Secretary of the United Nations
Sea-Bed Committee, Mr. Jean-Pierre Lévy,in the hope that the idea it

expresses may be an inspiration to States, and to Iceland in particular
which, while refraining from following the course of law, prefers to
await from political gatherings a justification of its rights.
1 agree with Mr. Jean-Pierre Lévyin thinking that:

"it is to be hoped that States will make use of the next four or
five years to endeavour to prove to themselves and particularly to
theirnationals that the general interest of theinternational community
and the well-being of the peoples of the world can be preserved by
moderation, mutual understanding, and the spirit of compromise;

only these will enable the Third Conference on the Law of the Sea
to be held and to succeed in codifying a new legal order for the sea
and itsresources" ("La troisième Conférence sur le droit de la mer",
Annuairefrançais de droit international, 1971,p828).

In the expectation of the opening of the new era which is so much
hoped for, 1am honoured at finding myself in agreement with certain
Members of the Court like Judges Gros, Petrén and Onyeama for whom

the golden rule for the Court is that, in such a case, it should confine
itself strictly within the limits of the jurisdiction conferred on it.

Judge NAGENDR SINGHmakes the following declaration :

There are certain valid reasons which weigh with me to the extent that
they enable me to support the Judgment of the Court in this case and

Bilingual Content

vation and development, and equitable exploitation, of those
resources, making use of the machinery established by the
North-East Atlantic Fisheries Convention or such other means
as may be agreed upon as a result of international negotiations.

Done in English, and in French, the English text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-fifth day of July, one
thousand nine hundred and seventy-four, in three copies, of which one
will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to
the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern

Ireland and to the Government of the Republic of Iceland respectively.

(Sigt~ed) Manfred LACHS,

President.
(Signe4 S. AQUARONE,

Registrar.

President LACHSmakes the following declaration:

1am in agreement with the reasoning and conclusions of the Court, and

since the Judgment speaks for and stands by itself, 1 would not feel it
appropriate to make any gloss upon it.

Judge IGNACIO-PINTm Oakes the followingdeclaration

To my regret, 1have been obliged to vote against the Court's Judgment.
However, to my mind my negative vote does not, strictly speaking, signify
opposition, since in a different context 1 would certainly have voted in
favour of the process which the Court considered it should follow to
arrive at its decision. In my view that decision is devoted to tixing the
conditions for exercise of preferential rights, for conservation of fish

species, and historic rights, rather than to responding to the primary
clain~of the Applicant, which is for a statement of the law on a specific
point.
1would have al1the more willingly endorsed the concept of preferential
rights inasmuch as the Court has merely followed its own decision in the
Fishcrics case.

It should be observed that the Applicant has nowhere sought a decision
from the Court on a dispute between itself and lceland on the subject of
the preferential rights of the coastal State, the conservation of fish
species, or historic rights-tl-iisis apparent throughout the elaborate

36 tion, le dévelol?pementet l'exploitation équitablede ces ressources,
en utilisant le inécanismeétablipar la Convention sur les pêcheries
de l'Atlantique du nord-est ou tout autre moyen qui pourrait être

acceptéà l'issue de négociations internationales.

Fait en anglais et en francais, le texte anglais faisant foi, au palais de
la Paix,à La Haye, le vingt-cinq juillet mil neuf cent soixante-quatorze,
en trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives de la Cour et

dont les autres seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement du
Royaume-Uni de Gr.ande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord et au Gouverne-
ment de la République d'Islande.

Le Président,

(Signé) Manfred LACHS.

Le Greffier,
(SignéS ). AQUARONE.

M. LACHSP , résident, fait la déclaration suivante:

Je souscris aux motifs et aux conclusions de la Cour et, comme l'arrêt
n'appelle pas d'explications et se suffit à lui-même,je n'estimerais pas
approprié de présenter des commentaires à son sujet.

M. IGNACIO-PINTO ju,ge, fait la déclaration suivante:

J'ai dû voter à regret contre l'arrêtde la Cour. Toutefois dans mon
esprit mon vote négatif netraduit pas à proprement parler une opposition
car, dans un autre contexte, j'aurais sans doute voté pour le processus que

la Cour a cru devoir suivre pour aboutirà sa décision.A mon sens celle-ci
fixe plutôt les conditions d'exercice des droits préférentiels,de la con-
servation des espèces halieutiques et des droits historiques qu'elle ne
répond à ia demande principale du demandeur qui est de dire le droit sur
un point précis.

J'aurais d'autant plus volontiers souscrit à la conception des droits
préférentielsque la Cour ne fait que se conformer à sa propre décision
dans l'affaire des P&cheric.s.
II ya lieu de noter que le demandeur n'a nulle part sollicité laCour de
trancher entre I'lslande et lui un différendqui aurait pour objet les droits
préférentielsdu riverain, la conservation des espèces halieutiques ou les

droits historiques-- cela ressort tout au long du très élaboréexposédes
36reasoning of the Judgment. It is obvious that considerations relating to
these various points, dealt with at length in the Judgment, are not subject
to any dispute between the Parties. There is no doubt that, after setting
out the facts andthe grounds relied on in support of its case, the Applicant
has asked the Court only for a decision on the dispute between itself and
Iceland, and to adjudge and declare:

". ..that there is no foundation in international law for the claim
by Iceland to be entitled to extend its fisheries jurisdiction by
establishing a zone of exclusive fisheriesjurisdiction extending to50
nautical miles from the baselines hereinbefore referred to; and that
its claim is therefore invalid" (I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 5,para. 8
(a)).
This is clear and precise, and al1the other points in the submissions are
only ancillary or consequential to this primary claim. But in response to
this basic claim, which was extensively argued by the Applicant both in
its Memorial and orally, and which was retained in its final submissions,
the Court, by means of a line of reasoning which it has endeavoured at

some length tojustify, has finallyfailed to give anypositive answer.

The Court has deliberately evaded the question which was placed
squarely before it in this case, namely whether Iceland's claims are in
accordance with the rules of international law. Having put this question
on one side, it constructs a whole system of reasoning in order ultimately
to declare that the Regulations issued by the Government of Iceland
on 14July 1972and "constituting a unilateral extension of the exclusive
fishing rights of Iceland to50 nautical miles from the baselines specified
therein arenot opposable to the Government of the United Kingdom".
In my view, the whole problem turns on this, since this claim is based
upon facts which, at leastunder present-day law and in the practice of the
majority of States, are flagrant violations of existing international con-
ventions. It should be noted that Iceland does not deny them. Now the
facts complained of are evident, they undoubtedly relate to the treaty
which binds the States which are Parties, for the Exchange of Notes of
11 March 1961amounts to such an instrument. For the Court to consider,
after having dealt with the Applicant's fundamental claim in relation to
international law, that account should be taken of Iceland's exceptional
situation and the vital interests of its population, with a view to drawing
inspiration from equity and to devising a solution for the dispute, would
have been the normal course to be followed, the more so since the
Applicant supports it .in its final submissions. But it cannot be admitted
that because of its special situation lceland can ipso factobe exempted
from the obligation to respect the international commitments into which

it has entered. By not giving an unequivocal answer on that principal
claim, the Court has failed to perform the act of justice requested of it.
For what is one to Sayof the actions and behaviour of Iceland which
have resulted in its being called upon to appear before the Court? Itsmotifs de I'arrêt.Il est manifeste que les considérations de ces différends
chefs abondamment développésdans l'arrêtne font l'objet d'aucune con-
testation de la part des Parties. II n'y a aucun doute qu'après avoirexposé

les faits et les motifs qu'il invoque à l'appui de sa cause le demandeur n'a
sollicité la Cour que de statuer sur le différend survenu entre lui et
l'Islande et de dire et juger:

((que la prétention de l'Islande qui se dit en droit d'élargirsa compé-
tence en matière de pêcheries enétablissant une zone de compétence
exclusive sur les pêcheriesjusqu'à 50 milles marins à partir des lignes
de base mentiorinées plus haut n'est donc pas fondée en droit inter-
national et n'est donc pasvalable )(C.1.J.Recueil 1973, p.5, par.8a)).

C'est clair et net et tous les autres points desdites conclusions ne sont
que des accessoires ou des conséquences de cette demande principale.

Or à cette demande capitale que le demandeur a longuement développée
aussi bien dans son mémoire que dans sa plaidoirie et qui a étéreprise
dans ses conclusioris finales, la Cour, par un raisonnement qu'elle a
longuement tenté de justifier, n'est finalement pas arrivée à donner une
réponse positive.
Elle a éludédélibérémentla question à elle clairement poséeen I'es-

pèce, à savoir si les prétentions de I'lslande sont conformes aux règlesde
droit international.(lette question écartée,elle élaboretout un systèmede
raisonnement pour affirmer finalement que le règlement du Gouverne-
ment islandais, prornulgué le 14 juillet 1972 et ((portant extension unila-
térale des droits de pêche exclusifsde l'Islande jusqu'à 50 milles marins
des lignes de base spécifiéesdans ledit règlement n'est pas opposable au

Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni D.
Selon moi, tout le problème est là car cette demande est fondée sur des
faits qui constituent, du moins dans le droit présent et la pratique de la
majoritédesEtats, desviolationsflagrantes de conventions internationales
actuelles. 11est à noter que I'lslande ne les nie pas. Or les faits reprochés

sont patents, ils concernentindubitablement le traitéliant les Etats parties
car l'échangede notes du 11 mars 1961a bien la valeur d'un tel acte. Que
la Cour estime, après avoir régléla demande fondamentale du demandeur
au regard du droit iriternational, qu'il yait lieu de prendreen considération
la situation exceptionnelle de l'Islande et les intérêts vitauxde ses popu-
lations pour s'inspirer des principes d'équité etpour envisager une solution

au différend,eût étéla voie normale à suivre d'autant plus que le deman-
deur lui-mêmey souscrit dans ses conclusions finales. Mais l'on ne saurait
admettre qu'en raison de sa situation particulère l'Islande puisse être
d'office dispenséede I'obligatioil de respecter les engagements internatio-
naux qu'elle a sou:;crits. En ne répondant pas sans équivoque à cette
demande principale, la Cour a manqué à l'Œuvre de justice qui lui est

demandée.
Comment peut-on en effet qualifier les actes et les comportements de
l'Islande qui lui ont valu d'êtrecitéeà comparaître devant la Cour? Sonrefusa1to respect the commitment it accepted in the Exchange of Notes of
11 March 1961,to refer to the International Court of Justice any dispute
which might arise on an extension of its exclusive fisheries zone, which
was in fact foreseen by the Parties, beyond 12 nautical miles, is not this
unjustified refusal a breach of international law?
In the same way, when-contrary to what is generally recognized by
the majority of States in the 1958Geneva Convention, in Article 2, where
it is clearly specified that there is a zone of high seas which is res com-
munis-Iceland unilaterally decides, by means of its Regulations of 14
Jul. 1972. to extend its exclusive iurisdiction from 12to 50nautical miles
from the baselines, does it not in this way also commit a breach of inter-
national law? Thus the Court would in no way be open to criticism if it
upheld the claim as well founded.
For my part, 1believethat the Court would certainly have strengthened
its judicial authority if it had given a positive reply to the claim laid
before it by the United Kingdom, instead of embarking on the construc-
tion of a thesis on preferential rights, zones of conservation of fish
species, or historic rights, on which there has never been any dispute,
nor even the slightest shadow of a controversy on the part either of the
Applicant or of the Respondent.
Furthermore, it causes me some concern also that the majority of the

Court seemsto have adopted the position which is apparentin the present
Judgment with the intention of pointing the way for the participants in
the Conference on the Law of the Sea now sitting in Caracas.
The Court here gives the impression of being anxious to indicate the
principles on the basis of which it would be desirable that a general inter-
national regulation of rights of fishing should be adopted.
1 do not discount the value of the reasons which guided the thinking
of the majority of the Court, and the Court was right to take account of
the special situation of Iceland and its inhabitants, which is deserving of
being treated with special concern. In this connection, the same treatment
should be contemplated for al1developing countries in the same position,
which cherish the hope of seeing al1these fisheries problems settled, since
it is at present such countries which suffer from the anarchy and lack of
organization of international fishing. But that is not the question which
has been laid before the Court, and the reply given can only be described
as evasive.
In taking this viewpoint 1 am not unaware of the risk that 1may be
accused of not being in tune with the modern trend for the Court to
arrogate a creative power which does not pertain to it under either the
United Nations Charter or its Statute. Perhaps some might even say that
the classic conception of international law to which 1 declare allegiance
is out-dated; but for myself, 1 do not fear to continue to respect the
classic norms of that law. Perhaps from the Third Conference on the
Law of the Sea some positive principles accepted by al1States willemerge.
1hope that this will beso, and shall be the first to applaud-and further-
more 1 shall be pleased to see the good use to which they can be put, inrefus de respecter l'engagement souscrit par elle dans l'échangede notes
du 11 mars 1961 de soumettre à la Cour internationale de Justice tout
différendqui s'élèverait l'occasion de l'extension de sa zone exclusivede
pêche,d'ailleurs prévuepar les Parties, au-delà des 12 milles marins, ce
refus injustifiéne coristitue-t-il pas une violation du droit international?
De mêmelorsque, contrairement à ce qui est généralementadmis par
la majorité des Etat.s dans la Convention de Genève de 1958, en son

article 2, ou il est clairement spécifié qu'il existezone de haute mer
qui estres <:ommunis, l'Islande décideunilatéralement par son règlement
du 14juillet 1972de porter sa compétenceexclusive de 12 milles marins
à 50 milles marins depuis les lignes de base, ne commet-elle pas là aussi
une violation du droit international? On ne saurait donc rien re~rocher
à la Cour si elle reconnaissait le bien-fondéde la demande.
Je crois pour ma part que la Cour aurait àcoup sûr renforcé sonauto-
rité juridictionnelle si elle avait répondu positivementla demande qui
lui est faite Dar leovaume-Uni.au lieu de se lancer dans l'élaboration
d'une thèsesur lesdroits préférentiels, zone de conservation des espèces
halieutiques ou les droits historiques, au sujet desquels il n'y a jamais eu
de différend, voirerriêmepas l'ombre d'une controverse ni de la part du
demandeur ni de celle du défendeur.

Par ailleurs, je ne suis pas indifférentau fait que la majorité dela Cour
semble avoir adopté la thèse qui se dégagedu présentarrêt dans le but
d'indiquer la voieà suivre aux membres de la Conférencesur le droit de
la mer siéganten ce moment àCaracas.
La Cour apparaît à cette occasion comme soucieuse d'indiquer les
principes selon lesquels il serait souhaitable qu'une réglementation inter-
nationale généralesoit adoptée en matière de droit de pêche.
Je ne méconnaispas la valeur des motifs ayant guidéla pensée de la
majoritéde la Cour et c'esà juste titre qu'elle a voulu tenir compte de la
situation spécialede: l'Islande et de ses habitants, situation qui mérite
d'êtreconsidérée co:mme digne d'être traitéeavec une sollicitude toute
particulière.l conviendraità cet égardd'envisager l'application du même
traitement à tous les pays en voie de développementse trouvant dans son

cas et qui, étantactiiellement victimes de l'inorganisation anarchique de
la pêche internationale, nourrissent l'espoir de voir régler tous ces
problèmes de pêcheries.Mais telle n'est pas laquestion posée à la Cour
et la réponsedonnéene peut êtreque qualifiée d'évasive.
En adoptant ce point de vue je n'ignore pas que je cours le risque que
l'on me reproche de ne pas êtreau diapason de la tendance actuelle de
voir la Cour s'attribuer un pouvoir créateur que ne lui reconnaît, mon
avis, ni la Charte des Nations Unies, ni son Statut. D'aucuns diraient
mêmepeut-être quela conception classique du droit international que je
professe est dépassée;pour ma part, je necrains pas de continuer respec-
ter lesnormes classiques de cedroit. Peut-être que dela troisième Confé-
rence sur le droit cle la mer se dégageront quelques principes positifs
acceptéspar tous les Etats. Je le souhaiteet y applaudirai tout le premier
et, de plus,je serai satisfait de voir la bonne application qu'on en pourraitparticular for the benefit of the developing countries. But since 1 am
above al1 faithful to judicial practice, 1 continue fervently to urge the
need for the Court to confine itself to its obligation to state the law as
it is at present in relation to the facts of the case brought before it.
1consider it entirely proper that, in international law as in every other
system of law, the existing law should be questioned from time to time
-this is the surest way of furthering its progressive development-but

it cannot be concluded from this that the Court should, for this reason
and on the occasion of the present dispute between Iceland and the United
Kingdom, emerge as the begetter of certain ideas which are more and
more current today, and are even shared by a respectable number of
States, with regard to the law of the sea, and which are in the minds, it
would seem, of most of those attending the Conference now Sitting in

Caracas. It is advisable, in my opinion, to avoid entering upon anything
which would anticipate a settlement of problenls of the kind implicit in
preferential and other rights.
To conclude this declaration, 1 think 1 may draw inspiration from the
conclusion expressed by the Deputy Secretary of the United Nations
Sea-Bed Committee, Mr. Jean-Pierre Lévy,in the hope that the idea it

expresses may be an inspiration to States, and to Iceland in particular
which, while refraining from following the course of law, prefers to
await from political gatherings a justification of its rights.
1 agree with Mr. Jean-Pierre Lévyin thinking that:

"it is to be hoped that States will make use of the next four or
five years to endeavour to prove to themselves and particularly to
theirnationals that the general interest of theinternational community
and the well-being of the peoples of the world can be preserved by
moderation, mutual understanding, and the spirit of compromise;

only these will enable the Third Conference on the Law of the Sea
to be held and to succeed in codifying a new legal order for the sea
and itsresources" ("La troisième Conférence sur le droit de la mer",
Annuairefrançais de droit international, 1971,p828).

In the expectation of the opening of the new era which is so much
hoped for, 1am honoured at finding myself in agreement with certain
Members of the Court like Judges Gros, Petrén and Onyeama for whom

the golden rule for the Court is that, in such a case, it should confine
itself strictly within the limits of the jurisdiction conferred on it.

Judge NAGENDR SINGHmakes the following declaration :

There are certain valid reasons which weigh with me to the extent that
they enable me to support the Judgment of the Court in this case andfaire, notamment ail bénéficedes pays en voie de développement. Mais
fidèleavant tout à la pratique juridictionnelle, je demeure fervent partisan
de la nécessitépour la Cour de se limiterà son obligation de dire le droit

tel qu'il existe présentement par rapport aux faits de la cause soumiseà
son appréciation.
pour le surplus, jie trouve absolument normal que, en droit interna-
tional comme en tout autre droit d'ailleurs, le droit existant puisse être
remis en cause de teimpsà autre - c'est le plus sûr moyen de promouvoir
son développement progressif - mais il n'ya pas lieu d'en conclure pour
autant que la Cour doit, pour cette raison età l'occasion du présent dif-
férend entre l'lslaride et le Royaume-Uni, paraître l'inspiratrice de
certaines idéesde plus en plus d'actualité,voire partagéespar un nombre
respectable d'Etats, en matière de droit de la mer et qui hantent, semble-
t-il, la plupart des conférenciers siégeantactuellement à Caracas. Il
convient, à mon avis, d'éviterd'entrer dans une voie d'anticipation quant
au règlement des p1:oblèmescomme ceux que les droits préférentielset
autres impliquent.
Pour terminer cette déclaration, je crois pouvoir m'inspirer de la con-

clusion que formule le secrétaireadjoint du Comitédes fonds marins des
Nations Unies, M. Jean-Pierre Lévy,en souhaitant que l'idéequi s'en
dégage puisse inspirer les Etats et plus particulièrement l'Islande qui,
négligeant de suivre la voie du droit, préfèreattendre des assemblées à
caractère politique la justification de sesdroits.
Je suis d'accord avecM. Jean-Pierre Lévypour penser que:

(cil esà espérer que les Etats mettront à profit ces quelques pro-
chaines quatre oucinq annéespour tenter de se prouver àeux-mêmes
et surtoutà leurs ressortissants, que l'intérêt générdael la commu-
nauté internationale et le bien-être des peuplesde la terre peuvent
être préservéspar la modération, la compréhension mutuelle et
l'esprit de compromis, qui seuls permettront à la troisième Confé-
rence sur le droit de la mer de se tenir et deréussir à codifier un
ordre juridiquce nouveau pour la mer et ses ressources)) (((La
troisième conference sur le droit de la mer », Annuairefrançais de
droit intern~tio~aal,1971,p. 828).

En attendant l'avènementde l'èrenouvelle tant souhaitée,je m'honore
de me trouver en accord avec quelques juges de la Cour tels que
MM. Gros, Petrén et Onyeama pour qui la règled'or pour la Cour doit
êtrede se limiter strictement, en de semblables causes,à ses attributions
juridictionnelles.

M. NAGENDRA SINGHj,uge, fait la déclarationsuivante:

Il est certains motifs dont la validité s'impàsmoi avec tant de force

qu'ils me permetterit de donner ma voix à l'arrêtque rend la Cour en la
39

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration by Judge Ignacio-Pinto (as appended immediately after the judgment)

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