Declaration by Judge Jessup (as appended immediately after the judgment)

Document Number
050-19640724-JUD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
050-19640724-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

Documents concerning the Organization of the Court, Third Addendum
to No. 2, pp. 313et seq.) said that he "wished to change the heading

of the whole section. The word 'agreement' was not sufficiently
explicit as an indication of its contents." He was of the opinion that
the section should have been héaded : "Settlement and abandonment
of proceedings."
The emphasis on the settlement of the dispute in Article 68 and in
the heading of the section was to al1 appearances not accidental.
Generally speaking, the main task of the Court is to settle disputes

between States. Article 33 of the Charter in the section headed "Pacific
settlement of disputes" provides that "the parties to any dispute .. .
shall ...seek a solution by jamong the peaceful means mentioned there]
judicialsettlement".
In Article 68 settlement occupies the first position. In the light of
the Court's task in the settlement of dis~utes. we have to resolve the
procedural questions in this case, especially the question of the conse-
quences of the discontinuance of the proceedings, the question of the

permissibility of a reinstitution of the proceedings after discontinuance.

The discontinuance of the proceedings in this case was in a sense a
conditional one. Though the Belgian Government made no reservation
of its substantive rights the conditionality of the discontinuance is
evident. One may consider this conditionality as tacit (from a forma1
point of view), implied, but the documents show that a withdrawal of

the proceedings instituted before the Court was demanded of Belgiüm
as a precondition for the opening of negotiations proper (Preliminary
Objections, Introduction, paragraph 4,and Observations, paragraph 25) ;
it was then evident that the demand was related to Belgium's Appli-
cation to the Court, but not to the substantive right, about which
the proceedings were instituted. About what then was it intendèd to
carry on negotiations if it be considered that the Belgian Government,

by the withdrawal of its Application, decided not to remove an obstacle
to promising negotiations but to abandon even its (and its nationals')
substantive rights? If no substantive rights existed there would be no
subject for negotiations. And we may conclude that discontinuance
of the proceedings does not involve an abandonment of a corresponding
substantive right. Discontinuance even by mutual agreement is not
necessarily a pactum de non petendo, which supposes not only discon-
tinuance of a given action but an obligation not to sue at all, which is

tantamount to the abandonment of the claim. And it has not been
proved in this case that tlie renunciation of a substantive right has
taken place.

Judge JESSUP makes the following declaration :

1 am in full agreement with the Court that no one ofthe Preliminary
Objections could be upheld at this.stage, and that the first two mustbe rejected now for reasons stated in the Judgrnent. 1 am also in
accord with what the Court has toSay about the general considerations
which govern a decision to join a preliminary objection to the merits.
1 agree that those general considerations requirthat the third and
fourth Preliminary Objections should be joined to the merits. Con-

sequently, in order to be consistent with those general considerations,
conclusions of law applicable to arguments involved in those two
objections, even though1would find them capable of formulation now,
may appropriately be deferred until a subsequent stageof the case.

Vice-Preside~it WELLIXGTON KOO and Judges TANAKA and
BUSTAMANT ERIVERO append Separate Opinions to the Judgment of
the Court.

Judge MORELLI and Judge ad hoc ARMAND-UGOa Nppend Dissenting
Opinions to the Judgment of the Court.

(Initialled) P.S.
(Initialled) G.-C.

Bilingual Content

Documents concerning the Organization of the Court, Third Addendum
to No. 2, pp. 313et seq.) said that he "wished to change the heading

of the whole section. The word 'agreement' was not sufficiently
explicit as an indication of its contents." He was of the opinion that
the section should have been héaded : "Settlement and abandonment
of proceedings."
The emphasis on the settlement of the dispute in Article 68 and in
the heading of the section was to al1 appearances not accidental.
Generally speaking, the main task of the Court is to settle disputes

between States. Article 33 of the Charter in the section headed "Pacific
settlement of disputes" provides that "the parties to any dispute .. .
shall ...seek a solution by jamong the peaceful means mentioned there]
judicialsettlement".
In Article 68 settlement occupies the first position. In the light of
the Court's task in the settlement of dis~utes. we have to resolve the
procedural questions in this case, especially the question of the conse-
quences of the discontinuance of the proceedings, the question of the

permissibility of a reinstitution of the proceedings after discontinuance.

The discontinuance of the proceedings in this case was in a sense a
conditional one. Though the Belgian Government made no reservation
of its substantive rights the conditionality of the discontinuance is
evident. One may consider this conditionality as tacit (from a forma1
point of view), implied, but the documents show that a withdrawal of

the proceedings instituted before the Court was demanded of Belgiüm
as a precondition for the opening of negotiations proper (Preliminary
Objections, Introduction, paragraph 4,and Observations, paragraph 25) ;
it was then evident that the demand was related to Belgium's Appli-
cation to the Court, but not to the substantive right, about which
the proceedings were instituted. About what then was it intendèd to
carry on negotiations if it be considered that the Belgian Government,

by the withdrawal of its Application, decided not to remove an obstacle
to promising negotiations but to abandon even its (and its nationals')
substantive rights? If no substantive rights existed there would be no
subject for negotiations. And we may conclude that discontinuance
of the proceedings does not involve an abandonment of a corresponding
substantive right. Discontinuance even by mutual agreement is not
necessarily a pactum de non petendo, which supposes not only discon-
tinuance of a given action but an obligation not to sue at all, which is

tantamount to the abandonment of the claim. And it has not been
proved in this case that tlie renunciation of a substantive right has
taken place.

Judge JESSUP makes the following declaration :

1 am in full agreement with the Court that no one ofthe Preliminary
Objections could be upheld at this.stage, and that the first two mustdésirait (voir changer le titre de toute la section))le mot accord n'étant
pas suffisamment explicite pour indiquer quel en était le contenu.
Il préférait que l'on adoptât : Arrangement amiable et désistement.
(C.P.J.I. sérieD, Actes et documentsrelatifs à l'organisationde la Cour,

troisièmeaddendumau no 2, p. 313 et suiv.)

Selon toute apparence, l'importance donnée à l'arrangement amiable
dans l'article 68 et dans le titre de la section n'est pas fortuite. D'une
manière générale, laCour a pour principale mission de régler les différends
entre Etats. Sousl'en-tête : Règlementfiacifiquedesdigérends, l'article 33

de la Charte dispose que ((Les parties à tout différend ...doivent en
rechercher la solution [entre autres moyens de règlement pacifique
énoncésdans cet article] par voie de règlement judiciaire.»
Dans l'article 68, cette question de règlement passe avant tout le reste.
C'est en fonction de la mission de la Cour en matière de règlement

des différends qu'il nous faut résoudre les questions de procédure que
pose la présente affaire et notamment celle des conséquencesdu désiste-
ment d'instance, celle de la possibilité de réintroduire une instance
après un désistement.
En l'espèce, le désistement d'instance a étéen un certain sens con-
ditionnel. Bien que le Gouvernement belge n'ait formulé aucune réserve

à l'égard de ses droits touchant au fond, ce caractère conditionnel du
désistement est évident. On peut considérer d'un point de vue formel
qu'il a été tacite, sous-entendu, mais les documents témoignent que le
retrait de l'instance introduite devant la Cour par la Belgique a étéexigé
d'elle comme condition préalable à l'ouverture de véritables négociations
(exceptions préliminaires, introduction, par. 4, et observations, par.25) ;

il était évident que cette demande portait sur la requêtedéposéepar la
Belgique auprès de la Cour et non pas sur le droit pour la protection
duquel l'instance avait été introduite. A quel sujet avait-on l'intention
de mener des négociations, si l'on peut estimer que le Gouvernement
belge, en retirant sa requête,étaitdécidé nonpas à supprimerun obstacle

à des nkgociations prometteuses, mais à abandonner jusqu'à ses droits
et ceux de ses ressortissants en ce qui concerne le fond ?S'il n'avait pas
existé de tels droits, il n'y aurait pas eu matière à nkgociations. Nous
pouvons donc conclure que le désistement d'instance n'implique pas
l'abandon du droit en cause quant au fond. Mêmedécidéd'un commun
accord, le désistement n'est pas nécessairement un fiactum de non

petendo lequel suppose non seulement le désistement d'une action
donnée, mais encore l'obligation de ne plus agir en justice, emportant
abandon de la demande. Or il n'est pas prouvé en l'espèce qu'il y ait
eu renonciation à un droit touchant au fond.

M. JESSUP, juge, fait la déclaration suivante :

Je suis pleinement d'accord avec la Cour pour admettre qu'aucune
des exceptions préliminaires ne peut être retenue au stade actuel.be rejected now for reasons stated in the Judgrnent. 1 am also in
accord with what the Court has toSay about the general considerations
which govern a decision to join a preliminary objection to the merits.
1 agree that those general considerations requirthat the third and
fourth Preliminary Objections should be joined to the merits. Con-

sequently, in order to be consistent with those general considerations,
conclusions of law applicable to arguments involved in those two
objections, even though1would find them capable of formulation now,
may appropriately be deferred until a subsequent stageof the case.

Vice-Preside~it WELLIXGTON KOO and Judges TANAKA and
BUSTAMANT ERIVERO append Separate Opinions to the Judgment of
the Court.

Judge MORELLI and Judge ad hoc ARMAND-UGOa Nppend Dissenting
Opinions to the Judgment of the Court.

(Initialled) P.S.
(Initialled) G.-C.et que les deux premières doivent êtredèsmaintenant rejetées pour les
motifs énoncésdans l'arrêt. Jem'associe également à l'exposéfait par la
Cour des considérations généralesqui président à toute décision de
joindre une exception préliminaire au fond. J'admets aussi que ces
considérations générales exigent la jonction au fond des troisième
et quatrième exceptions préliminaires. En conséquence, il peut être

approprié,pour tenircompte de cesconsidérationsgénérales,de n'énoncer
qu'à un stade ultérieur de l'affaire les conclusions de droit applicables
aux arguments relatifs à ces deux exceptions, bien que ces conclusions
me paraissent pouvoir êtreformuléesd'ores et déjà.

M. WELLINGTO KOO, Vice-Président, MM. TANAKA et BUSTAMANTE

Y RIVERO, juges, joignent à l'arrêt les exposés de leuropinion
individuelle.

M. MORELLIj,uge, etM.ARMAND-UGOjN u,ge ad hoc, joignent à l'arrêt
les exposésde leur opinion dissidente.

(Paraphé) P.S.
(Paraphé)G.-C.

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Document Long Title

Declaration by Judge Jessup (as appended immediately after the judgment)

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