Declaration by Judge Koretsky (as appended immediately after the judgment)

Document Number
050-19640724-JUD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
050-19640724-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

Judge SPI~~OPOULm OaSkes the following declaration

1 regret that1 am unable to share the view of the Court in regard
to the second, third and fourth Preliminary Objections.

As to the second Preliminary Objection, my position is determined
by the Court's Judgment in the case concerning the Aerial Incident
(Israelv. Bulgaria). Starting from the concept that the purpose of
Article 37 of the Statute of the Court is the same as that of Articl36,

paragraph 5, and basing myself on the considerations of the Judgment
in question, 1 consider that the Court should have found that it is
without jurisdiction.
As to the third Preliminary Objection,1 think the Court should have
considered as relevant the arguments on which the Spanish Government
founds its third Preliminary Objection.

Judge KOKETSKY makes the following declaration

1 agree with the Judgment and its reasoning. 1 venture to make
some additional observations as regards the first Preliminary Objection.

Much has been said in the written documents and in the oral pro-
ceedings about discontinuance of the action (désistementd'action) and

discontinuance of the proceedings (désistementd'instance). But this
dichotomy is unltnown to the Rules of Court. Articles 68 and 69 know
only discontinuance of the proceedings in its two possible forms-
either by mutual agreement of the parties (Article 68), or by unilateral
declaration of the applicant (Article69).
Under Article 68 the parties inform the Court in writing either that
they have concluded an agreement as to the settlement of the dispute

or that they are not going on with the proceedings, whilst under
Article 69 the applicant informs the Court that it is not going on with
the proceedings. In either case the Court directs the removal of the
case from its list. Under Article 68 however it officially records the
conclusion of the settlement or the mutual agreement to discontinue,
whilst under Article 69 it officially records the discontinuance of the
proceedings.
The conclusion of a settlement is not the discontinuance of an action

(if one tried to understand the latter expression as the abandonment of
a substantive right), for a settlement is usually the realization of a
right which was in dispute. A dispute may subsequently arise in con-
nection with the implementation of this settlement giving rise (possibly)
to new proceedings.
It is to be recalled that the heading for Articles8 and 69 is "Settle-
ment and Discontinuance". At the tirne of the deliberations on the

Rules of Court in 1935 Judge Fromageot (P.C.I.J., Series D, Acts andDocuments concerning the Organization of the Court, Third Addendum
to No. 2, pp. 313et seq.) said that he "wished to change the heading

of the whole section. The word 'agreement' was not sufficiently
explicit as an indication of its contents." He was of the opinion that
the section should have been héaded : "Settlement and abandonment
of proceedings."
The emphasis on the settlement of the dispute in Article 68 and in
the heading of the section was to al1 appearances not accidental.
Generally speaking, the main task of the Court is to settle disputes

between States. Article 33 of the Charter in the section headed "Pacific
settlement of disputes" provides that "the parties to any dispute .. .
shall ...seek a solution by jamong the peaceful means mentioned there]
judicialsettlement".
In Article 68 settlement occupies the first position. In the light of
the Court's task in the settlement of dis~utes. we have to resolve the
procedural questions in this case, especially the question of the conse-
quences of the discontinuance of the proceedings, the question of the

permissibility of a reinstitution of the proceedings after discontinuance.

The discontinuance of the proceedings in this case was in a sense a
conditional one. Though the Belgian Government made no reservation
of its substantive rights the conditionality of the discontinuance is
evident. One may consider this conditionality as tacit (from a forma1
point of view), implied, but the documents show that a withdrawal of

the proceedings instituted before the Court was demanded of Belgiüm
as a precondition for the opening of negotiations proper (Preliminary
Objections, Introduction, paragraph 4,and Observations, paragraph 25) ;
it was then evident that the demand was related to Belgium's Appli-
cation to the Court, but not to the substantive right, about which
the proceedings were instituted. About what then was it intendèd to
carry on negotiations if it be considered that the Belgian Government,

by the withdrawal of its Application, decided not to remove an obstacle
to promising negotiations but to abandon even its (and its nationals')
substantive rights? If no substantive rights existed there would be no
subject for negotiations. And we may conclude that discontinuance
of the proceedings does not involve an abandonment of a corresponding
substantive right. Discontinuance even by mutual agreement is not
necessarily a pactum de non petendo, which supposes not only discon-
tinuance of a given action but an obligation not to sue at all, which is

tantamount to the abandonment of the claim. And it has not been
proved in this case that tlie renunciation of a substantive right has
taken place.

Judge JESSUP makes the following declaration :

1 am in full agreement with the Court that no one ofthe Preliminary
Objections could be upheld at this.stage, and that the first two must

Bilingual Content

Judge SPI~~OPOULm OaSkes the following declaration

1 regret that1 am unable to share the view of the Court in regard
to the second, third and fourth Preliminary Objections.

As to the second Preliminary Objection, my position is determined
by the Court's Judgment in the case concerning the Aerial Incident
(Israelv. Bulgaria). Starting from the concept that the purpose of
Article 37 of the Statute of the Court is the same as that of Articl36,

paragraph 5, and basing myself on the considerations of the Judgment
in question, 1 consider that the Court should have found that it is
without jurisdiction.
As to the third Preliminary Objection,1 think the Court should have
considered as relevant the arguments on which the Spanish Government
founds its third Preliminary Objection.

Judge KOKETSKY makes the following declaration

1 agree with the Judgment and its reasoning. 1 venture to make
some additional observations as regards the first Preliminary Objection.

Much has been said in the written documents and in the oral pro-
ceedings about discontinuance of the action (désistementd'action) and

discontinuance of the proceedings (désistementd'instance). But this
dichotomy is unltnown to the Rules of Court. Articles 68 and 69 know
only discontinuance of the proceedings in its two possible forms-
either by mutual agreement of the parties (Article 68), or by unilateral
declaration of the applicant (Article69).
Under Article 68 the parties inform the Court in writing either that
they have concluded an agreement as to the settlement of the dispute

or that they are not going on with the proceedings, whilst under
Article 69 the applicant informs the Court that it is not going on with
the proceedings. In either case the Court directs the removal of the
case from its list. Under Article 68 however it officially records the
conclusion of the settlement or the mutual agreement to discontinue,
whilst under Article 69 it officially records the discontinuance of the
proceedings.
The conclusion of a settlement is not the discontinuance of an action

(if one tried to understand the latter expression as the abandonment of
a substantive right), for a settlement is usually the realization of a
right which was in dispute. A dispute may subsequently arise in con-
nection with the implementation of this settlement giving rise (possibly)
to new proceedings.
It is to be recalled that the heading for Articles8 and 69 is "Settle-
ment and Discontinuance". At the tirne of the deliberations on the

Rules of Court in 1935 Judge Fromageot (P.C.I.J., Series D, Acts and M. SPIROPOULOS ju,ge, fa.it la déclaration suivante :

Nous regrettons de ne pouvoir partager l'avis de la Cour en ce qui
concerne les deuxième, troisième et quatrième exceptions prélimi-
naires.
Quant à la deuxième exception préliminaire, notre position est déter-
minée par l'arrêtde la Cour dans l'affaire relative à l'Incident aérien

(Israëlc. Bulgarie). Partant de la conception que l'article 37 du Statut
de la Cour a le mêmebut que celui de l'article 36, paragraphe 5, et nous
inspirant des considérations de l'arrêt en question, nous estimons que
la Cour aurait dû se déclarer incompétente.

Quant à la troisième exception préliminaire, nous pensons que la

Cour aurait dû considérer comme pertinents les arguments sur lesquels
le Gouvernement espagnol fonde sa troisième exception préliminaire.

M. KORETSKY juge, fait la déclaration suivante :

Je m'associe au dispositif et aux motifs de l'arrêt. Je me permets

de faire ici quelques observations supplémentaires touchant la première
exception préliminaire.
Il a étébeaucoup parlé, dans les écritures comme dans les plaidoiries,
du désistement d'action et du désistement d'instance. Mais cette dicho-
tomie est inconnue du Règlement de la Cour. Les articles 68 et 69 ne
connaissent que le désistement d'instance sousses deux formes possibles :

soit du commun accord des parties (art. 68) soit par déclaration unilaté-
rale de la partie demanderesse (art. 69).

Aux termes de l'article 68, les parties font connaître par écritla Cour
ou bien qu'elles sont tombées d'accord sur la solution à donner au litige,
ou bien qu'elles renoncent à poursuivre l'instance, tandis qu'aux termes
de l'article 69 la partie demanderesse fait connaître à la Cour qu'elle

renonce à poursuivre la procédure. Dans l'un et l'autre cas, la Cour
prescrit la radiation dé l'affaire sur le rôle. Toutefois, aux termes de
l'article 68, elle donne acte aux parties de leur arrangement amiable
ou prend acte de leur désistement, d'un commun accord, tandis qu'aux
tennes de l'article 68 elle prend acte du désistement.
L'arrangement amiable ne constitue pas un désistement d'action

(sil'on veut entendre par là la renonciation à un droit touchant au fond),
car il emporte généralement reconnaissance d'un droit contesté. Un dif-
férendpeut surgir ensuite au sujet de la mise en Œuvre de cet arrange-
ment et donner éventuellement naissance à une nouvelle procédure.

On se souviendra que la rubrique où figurent les articles 68 et 69a pour
titre Des arrangementsamiableset des désistements. En 1935, à l'époque

de la revision du Règlement de la Cour, M. Fromageot a déclaréqu'ilDocuments concerning the Organization of the Court, Third Addendum
to No. 2, pp. 313et seq.) said that he "wished to change the heading

of the whole section. The word 'agreement' was not sufficiently
explicit as an indication of its contents." He was of the opinion that
the section should have been héaded : "Settlement and abandonment
of proceedings."
The emphasis on the settlement of the dispute in Article 68 and in
the heading of the section was to al1 appearances not accidental.
Generally speaking, the main task of the Court is to settle disputes

between States. Article 33 of the Charter in the section headed "Pacific
settlement of disputes" provides that "the parties to any dispute .. .
shall ...seek a solution by jamong the peaceful means mentioned there]
judicialsettlement".
In Article 68 settlement occupies the first position. In the light of
the Court's task in the settlement of dis~utes. we have to resolve the
procedural questions in this case, especially the question of the conse-
quences of the discontinuance of the proceedings, the question of the

permissibility of a reinstitution of the proceedings after discontinuance.

The discontinuance of the proceedings in this case was in a sense a
conditional one. Though the Belgian Government made no reservation
of its substantive rights the conditionality of the discontinuance is
evident. One may consider this conditionality as tacit (from a forma1
point of view), implied, but the documents show that a withdrawal of

the proceedings instituted before the Court was demanded of Belgiüm
as a precondition for the opening of negotiations proper (Preliminary
Objections, Introduction, paragraph 4,and Observations, paragraph 25) ;
it was then evident that the demand was related to Belgium's Appli-
cation to the Court, but not to the substantive right, about which
the proceedings were instituted. About what then was it intendèd to
carry on negotiations if it be considered that the Belgian Government,

by the withdrawal of its Application, decided not to remove an obstacle
to promising negotiations but to abandon even its (and its nationals')
substantive rights? If no substantive rights existed there would be no
subject for negotiations. And we may conclude that discontinuance
of the proceedings does not involve an abandonment of a corresponding
substantive right. Discontinuance even by mutual agreement is not
necessarily a pactum de non petendo, which supposes not only discon-
tinuance of a given action but an obligation not to sue at all, which is

tantamount to the abandonment of the claim. And it has not been
proved in this case that tlie renunciation of a substantive right has
taken place.

Judge JESSUP makes the following declaration :

1 am in full agreement with the Court that no one ofthe Preliminary
Objections could be upheld at this.stage, and that the first two mustdésirait (voir changer le titre de toute la section))le mot accord n'étant
pas suffisamment explicite pour indiquer quel en était le contenu.
Il préférait que l'on adoptât : Arrangement amiable et désistement.
(C.P.J.I. sérieD, Actes et documentsrelatifs à l'organisationde la Cour,

troisièmeaddendumau no 2, p. 313 et suiv.)

Selon toute apparence, l'importance donnée à l'arrangement amiable
dans l'article 68 et dans le titre de la section n'est pas fortuite. D'une
manière générale, laCour a pour principale mission de régler les différends
entre Etats. Sousl'en-tête : Règlementfiacifiquedesdigérends, l'article 33

de la Charte dispose que ((Les parties à tout différend ...doivent en
rechercher la solution [entre autres moyens de règlement pacifique
énoncésdans cet article] par voie de règlement judiciaire.»
Dans l'article 68, cette question de règlement passe avant tout le reste.
C'est en fonction de la mission de la Cour en matière de règlement

des différends qu'il nous faut résoudre les questions de procédure que
pose la présente affaire et notamment celle des conséquencesdu désiste-
ment d'instance, celle de la possibilité de réintroduire une instance
après un désistement.
En l'espèce, le désistement d'instance a étéen un certain sens con-
ditionnel. Bien que le Gouvernement belge n'ait formulé aucune réserve

à l'égard de ses droits touchant au fond, ce caractère conditionnel du
désistement est évident. On peut considérer d'un point de vue formel
qu'il a été tacite, sous-entendu, mais les documents témoignent que le
retrait de l'instance introduite devant la Cour par la Belgique a étéexigé
d'elle comme condition préalable à l'ouverture de véritables négociations
(exceptions préliminaires, introduction, par. 4, et observations, par.25) ;

il était évident que cette demande portait sur la requêtedéposéepar la
Belgique auprès de la Cour et non pas sur le droit pour la protection
duquel l'instance avait été introduite. A quel sujet avait-on l'intention
de mener des négociations, si l'on peut estimer que le Gouvernement
belge, en retirant sa requête,étaitdécidé nonpas à supprimerun obstacle

à des nkgociations prometteuses, mais à abandonner jusqu'à ses droits
et ceux de ses ressortissants en ce qui concerne le fond ?S'il n'avait pas
existé de tels droits, il n'y aurait pas eu matière à nkgociations. Nous
pouvons donc conclure que le désistement d'instance n'implique pas
l'abandon du droit en cause quant au fond. Mêmedécidéd'un commun
accord, le désistement n'est pas nécessairement un fiactum de non

petendo lequel suppose non seulement le désistement d'une action
donnée, mais encore l'obligation de ne plus agir en justice, emportant
abandon de la demande. Or il n'est pas prouvé en l'espèce qu'il y ait
eu renonciation à un droit touchant au fond.

M. JESSUP, juge, fait la déclaration suivante :

Je suis pleinement d'accord avec la Cour pour admettre qu'aucune
des exceptions préliminaires ne peut être retenue au stade actuel.

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Document Long Title

Declaration by Judge Koretsky (as appended immediately after the judgment)

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