Dissenting Opinion of Judge Bustamante (translation)

Document Number
048-19631202-JUD-01-09-EN
Parent Document Number
048-19631202-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE BUSTAMANTE
[Translation]

As 1 am unable to concur in the decision reached by the Court
in its Judgment inthe present case, 1 must set out the reasons for
my dissenting opinion and also the conclusions at which 1 have
arrived, but 1must first Say that 1 do so with the greatest deference
towards the opinion of the majority of the Members of the Court.

I. In its Application dated 30 May 1961, further developed in
the Memorial dated 12 December, the Federal Republic of Came-
roon asked the Court to statethe law, as against the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with regard to a dis-
pute the terms of which may be summarized as follows. The
question at issue is whether, in the application of the Trusteeship
Agreement for the Northern Cameroons concluded with the United
Nations on 13 December 1946, the United Kingdom, as the Ad-
ministering Authority, failed to respect various obligations aris-
ing from the said Agreement or from the express instructions of

the General Assembly, the consequence of the failure to do so
having in fact been that an abnormal and distorted character
was given to the plebiscite held on II and 12 February 1961 which
resulted in a majority decision in favour of the incorporation of
the Northern Cameroons in the State of Nigeria.
In its Counter-Memorial dated 14 August 1962, the Cnited
Kingdom, without omitting-in so far as the merits are concerned-
to rebut the complaints raised by the Applicant Party, put for-
ward several preliminary objections most of which relate to the
jurisdiction of the Court whilst some of them are concerried with
certain aspects of the inadmissibility of the claim. It is for the
Court to decide, in its Judgment, whether these objections are
well founded.

2. The question of jurisdiction must be settled-and the Parties
are in agreement on this point-in the light ofArticle19ofthe Trus-
teeship Agreement for the Territory of the Cameroons under
United Kingdom administration. The jurisdiction of the Court is
said to be founded on the terms of a treaty or convention "in
force", as provided for in the concluding portion of paragraph I
of Article 36 of the Statute of the Court.
According to that paragraph, the essential condition for estab-
lishing the jurisdiction of the Court is that the treaty in question
should have been in force at the time when the dispute arose.
The two Parties have recognized that the Trusteeship Agreement was still in force on 30 May 1961, thedate of the Republic of Came-
roon's Application. Two days later (on I June 1961) the Trustee-
ship Agreement terminated, in accordance with resolution 1608
(XV) of the General Assembly of the United Eations, dated 21
April of the same year.
It could be asserted that if it is the final aim of judicial action
to clear up for the future any doubts to which the textl of a treaty
may give rise, or to prevent in the future the repetition of errors
of application already committed in the past, neither of these
aims could be achieved if the action were instituted on the eve
of the expiration of the treaty. But it must be borne in mind that

the aim of legal action in such a case is not always directed towards
the future, for the action may also have a retrospective aim in
seeking to obtain a judicial finding as to the conformity or non-
conformity with the law of an interpretation of a contract which
has already been given or of the application of a treaty provision
which it is considered was wrongly carried out in practice. In such
a case, it seems to me that an Application is always admissible if
the problem raised by it is concerned with the period when the
treaty was in force. Human deeds or acts involving third parties,
irrespective of who commits them-whether a man ora State-give
rise to responsibilities, which may in certain cases be determined-
in the absence of other means-of settlement by courts of justice.
And al1 this independently of the value of such precedents as the
judicial decision may in certain circumstances serve to establish

for the purposes of the future application of the law or agreement
in question.
3. Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement of 13 December 1946
reads as follows:
"If any dispute whatever should arise between the Administering
Authority and another Member of the United Nations relating to
theinterpretation or application ofthe provisions of this Agreement,
such dispute, ifit cannot be settled by negotiation or other means,
shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice provided
for in Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter."

The conditions in which, according to the text cited above, the
Court has jurisdiction, inay be summed up as follows:

A. As to the jiiridical persons mentioned in the Agreement, the
following are considerecl as being entitled to appear before the
Court :

(a) the Administering Authority;
(b) any other Member of the Lnited Nations.
The nature and scope of the intervention of such Member States
in proceedings before the Court, whether as parties to the Agree-
ment or as tliird parties concerned, is a subject of controversy
and interpretation, which will be considered later.B. As to theszrbject-matter of the litigation:
(a) there must be a dispute-any dispute whatever;
(b) this dispute must relate to a question of the interpretation
or application of the provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement ;
(c) the dispute must be incapable of settlement by negotiation
or other means.

1 now turn-with regard to the jurisdiction of the Court-to a
study of these two important aspects of Article 19 of the Agree-
ment in relation to the particular case raised in the Application and
taking into consideration, too, the objections of the respondent
Party.

4. The first question that arises in regard to the juridical per-
sons mentioned in Article 19, relates to the nature and scope of
intervention in Court proceedings by "another R'lember of the
United Nations", as referred to in that Article. In the United
Kingdom view, these States are not partics to the Trusteeship
Agreements but merely tizird States who are called upon to watch
over certain rights of their nationals (Articleg, IO, IIand 13of the
Agreement). Consequently, any "other Member" considered in-
dividually would not have the right to enter into a judicial dispute
with the Administering Authority concerning the interpretation
or application of the general provisions (Articles 3 to 8, 12,14 to
16) of a trusteeship agreement to which it is not a party. Such a
claim would be inadmissible because supervision in regard to the
general provisions of the Agreement belongs exclusively to the
United Nations. The jurisdiction of the Court therefore does not
embrace actions of this kind by Member States. In this connection,
the United Kingdom noted that, in the case of the Cameroons, it
was not a question of the existence of a Mandate agreement under
the former system of the League of Nations, but of a trusteeship

agreement entered into with the United Xations, these two insti-
tutions being governed by norms that are different although in-
spired by a common object. Thus it follows therefrom that the
rights of Rlember States as provided for in a trusteeship agree-
ment must not be equated with the riglits provided for in a Man-
date agreement. The latter are more restricted, adds the United
Kingdom, and this was admitted in the Judgment delivered by the
Court on 21 December 1962 in the South West Africa cases (I.C.J.
Repovts 1962, p. 319). According to that Judgment, the judicial
protection provided in favour of the populations under the Man-
date System did not become necessary in the new Trusteeship
System, the reason for this being that, having regard to the struc-
ture of the Charter of the United Nations, that Organization
undertook to safeguard the rights of the inhabitants of the Trust
Territory administratively and in a more comprehensive manner
than the Covenant of the League of Nations of 1919, from any
possible errors or abuses on the part of the Trusteeship authori- ties, the clause providing for judicial protection having thereafter
no reason to subsist as an essential element of the trusteeship
agreements.
In the first place, this interpretation by the Respondent of the
significance of the Judgment of 21 December 1962 (case of Ethio-
pia and Liberia 71.Union of South Africa) seems to me to be too
peremptory and consequently excessive. What the majority of the
Court stated in the Judgment in a very general way (I.C.J. Re-
ports1962, p. 342) was that after the coming into force of the new

Trusteeship System "the gzecessityfor judicial protection" (that is
to Say, the necessity for inserting the jurisdictional clause in the
trusteeship agreements) "was dispensed with"; but this is very
far from meaning that such protection thenceforward became
superfluous and could not be incorporated in the new trusteeship
agreements. On the contrary, the text of the Judgment shows in
numerous passages that the judges adhered to this form of judi-
cial safeguard for the benefit of peoples under Trusteeship. The
insertion of Article19 in the text of the Trusteeship Agreement for
the Northern Cameroons, which was done with the assent of the
United Kingdom, in itself alone shows that the interpretation
which 1 have just given is correct.
It is, however, necessary to make a more thorough study of this

question and 1 shall do so by talting into account not only the
Judgment inthe Soz~thWest Airicn cases of 1962 but also my sepa-
rate opinion which was appended thereto (I.C.J. Reports 1962,
p. 349) in which 1 considered certain aspects that were not men-
tioned by the majority of the Members of the Court.
According to the Court (I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 329)-

"The essential principles of the Mandates System coilsist chiefly
in the recognition of certain rights of the peoples of the under-
for each of such peoples to be esercised by an advanced nationge
as a 'Mandatory' 'on behalf of the League of Nations'; and the
recognition of 'a sacred trust of civilization' laid upon the League
as an organized international community and upon its Member
States. This system is dedicated to the avowed object of promoting
the well-being and development of the peoples concerned and 1s
fortified by setting up safeguards for the protection of their rights."

In another paragraph of its Judgment, the Court says (I.C.J.
Reports 1962, p. 336) :

"...judicial protection of the sacred trust in each Mandate
uras an essential feature of the Mandates System. The essence of
this system, as conceived by its authors and embodied in Article22
of the Covenant of the League of Nations, consisted, as stated
earlier, of two features: a Mandate conferred upon a Power as 'a
sacred trust of civilization' and the 'securities for the performance
of this trust'...The administrative supervision by the League
constituted a normal security to ensure full performance by the JIandatory of the 'sacred trust' toward the inhabitants of the
mandated territory, but the specially assigned role of the Court
\vas even more essential l,since it was to serve as the final bulwark
of protection by recourse to the Court against possible abuse or
breaches of the Mandate."

Speaking of the concept of the "sacred trust of civilization"
recognized by the Court, 1 held in my separate opinion in 1962:

(a) that
"The populations under Mandate are in my view an essential
element of the system, because Article 22 of the Covenant recognized
them as having various rights, such as persona1 freedom (prohibition

ofslavery), freedom of conscience and religion, equitable treatment
by the Mandatory, and access to education, economic development
and political independence (self-determination). They were tl-ius
recognized as having the capacity of legal perçons, and this is
\vhy in the Mandate agreements those populations are, as 1 believe,
parties possessed of a direct legal interest, although their limited
capacity requires that they should have a representative or guar-
dian." (I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 354.)

(b) that

"The function assigned by the Covenant [of 19221to the League
of Yations as a clearly characterized 'tutelary authority' for such
territories [under Mandate], comes particularly clearly out of the
test of paragraph 2 of Article 22, according to which the Mandatory
is required to exercise its functions 'on behalf of the League'.
It seems to me that this point is of prime importance for the
decision in this case because, starting from the recognition of the
direct legal interest which the populations under tutelage possess
in their mandate regime and having regard to their capacity as
legal perçons-for whom the League of Nations is the tutelary
authority-many legal consequences flow therefrom. In the first
place, the populations under Mandate are in fact parties to the
Mandate agreements and represented by the League of Nations.
Secondly, the Mandatory's obligation to submit to the supervision
of the tutelary authority and account for the exercise of the Mandate
is obvious. Finally, from this concept it follows that al1the Members
of the Organization are jointly and severally responsible for the
fulfilment of the 'sacred trust' and for watching over the populations

whose destiny has been put under their aegis." (I.C.J. Reports 1962,
P 355.)
(c) that:

"The function of the Mandatory is a resfionsibility rather than
a right (Article22,paragraph 2,of the Covenant).The less developed
the population under Mandate, the heavier the responsibility of that Mandatory, asin the case of C Mandates (Article 22,paragraph
6)...This is one of the most characteristic features of the system:
the Nandatory signifies its acceptance not as a party mith an
interest in the prospects flowing from the contract but as a colla-
borator of the international community in its trust of civilizing a
certain underdeveloped people." (I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 357.)
1 must now add that the most adequate means of determining
~esponsibilities of a legal nature lies in the jurisdiction of the Court.

(d) that the jurisdictional clause inserted in the Mandate agree-
ments-

"is but the implementation of Article 14 of the Covenant of the
League of Nations which established recourse to the Permanent
Court as the final,although voluntary,means ofsettlinginternational
disputes between States.. . Again, this safeguard of recourse to
judicial jurisdiction is universally accepted for the settlement of
al1 sorts of litigious situations or situations subject to legal inter-
pretation, so that its inclusion in a Mandate agreement does not
involve any anomaly.

In my view, the true significance of the clause providing for
recourse to the Court is that of a security for bothparties as to the
proper application of the Mandate and the proper exercise of
supervision." (I.C.J. Reports 1962, pp. 360-361.)
(e) that:

"there is a further reason which obviously the Council of the
League of Nations took care to provide for in the compromissory
clause. Under Articles 34 and 35 of the Statute of the Permanent
Court, only States and the States Members of the League could be
parties in cases before the Court in contentious proceedings. The
opinions' (Article 14 of the Covenant); thus should an insoluble
difference of view with the Mandatory arise, the intervention of
the States Members, the jointly responsible constituent elements of
the League, became indispensable as parties to the proceedings."
(I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 362.)

In short, 1 held in my separate opinion that the judicial protec-
tion provided for inthe jurisdictional clause of the Mandate agree-
ments fulfilled a function of public interest for the whole of the
international community and consequently authorized any Nem-
ber State io require the Mandatory to fulfil its obligations prop-
erly whether in relation to the interpretatiori or in the matter of
the application of those agreements.
It may be helpful to recall here the transition period betweeil
the liquidation of the League of Nations and the constitution of

the United Nations, and also the replacement of the former Man-
date System by the institution of trusteeship, in order to deter-
mine as far as possible whether the right of Member States to take
148 action under the jurisdictional clause of the trusteeship agreements
suffered any restrictions or whether the clause itself should be
definitively excluded.
The Assembly of the League of Nations, and also the First
Committee, met, around April 1946, in order to settle the position
of the Mandates during this transitional period, and al1 the Man-
datory Powers solemnly stated their intention of continuing to

administerwithout change the territories which had been entrusted
to them. Together with other States, the United Kingdom-which
had been exercising a Mandate over the Cameroons since 1922-
then expressed such an intention, stating that it would act "in
accordance with the general principles of the existing Mandates".
The French delegate stated that-

"al1 the territories under the Mandate of his Government would
Chartere...in pursuance of the execution of the mission eiltrustede
to itby the League of Nations".

The representative of Australia stated that his country considered
that the dissolution of the League of Nations did not weaken the

obligations of countries administering mandates. The delegate of
New Zealand stated that its administration would continue "in
accordance with the terms of the Mandate". On al1sides, the concept
of the "sacred trust" was accepted in the declarations of the Man-
datorp Powers, without any discrimination being made between
the Covenant and the Charter. Al1these declarations were received
and approved by the Assembly of the League of Nations at its
meeting on 18 April 1946 (I.C. J. Reports 1962, pp. 339-341). It
can accordingly be asserted that, despite the dissolution of the
League of Nations, there uras unanimous agreement among the
Mandatory Powers that the Mandates were to continue to be
exercised in accordance with the rules of the Mandate agreements,
until the Trusteeship System had been finally established.
That system was established on the day when the Charter of the

United Nations entered into force. Like Article 22 of the Covenant
of the League of Xations, Article 73 of the Charter mentions the
"sacred" character of the obligation of Administering States to
promote the well-being of the inhabitants of the non-autonomous
territories the paramount character of whose interests is explicitly
recognized. Articles 75, 76 and 83, paragraphs 2 and 3, are identical
with Article 22 of the Covenant in regard to the aims and the object
of the new system of trusteeship which are the same as the ainis of
the United Nations, the new regime continuing to be, like that of
the Mandates, an institution in which al1 States of the world
Organization are concerned, that is to Say an institution of inter-
national public interest. Article 77 stipulates in imperative terms
that the territories then held under Mandate were to be placed

under the Trusteeship System. Finally, Chapter XII1 of the
149Charter is concerned with supervision over the actions of the
Administering Authority, thus reaffirming in the clearest possible
way the principle of that Authority's responsibility in regard to
the fulfilment of its mission of trusteeship.
In the light of these basic considerations, the fact at the time
when the Charter entered into force, that, the United Kingdom
consented to the insertion in the text of the Trusteeship Agreement
for the Northern Cameroons (13 December 1946) of Article 19
concerning judicial protection can only be interpreted as a con-
firmation of its previous policy, which was in favour of considering
the new trusteeship as a continuation of the former Mandate and
maintaining in the new text the judicial protection clause which
appeared in the previous Mandate agreement. Seeing that the
Geileral Assembly of the United Nations also signed and approved
the said Trusteeship Agreement, no doubt remains as to the fact
that the principal organ of the United Nations considered the

insertion of Article 19 in the new contractual text as lawful and
expedient. Consequently, on the basis that the judicial protection
clause does in fact exist by mutual accord in a trusteeship agree-
ment, the validity of which nobody has denied, the only conclusion
to be arrived at is that the applicability of the clause must be
admitt ed.
In this connection, attention must be drawn to a detail, which is
of decisive importance, namely that, in the Trusteeship Agreement
for the Northern Cameroons which replaced the Mandate Agree-
ment, the terms of the jurisdictional clause are practically theame
as in the former Mandate agreements, without the wording im-
posing any restriction in regard tothe judicial action open to "other
Xember States" in respect of the interpretation or application of
the Agreements, which allows it to be inferred that neither the
United Nations nor the United Kingdom intended to diminish the
scope conferred upon judicial action in the Mandate agreements by
the literal and natural meaning of the text.

1\vonder whether, taking this background into consideration, it
can reasonably be thought or presumed that the mission entrusted
to Member States by the Covenant under the Mandates System
could have been curtailed at the moment when the trusteeship
came into being. This would mean a retrogression in the tendency
of international organizations, always favourable to the protection
of unliberated peoples and always directed towards the safeguarding
of their rights.
I am prepared to admit that in the articles of the Trusteeship
Agreement there can be distinguished two categories of obligations
imposed on the Administering Authority: some, which are called
individual, concern relations with other Member States or their
nationals (Articles 9,IO, IIand 13) while others are concerned with
the tutelary Power's general obligations with regard to the ad-
ministration of the trust territory (forexample, Articles 4, 5, 6, 8,12 and 14 to 16). But even admitting this distinction, 1 am unable
to concur with the assertion that the competence conferred by Ar-
ticle 19 upon the Court to decide questions of the interpretation or
application of the Agreement relates only to questions concerning
individual obligations and not to questions concerning the other
obligations connected with the general administration of the Terri-
tory, supervision in respect of which comes under the allegedly
exclusive control of the Cnited Nations. This restrictive inter-
pretation of the jurisdiction of the Court is not, in my opinion,
justified. On the contrary, it runs counter to the literal meaning
of Article 19. If the Agreement had been intended to be so limited,
the sentence in question would not have been worded as it was:
" ..relating to the interpretation or application of the provisions of
this [Trusteeship] Agreement.. .", but would have read :"...relating

to the interpretation or application of Articles 9, IO, II and 13 of
this Agreement...". There can be no doubt that, according to the
text of Article 19, as it is worded, the interpretation and application
of al1theprovisions of the Agreement-and not only some of them-
are matters capable of being judged by the Court. This amounts to
saying that each Member State was given the right to participate,
by means of judicial proceedings, in the task of supervising all
the obligations of the tutelary authority relating to the general
administration of the trusteeship.
From al1that 1 have just said and after deep reflection, it seems
to me that it is far from being clear that the scope of the juris-
dictional clause of the new trusteeship agreements must be regarded
as less comprehensive than that of the clause inthe former Mandate
agreements. There are good reasons for holding that this clause (of
which Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement for the Northern
Cameroons is an example) gives to the n'lember States of the United
Nations-as is the meaning of its literal text-the right to bring

before the Court legal questions concerning the correctness or
incorrectness of the interpretation or application which the Ad-
ministering Authority has given to the general obligations which
flow from the Trusteeship Agreement whether in regard to the
3'iember State in question or in regard to its nationals or to the
peoples of the trust territory. In my opinion, the only problein
raised by this particular case is the question mrhether the Territory
of the Northern Cameroons was still, at the date cf the Application
(30 May 1961), a "trust territory" so far as concerried the implemen-
tation of its judicial protection and the safeguarding of the in-
dividual interest of the FederalRepublic of Cameroon orits nationals.
The replv must be affirmative seeing that the Cnited Kingdom
Trusteeship in respect of this territory was not to terminate until
two days later, that is to Say, on I June 1961. There is, hoivever,
above al1one other major reason in favour of this affirmative replj-,
namely the fact that after I June the Northern Cameroons did not
cease to be a non-independent country, for it was incorporated asa province in the State of Nigeria pursuant to the results of the

plebiscite of February 1961. As the Application of 30 May 1961
indicated that, so far as the Territory of the Northern Cameroons
vas concerned, those results were due tothe unfavourable influence
of certain measures and attitudes of the Administering Authority,
it seems obvious that at the very centre of the dispyte submitted
by the Federal Republic there is a question concerning the exercise
of the Trusteeship and, consequently, it is covered bythe provisions
of the Trusteeship Agreement of 13 December 1946.

j. But this is not the only aspect to be considered in the present
case. There is another fact, namely the very special position of the
Federal Republic of Cameroon, the direct interest of which in the
fate of the peoples of the Territory of the Northern Cameroons
springs from points of view both geographical (factor of contiguity)
and historical (factor of common origin of the two Cameroons
(British and French) in the former German Kamerun). (See the
White Book of the Republic of Cameroon and the maps submitted
as annexes to the Counter-Memorial of the Gnited Kingdom.)
A11that need be done is to place Articles 9, IO, II and 13 along-

cide Article 19 of the Trusteesnip Agreement in order to see that
Member States can have access to the Court in a twofold capacity:
on behalf of their nationals and also on their own behalf, in their
own interest as States, when they receive from the Administering
Authority, in the application of the trusteeship, unequal treatment
in certain matters (social, economic, industrial or commercial) or
suffer from some discriminâtion based on nationality. Thus the
first paragraph of Article 9 says:

"... for al1Members of the United Nations and ltlieir nationals".

Paragraph (c) of Article IO reads:

"... against Members of the United Xations or their nationals".

Article II reads:
"...any Member of the United Xations to claim for itself ol for
itsnationals".

In the present case the Federal Republic of Cameroon could not
be indifferent to the results of the plebiscite in the Northern
Cameroons, ~vhether the people pronounced themselves in favour of
Nigeria or for incorporation in the Republic of Cameroon, as was
the case in the Southern Cameroons. Interests of a geographical,
social, economic, historical. etc., nature were undeniably involved
in this choice.
Fundamentally, the Application of the Federal Republic of
Cameroon, in asking the Court to pronounce upon the fact that

My italics.

Ij2certain measures or attitudes of the Administering Authority were
not in conformity with the Trusteeship Agreement for the Northern
Cameroons-or with the instructions of the General Assembly-
seeks to establish, as one of its main objects, the certainty that
there was discrimination by the tutelary State to the prejudice of
the -4pplicant and to the benefit of the State of Nigeria. It seems

to me that from this point of view the institution of these pro-
ceedings by the Republic of Cameroon cannot be disallowed, not
only in consideration of the direct legal interest which it has in
the case (Article 62 of the Statute),but because on the date of the
Application-30 May 1961-the Republic of Cameroon already
possessed the status of membership of the United Nations, which
it had acquired as a result of the resolution of the General Assembly
of 70 September 1960.

6. With regard to action before the Court, the first conditionlaid
down by Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement is that a dispute
must exist between the Parties. Taking into account the fact that
the Republic of Cameroon, which became independent on I January
1960, was admitted to the United Nations on 20 September 1960,
the dispute with the United Kingdom as Administering Authority
for the Territory of the Northern Cameroons, must have arisen
after the date on which Cameroon became independent, for this
kind of dispute is conceivable only between two sovereign States.
For the purposes of the Court's jurisdiction under Article 19 of the
Trusteeship Agreement, it is necessary that the dispute must
have taken shape after 20 September 1960, the date on which the
admission of the new Republic to the United Nations gave it the

right of access to the International Court.
Having established these yremises, it must also be recalled that,
for the purposes of Article 19 of the Agreement, the dispute must
already have existed and have taken shape bejorethe Application
(Maz~rommntiscase, opinion of Judge Moore), for the said Article
permits action before the Court only if the disagreement has proved
incapable of settlement by negotiation or other means.
In the present case, an examination of the file leads to the con-
clusion that the process by which the dispute arose and took shape
was more or less as follom~s:

(a) Documents issued by various organs of the United Nations
-the Trusteeship Council, the Fourth Cummittee, the General As-
sembly-and submittedby the Parties as annexes to the pleadings
or subsequently as documents in evidence, frequently show, above
al1 for the period between 1957 and 1961, the concern of these or-
gans about the system under whicfi the Northern Cameroons was
administered under United Kingdom Trusteeship and reveal that a
certain irregular situation was affecting the territory, the General
Assembly having, at the end of 1959, issued directivesfor the modi-
fication of the administrative organization as the only way of

153guaranteeing the impartiality of the plebiscite which was to decide
the fate of the Trust Territory. Finally, the representative of
France, on behalf of the French Cameroons l, and the Republic

of Cameroon itself when it had just acquired independence, trans-
mitted communications expressing certain reservations with regard
to the plebiscite. Clear signs of disagreement had already made
themselves evident. The United Kingdom took part in these dis-
cussions through its delegates to the United Nations.
(b) The Federal Republic of Cameroon, which had become inde-
pendent on I January 1960 2,through its Ministry of Foreign

Affairs and the Secretariat of State for Information, around March
1961. yublished and had circulated in officia1circles-including the
Cnited Nations Headquarters-a pamphlet known as "The White
Book" wherein allegations were made against the United Kingdom
in its capacity as Administering Authority for the Northern Cam-
eroons. viz. :
(1)Dissolution of the personality of the Northern Cameroons

resulting from the division cf the territory, the administration
of which was incorporated with that of two provinces of
Nigeria, which was under British tutelage, contrary-accor-
ding to the Republic of Cameroon-to Article 76 of the
Charter of the United Nations;
(2)Failure to respect recommendations 4 and 5 of resolution
1473 (XV) of the General Assemblg, dated 12 December
1959, regarding the decentralization and democratization of

the Trust Territory and its administrative separation from
Nigeria ;
(3) Infringement of Article 76 (b) of the Charter, as the Ad-
ministering Authority had not promoted the progressive de-
velopment of the Territory towards self-government, neglect-
ing the participation of its inhabitants in the administrative
services ;

(4)Responsibility of the Administering Authority concerning
the results of the plebiscite of II and 12 February 1961
with regard to irregularities and the absence of safeguards
for the preparation and holding of the plebiscite and the
methods employed thereafter.

The representative of the United Kingdom answered the com-
plaints contained in the White Book in a letter dated IO April
1961 to the Chairman of the Fourth Committee (Annex IO to the
Observations of Cameroon). It can thus be affirmed, even though
the two Partieshad not yet confronted each other directlyconcerning

18 May 1960, Doc. TIPV L 086, cited on 3aof the "White Book" (English
version).
Resolution1349 (XIII) of the General hssembly,749th Plenary Meeting,
13 March 1959.

154 the matter in dispute, that a fairly sharp divergence of views had
arisen between them.
(c) The third phase in the process of the development of the dis-

pute, in which it assumed its full shape, is the phase comprising
the two Notes exchanged between the Minister for Foreign Affairs
of the Republic of Cameroon andthe United Kingdom Ambassador
in Paris acting on behalf of Her Britannic Majesty. In the Camer-
oonian Note dated I May 1961, the points of law which constitute
the subject of the disputes are stated (paras. (a) to (d)), attention
being drawn to those Articles of the Trusteeship Agreement which,
in the opinion of Cameroon, had been contravened (Articles 5 (b)
and 6), and also to the provisions of resolution 1473 (XIV) of the
General Assembly of the United Nations which had not been re-
spected (Recommendations4, 6 and 7). In connection with al1 of
these a number of questions were put to Her Majesty's Government
as being questions which should be submitted for judicial settlement

in accordance with Articles 2 and 33 of the Charter. The statement
of the points at issue coincides roughly with that in the White Book,
but it is drawn up more carefully and in greater detail. The United
Kingdom Memorandum (26 May 1961) gave a categoricalreply to
the Cameroonian Note: any responsibility in connection with the
supposed infringements of the Trusteeship Agreement was denied
because, the decisions adopted by the General Assembly of the
United Nations having already settled the matter, the disagreement
alleged of the Republic of Cameroon was not a disagreement with
the United Kingdom but with the United Nations.
The two diplomatic documents to which 1 have just referred
thus contain the essential elements of an international dispute, in
other words, a conflict of legal views on one or more points of law
with respect to a particular case. Moreover, the "memoranda"

reveal that the dispute had taken definitive shape in May 1961,
after the admission of the Republic of Cameroon to the United
Nations (20 September 1960) and before the expiration of the
Trusteeship Agreement (1June 1961).
In addition the United Kingdom Memorandum provides another
element of assistance in forming a judgment, namely the fact that
the negotiations entered into by Cameroon with a view to settling
the dispute by judicial means led to a "deadlock". The United
Kingdom refused to seek a legal solution. In this respect, the
condition laid down in Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement,
concerning the breakdown of negotiations, is fulfilled.
In its Application of 30 May 1961, based on Article 19 of the
Trusteeship Agreement, the Republic of Cameroon reiterates to the
Court the complaints contained in its Memorandum of I May, not

omitting to add that the United Kingdom disputed the arguments
submitted by the Applicant. Taking al1this historical background into account, 1come to the
conclusion that a dispute exists between the Republic of Cameroon
and the United Kingdom according tothe doctrines of international
law.
7. The second question which arises iswhether the dispute concerns
problems relating to the application or interpretation of the Trus-
teeship Agreement within the meaning of Article 19 thereof. The
very wording of the Application makes it possible to give an

affirmative answer to this question. The Court is asked to decide
whether the United Kingdom, in its capacity as Administering
Authority, interpreted and applied, correctly or incorrectly, the
Trusteeship Agreement and, in consequence, whether it respected or
failed to respect certain articles of the said Agreement and certain
decisions of the General Assembly of the United Nations previously
accepted by the United Kingdom. It seems obvious to me that the
decision to be taken by the Court would constitute an act of inter-
pretation concerning the proper or improper application of the
Trusteeship Agreement. The condition laid down in this connection
by Article 19 of the Agreement has thus been complied with.
8. The other pleas entered by the Respondent by u7ayof prelimi-
nary objections must be analysed here.

(a) In the first place, the United Kingdom considers that the
chief aim of the Application is to gainsay the validity of theplebis-
cite which brought the Trusteeship to an end, al1 the other com-
plaints against the conduct of the Administering Authority through-
out the existence of the Trusteeship being subordinate to this
principal motive. But, according to the Vnited Kingdom, the two
facts of the holding of the plebiscite and the declaration of the
termination of the Trusteeship do not come xithin the terms of the
Agreement, which does not provide for any obligation on the part
of the tutelary State in this connection, the General Assembly of
the United Kations being the only authority which dealt with these
aspects, in accordance with Article 85, paragraph 1,of the Charter,
in collaboration with the United Kingdom. Consequently, that for
which the Application is basically asking relates to a matter which

falls outside the field of application of the Trusteeship Agreement
and which exceeds the Court's capacity to be seised of the case
under the terms of -4rticle rg of the Agreement.
1must Say, in the first place, that an examination of the contents
and of the submissions of the Application and Memorial of the Re-
public of Cameroon does not reveal any claim regarding the annul-
ment of the plebiscite or the reconsideration of the agreement by
which the General Assembly terminated the Trusteeship in respect
of the Northern Cameroons. The reference to the nullity of the
plebiscite that is made in the M'hite Book was not reproduced in
the pleadings laid before the Court. This fact being established, it must be noted that bj- its very
nature and in the literal meaning of those chapters of the Charter
which relate to the subject, the system of trusteeship is temporary
and transitory, for Article 76(b) of the Charter, read with Articles
73 (b) and 87 (d) foresees its termination sooner or later. It goes
without saying thatit would not be possible to fix beforehand in the
trusteeship agreements a date for the political emancipation of the
Territory or to determine the procedure by means of which the
extinction of the trusteeship must be achieved, for everything will
depend upon the special circumstances in each territory. It is for
this reason that the text of the Charter did not lay down general
or rigid provisions to settle in each case the time for the extinction
of thetrusteeship nor the methods to be applied. But it is precisely
on that ground that a reasonable interpretation of the Charter

justifies the presumption that these details must be decided, when
the proper time comes, by the United Nations in agreement with
the Administering Authority. Even supposing, as is asserted by the
United Kingdom, that the recommendations made by the General
Assembly with respect to these points are not binding upon the
Administering Authority, being mere recommendations, that is to
Say beiorethe said Authority has expressed its views thereon, it
would nevertheless be true that as from the moment when the
said Authority accepted those recommendations and began to apply
them in its capacity as the executive organ of the Trusteeship, a
legal bond between the tutelary State and the United Nations in
the case in question is created and the new function becomes
incorporated in the framework of the Trusteeship Agreement as
a legal obligation. In the present case, resolutions1473 (XIV) and
1608 (XV) of the General Assembly were expressly accepted and
implemented by the United Kingdom. The operations provided for

relating to the preparation and holding of the plebiscite were thus
transformed into acts of administration of the Trusteeship for which
the Adrninistering Authority was directly responsible: hence lia-
bility would be incurred should any incorrect conduct vitiate the
results of this consultation of the people.
fb) In the second place, it was argued by way of a preliminary
objection that the Federal Republic of Cameroon and al1 other
>lembers of the United Nations lost any right to complain of any
breach of the general obligations imposed upon the Administering
Authority by the Trusteeship Agreement on 21 April1g61, when the
General Assembly decidedto approve the plebiscite andto terminate
the Trusteeship Agreement (resolution 1608 (XV)). The Cameroon-

ian Application dated 30 May 1961 thus proves to be belated and
misplaced.
It seems to me that this argument runs counter to the letter and
the intention ofresolution 1608 (XV), in which it can be seen that the
General Assembly, though meeting on 21 April, decided on that datethat the Trusteeship Agreement-and consequently the Trusteeship
itself-should not terminate for the Northern Cameroons until several
weeks later, namely on I June 1961, that is to say, two days after
the filing of the Application. Thetask of the Administering Authority

and its responsibilities thus continued to be in force for the United
Kingdom when the Application was filed. This objection of inad-
missibility must consequently be dismissed.
(c)In the third place, the United Kingdom asserts-using an
argument rafio9ze temporis-the issues constituting the subject-
matter of the dispute mustnot be prior to 20 September 1960,when
the Republic of Cameroon was admitted as a Member of the Vnited
Nations, for that State cannot enjoy the advantages of the judicial
protection accorded to Members of the Organization in relation to

issues which relate to periods when the Applicant would not have
been entitled to appear before the Court. Nor would the Court have
had jurisdiction to give judgment.

This contention interprets Article 19 of the Agreement in a res-
tricti7leway which is not in conformity with the literal text of the
provision. According to the terms of Article 19, the Court's juris-
diction extends to-

"any dispute.whatever whichshouidarisebetween the Administering
AAuthorityand another Member of the United Nations".

Having stated this text it is now necessary to interpret it in accord-
ance with the natural meaning of the words. The Article does not

take into account the dates of the facts which gave rise to the
dispute in connection with the date of the admission of the Mem-
ber State to the United Nations. It is solely the capacity of Member
which gives the newly joined Statethe same rights asother Member
States in the matter of taking legal action. If the dispute has
arisen in regard to the interpretation or application of a treaty-
as is the case here-it is presumed that the facts which gave rise to
the dispute can have taken place and occurred at any time during
the existence of the treaty. IVere it otherwise, the Applicant State
could not fulfil its task of watching over the integrity and fidelity
of the treaty. It is certainly not inappropriate here to quote a
sentence from tlie Judgment in the Maurowzmatis case:

"... in cases of doubt, jurisdiction based on an international agree-
ment embraces al1disputes referred to it after its establishment".
(P.C.I. J., Series A, No2, p. 35.)

If-from anotlier aspect-the juridical person which raises the dis-
pute does so in its dual capacity as Member State of the United
Nations and independent State representing an individual or
special legal interest in the case, it is none the less true that that
State may demand the investigation of facts prior fo its political

158 emancipatjon, seeing that an undeniable link of dependence, a
sort of successive solidarity, exists between the actual situation
on the date of the Application and the events which previously
played their part in bringing about that situation during the
period of the trusteeship. It is difficult to think of the whole pro-
cess of the Administering state's conduct during the trusteeship as
being divided into watertight or non-communicating compartments.
A certain parallel may be found, in this connection, in the field of
private law if one recalls the case of an infant who, on achieving
full age, seeks to examine his guardian's acts of administration

during his minority.
The assertion of inadmissibility ratione ternporis is thus, in my
view, not admissible.
(d) In the fourth place, in the opinion of the United Kingdom,
the Application and the Memorial of the Federal Republic of
Cameroon do not in any way conduce to any practical effect, as
they are limited to asking the Court to "state the law" regarding
the points set out as the subject-matter of the dispute, without any
request for material reparation, restitution, etc., having been for-
mulated. In other words, supposing that a dispute does exist, the

United Kirigdom points to the lack of any legal interest impelling
the Applicant to ask not only for declaration of its rights but also
for the material re-establishment of the legal position which has
been infringed. It is therefore claimed that this is an unreal dis-
pute, a moot, which in no way resembles disputes of a normal
kind. Such a dispute is said to have no practical reason. In this
connection-adds the United Kingdom-it could wellbe maintained
that-the Cameroonian Application constitutes a request for an
advisory opinion or is aimed at the staging of an academic debate,
but in no case can it be considered assubject-matter for a judgment
properly so called on the part of the International Court.
The admissibility of a declaratory legal action at the interna-
tional level is recognized in advance in paragraph 2 of Article 36
of the Statute of the Court (sub-paragraphs (a), (b) and (6)).Even

though the present case does not relate to an action where jurisdic-
tion is founded upon the optional clause or upon a special agree-
ment, it is nevertheless true that the description of matters within
the jurisdiction of the Court contained in paragraph 2 constitutes
a statement of general application from which the cases covered
by paragraph I can also benefit. Furthermore, the doctrine of the
admissibility of Applications to the Court for judgments of a merely
declaratory nature is well known in the case-law of the Interna-
tional Court; 1 therefore feel that it will be sufficient to refer to
this case-law, several pertinent examples of which are cited in the
file (for instance, theCorfu Channel case), as a ground for dismiss-
ing the objection raised. Let us further consider the question
concretely. The Application of Cameroon asks the Court to give a decision on
the question whether certain acts or attitudes of the United King-
dom, as Administering Authority, are or are not in accordance
with the law, i.e. with certain provisions in the Trusteeship Agree-
ment. The Application also asks the Court to give a decision as to
whether the United Kingdom has contravened the law by refrain-
iiig from giving effect to certain precise decisions of the General
Assembly of the United Nations relating to the administration

of the Trust Territory. The grounds of law and fact on which these
requests are based were specified by the Applicant in the Applica-
tion, in accordance with the Rules of Court. This is therefore a
legal controversy falling under Chapter II of the Statute.
In my view, the character of a request for an advisory opinion
must not be attributed to this controversy about the law. The
differences are quite clear. In the majority of cases opinions are
concerned with making provision for future situations: they are
opinions sought from the Court in order to be better informed as
to how the law must be applied in the future in particular cases
which have not yet occurred. In contentious proceedings, on the
other hand, cases submitted for decision by the Court almost al-
ways relate to the past : they are aimed at obtaining a decision as
to the legal effect of acts already committed by the respondent.
It is true that, exceptionally, there are advisory opinions which
refer to past situations (see the case concerning Certain Expenses
of the United Nations, 1962); and there are also, above al1 in the
case-law of individual countries, circumstances in which a declara-

tory judgment can be sought in advance in order to find out whether
what one of the parties considers his rights will or will not be con-
sidered as such in a future bilateral situation. But here there is a
second difference of capital importance between an advisory opin-
ion and a judgment of the Court, namely that the former is in
no way binding upon those concerned, the opinion given having
only moral authority, while the second imposes upon the parties
a legal obligation having the force of res judicata. In the present
case, the judgment sought by the Republic of Cameroon has the
characteristics of a contentious judgment.
The argument of the Ynited Kingdom will be recalled: admit-
ting-it states the hypcthesis that a dispute exists between the
Parties, what would be the practical purpose of a mere statement
of the law regarding such dispute? VC'hatwould be the effect of
the Court's judgment with respect to the principle of res judicata
if there be no judicial decision specifying tangible obligations to
be fulfilled by the losing Party? The Written Observations of
Cameroon and Counsel for Cameroon in his oral argument re-

plied to these questions raised bÿ the Respondent Party. So far as
1 am concerned, 1 feel that the reasoning advanced by the Appli-
cant in this respect is satisfactory, for it is certainly true that the
points raised in the Application are susceptible of a decision entail-ing practical results. In declaratory suits, the pure and simple
definition of the law, in favour of one or other of the parties, con-
stitutes in itself a judgment which goes beyond the purely specu-
lative or academic field and gives the successful party a truly ob-
jective element, namely the adjudication of a right with which
what 1 cal1his "legal assets" are enriched, that is to say, the whole
sum of rights which that party possesses in its capacity as a legal
person. If the applicant succeeds, it is precisely the fact ofensuring
to him the possession of the property or right in a final and irre-
versible manner, in virtue of the principle of res judicata, which
constitutes the practical reparation awarded to the successful
party by the declaratory judgment. If it is the respondent who
appears in the judgrnent as the successful party, his legal position
is consolidated and al1the matters of complaint in the application
become without foundation, the effect of the judgment being a
public rehabilitation. In the case of the losing party, a certain
deterioration or diminution takes place in its persona1 legal situ-

ation under the influence of the res judicata, the two elements of
this diminution being the obligation to accept without the possibility
of objecting thereto the decisions contained in the judgment and,
in certain cases, the obligation to discharge the responsibilities,
which may result from the court's statement of the law. Al1these
effects of a declaratory judgment become evident to the outside
world in a concrete and perceptible fashion and take their place
within the field of social or international life beyond any purely
moral or individual confines.
It is not for judges to speculate as to what will be or may be
al1 the other material or tangible aims which are sought but not
expressed by the Applicant at the time of drawing up its Appli-
cation: it is well known that usually the statednt of the law in a
declaratory judgment can be the basis, the point of departure,
for other legal actions or other economic or political steps con-
nected with the legal consequences of the judgrnent. Counsel for
Cameroon gave an explanation in this regard. But this concerns
only the Applicant. What is essential, 1 repeat, is that, in my view,

the decision which has been asked of the Court in this case was
not merely advisory or academic nor simply abstract or theoreti-
cal and stil less devoid of anv real effect. Al1that was asked for
was a judgment as to whether-as a consequence of certain facts-
there has or has not been an infringement of certain clauses of a
treaty in force between the Parties (Article 36, para. 2, sub-para.
(c), of the Statute). In my opinion this Application is admissible.

(e) In the fifth place, although the Application and the Memo-
rial do not mention any infringement of Articles 3 and 7 of the
Trusteeship Agreement on thepart of the Administering Authority,
the United Kingdom's defence pointed out that a reference to thissubject had been made belatedly in the Written Observations of
Cameroon on the United Kingdom Counter-Memorial. The Attor-
ney-General drew the Court's attention to this point for, being a
new matter of complaint submitted belatedly, the Court, he
claimed, could not entertain it, still less give judgment upon it.
It is a question of formal proceduraLadmissibility.
It seems to me that a wrong view was taken by the Respondent
as to the initial omission of a reference to Article3 of the Agree-
ment. Although it was not referred to explicitly in the Application
or the Memorial, it is impliedly mentioned there. In fact, Article
3 of the Agreement does not impose any concrete or special obliga-
tion, but rather a general obligation on the Administering Author-
ity to administer the Territory with a view to achieving the basic
objectives of trusteeship laid down in Article 76 of the Charter
and to collaborate with the United Nations in the discharge of
the functions assigned to that Organization by Article 87 of the
Charter. It goes without saying that if the Application imputes to
the United Kingdom, as Administering Authority, the violation

of Articles 5 and 6 of the Agreement, which relate to concrete
obligations of the Administering Authority with a viewto achieving
the aims of the trusteeship, it must be deduced therefrom that
the United Kingdom also infringed the provisions of Article 3,
which is general and the text of which covers the substance of
other Articles of the Agreement which were relied upon by the
Applicant .
In the same way, if the Administering Authority accepts as
part of its tutelary functions a recommendation by the United
Nations concerning the administration of the trusteeship, thisccep-
tance obliges it to give effect punctiliously to the instructions of
the Organisation within the meaning of Article 7 and the second
part of Article 3 of the Trusteeship Agreement. Seeing that the
Federal Republic of Cameroon asserted in its Application that the
United Kingdom did not fulfil certain obligations flowingfrom reso-
lution 1473 (XIV) of the General Assembly, which was adopted
with the consent of the United Kingdom, it would follow that
an infringement of Article 7 of the Trusteeship Agreement might
have taken place. It is true that the Application did not mention
the number of the Article in question, but it took account of its
contents.
1 conclude therefrom that the forma1 objection of inadmissibility
advanced by the United Kingdom with respect to this part of the
Applicant's statement of complaints is without foundation.

(1) In the sixth place, the Preliminary Objections of the United
Kingdom include a final point which, however, the Attorney-
General did not press during the oral proceedings. But 1 cannot
avoid mentioning it, the more so in that this point relates in cer-
tain way to the admissibility of the Application. 1 have in mind
the allegation that the Application and the Memorial were not
162 drafted in accordance with Article 32 of the Rules of Court, for,
contrary to the provisions of that Article, the statement of the
facts and the grounds in these pleadings is said to be vague and
abstract. The claim is accordingly said to become inadmissible.
But the wording of the Application and the Memorial of Cam-
eroon shows, nevertheless, that the facts mentioned by the Appli-
cant as constituting infringements of the Trusteeship Agreement,
and also the legal provisions applicable, were stated with sufficient
precision and in sufficient detail. The fact that the final submis-
sions in the Application asked the Court to give judgment upon
"ctrfain obligations", without specifying them in a concrete man-
ner, is easily explicable seeing that the word "certain" was obvi-
ously used with reference to the obligations previously specified
in the body of the text. In my view, there has been no infringe-

ment of Article 32 of the Rules of Court.
9. The time has now come to examine the final condition im-
posed upon the Parties by Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement
in order that any dispute relating to the interpretation or appli-
cation of its clauses may be submitted to the Court. Article 19
provides that the dispute must be such as cannot be settled by
negotiation or other means. One of the United Kingdom's objec-
tions relates to this issue.
It is first maintained by the United Kingdom in this connection
that no real attempt was made before the Application to settle the
dispute (if dispute there be) by means of negotiation. In this con-
nection, 1 should like to refer to one of the paragraphs above where
reference is made to the memoranda, dated I and 26 May 1961

respectively, exchanged between the Government of Cameroon
and the Foreign Office. 1 stated there that these documents con-
tain al1 the elements of a proper and sufficient diplomatic nego-
tiation wherein the subject-matter of the dispute is set out in
detail by Cameroon and an amicable proposal ismade to submit the
dispute to the International Court of Justice. The United King-
dom reply rejects the imputations made against it in respect of
matters the responsibility for which, in its opinion, lies not with
the Administering Authority but with the United Nations; and
it also declines to accept judicial settlement of the matter. The
existence of negotiation cannot be denied. These documents fur-
thermore show by their terms that diplomatic negotiation failed,
which amounts to saying that the impossibility of reaching an
amicable settlement was certain. Moreover, the impossibility of
negotiating a settlement other than a judicial one with the United
Kingdom follows from the fact that after the date of resolution
1608 (XIT) a direct solution of the dispute did not come within the

control or the sole decision of the LTnited Kingdom Government,
seeing that at that stage in the events it did not have the power
by itself to alter a state of affairs created-with its assent-by a resolution of the General Assembly of the Vnited Nations.
The dispute was thus not one that could be settled by friendly
negotiation.
There was, according to the Vnited Kingdom, a second con-

dition. Diplomatic negotiation having been ruled out, there might
have been-in the words ofArticle 19-some "other means" by virtue
of which the dispute could have been settled. And, in the United
.Kingdom view, this "other means" of settlement was resolution
1608 (XV) of the General Assembly of the United Nations of 21
April 1961, which, at the same time as it ratified the result of the
plebiscite held on II and 12 February to decide the fate of the
Northern Cameroons, put an end to the situation of Trusteeship
and consequently settled the problem of that territory, a judicial
solution being thereby precluded.
It seems to me difficult to admit that resolution 1608 (XV) could
have had this result. For this to be possible it would have been
necessary for there to be complete identity between the points
raised in the Application and forming the subject-matter of the

dispute, and the points which formed the subject of the General
Assembly resolution. A comparison of the two documents, how-
ever, shows a marked difference. Whereas the former-the Appli-
cation-clearly reveals its legal nature, the second-resolution 1bo8
(XV)-emphasizes its political aim. The aims of the one and of the
other are altogether distinct. As has already been stated, theesolu-
tion of the General Assembly confirmed or legalized the results
of the plebiscites in the two Cameroons, Northern and Southern,
and decided that the regime of the Trusteeship under United
Kingdom administration should come to an end on two later dates.
The Application and the Memorial of the Republic of Canleroon
seek to establish the individual responsibility of the United King-
dom as Administering Authority for the Northern Cameroons,

with regard to certain acts and matters concerned with its adminis-
tration of the Trusteeship while it lasted.It would not be right to
confuse or identify these two fields of application. That is why, in
my opinion. it is far from being correct to Say that resolution 1608
(XV)settled the dispute by way of "another means" of settlernent.
What is true is that the voting of resolution 1608(XV)-the contents
of which did not provide satisfaction for the Applicant's interest-
finally gave form to the still nascent dispute between Cameroon
and the United Kingdom, and precipitated the filing of the Appli-
cation.
But there is another still stronger reason for declining to con-
sider resolution 1608 (XV) of the General Assembly as the "other
means" of settling the dispute referred to in Article 19 of the Trus-
teeship Agreement. The most elementary requirenient of logic

demands that, for such "other means" to be legally valid and effec-
tive, it must include as one of its constituent features the inter-
vention and consent of the disputing States, namely in this case,
164the Federal Republic of Cameroon and the United Kingdom. That
is why 1 think that, in the intention of the Trusteeship Agreement,
the mention which is made of "other means" of settlement is a
reference to the means of peaceful settlement specified in Article
33, paragraph I, of the Charter (enquiry, mediation, arbitration,
etc.),al1 of which are characterized by the mutually agreed par-
ticipation to a greater or lesser extent, of the two parties in the
process of settlement. That is precisely what was lacking in resolu-
tion 1608(XV) of the General Assembly, which was adopted \vithout
the consent and even against the vote of the Republic of Cameroon.
Seeing, moreover, that this resolution dealt with subjects other
than those which constituted the dispute with the United King-
dom, the action of Cameroon, with regard to the dispute itself,

was not directed against the binding effects of resolution 1608
(XV). The latter having exhausted administrative or institutional
means, and in view of the consequences that the Assembly's
decision was going to produce both with regard to the interests
of the Republic of Cameroon and also with regard to the inhabi-
tants of the Northern Cameroons, the Applicant decided to follow
the other course which was open to it under Article 19 of the Trus-
teeship Agreement, invoking the judicial safeguard with a view
to obtaining, with the administering State, a judicial decision
based on law on the issue of the legal responsibilities deriving
from the facts. This is a case therefore not of any attitude of
rebellion or disobedience in respect of resolution 1608 (XV), but
of the legitimate use of another parallel recourse expressly recog-
nized in Article 19 as cited above.

IO. This reasoning, however, gives rise to another observation
of capital importance on the part of the United Kingdom because,
according to that country, if the Applicatior, of the Republic of
Cameroon is, notwithstanding resolution 1608 (XV) of the General
Assembly, to be submitted to the Court, this would in fact amount
to establishing a sort of superior Court, and to a veritable revision
of the decisions of the United Nations by the Court, which would
destroy al1the authority of the organs of the international Organ-
ization. This kind of dependence or subordination of these or-
gans in relation to the Court would not be in conformity with the
spirit of the Charter. According to the Charter, the resolutions of
the General Assembly, when adopted by the necessary majority
in each case, are definitively binding, even upon Member States
who have not voted for them. This observation leads the United
Kingdom to dismiss what was called the "duplication" theory
according to which the two means, administrative and judicial,

can be utilized to settle issues raised in the United Nations.
Considered from a concrete point of view and in relation to the
present case, this observation of the United Kingdom is not in
accordance with the actual facts. The Application of the FederalRepublic of Cameroon does not seek the waiving of resolution
1608 (XV) or the annulment of the plebiscite in the Northern
Cameroons, or the re-establishment of trusteeship for that Terri-
tory. There were even during the oral proceedings explicit state-
ments by the Applicant Party to this effect. What the Application
asks for is a statement of the law by the Court on the question
whether, in the light of the wording of the Trusteeship Agreement
of 13December 1946 and of resolution 1473 (XIV) of the General
Assembly, the United Kingdom, in its capacity as Administering
Authority for the Northern Cameroons, has or has not committed
infringements of certain provisions concerning the application of
that Agreement or of that resolution. From this statement of the
Application a number of conclusions can be drawn:

First: the legal action is not aimed at the United Nations nor
does it cal1in question any of the resolutions of the organs of that
Organization.
Second : the Republic of Cameroon's action is directed against
the United Kingdom in its capacity as the individual State en-
trusted with the administration of the Northern Cameroons under

the Trusteeship.
Third: the ilpplication relies on the principle of the responsi-
bility of States as jundical persons of public law for the per-
formance of acts the object of which is the application of inter-
national convention freely entered into.
Foztrth: in the event of its case being declared well founded,

Cameroon has not asked the Court to make any actual order which
could bring about a change in the present actual situation in this
case, nor to award any material compensation: the Application
is thus confined to asking the Court to "state the law" in the
manner of a declaratory judgment.
It seems to me that these considerations are in themselves
sufficient to rule out the fear that the authority of the United
Nations might be affected or diminished by a judgment of the
Court settling the present case. No conflict need be contemplated be-

tween the two powers.
It re~nains to examine the question from the general aspect
and from that of principle and in the light of the terms of the
Charter of the United Nations. The oral proceedings in the present
case provide us with abundant material in this connection. To
sum up in a couple of words: although the concept of law is not
foreign to the administrative activities of officia1institutions-in-
cluding the organs of the United Nations-resolutions of this kind
are primarily of a political nature and do not always reflect a
scrupulous adaptation of the rules of law to political requirements.
In the legal sphere, on the other hand, it is exclusively the law
which dictates its norms. So far as concerns international institutions, their statutes
define the scope and force of their administrative resolutions
and the wav in which they are to be amended or revised. In the
Charter of the United Xations there is not to be found, with re-
gard to the resolutions of the General Assembly, any provision ex-
cluding al1 judicial jurisdiction. On the contrary, the general pur-
port of the Charter seems to me to reveal a certain parallelism and
a clear compatibility of the two institutions.
There is indeed one outstanding idea to be found in the text

of several Articles of the Charter in regard to the paramount im-
portance of law and of the legal administration of justice between
nations for the purposes of preserving the world from war and
achieving the supreme goal of international peace. Starting with
its preamble, the Charter proclaims the faith of the peoples of
the United Nations "in fundanzental human rights"l and in "the
equal rigt'zt...of nations large and small". In Article I the Charter
lays down as one of the purposes of the United Nations "respect
for the principle of equal rightsl and self-determination of peoples l
..encouraging respect for human rightsl and for fundamental frer-
doms for all".
~rticle 2 mentions as one of the principles of the Organization

and its Members that they shall "fulfil in good faith the obliga-
tions] assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter"
and "shall settle their international disputes by peaceful meansl in
such a manner that international peace and ..justice are not en-
dangered". Articles 7 and 92 mention the International Court
of Justice as one of the principal organs of the United Nations
and state that its Statute forms an integral part of the Charter.
Article 33, paragraph 1, stipulates that:

"The parties in any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to
endanger the maintenance of international peace and security,
shall first of all, seek a solution by negotiation ...arbitration,
iudicial settlementl",etc.
Article 73 of the Charter lays down the premise that "the adminis-
tration of territories whose peoples have not yet attained a full
measure of self-government" constitutes a responsibility of the

administering States and mentions the fact that the Members
"recognize the principle that the interests of the inhabitants of
these territories are paramount", and that the protection of them
is accepted as a "sacred trust". Article 76 specifies the basic objec-
tives of the Trusteeship system,amongst which it once more men-
tions "respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms".
As for the Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article
35 provides that "The Court shall be open to the States parties
to the present Statute", that is to Say, to al1 the Member States

l My italics.
167of the Organization. Lastly, Article 36 determines the scope of the
Court's jurisdiction, which can be based on agreement between
the parties, on the express provisions of the Charter or on treaties
and conventions in force.
This enurneration reveals the importance attributed by the Char-
ter to the concepts of law, justice and the responsibility of States
in respect of their legal obligations, and it shows the way inwhich
it was sought to extend the jurisdiction of the International Court
of Justice. It would be no exaggeratioil to Say that the function
of the Court was regarded by the founders of the United Nations
as constituting one of the most striking guarantees for the oper-
ation of the new international system.
It~vouldbe impossible to reconcile this criterion of the Charter-
entirely in favour of legal solutions-with the complete exclusio~i
of the judicial safeguard in cases in which the General Assembly

decided upon the fate of trust territories. The administrative de-
cision with regard to the political future of such a territory is
one thing, the definition of the responsibilities which, on the legal
plane, may be held to be binding iipon the admitîistering State in
respect of the way in which the trusteeship is exercised is something
quite different. The Administering Authority is not there merely
to execute automatically the orders of the General Assembly, it
is a legal entity which has freely and voluntarily accepted its
task, which may formulate observations and reservations with
regard to the Assembly's agreements, which may indeed discharge
itself of the trust if such agreements conflict with its views and
which must, where appropriate, account for its actions to those
having a legal interest therein.
Moreover, it must be remembered that having regard to the
composition of the United Nations and its character as a supreme
world institution on the political plane, no means of judicial action
against the institution itself is provided for in the Charter and,

consequently, no institutional responsibility can result therefrom
in respect of its acts as an institution. But the case is entirely dif-
ferent as regards Member States considered individually. They
act within the institution as juridical persons and are as such re-
ponsible to third States in respect of their conduct. 1 believe that
that is precisely one of the reasons for which, so far as relations
between States are concerned, the Charter created the judicial
safeguard which the C~urt is called upon to apply. In the particu-
lar case which is the subject of the present proceedings, obliga-
tions and responsibilities are provided for in the Trusteeship Agree-
ment accepted by the I'nited Kingdorn and relatirig to the Northern
Cameroons. Sirice Article 19 of that Agreement provides a juris-
dictional clause for the determination of such responsibilities, 1
believe it to be my duty as a judge to decide in favour of juris-
diction. JUDG. 2 XII 63 (DISS.OPIN. JUDGE BUSTAMANTE) 180
The judicial guarantee is, in truth, one of the most important
pillars of modern society. It means the primacy of law over other
factors: interests, negligence, abuse or force. It gives force to the
principle of responsibility as a regulating element in social and

international conduct. It can prevent further transgressions in the
future. In short, it constitutes a manifold guarantee the purpose
of which is to state the law when it requires to be stated: either to
prevent deviation in the application of the law, or to correct it
when it occurs; to adjudicate upon breaches of the law or to estab-
lish the responsibility of the offender; a whole mosaic of powers
covering al1 international activities:the conduct of governments,
the policies of States, the administrative acts of the great inter-
national institutions. It is certainly for this reason that the juris-
dictional clause (in this case Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agree-
ment) does not restrict action by States Members of the United
Nations by limiting the scope of the judicial protection which it
affords, and likewise does not require that the previous consent of
the Organization should be given to a Member State which pro-
poses to avail itself of it. Tosum up what1have said, it seenls to me

that Article 19 is an expression of this supreme and indeed univer-
sa1 guarantee for the claiming in the last resort of a decision of a
court of justice to settle in law cases or political requirements or
interests of any other sort which are capable of causing legal
injury to third parties. It is important that this safeguard, which
is as necessary as it is useful, should not be weakened.
It is regrettable that, on the basis of the suggestion which was
at one time made by the General Assembly of the United Nations,
a request for an advisory opinion was not made with regard to
the various questions relating to the administration of the Trust
Territory of the Cameroons. But this opportunity having been
lost, it only remains for the Court-at the present stage of events
to deliver its Judgment on the Application of the Republic of
Cameroon in accordance with Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agree-
ment. And 1 must Say that in my opinion the Objection based on

"duplication" cannot be upheld.
II. The examination which 1 have just undertaken of the
various Objections raised by the United Kingdom to the Appli-
cation of the Federal Republic of Cameroon reveals that some re-
late to the admissibility of the claim and others to the jurisdiction
of the Court, although the two categories are not clearly indepen-
dent or distinct, for certain Objections expressed on the basis of
inadmissibility also involve a denial of jurisdiction. Looked at
from another angle, there are some Objections which relate to
simply formalistic or procedural aspects, while others, on the other
hand, touch upon the very substance of the dispute and base upon

it the inadmissjbility of the claim. That is why the Objections of
the United Kingdom as a whole at certain times take on a complexand even inextricable appearance. Kevertheless, 1 have come to
the conclusion that al1 the Objections are really properly called
preliminary, as the Respondent has termed them, in the sense
that 1 have not in practice found it necessary to reach a decision

upon the merits of the dispute for the purpose of examining the
admissibility or the non-admissibility of any particular Objection.
It is for these reasons that 1 have not found it iildispensable to
reserve some of the Objections, as being peren~ptoryones, for the
final judgment on the merits, in the event of the Court's holding
that it has jurisdiction.
12. Rut even if an examination of the Objections raised had
led the Court to consider the case put forward in the Application,
there is a further question which was raised by the Court, namely
whether "the Court, when seised ..is ... compelled in every case
to exercise" its "jurisdiction", or whether, having regard to cer-
tain "inherent limitations on the exercise of the judicial function"

it should refrain from adjudicating in the present case. After an
analysis of the relevant pleadings (Application, Memorial, Obser-
vations on the Objections, Submissions) "to determine whether
the adjudication sought by the Applicant is one which the Court's
judicial function permits it to give", the prevailing opinion was
that the true intent of the claim was to impugn the injustice of the
attachment of the Northern Cameroons to a State other than the
Republic of Cameroon, this injustice being due to the fact that
the United Kingdom, as Administering Authority, allegedly created
such conditions that the trusteeship led to that attachment. Since,
however, the Federal Republic expressly stated that it was not
asking the Court to redress the alleged injustice or to award repar-
ation of any kind, nor to review the decisions of the General
Assembly, it is said that the Court is relegated to an issue remote
from reality and asked to give a judgment not capable of effective
application. It may be inferred-it issaid-that what the Applicant

wants is that the Court should consider certain acts of the United
Kingdom solely for the purpose of arriving at conclusions con-
flicting with those expressed by the General Assembly in resolution
1608 (XV) ; but in spite of that the Applicant has itself recognized
that that resolution is definitive and irrevocable, and the judgrnent
of the Court could not, for these reasons, have any practical con-
sequences or fulfil a genuine judicial function. Moreover, since it
has been established that the Trusteeship Agreement was validly
terminated, it follows that the Trust itself disappeared, that any
rights conferred by that Agreement upon other Members of the
United Nations came to an end and that the possibility of the
application of Article 19 relating to the jurisdiction of the Court
ceased to exist on I June 1961, particularly if it be borne in mind
that the Application included no claim for reparation but merelysought a finding of a breach of the law. The Court has, therefore,
decided to put an end to the present proceedings.
To my great regret, 1 am bound to express my dissent from these
views of the majority of the Court, because it seems to me that the
basis on which they rest is not correct. My point of view is, of course,
in agreement with the assertion that the claim is for nothing more
than a finding of a hreach of the law, namely that the United King-
dom, in the application of certain measures, has failed to respect
certain obligations provided for in the Trusteeship Agreement or
certain instructions of the General Assembly. It is a case in which

the legal responsibility of the trustee must be clarified.1 have
already explained in paragraph 8, sulù-paragraph (d), of this Opin-
ion why and how this means of "stating the law", which is the
characteristic of declaratory judgments, combines the merits of
practical effectiveness and binding force as res judicata, these two
characteristics representing the typical attributes of a judicial
decision. In my opinion, a decision of this kind is clearly included
in the function of the administration of justice which imprints
its features upon the judicial function of courts, as is provided
by Article 36, paragraph 2, sub-paragraph (c),of the Statute of
the Court. Precedents to this effect in similar cases are to be found
in the decisions of the Permanent Court and of the present Court.
(For example, the Polish Upper Silesia case, P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 7; the Corju Clza.ut,nclase, I.C.J. Reports1949, p. 36.) In those
cases, as in the present case, the judgment or the claim related to
the past conduct of the Respondent, that is, to its legal responsi-
bilities.
It would not be right to contemplate including in any judgment
in the case any provisions designed to modify resolution 1608 (XV)

of the General Assembly such as the annulment of the plebiscite,
the detaching of the Northern Cameroons from Nigeria or the rein-
stitution of trusteeship. To do so would be to introduce into the
judgment matters not contained in the Application. It must be
recalled that the proceedings instituted by the Republic of Cam-
eroon were directed solely against the United Kingdom and not
against the United Nations and that the subject-matter of the
proceedings relates only to matters concerning the performance,
proper or incorrect, of the Trusteeship Agreement by the Respon-
dent, independently of any decisions taken by the General Assem-
bly. There is therefore no risk of the Judgment's producing any
conflict between the Applicant and the General Assembly.
Although the Trusteeship Agreement for the Cameroons under
British Administration lapsed on I June 1961 as a result of reso-
lution 1608 (XV), the assertion that that Agreement can no longer
be relied upon for the purposes of judging the conduct of the Ad-
ministering Authority in the past appears to me to be too absolute
and contrary to generally recognized principles with regard to
the application of laws. One thing is essential in the present case:

171that future situations should not be involved since these, clearly,
could not be governed by a treaty which had ceased to be in force.
The Application is concerned with past activities of the United
Kingdom, performed during the period of trusteeship. This retro-
spective situation can only be envisaged in the light of the rele-
vant law in force at that period, that is to Say, the Trusteeship
Agreement of 13 December 1946. The fact that, shortly after the
formulation of the Application, the Trusteeship Agreement ceased
to be in force does not detract from the applicability of this prin-
ciple, for if the application of the Agreement were challenged, the

system of legal responsibility of perçons would break down and
cases-entirely possible-of abuses or transgressions would passwith
impunity. The decisions of municipal courts and certain rules of
public law furnish useful examples which should not be disregard-
ed on the international plane. In many cases, the rules enacted in
a repealed Civil Code have been applied in cases of succession,when
the death of a testator occurred at a time when the Code was still
in force. Similarly, conflicts have arisen with regard to the uncon-
stitutionality of certain laws of which the text, to determine the
point, has had to be read in the light of the provisions of the Con-
stitution under which they were enacted, in spite of the fact that
that Constitution had already been replaced by a later Constitu-
tion or more than one subsequent Constitution. It seems to me
that in such cases, where the judgment must relate to a past situ-
ation, the duty of the Court is to place itself at the period of
the events which are the subject of the proceedings and to apply
the laws then in force, even though they should be no longer in
force. The Trusteeship Agreement of 1946 is accordingly properly

invoked for the purpose of resolving the present case.

13.For the foregoing reasons, my opinion is that the claim is
admissible, that the preliminary objections of the United King-
dom are not well foundecl and that the Court has jurisdiction to
pass upon the merits of the Application of the Federal Republic
of Cameroon.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDEXTE DE M. BUSTAMANTE

Étant donné que je ne me rallie pas à la décision que la Cour

a bien voulu prendre pour trancher la présente affaire, je dois
exposer les motifs de mon opinion dissidente ainsique les conclusions
auxquelles je suis arrivé, non sans exprimer au préalable toute ma
déférenceenvers l'avis de la majorité de la Cour.

I. La République fédérale du Cameroun, par sa requête du
30 mai 1961, développéedans le mémoire du 12 décembre, a de-
mandé à la Cour de dire le droit, face au Royaume-Uni de Grande-
Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, au sujet d'une controverse dont
l'énoncépeut se résumer en ces termes: il s'agit de savoir si dans
l'application de l'accord de tutelle du Cameroun septentrional signé
avec l'organisation des Nations Unies en date du 13 décembre
1946,le Royaume-Uni, en tant qu'autorité administrante, n'a pas
respecté les diverses obligations découlant dudit accord ou des

instructions expresses de l'Assembléegénérale;la conséquence de
ce manquement ayant été, en fait, un déroulement anormal et
faussé du plébiscite des II et 12 février 1961 qui décida à la
majorité l'incorporation du Cameroun septentrional à 1'Etat
nigérien.

Le Royaume-Uni, dans son contre-mémoire du 14 août 1962,
sans omettre - quant au fond - le rejet des griefs soulevés par la
Partie demanderesse, a formulé plusieurs exceptions préliminaires :
la plupart portent sur la compétence de la Cour et quelques-unes

d'entre elles s'attachent à certains aspects de l'irrecevabilité de la
demande. Il appartiendra àla Cour, dans son arrêt,de se prononcer
sur le bien-fondé de ces exceptions.

2. La question de compétence doit êtrerésolue - et les Parties

sont d'accord sur ce point - à la lumière de l'article 19 de l'accord
de tutelle pour le territoire du Cameroun sous administration
britannique. La compétence reposerait sur les termes d'(cun traité
ou convention en vigueur »,ainsi que cela est prévu dans la partie
finale du paragraphe Ide l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour.

Selon le sens dudit paragraphe, la condition essentielle pour
assurer la compétence de la Cour est que le traité en cause soit en
vigueur au moment où le différend s'est produit. Les deux Parties

ont reconnu que l'accord de tutelle était encore en vigueur le
143 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE BUSTAMANTE
[Translation]

As 1 am unable to concur in the decision reached by the Court
in its Judgment inthe present case, 1 must set out the reasons for
my dissenting opinion and also the conclusions at which 1 have
arrived, but 1must first Say that 1 do so with the greatest deference
towards the opinion of the majority of the Members of the Court.

I. In its Application dated 30 May 1961, further developed in
the Memorial dated 12 December, the Federal Republic of Came-
roon asked the Court to statethe law, as against the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with regard to a dis-
pute the terms of which may be summarized as follows. The
question at issue is whether, in the application of the Trusteeship
Agreement for the Northern Cameroons concluded with the United
Nations on 13 December 1946, the United Kingdom, as the Ad-
ministering Authority, failed to respect various obligations aris-
ing from the said Agreement or from the express instructions of

the General Assembly, the consequence of the failure to do so
having in fact been that an abnormal and distorted character
was given to the plebiscite held on II and 12 February 1961 which
resulted in a majority decision in favour of the incorporation of
the Northern Cameroons in the State of Nigeria.
In its Counter-Memorial dated 14 August 1962, the Cnited
Kingdom, without omitting-in so far as the merits are concerned-
to rebut the complaints raised by the Applicant Party, put for-
ward several preliminary objections most of which relate to the
jurisdiction of the Court whilst some of them are concerried with
certain aspects of the inadmissibility of the claim. It is for the
Court to decide, in its Judgment, whether these objections are
well founded.

2. The question of jurisdiction must be settled-and the Parties
are in agreement on this point-in the light ofArticle19ofthe Trus-
teeship Agreement for the Territory of the Cameroons under
United Kingdom administration. The jurisdiction of the Court is
said to be founded on the terms of a treaty or convention "in
force", as provided for in the concluding portion of paragraph I
of Article 36 of the Statute of the Court.
According to that paragraph, the essential condition for estab-
lishing the jurisdiction of the Court is that the treaty in question
should have been in force at the time when the dispute arose.
The two Parties have recognized that the Trusteeship Agreement30 mai 1961, date de la requête de la République du Cameroun.
Deux jours après (le I~~ juin 1961) le régime de tutelle prenait fin,
conformément à la résolution 1608 (XT') de l'Assemblée générale
des Nations Vnies en date du 21 avril de la mêmeannée.

On pourrait alléguer que si l'action judiciaire poursuit comme
but final celui d'éclaircir dans le futur les doutes que le texte d'un
traité peut soulever ou celui de prévenir à l'avenir la répétition
des erreurs d'application déjà commises dans le passé, aucun de
ces buts ne pourrait être atteint si l'action est entreprise à la veille
de l'expiration du traité. Mais il faut considérer que le but d'une
action judiciaire en l'espèce n'envisage pas toujours le futur,
mais qu'elle peut aussi avoir un dessein rétrospectif en vue d'ob-
tenir une décision judiciaire au sujet de la conformité ou de la
non-conformité au droit d'une interprétation contractuelle déjà

donnée ou de l'application d'une clause conventionnelle qu'on
estime mal faite en pratique. Dans ce cas, il me semble qu'une
requête est toujours recevable si le problème qui est posé corres-
pond àl'époquede l'application du traité. Les faits ou actes humains
visant des tiers- quel qu'en soit l'agent : un homme ou un Etat -
déterminent des responsabilités, lesquelles peuvent éventuellement
être établies - faute d'un autre moyen d'arrangement -par les
tribunaux de justice. Tout cela, indépendamment de la valeur
de précédent que l'arrêt judiciaire servira à établir - si tel est
le cas - aux effets de l'application future de la loi ou de la con-
vention en cause.

3. Le texte de l'article 19 de l'accord de tutelle du 13 décembre
1946 est ainsi libellé:
«Tout différend,quel qu'il suit, qui viendrait à s'éleverentre
l'Autorité chargée de l'admiriistration et un autre Membre des
Nations Unies relativement à l'interprétation ou à l'application
des dispositions du présent Accord, sera, s'il ne peut être réglé
par négociationsou un autre moyen, soumis àla Courinternationale
de Justice, prévueau Chapitre XIV de la Charte des Nations Unies. »

Les conditions dans lesquelles, d'après le texte transcrit, la
compétence de la Cour entre en jeu peuvent se résumer de la façon
suivante :
A. Quant aux fiersonlzesjuridiques dont mention est faite i l'accord,
on considère comme ayant le droit de s'adresser à la Cour:

a) l'autorité chargée de l'administration;
b) tout autre Membre des Nations Unies.
La nature et la portée de l'intervention de ces États Membres
devant la Cour, soit comme parties à l'accord, soit comme tiers
intéressés, est un sujet de controverse et d'interprétation que l'on

verra plus tard. was still in force on 30 May 1961, thedate of the Republic of Came-
roon's Application. Two days later (on I June 1961) the Trustee-
ship Agreement terminated, in accordance with resolution 1608
(XV) of the General Assembly of the United Eations, dated 21
April of the same year.
It could be asserted that if it is the final aim of judicial action
to clear up for the future any doubts to which the textl of a treaty
may give rise, or to prevent in the future the repetition of errors
of application already committed in the past, neither of these
aims could be achieved if the action were instituted on the eve
of the expiration of the treaty. But it must be borne in mind that

the aim of legal action in such a case is not always directed towards
the future, for the action may also have a retrospective aim in
seeking to obtain a judicial finding as to the conformity or non-
conformity with the law of an interpretation of a contract which
has already been given or of the application of a treaty provision
which it is considered was wrongly carried out in practice. In such
a case, it seems to me that an Application is always admissible if
the problem raised by it is concerned with the period when the
treaty was in force. Human deeds or acts involving third parties,
irrespective of who commits them-whether a man ora State-give
rise to responsibilities, which may in certain cases be determined-
in the absence of other means-of settlement by courts of justice.
And al1 this independently of the value of such precedents as the
judicial decision may in certain circumstances serve to establish

for the purposes of the future application of the law or agreement
in question.
3. Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement of 13 December 1946
reads as follows:
"If any dispute whatever should arise between the Administering
Authority and another Member of the United Nations relating to
theinterpretation or application ofthe provisions of this Agreement,
such dispute, ifit cannot be settled by negotiation or other means,
shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice provided
for in Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter."

The conditions in which, according to the text cited above, the
Court has jurisdiction, inay be summed up as follows:

A. As to the jiiridical persons mentioned in the Agreement, the
following are considerecl as being entitled to appear before the
Court :

(a) the Administering Authority;
(b) any other Member of the Lnited Nations.
The nature and scope of the intervention of such Member States
in proceedings before the Court, whether as parties to the Agree-
ment or as tliird parties concerned, is a subject of controversy
and interpretation, which will be considered later.B. Quant d l'objetdu litige, il faut:
a) qu'il y ait un différend, quel qu'il soit;
b) que ce différend porte sur une question d'interprétation ou

d'application des dispositions de l'accord de tutelle ;
c) que le différend ne puisse pas êtreréglépar négociations ou
par un autre moyen.
Je passe - aux fins de la compétence de la Cour - à l'étudede
ces deux grands aspects de l'article 19 de l'accord à l'égarddu cas
particulier soulevé à la requêteet en considérant, aussi, les objec-

tions de la Partie défenderesse.

4. La première question qui se pose ayant trait aux personnes
iuridiaues dont mention est faite à l'article Ia vise la nature et la
bortéede l'intervention devant la Cour des ((iutres États Membres

des Nations Unies ))auxquels ledit article fait référence.Selon l'avis
du Royaume-Uni, ces États ne sont pas flarties aux accords de
tutelle, mais simplement des États fiersappelésà veiller sur certains
droits de leurs ressortissan~s (art. 9, IO, II et 13 de l'accord). Par
conséquent, tout «autre Etat Membre ))considéré individuelle-
ment n'aurait pas le droit d'engager des controverses judiciaires
avec l'autorité administrante à l'égard de l'interprétation ou de
l'application des dispositions générales(art. 3 à 8, 12, 14 à 16)
d'un accord de tutelle où il n'est pas partie. Une telle demande

serait irrecevable parce que le contrôle des dispositions générales
de l'accord dépendexclusivement des Nations Unies. La compétence
de la Cour n'est donc pas ouverte à ce genre d'actions de la part des
Etats Membres. Le Royaume-Uni a noté à cet égard que, dans le
cas du Cameroun, il ne s'agit pas de l'existence d'un accord de
mandat soumis à l'ancien régime de la Société desNations, mais
d'un accord de tutelle signéavec les Nations Unies, ces deux insti-
tutions étant régiespar des normes différentes bien qu'inspirée: par
un propos commun. Il en découle donc que les droits des Etats
Membres prévus par un accord de tutelle ne doivent pas êtremis
en parallèle avec les droits prévus par un accord de mandat. Ces

derniers sont plus restreints - ajoute le Royaume-Uni - et cela
a été admisdans l'arrêt rendu par la Cour le 21 décembre 1962
en les affaires du Sud-Ouest airicain (Recueil 1962, p. 319). D'après
cet arrêt,la protection judiciaire instituée en faveur des populations
sous mandat ne serait pas devenue nécessaire dans le nouveau
régime de tutelle et la raison en serait que, vu la structure de la
Charte des Nations Unies. cette Organi-ation a ris soin de sauve-
garder administrativement et d'une façon plus large que le Pacte
de la Sociétédes Nations de 1919, les droits des habitants du terri-
toire sous tutelle vis-à-vis des possibles erreurs ou abus des tuteurs,
la clause de protection judiciaire n'ayant pas, par la suite, de

raison de subsister comme élément essentiel des accords de tutelle.B. As to theszrbject-matter of the litigation:
(a) there must be a dispute-any dispute whatever;
(b) this dispute must relate to a question of the interpretation
or application of the provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement ;
(c) the dispute must be incapable of settlement by negotiation
or other means.

1 now turn-with regard to the jurisdiction of the Court-to a
study of these two important aspects of Article 19 of the Agree-
ment in relation to the particular case raised in the Application and
taking into consideration, too, the objections of the respondent
Party.

4. The first question that arises in regard to the juridical per-
sons mentioned in Article 19, relates to the nature and scope of
intervention in Court proceedings by "another R'lember of the
United Nations", as referred to in that Article. In the United
Kingdom view, these States are not partics to the Trusteeship
Agreements but merely tizird States who are called upon to watch
over certain rights of their nationals (Articleg, IO, IIand 13of the
Agreement). Consequently, any "other Member" considered in-
dividually would not have the right to enter into a judicial dispute
with the Administering Authority concerning the interpretation
or application of the general provisions (Articles 3 to 8, 12,14 to
16) of a trusteeship agreement to which it is not a party. Such a
claim would be inadmissible because supervision in regard to the
general provisions of the Agreement belongs exclusively to the
United Nations. The jurisdiction of the Court therefore does not
embrace actions of this kind by Member States. In this connection,
the United Kingdom noted that, in the case of the Cameroons, it
was not a question of the existence of a Mandate agreement under
the former system of the League of Nations, but of a trusteeship

agreement entered into with the United Xations, these two insti-
tutions being governed by norms that are different although in-
spired by a common object. Thus it follows therefrom that the
rights of Rlember States as provided for in a trusteeship agree-
ment must not be equated with the riglits provided for in a Man-
date agreement. The latter are more restricted, adds the United
Kingdom, and this was admitted in the Judgment delivered by the
Court on 21 December 1962 in the South West Africa cases (I.C.J.
Repovts 1962, p. 319). According to that Judgment, the judicial
protection provided in favour of the populations under the Man-
date System did not become necessary in the new Trusteeship
System, the reason for this being that, having regard to the struc-
ture of the Charter of the United Nations, that Organization
undertook to safeguard the rights of the inhabitants of the Trust
Territory administratively and in a more comprehensive manner
than the Covenant of the League of Nations of 1919, from any
possible errors or abuses on the part of the Trusteeship authori- Avant tout, cette interprétation dy défendeur sur la portée de
l'arrêt du 21 décembre 1962 (cas de 1'Ethiopie et du Libéria contre

l'Union sud-africaine) me parait trop absolue et, par conséquent,
excessive. Ce que la majorité de la Cour a dit d'une façon très
généraledans son arrêt (C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 342).c'est qu'après
la mise en vigueur du nouveau régime du tutelle (la nécessitéde
la protection judiciaire ))(c'est-à-dire l'insertion indispensable de la
clausejuridictionnelle dans les accords de tutelle) ((n'existait plus »;
mais cela est très loin de signifier que ladite protection devienne

dorénavant superflue et non susceptible d'êtreincorporée dans les
nouveaux accords de tutelle. Au contraire, le texte de l'arrêtrévèle
dans plusieurs passages l'adhésion des juges à cette forme degaran-
tie judiciaire au profit des peuples sous tutelle. L'insertion de
l'article19 dans le texte de l'accord de tutelle du Cameroun septen-
trional faite avec l'acquiescement du Royaume-Uni démontre à

elle seule que l'interprétation que je viens de donner est légitime.

Mais il faut approfondir la portée de cette question et je le ferai
en tenant compte, non pas seulement de l'arrêt du Sud-Ouest
africain de 1962, mais aussi de mon opinion individuelle qui y
était jointe (Recueil 1962, p. 349) et où j'ai abordé certains aspects

non mentionnés par la majorité de la Cour.

D'après la Cour (Recueil 1962, p. 329) :

(Les principes essentiels du systèmedes Mandatsconsistent avant
tout dans la reconnaissance de certains droits des peuples des
territoires sous-développés;dans l'établissement d'un régime de
tutelle exercésur chacun de ses peuples par une nation développée,
en qualité de (Mandataire )et (ail nom de la Sociétédes Nations ));
et dans la reconnaissance d'une ((mission sacrée de civilisation ))
incombant à la Sociétéen tant que communauté internationale
organiséeet àsesEtats Membres. Cesystèmea pour objet reconnu le
bien-êtreet le développementde ces peuples et il s'assortit de garan-
ties visant la protection de leurs droits. »

Dans un autre paragraphe de son arrêt, la Cour dit (Recucilig62,

P. 336) :
(( ...la protection judiciaire de la mission sacrée contenue dans
chaque Mandat constituait un aspect essentiel du système des
Mandats. Tel que ses auteurs l'avaient conçu et inscrit dans l'ar-
ticle 22 du Pacte de la Sociétédes Nations, ce système, comme il
a déjà étédit, présentait essentiellement deux traits principaux:
un Mandat conféré à une Puissance à titre de ((mission sacréede
civilisation1) et cdes garanties pour l'accomplissement de cette
mission »... La surveillance administrative exercéepar la Société ties, the clause providing for judicial protection having thereafter
no reason to subsist as an essential element of the trusteeship
agreements.
In the first place, this interpretation by the Respondent of the
significance of the Judgment of 21 December 1962 (case of Ethio-
pia and Liberia 71.Union of South Africa) seems to me to be too
peremptory and consequently excessive. What the majority of the
Court stated in the Judgment in a very general way (I.C.J. Re-
ports1962, p. 342) was that after the coming into force of the new

Trusteeship System "the gzecessityfor judicial protection" (that is
to Say, the necessity for inserting the jurisdictional clause in the
trusteeship agreements) "was dispensed with"; but this is very
far from meaning that such protection thenceforward became
superfluous and could not be incorporated in the new trusteeship
agreements. On the contrary, the text of the Judgment shows in
numerous passages that the judges adhered to this form of judi-
cial safeguard for the benefit of peoples under Trusteeship. The
insertion of Article19 in the text of the Trusteeship Agreement for
the Northern Cameroons, which was done with the assent of the
United Kingdom, in itself alone shows that the interpretation
which 1 have just given is correct.
It is, however, necessary to make a more thorough study of this

question and 1 shall do so by talting into account not only the
Judgment inthe Soz~thWest Airicn cases of 1962 but also my sepa-
rate opinion which was appended thereto (I.C.J. Reports 1962,
p. 349) in which 1 considered certain aspects that were not men-
tioned by the majority of the Members of the Court.
According to the Court (I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 329)-

"The essential principles of the Mandates System coilsist chiefly
in the recognition of certain rights of the peoples of the under-
for each of such peoples to be esercised by an advanced nationge
as a 'Mandatory' 'on behalf of the League of Nations'; and the
recognition of 'a sacred trust of civilization' laid upon the League
as an organized international community and upon its Member
States. This system is dedicated to the avowed object of promoting
the well-being and development of the peoples concerned and 1s
fortified by setting up safeguards for the protection of their rights."

In another paragraph of its Judgment, the Court says (I.C.J.
Reports 1962, p. 336) :

"...judicial protection of the sacred trust in each Mandate
uras an essential feature of the Mandates System. The essence of
this system, as conceived by its authors and embodied in Article22
of the Covenant of the League of Nations, consisted, as stated
earlier, of two features: a Mandate conferred upon a Power as 'a
sacred trust of civilization' and the 'securities for the performance
of this trust'...The administrative supervision by the League
constituted a normal security to ensure full performance by the des Nations représentait une garantie normale visant à assurer la
pleine exécution par le Mandataire de sa ((mission sacrée ))à l'en-

droit des habitants du territoire sous Mandat, mais le rôle spécia-
lement imparti à la Cour était encore plus essentiel l puisqu'elle
devait servir d'ultime moyen de protection par voie de recours
judiciaire contre tous abus ou violations possibles du Mandat 1).

Tout enparlant du conept dela (mission sacrée de civilisation )I
reconnue par la Cour, j'ai soutenu dans mon opinion individuelle
de 1962 :

a) que:

«Les populations sous Mandat constituent, à mon avis, un élé-
ment essentiel du système parce que l'article 22 du Pacte leur a
reconnu divers droits, tels que la liberté personnelle (prohibition
de l'esclavage), les libertés de conscience et de religion, un traite-
ment équitable de la part du Mandataire et l'accès à l'instruction,
au développement économique et à l'indépendance politique (auto-
détermination). On leur reconnaît donc la qualité de sujets de droit
et c'est pour cela que dans les accords de Mandat, lesdites popu-

lations sont - je le crois - des parties possédant un intérêtju-
ridique direct, bien que leur capacité limitée leur impose la présence
d'un représentant ou tuteur. ))(Recueil 1962, p. 354.)

b) que:

((La fonction que le Pacte [de 19221 attribue à la Société des
Nations, comme une (autorité tutélaire » bien caractériséede ces
territoires [sous Mandat], se démontre particulièrement dans le
texte de l'article 22, paragraphe 2, selon lequel le mandataire
doit exercer ses fonctions ((au nom de la Société desNations ».
Il me semble que ce point a une importance vitale pour le juge-
ment de cette affaire parce que, en partant de la reconnaissance de

l'intérêtjuridique direct que les populations sous tutelle possèdent
dans le régime de leur Mandat et compte tenu de leur qualité de
sujets de droit - dont la Société desNations est l'autorité tuté-
laire -, de nombreuses conséquences juridiques en découlent. En
premier lieu, les populations sous Mandat sont, en fait, parties
aux accords de Mandat et représentéespar la Société desNations.
Deuxièmement, l'obligation du mandataire de se subordonner au

contrôle de l'organisation tutélaire pour lui rendrecompte de l'exer-
cice du Mandat est évidente. Enfin, il ressort de cette conception
une responsabilité conjointe et solidaire de tous les Membres de
l'organisation pour accomplir «la mission sacrée » et de veiller
sur les populations dont la destinée a étémise sous leur patronage. »
(Recueil 1962, p. 355.)

c) que:

«La fonction de mandataire est une responsabilité plutôt qu'un
droit (art. 22, par. 2, du Pacte). Cette responsabilité est plus lourde
dans la mesure où la population sous Mandat est moins dévelop-

l Les italiques sontde nous.

147 JIandatory of the 'sacred trust' toward the inhabitants of the
mandated territory, but the specially assigned role of the Court
\vas even more essential l,since it was to serve as the final bulwark
of protection by recourse to the Court against possible abuse or
breaches of the Mandate."

Speaking of the concept of the "sacred trust of civilization"
recognized by the Court, 1 held in my separate opinion in 1962:

(a) that
"The populations under Mandate are in my view an essential
element of the system, because Article 22 of the Covenant recognized
them as having various rights, such as persona1 freedom (prohibition

ofslavery), freedom of conscience and religion, equitable treatment
by the Mandatory, and access to education, economic development
and political independence (self-determination). They were tl-ius
recognized as having the capacity of legal perçons, and this is
\vhy in the Mandate agreements those populations are, as 1 believe,
parties possessed of a direct legal interest, although their limited
capacity requires that they should have a representative or guar-
dian." (I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 354.)

(b) that

"The function assigned by the Covenant [of 19221to the League
of Yations as a clearly characterized 'tutelary authority' for such
territories [under Mandate], comes particularly clearly out of the
test of paragraph 2 of Article 22, according to which the Mandatory
is required to exercise its functions 'on behalf of the League'.
It seems to me that this point is of prime importance for the
decision in this case because, starting from the recognition of the
direct legal interest which the populations under tutelage possess
in their mandate regime and having regard to their capacity as
legal perçons-for whom the League of Nations is the tutelary
authority-many legal consequences flow therefrom. In the first
place, the populations under Mandate are in fact parties to the
Mandate agreements and represented by the League of Nations.
Secondly, the Mandatory's obligation to submit to the supervision
of the tutelary authority and account for the exercise of the Mandate
is obvious. Finally, from this concept it follows that al1the Members
of the Organization are jointly and severally responsible for the
fulfilment of the 'sacred trust' and for watching over the populations

whose destiny has been put under their aegis." (I.C.J. Reports 1962,
P 355.)
(c) that:

"The function of the Mandatory is a resfionsibility rather than
a right (Article22,paragraph 2,of the Covenant).The less developed
the population under Mandate, the heavier the responsibility of pée, commedans les cas du Mandat C (art. 22, par. 6) ...Ici appa-
raît une des notes les plus caractéristiques du système: le manda-
taire qui donne son acceptation la donne non pas en tant que
partie intéresséeaux perspectives du contrat mais comme un
collaborateur de la communauté internationale dans la mission de
civilisercertaine population sous-développée 1)(Recueil1962, p. 357.)

Il faut que j'ajoute maintenant que le moyen le plus adéquat
d'établir les responsabilités d'ordre juridique est la compétence
judiciaire.
d) que la clause juridictionnelle insérée dans les accords de

Mandat
((...n'est que l'application de l'article 14 du Pacte de la Société
des Nations qui établit le recours à la Cour permanente comme le
moyen définitif, bien ,que volontaire, de trancher les différends
internationaux entre Etats ...De plus, cette garantie du recours
à la compétence judiciaire est universellement admise pour ré-
gler toutes sortes de situations litigieuses ou d'interprétation 1é-
gale, sans que son inclusion dans un accord de Mandat n'implique
aucune anomalie.

A mon avis, la vraie signification de la clause de recours à la
Cour est celle d'une garantie dont bénéficientles deux parties en
leur assurant une juste application du Mandat, ainsi qu'un cor-
rect exercice des contrôles. ))(Recueil 1962, pp. 360-361.)

((Il y a en plus une autre raison que, évidemment, le Conseil de
la Société des Nationsa eu le soin de prévoirdans la clause compro-
missoire. Conformément aux articles 34,et 35 du Statut de la
Cour permanente, seuls les Etats et les Etats Membres de la So-
ciétéont qualité pour se présenter devant la Cour en ce qui con-
cerne les affaires contentieuses. La Société,qui n'est pas un Etat,
ne peut que demander des ((avis consultatifs ))(art. 14 du Pacte).
Par conséquent, dans le cas rune divergence insoluble avec le
mandataire, l'intervention des Etats Membres, éléments solidaires
de la Société,comme parties à la procédure judiciaire, devenait
indispensable.1)(Reczteil1962, p. 362.)
En somme, j'ai soutenu dans mon opinion individuelle que la
garantie judiciaire prévue à la clause juridictionnelle des accords de
Mandat remplissait une fonction d'i~zté~~p êutblic pour toute la

communauté internationale et, par là, autorisait un Etat Membre
quelconque à demander au mandataire d'appliquer régulièrement
ses obligations, soit quant à l'interprétation, soit touchant l'appli-
cation desdits accords.
Il est opportun de rappeler ici la période de transition entre
l'extinction de la Sociétédes Nations etla constitution des Nations
Unies, ainsi que le remplacement de l'ancien régime de Mandat par
l'institution de la tutelle, afin d'établir autant que possible si le
droit des Etats Membres à mettre en action la clause juridictionnelle

148 that Mandatory, asin the case of C Mandates (Article 22,paragraph
6)...This is one of the most characteristic features of the system:
the Nandatory signifies its acceptance not as a party mith an
interest in the prospects flowing from the contract but as a colla-
borator of the international community in its trust of civilizing a
certain underdeveloped people." (I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 357.)
1 must now add that the most adequate means of determining
~esponsibilities of a legal nature lies in the jurisdiction of the Court.

(d) that the jurisdictional clause inserted in the Mandate agree-
ments-

"is but the implementation of Article 14 of the Covenant of the
League of Nations which established recourse to the Permanent
Court as the final,although voluntary,means ofsettlinginternational
disputes between States.. . Again, this safeguard of recourse to
judicial jurisdiction is universally accepted for the settlement of
al1 sorts of litigious situations or situations subject to legal inter-
pretation, so that its inclusion in a Mandate agreement does not
involve any anomaly.

In my view, the true significance of the clause providing for
recourse to the Court is that of a security for bothparties as to the
proper application of the Mandate and the proper exercise of
supervision." (I.C.J. Reports 1962, pp. 360-361.)
(e) that:

"there is a further reason which obviously the Council of the
League of Nations took care to provide for in the compromissory
clause. Under Articles 34 and 35 of the Statute of the Permanent
Court, only States and the States Members of the League could be
parties in cases before the Court in contentious proceedings. The
opinions' (Article 14 of the Covenant); thus should an insoluble
difference of view with the Mandatory arise, the intervention of
the States Members, the jointly responsible constituent elements of
the League, became indispensable as parties to the proceedings."
(I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 362.)

In short, 1 held in my separate opinion that the judicial protec-
tion provided for inthe jurisdictional clause of the Mandate agree-
ments fulfilled a function of public interest for the whole of the
international community and consequently authorized any Nem-
ber State io require the Mandatory to fulfil its obligations prop-
erly whether in relation to the interpretatiori or in the matter of
the application of those agreements.
It may be helpful to recall here the transition period betweeil
the liquidation of the League of Nations and the constitution of

the United Nations, and also the replacement of the former Man-
date System by the institution of trusteeship, in order to deter-
mine as far as possible whether the right of Member States to take
148 des accords de tutelle a souffert ou non des restrictions ou si la

clause elle-mêmedevrait êtredéfinitivement proscrite.

L'Assemblée de la Société des Nations, ainsi que la Première
Commission, se sont réunies, vers avril 1946,pour réglerla situation
des Mandats durant cette période transitoire et toutes les Puissances
mandataires ont solennellement déclaréleur intention de continuer
à administrer çans changement les territoires à elles confiés. Au
côté d'autres Etats, le Royaume-Uni - qui exerçait depuis 1922

un Mandat sur le Cameroun - exprima alors cette intention en
annonçant qu'il agirait cconformément aux principes généraux
des Mandats existants )).Le déléguéfrançais déclara que

ctous les territoires sous Mandat relevant de son gouvernement
continueront à être administrés dans l'espritdu Pacte et de la
Charte ...en poursuivant l'exécutionde la mission qui lui avait
étéconféréepar la Société desNations ».

Le représentant de l'Australie a dit que son pays estimait que la
dissolution de la Société desNations ne diminue pas les obligations
des pays mandataires. Le délégué de la Nouvelle-Zélande a déclaré
que son administration continuerait (cconformément aux termes du
Mandat ». Partout le concept de la «mission sacrée 1prévalut dans
les déclarations des mandataires, sans qu'une discrimination ait
étéfaite entre le Pacte et la Charte. Toutes ces déclarations ont

étérecueillies et sanctionnées par l'Assemblée de la Société des
Nations à la séancedu 18 avril 1946 (C. 1.J. Recueil 1962, pp. 339-
341). On peut donc affirmer que, malgré la dissolution de la Société
des Nations, un accord unanime s'est produit parmi les Puissances
mandataires dans le sens que les Mandats devaient continuer à
êtreexercés conformément aux règles des accords de Mandat, en
attendant que le régime de tutelle soit définitivement fixé.

Cette fixation s'est produite le jour de la mise en vigueur de la

Charte des Nations Unies. De mêmeque l'article 22 du Pacte de la
Société desNations, l'article 73 ,de la Charte mentionne le carac-
tère (<sacré ))de l'obligation des Etats administrants àl'égardde la
promotion du bien-êtredes habitants des territoires non autonomes
dont la primauté des intérêts est expressément reconnue. Les
articles 75, 76 et 83, paragraphes 2 et 3, coïncident avec l'article22
du Pacte quant auxbuts et à l'objet du nouveau régimedela tutelle,
lesquels sont identiques aux buts des Nations Unies, le nouveau

régimecontinuant à être,ainsi que le Mandat, une institution inté-
ressant l'ensemble des Etats del'organisation mondiale, c'est-à-dire
une institution d'intérêt public international. L'article 77 dispose,
de façon impérative, que les territoires actuellement sous Mandat
soient placéssous le régimede tutelle. Enfin, le chapitre XII1 de la
Charte vise la surveillance des actes de l'autorité administrante,

149 action under the jurisdictional clause of the trusteeship agreements
suffered any restrictions or whether the clause itself should be
definitively excluded.
The Assembly of the League of Nations, and also the First
Committee, met, around April 1946, in order to settle the position
of the Mandates during this transitional period, and al1 the Man-
datory Powers solemnly stated their intention of continuing to

administerwithout change the territories which had been entrusted
to them. Together with other States, the United Kingdom-which
had been exercising a Mandate over the Cameroons since 1922-
then expressed such an intention, stating that it would act "in
accordance with the general principles of the existing Mandates".
The French delegate stated that-

"al1 the territories under the Mandate of his Government would
Chartere...in pursuance of the execution of the mission eiltrustede
to itby the League of Nations".

The representative of Australia stated that his country considered
that the dissolution of the League of Nations did not weaken the

obligations of countries administering mandates. The delegate of
New Zealand stated that its administration would continue "in
accordance with the terms of the Mandate". On al1sides, the concept
of the "sacred trust" was accepted in the declarations of the Man-
datorp Powers, without any discrimination being made between
the Covenant and the Charter. Al1these declarations were received
and approved by the Assembly of the League of Nations at its
meeting on 18 April 1946 (I.C. J. Reports 1962, pp. 339-341). It
can accordingly be asserted that, despite the dissolution of the
League of Nations, there uras unanimous agreement among the
Mandatory Powers that the Mandates were to continue to be
exercised in accordance with the rules of the Mandate agreements,
until the Trusteeship System had been finally established.
That system was established on the day when the Charter of the

United Nations entered into force. Like Article 22 of the Covenant
of the League of Xations, Article 73 of the Charter mentions the
"sacred" character of the obligation of Administering States to
promote the well-being of the inhabitants of the non-autonomous
territories the paramount character of whose interests is explicitly
recognized. Articles 75, 76 and 83, paragraphs 2 and 3, are identical
with Article 22 of the Covenant in regard to the aims and the object
of the new system of trusteeship which are the same as the ainis of
the United Nations, the new regime continuing to be, like that of
the Mandates, an institution in which al1 States of the world
Organization are concerned, that is to Say an institution of inter-
national public interest. Article 77 stipulates in imperative terms
that the territories then held under Mandate were to be placed

under the Trusteeship System. Finally, Chapter XII1 of the
149réaffirmant ainsi d'une façon non équivoque le principe de la
responsabilité de ladite autorité quant à l'exercice de sa mission
tutélaire.

Ces données fondamentales prises en considération, le fait qu'au
moment de la mise en vigueur de la Charte, le Royaume-Vni ait con-

sentià insérerdans le texte de l'accord detutelle duCameroun septen-
trional (13 décembre 1946) l'article 19 surla protection judiciaire
ne peut s'interpréter que comme une confirmation de la politique
antérieure de ladite Puissance, propice à considérer la nouvelle
tutelle comme une continuation de l'ancien Mandat et à maintenir
dans le nouveau texte la clause de la protection judiciaire qui figurait
dans le précédentaccord de Mandat. Etant donné que l'Assemblée
générale des Xations Unies a aussi signé et approuvé ledit accord
de tutelle, aucun doute ne subsiste sur le fait que l'organe principal
des Sations Vnies a trouvé légitime et bien fondée l'insertion de
l'article 19 dans le nouveau texte contractuel. Donc, en partant de
la base réelle que la clause de garantie judiciaire existe par accord

mutuel dans une convention de tutelle dont personne n'a nié la
validitP, la seule conclusion à dégager est qu'il faut admettre
l'applicabilité de la clause.

A ce propos, il faut attirer l'attention sur un détail qui présente
un relief décisif: c'est que dans l'accord de tutelle du Cameroun
septentrionalqui a remplacél'accorddeMandat, lestermes dela clause
juridictionnelle sont à peu près les mêmes que ceux des anciens
accords de Mandat, sans qu'aucune restriction ne soit faite dans le
libellé à propos de l'action judiciaire livrée aux ccautres Etats
Membres )pour l'interprétation ou l'application des accords, ce qui
permettrait d'inférer que ni les Nations Unies ni le Royaume-l:ni
n'ont eu l'intention de diminuer l'ampleur que le sens littéral et

naturel du texte conférait à ladite action judiciaire dans les
accords de Mandat.
Je me demande si, ces antécédents pris en corisidération, on peut
raisonnablement penser ou présumer que la mission attribuée par
le Pacte aux Etats Membres pendant le régime des Mandats a pu
êtrerestreint au moment de la naissance de la tutelle: cela signi-
fierait une rétrogradation dans la tendance des organismes inter-
nationaux toujours favorable à la protection des peuples non
libéréset toujours penchée vers la défense de leurs droits.

J'admets qu'il est possible de distinguer dans les articles de
l'accord de tutelle deux catégories d'obligations à la charge de
l'autorité administrante :les ynes, appelées individuelles, qui visent

les relations avec d'autres Etats Membres ou leurs ressortissants
(art. 9,IO, II, 13);les autres, qui signalent les obligations générales
du tuteur au sujet de l'administration du territoire sous tutelle
(par exemple, les art.4,5,6, 8, 12, 14à 16). Mais, même enacceptant
1.50Charter is concerned with supervision over the actions of the
Administering Authority, thus reaffirming in the clearest possible
way the principle of that Authority's responsibility in regard to
the fulfilment of its mission of trusteeship.
In the light of these basic considerations, the fact at the time
when the Charter entered into force, that, the United Kingdom
consented to the insertion in the text of the Trusteeship Agreement
for the Northern Cameroons (13 December 1946) of Article 19
concerning judicial protection can only be interpreted as a con-
firmation of its previous policy, which was in favour of considering
the new trusteeship as a continuation of the former Mandate and
maintaining in the new text the judicial protection clause which
appeared in the previous Mandate agreement. Seeing that the
Geileral Assembly of the United Nations also signed and approved
the said Trusteeship Agreement, no doubt remains as to the fact
that the principal organ of the United Nations considered the

insertion of Article 19 in the new contractual text as lawful and
expedient. Consequently, on the basis that the judicial protection
clause does in fact exist by mutual accord in a trusteeship agree-
ment, the validity of which nobody has denied, the only conclusion
to be arrived at is that the applicability of the clause must be
admitt ed.
In this connection, attention must be drawn to a detail, which is
of decisive importance, namely that, in the Trusteeship Agreement
for the Northern Cameroons which replaced the Mandate Agree-
ment, the terms of the jurisdictional clause are practically theame
as in the former Mandate agreements, without the wording im-
posing any restriction in regard tothe judicial action open to "other
Xember States" in respect of the interpretation or application of
the Agreements, which allows it to be inferred that neither the
United Nations nor the United Kingdom intended to diminish the
scope conferred upon judicial action in the Mandate agreements by
the literal and natural meaning of the text.

1\vonder whether, taking this background into consideration, it
can reasonably be thought or presumed that the mission entrusted
to Member States by the Covenant under the Mandates System
could have been curtailed at the moment when the trusteeship
came into being. This would mean a retrogression in the tendency
of international organizations, always favourable to the protection
of unliberated peoples and always directed towards the safeguarding
of their rights.
I am prepared to admit that in the articles of the Trusteeship
Agreement there can be distinguished two categories of obligations
imposed on the Administering Authority: some, which are called
individual, concern relations with other Member States or their
nationals (Articles 9,IO, IIand 13) while others are concerned with
the tutelary Power's general obligations with regard to the ad-
ministration of the trust territory (forexample, Articles 4, 5, 6, 8, ARKÊT 2 XII 63 (or. DISS. DE M. BUSTAMANTE)
162
cette distinction, je ne puis me rallier à l'affirmation selon laquelle
les pouvoirs, que l'article 19 donne à la Cour pour juger sur des
questions d'interprétation ou d'application de l'accord, ne visent
que les questions relatives aux obligations individuelles et non pas

les questions qui visent les autres obligations concernant l'adminis-
tration généraledu territoire, dont la surveillance relève du controle
soi-disant exclusif des Nations Unies. Cette discrimination restrictive
de la compétence de la Cour n'est pas bien fondée, à mon avis. Au
contraire, elle est en opposition au texte littéral de l'article 19.
Si l'intention de l'accord avait étéaussi limitée, la phrase du texte
en cause n'aurait pas été rédigéecomme elle l'a été: (...relative
à l'interprétation ou à l'application des disfiositions du présent
accord de tutelle ..n, mais il aurait étédit : ((...relative à l'inter-
prétation ou à l'application des articles9, IO, II et 13 du présent
accord ...». On ne saurait méconnaître que selon le texte de l'ar-

ticle19, tel qu'il est libellé,l'interprétation et l'application de toz~tes
lesdisfiositionsdel'accord - et non pasuniquement de quelques-unes
d'entre elles - sont des sujets susceptibles d'êtrejugéspar la Cour.
Cela revient à dire que chacun des Etats Membres a reçu le droit
de participer, au moyen de la voie judiciaire, à la fonction de
surveillance de toutes les obligations de l'autorité tutélaire visant
l'administration générale dela tutelle.

Il me semble par tout ce que je viens de dire et après mî~re
réflexion qu'il rst loin d'être évidentque la portée de la clause
juridictionnelle des nouveaux accords de tutelle doive êtreconsi-

dérée comme moins étendue que celle des anciens accords de Man-
dats. Il y a de bonnes raisons pour soutenir que cette clause (dont
l'article19 de llaccordrde tutelle du Cameroun septentrional est un
exemple) donne aux Etats Membres des Kations Unies - tel que
son texte littéral l'indique-le droit deposer àla Cour des questions
juridiques visant l'exactitude ou l'inexactitude de l'interprétation
ou l'application que l'autorité administrante a donnée a%txobliyn-
tiqns gér;r:valeqsui découlent de l'accord de tutelle soit à l'égard de
1'Etat Membre en cause, soit à l'égard deses ressortissants ou des
peuples du territoire sous tutelle. A mon avis, le seul problème
que le cas d'espèce soulève est celui de savoir si le Cameroun
septentrional était encore, à la date de la requête (30 mai 1961),

un (territoire sous tutelle»en ce qui concerne l'effet de sa protection
judiciaire et de la défense del'intérêtindividuel de la République
fédérale du Cameroun ou de ses ressortissants. La réponse est
affirmative étant donné que la tutelle britannique sur ce territoire
ne devait prendre fin que deux jours après, soit le I~~juin 1961.
Mais il y a surtout une autre justification majeure à cette réponse
affirmative, à savoir: le fait qu'après leler juin le Cameroun septen-
trional n'a pas cesséd'être un-pays non indépendant, car il a été
incorporé comme province à 1'Etat nigérien à la suite des résultats
du plébiscite de février 1961. I,a requête du 30 mai 1961 ayant

15112 and 14 to 16). But even admitting this distinction, 1 am unable
to concur with the assertion that the competence conferred by Ar-
ticle 19 upon the Court to decide questions of the interpretation or
application of the Agreement relates only to questions concerning
individual obligations and not to questions concerning the other
obligations connected with the general administration of the Terri-
tory, supervision in respect of which comes under the allegedly
exclusive control of the Cnited Nations. This restrictive inter-
pretation of the jurisdiction of the Court is not, in my opinion,
justified. On the contrary, it runs counter to the literal meaning
of Article 19. If the Agreement had been intended to be so limited,
the sentence in question would not have been worded as it was:
" ..relating to the interpretation or application of the provisions of
this [Trusteeship] Agreement.. .", but would have read :"...relating

to the interpretation or application of Articles 9, IO, II and 13 of
this Agreement...". There can be no doubt that, according to the
text of Article 19, as it is worded, the interpretation and application
of al1theprovisions of the Agreement-and not only some of them-
are matters capable of being judged by the Court. This amounts to
saying that each Member State was given the right to participate,
by means of judicial proceedings, in the task of supervising all
the obligations of the tutelary authority relating to the general
administration of the trusteeship.
From al1that 1 have just said and after deep reflection, it seems
to me that it is far from being clear that the scope of the juris-
dictional clause of the new trusteeship agreements must be regarded
as less comprehensive than that of the clause inthe former Mandate
agreements. There are good reasons for holding that this clause (of
which Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement for the Northern
Cameroons is an example) gives to the n'lember States of the United
Nations-as is the meaning of its literal text-the right to bring

before the Court legal questions concerning the correctness or
incorrectness of the interpretation or application which the Ad-
ministering Authority has given to the general obligations which
flow from the Trusteeship Agreement whether in regard to the
3'iember State in question or in regard to its nationals or to the
peoples of the trust territory. In my opinion, the only problein
raised by this particular case is the question mrhether the Territory
of the Northern Cameroons was still, at the date cf the Application
(30 May 1961), a "trust territory" so far as concerried the implemen-
tation of its judicial protection and the safeguarding of the in-
dividual interest of the FederalRepublic of Cameroon orits nationals.
The replv must be affirmative seeing that the Cnited Kingdom
Trusteeship in respect of this territory was not to terminate until
two days later, that is to Say, on I June 1961. There is, hoivever,
above al1one other major reason in favour of this affirmative replj-,
namely the fact that after I June the Northern Cameroons did not
cease to be a non-independent country, for it was incorporated asindiqué qu'en ce qui concerne le territoire du Cameroun septen-
trional ces résultats traduisaient l'influence défavorable de certaines
mesüres et attitudes de l'autorité tutélaire, il parait évident que
le noyau de la controverse soulevée par la République fédérale
est une question s'attachant à l'exercice de la tutelle et, par con-
séquent, comprise dans les prévisions de l'accord de tutelle du

13 décembre 1946.

5. Mais ce n'est pas le seulaspect à considérerdans le casprésent.
Un autre fait intervient, à saxoir la position toute spéciale de la

République fédéraledu Cameroun, dont l'intérêtdirect à l'égard
du sort des populations du territoire du Cameroun septentrional
résulte des points de vue géographique (facteur de contiguïté) et
historique (facteur de provenance commune des deux Cameroun
(britannique et français) àl'égardde l'ancien Cameroun germanique).
(Voir le livre blanc de la République du Cameroun et les cartes

présentées comme annexes au contre-mémoire du Royaume-Uni.)
Il n'est besoin que de coordonner !es articles 9, IO, II et 13 avec
1:article 19 de l'accord de tutelle pour se rendre compte que les
Etats Membres peuvent comparaître devant la Cour à un double
titre: au nom de leurs ressortiçsants et aussi par eux-mêmes,dans
leur propre intérêteritant qu'Etats quand ils reçoivent del'autorité
administrante. dans l'a~~lication de la tutelle. un traitement
II
inégalen certaines matières (sociales, économiques, industrielles ou
commerciales) ou souffrent quelque discrimination fondée sur la
nationalité. Ainsi, l'article 9, premier alinéa, dispose:
((... àtous les États Membresdes Nations Unies etlà leurs ressor-
tissants»;

l'articleIO, alinéac

((...à l'égarddes États Membres desNations Unies ou de leurs
ressortissants);

l'articleII
((...un Membre des Nations Uniesde réclamer pour lui-mêmeou1
pour ses ressortissants D.

Dans le cas présent, les résultats du plébiscite du Cameroun
septentrional ne pourraient pas êtreindifférents à la République
fédéraledu Cameroun si la consultation populaire favorisait la
Nigériaou si elle se prononçait pour l'incorporation à la République
camerounaise, comme cela a étéle cas pour le Cameroun méridional.

Des intérêtsd'ordre géographique, social, économique, historique,
etc., étaient sans doute en jeu dans cette alternative.
Au fond la requête de la République fédéraledu Cameroun, en
demandant à la Cour de se prononcer sur le fait que certaines
--
l Les italiques sont de nous.

1.52a province in the State of Nigeria pursuant to the results of the

plebiscite of February 1961. As the Application of 30 May 1961
indicated that, so far as the Territory of the Northern Cameroons
vas concerned, those results were due tothe unfavourable influence
of certain measures and attitudes of the Administering Authority,
it seems obvious that at the very centre of the dispyte submitted
by the Federal Republic there is a question concerning the exercise
of the Trusteeship and, consequently, it is covered bythe provisions
of the Trusteeship Agreement of 13 December 1946.

j. But this is not the only aspect to be considered in the present
case. There is another fact, namely the very special position of the
Federal Republic of Cameroon, the direct interest of which in the
fate of the peoples of the Territory of the Northern Cameroons
springs from points of view both geographical (factor of contiguity)
and historical (factor of common origin of the two Cameroons
(British and French) in the former German Kamerun). (See the
White Book of the Republic of Cameroon and the maps submitted
as annexes to the Counter-Memorial of the Gnited Kingdom.)
A11that need be done is to place Articles 9, IO, II and 13 along-

cide Article 19 of the Trusteesnip Agreement in order to see that
Member States can have access to the Court in a twofold capacity:
on behalf of their nationals and also on their own behalf, in their
own interest as States, when they receive from the Administering
Authority, in the application of the trusteeship, unequal treatment
in certain matters (social, economic, industrial or commercial) or
suffer from some discriminâtion based on nationality. Thus the
first paragraph of Article 9 says:

"... for al1Members of the United Nations and ltlieir nationals".

Paragraph (c) of Article IO reads:

"... against Members of the United Xations or their nationals".

Article II reads:
"...any Member of the United Xations to claim for itself ol for
itsnationals".

In the present case the Federal Republic of Cameroon could not
be indifferent to the results of the plebiscite in the Northern
Cameroons, ~vhether the people pronounced themselves in favour of
Nigeria or for incorporation in the Republic of Cameroon, as was
the case in the Southern Cameroons. Interests of a geographical,
social, economic, historical. etc., nature were undeniably involved
in this choice.
Fundamentally, the Application of the Federal Republic of
Cameroon, in asking the Court to pronounce upon the fact that

My italics.

Ij2mesures ou attitudes de l'autorité administrante n'ont pas été
conformes à l'accord de tutelle du Cameroun septentrional ni aux
instructions, de l'Assemblée généralet,end à établir comme un de
ses obj,ets principaux la certitude qu'une discrimination a étéfaite
par 1'Etat tutélaire au détriment du demandeur et au profit de
1'Etat nigérien.Il me semble que sous cet aspect l'intervention de la
République du Cameroun à cette procédure n'est pas rejetable, non
seulement si l'on envisage l'intérêtjuridique direct qu'elle a dans
l'affaire (art. 62 du Statut), mais parce qu'à la date de la requêt-

30 mai 1961 - ladite République possédait déjà la qualité de
Membre des Nations Unies, acquise par résolution de l'Assemblée
généraledu 20 septembre 1960.

6. En ce qui concerne l'action judiciaire, la première condition
exigéepar l'article 19 de l'accord de tutelle est qu'un différenddoit
exister entre les Parties. Compte tenu du fait que la République
du Cameroun, devenue indépendante le ~e* janvier 1960, a été
admise aux Nations Unies le 20 septembre 1960, il faut que le
différend avec le Royaume-Uni, en tant qu'autorité administrante
du territoire du Cameroun septentrional, se soit produit après la
date de l'indépendance camerounaise, car ce genre de désaccord
n'est concevable qu'entre deux Etats souverains. Aux fins de la

compétence de la Cour conformément à l'article 19 de l'accord de
tutelle, il est nécessaire que le différend ait pris forme après le
20 septembre 1960, date où l'admission de la nouvelle République
aux Nations Unies lui donnait le droit d'accéder au tribunal
international.
Ces prémisses établies, il faut aussi rappeler qu'au sens de l'ar-
ticle 19 de l'accord, le différend doit êtrepréétabli et caractérisé
avant la requête (affaire Mavromrnatis, opinion du juge Moore), car
ledit article ne donne lieu à l'action judiciaire que si le désaccord
n'a pu êtrerégléauparavant par négociations ou un autre moyen.

Dans le cas d'espèce,l'examen du dossier permet de conclure que
le procès d'apparition et d'établissement du différend a été à peu
près le suivant :

a) Les documents émanant des divers organes des Nations Unies
- Conseil de tutelle, Quatrième Commission, Assembléegénérale -
et présentéspar les Parties comme annexes aux documents procé-
duraux ou comme éléments de preuve ultérieurs, traduisent
fréquemment, surtout entre 1957 et 1961, les préoccupations de ces
organes à l'égard du système de l'administration du Cameroun
septentrional sous tutelle britannique et laissent voir qu'une certaine
situation irrégulièreaffectait le territoire, l'Assemblée généraeyant
édictéà la fin de 1959 des dispositions tendant à modifier l'organi-
sation administrative comme le seul moyen de garantir l'impartialité

153certain measures or attitudes of the Administering Authority were
not in conformity with the Trusteeship Agreement for the Northern
Cameroons-or with the instructions of the General Assembly-
seeks to establish, as one of its main objects, the certainty that
there was discrimination by the tutelary State to the prejudice of
the -4pplicant and to the benefit of the State of Nigeria. It seems

to me that from this point of view the institution of these pro-
ceedings by the Republic of Cameroon cannot be disallowed, not
only in consideration of the direct legal interest which it has in
the case (Article 62 of the Statute),but because on the date of the
Application-30 May 1961-the Republic of Cameroon already
possessed the status of membership of the United Nations, which
it had acquired as a result of the resolution of the General Assembly
of 70 September 1960.

6. With regard to action before the Court, the first conditionlaid
down by Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement is that a dispute
must exist between the Parties. Taking into account the fact that
the Republic of Cameroon, which became independent on I January
1960, was admitted to the United Nations on 20 September 1960,
the dispute with the United Kingdom as Administering Authority
for the Territory of the Northern Cameroons, must have arisen
after the date on which Cameroon became independent, for this
kind of dispute is conceivable only between two sovereign States.
For the purposes of the Court's jurisdiction under Article 19 of the
Trusteeship Agreement, it is necessary that the dispute must
have taken shape after 20 September 1960, the date on which the
admission of the new Republic to the United Nations gave it the

right of access to the International Court.
Having established these yremises, it must also be recalled that,
for the purposes of Article 19 of the Agreement, the dispute must
already have existed and have taken shape bejorethe Application
(Maz~rommntiscase, opinion of Judge Moore), for the said Article
permits action before the Court only if the disagreement has proved
incapable of settlement by negotiation or other means.
In the present case, an examination of the file leads to the con-
clusion that the process by which the dispute arose and took shape
was more or less as follom~s:

(a) Documents issued by various organs of the United Nations
-the Trusteeship Council, the Fourth Cummittee, the General As-
sembly-and submittedby the Parties as annexes to the pleadings
or subsequently as documents in evidence, frequently show, above
al1 for the period between 1957 and 1961, the concern of these or-
gans about the system under whicfi the Northern Cameroons was
administered under United Kingdom Trusteeship and reveal that a
certain irregular situation was affecting the territory, the General
Assembly having, at the end of 1959, issued directivesfor the modi-
fication of the administrative organization as the only way of

153 du plébiscite qui devait décider du sort du territoire sous tutelle.
Finalement, des communications ont étéenvoyéespar le représen-
tant de la France, au nom du Cameroun français1, et mêmepar la
République du Cameroun qui venait d'accéder à l'indépendance, en
formulant des réserves à propos du plébiscite. Des signes évidents

de désaccord s'étaient déjà fait sentir. Le Royaume-Uni a pris
part à ces débats par l'intermédiaire de ses déléguésauprl.s des
Nations Unies.
b) La République fédéraledu Cameroun devenue indépendante
le I~~ janvier 1960 a, par l'intermédjaire de son ministère des

Affaires étrangères et du secrétariat d'Etat et d'Information, vers
mars 1961, publié et fait circuler dans les milieux officiels - parmi
lesquels le siège des Nations Unies - une brochure dite
clivre blanc ))où des imputations sont faites au Royaume-Vni,
en sc qualité d'autorité administrante du Cameroun septentrional,
à savoir:

1) Dissolution de la personnalité du Cameroun septentrional
résultant de la division du territoire, dont l'administration
a étéincorporée à celle de deux provinces de la Nigéria sous
tutelle britannique en contradiction - dit la République du
Cameroun - avec l'article 76 de la Charte des Nations Unies;

2) Non-respect des recommandations 4 et 5 de la résolution
1473 (XV) de l'Assembléegénérale,en date du 12 décembre
1959, au sujet de la décentralisation et démocratisation du
territoire sous tutelle et de sa séparation administrative de la

Nigéria ;
3) Infraction à l'article 76 b) de la Charte étant donné que
l'autorité administrante n'a pas favorisél'évolutionprogressive
du territoire vers la capacité de s'administrer lui-même en
négligeant la participation des habitants dans l'appareil

administratif ;
4) Responsabilité de l'autorité administrante dans les résultats
du plébiscitedes II et12 février1961 au sujet des irrégularités
et absence de garanties dans la préparation, le déroulement et
les procédés employésaprès la réalisation du plébiscite.

En répondant à ces griefs du livre blanc, le représentant du
Royaume-Uni a formulé des observations dans sa lettre du IO avril
1961 adressée au président de la Quatrième Commission (annexe
no IO aux observations du Cameroun). On peut donc affirmer, bien

que les deux Parties ne s'étaient pas encore affrontées directement

18mai 1960, Doc. T/PV L 086, cité en pag12du li\.re blanc.

Résolution 1349 [SIIIde1'Açseiribléegénéra749me séance pléniii13,niars
1950

154guaranteeing the impartiality of the plebiscite which was to decide
the fate of the Trust Territory. Finally, the representative of
France, on behalf of the French Cameroons l, and the Republic

of Cameroon itself when it had just acquired independence, trans-
mitted communications expressing certain reservations with regard
to the plebiscite. Clear signs of disagreement had already made
themselves evident. The United Kingdom took part in these dis-
cussions through its delegates to the United Nations.
(b) The Federal Republic of Cameroon, which had become inde-
pendent on I January 1960 2,through its Ministry of Foreign

Affairs and the Secretariat of State for Information, around March
1961. yublished and had circulated in officia1circles-including the
Cnited Nations Headquarters-a pamphlet known as "The White
Book" wherein allegations were made against the United Kingdom
in its capacity as Administering Authority for the Northern Cam-
eroons. viz. :
(1)Dissolution of the personality of the Northern Cameroons

resulting from the division cf the territory, the administration
of which was incorporated with that of two provinces of
Nigeria, which was under British tutelage, contrary-accor-
ding to the Republic of Cameroon-to Article 76 of the
Charter of the United Nations;
(2)Failure to respect recommendations 4 and 5 of resolution
1473 (XV) of the General Assemblg, dated 12 December
1959, regarding the decentralization and democratization of

the Trust Territory and its administrative separation from
Nigeria ;
(3) Infringement of Article 76 (b) of the Charter, as the Ad-
ministering Authority had not promoted the progressive de-
velopment of the Territory towards self-government, neglect-
ing the participation of its inhabitants in the administrative
services ;

(4)Responsibility of the Administering Authority concerning
the results of the plebiscite of II and 12 February 1961
with regard to irregularities and the absence of safeguards
for the preparation and holding of the plebiscite and the
methods employed thereafter.

The representative of the United Kingdom answered the com-
plaints contained in the White Book in a letter dated IO April
1961 to the Chairman of the Fourth Committee (Annex IO to the
Observations of Cameroon). It can thus be affirmed, even though
the two Partieshad not yet confronted each other directlyconcerning

18 May 1960, Doc. TIPV L 086, cited on 3aof the "White Book" (English
version).
Resolution1349 (XIII) of the General hssembly,749th Plenary Meeting,
13 March 1959.

154 au sujet de la matière litigieuse, qu'une divergence de vues assez

nette s'était faite entre elles.
c) La troisième phase du processus de développement du différend
dans laquelle celui-ci s'est tout à fait caractérisé est la phase
constituée par l'ensemble des deux notes échangéesentre le ministre
des Affaires étrangères de la République du Cameroun et I'ambas-
sadeur du Royaume-Uni àParis au nom de Sa Majesté britannique.
Dans la note camerounaise, datée du I~~ mai 1961, on précise les
points de droit qui constituent l'objet du différend (par. a) à d))
en signalant les articles de l'accord de tutelle qui, selon l'avis du

Cameroun, ont étéviolés(art. 5 b) et 6), ainsi que les dispositions
non respectées dela résolution 1473(XIV) de l'Assemblée générale
des Nations Unies (recommandations 4, 6 et y). A propos des uns
et des autres, on pose au Gouvernement de Sa Majesté un certain
nombre de questions qui devraient être soumises au règlement
judiciaire, conformément aux articles 2 et 33 de la Charte. L'énoncé
des points litigieux coïncide,à peu près, avec celui du livre blanc,
mais la méthode est plus soignéeet les détails mieux précisés.Le
mémorandum anglais (26 mai 1961) donne à la communication
camerounaise une réponse catégorique: toute responsabilité à 1'é-
gard des violations présuméesde l'accord de tutelle est rejetée parce

que les décisions adoptées par l'Assemblée générale desNations
Unies ayant déjàréglé l'affaire, le désaccord alléguépar la Républi-
que du Cameroun n'est pas un désaccordavec le Royaume-Uni mais
avec les Nations Unies.

Les deux documents diplomatiques auxquels je viens de me
référercontiennent donc les élémentsessentiels du différend inter-
national, c'est-à-dire une opposition de thèses juridiques sur un ou
plusieurs points de droit à l'égard d'une certaine affaire. De plus
les (mémorandums »révèlent quele différenda pris corps définitive-
ment au mois de mai 1961, après l'admission de la République du
Cameroun dans l'organisation des Nations Unies (20 septembre

1960) et avant l'expiration de l'accord de tutelle (~erjuin 1961).
Le mémorandum anglais offre en outre un élémentadditionnel
de jugement, à savoir que la négociation engagéepar le Cameroun
en vue de trancher le différendpar la voie judiciaire a abouti àune
((impasse ».Le Royaume-Uni s'est refusé à chercher une solution
juridique. A cet égard, la condition prévue par l'article 19 de
l'accord de tutelle, au sujet de l'échec des négociations, s'est
réalisée.
Dans la requête du 30 mai 1961, fondéesur l'article 19 de l'accord
de tutelle, la République du Cameroun reprend devant la Cour les
griefs contenus dans son mémorandum du lermai, non sans ajouter
que le Royaume-Uni a contesté les thèses présentées par le de-.

mandeur. the matter in dispute, that a fairly sharp divergence of views had
arisen between them.
(c) The third phase in the process of the development of the dis-

pute, in which it assumed its full shape, is the phase comprising
the two Notes exchanged between the Minister for Foreign Affairs
of the Republic of Cameroon andthe United Kingdom Ambassador
in Paris acting on behalf of Her Britannic Majesty. In the Camer-
oonian Note dated I May 1961, the points of law which constitute
the subject of the disputes are stated (paras. (a) to (d)), attention
being drawn to those Articles of the Trusteeship Agreement which,
in the opinion of Cameroon, had been contravened (Articles 5 (b)
and 6), and also to the provisions of resolution 1473 (XIV) of the
General Assembly of the United Nations which had not been re-
spected (Recommendations4, 6 and 7). In connection with al1 of
these a number of questions were put to Her Majesty's Government
as being questions which should be submitted for judicial settlement

in accordance with Articles 2 and 33 of the Charter. The statement
of the points at issue coincides roughly with that in the White Book,
but it is drawn up more carefully and in greater detail. The United
Kingdom Memorandum (26 May 1961) gave a categoricalreply to
the Cameroonian Note: any responsibility in connection with the
supposed infringements of the Trusteeship Agreement was denied
because, the decisions adopted by the General Assembly of the
United Nations having already settled the matter, the disagreement
alleged of the Republic of Cameroon was not a disagreement with
the United Kingdom but with the United Nations.
The two diplomatic documents to which 1 have just referred
thus contain the essential elements of an international dispute, in
other words, a conflict of legal views on one or more points of law
with respect to a particular case. Moreover, the "memoranda"

reveal that the dispute had taken definitive shape in May 1961,
after the admission of the Republic of Cameroon to the United
Nations (20 September 1960) and before the expiration of the
Trusteeship Agreement (1June 1961).
In addition the United Kingdom Memorandum provides another
element of assistance in forming a judgment, namely the fact that
the negotiations entered into by Cameroon with a view to settling
the dispute by judicial means led to a "deadlock". The United
Kingdom refused to seek a legal solution. In this respect, the
condition laid down in Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement,
concerning the breakdown of negotiations, is fulfilled.
In its Application of 30 May 1961, based on Article 19 of the
Trusteeship Agreement, the Republic of Cameroon reiterates to the
Court the complaints contained in its Memorandum of I May, not

omitting to add that the United Kingdom disputed the arguments
submitted by the Applicant. Tous ces antécédents pris en compte, ma conclusion est qu'un
différend existe entre la République du Cameroun et le Royaume-
Uni selon la doctrine du droit international.

7. La deuxième question qui se pose est celle de savoir si le
différend porte sur des problèmes d'application ou d'interprétation
de l'accord de tutelle, au sens de l'article9 dudit accord. Le texte
mêmede la requête permet de répondre affirmativement à cette
question. Il est demandé à la Cour de juger si le Royaume-Uni, en
sa qualité d'autorité administrante, a interprété et appliqué, bien
ou mal, l'accord de tutelle et, par conséquent, s'il a respecté ou
non certains articles dudit accord et certaines dispositions de
l'Assembléegénéraledes Nations Unies acceptées au préalable par
le Royaume-Uni. II me semble évident que la décision à prendre
parla Cour constituerait un acte d'interprétation touchant la bonne
ou mauvaise application de l'accord de tutelle. La condition fixée
à ce sujet par l'article19 de l'accord a donc étéaccomplie.

8. Il faut analyser ici les autres objections opposées par le
défendeur, àtitre d'exceptions préliminaires.
a) En premier lieu, le Royaume-Uni pense que le but principal
de la requête est de contredire la validité du plébiscite qui a mis
fin à la tutelle, tous les autres griefs contre le comportement de
l'autorité administrante pendant toute la durée de la tutelle étant
subordonnés à ce motif principal. Mais, selon le Royaume-Uni,
les deux faits que sont la réalisation du plébiscite et la déclaration
d'extinction du régime de tutellersont étrangersau texte de l'accord
sans qu'aucune obligation de 1'Etat tutélaire à ce sujet n'ait été

prévue dans ledit texte, l'Assembléegénérale desNations Unies
étant la seule autorité qui a régléces aspects, conformément à
l'article85, paragraphe 1, de la Charte, en collaboration avec le
Royaume-Uni. Par conséquent, ce que la requête demande fonda-
mentalement vise une matière qui sort du champ d'application
de l'accord de tutelle et qui dépassela capacité de la Cour d'être
saisie de l'affaire au sens de l'article de l'accord.

Je dois dire au préalable que, si l'on examine le contenu et les
conclusions de la requêteet du mémoirede la République du Came-
roun, on ne trouve aucune demande au sujet de l'annulation du
plébiscite oude la reconsidération de l'accord par lequell'Assemblée
généralea mis fin à la tutelle du Cameroun septentrional. L'allusion
faite dans le livre blanc à propos de la nullité du plébiscite n'a pas
été reproduite dans les documents de la procédure judiciaire. Taking al1this historical background into account, 1come to the
conclusion that a dispute exists between the Republic of Cameroon
and the United Kingdom according tothe doctrines of international
law.
7. The second question which arises iswhether the dispute concerns
problems relating to the application or interpretation of the Trus-
teeship Agreement within the meaning of Article 19 thereof. The
very wording of the Application makes it possible to give an

affirmative answer to this question. The Court is asked to decide
whether the United Kingdom, in its capacity as Administering
Authority, interpreted and applied, correctly or incorrectly, the
Trusteeship Agreement and, in consequence, whether it respected or
failed to respect certain articles of the said Agreement and certain
decisions of the General Assembly of the United Nations previously
accepted by the United Kingdom. It seems obvious to me that the
decision to be taken by the Court would constitute an act of inter-
pretation concerning the proper or improper application of the
Trusteeship Agreement. The condition laid down in this connection
by Article 19 of the Agreement has thus been complied with.
8. The other pleas entered by the Respondent by u7ayof prelimi-
nary objections must be analysed here.

(a) In the first place, the United Kingdom considers that the
chief aim of the Application is to gainsay the validity of theplebis-
cite which brought the Trusteeship to an end, al1 the other com-
plaints against the conduct of the Administering Authority through-
out the existence of the Trusteeship being subordinate to this
principal motive. But, according to the Vnited Kingdom, the two
facts of the holding of the plebiscite and the declaration of the
termination of the Trusteeship do not come xithin the terms of the
Agreement, which does not provide for any obligation on the part
of the tutelary State in this connection, the General Assembly of
the United Kations being the only authority which dealt with these
aspects, in accordance with Article 85, paragraph 1,of the Charter,
in collaboration with the United Kingdom. Consequently, that for
which the Application is basically asking relates to a matter which

falls outside the field of application of the Trusteeship Agreement
and which exceeds the Court's capacity to be seised of the case
under the terms of -4rticle rg of the Agreement.
1must Say, in the first place, that an examination of the contents
and of the submissions of the Application and Memorial of the Re-
public of Cameroon does not reveal any claim regarding the annul-
ment of the plebiscite or the reconsideration of the agreement by
which the General Assembly terminated the Trusteeship in respect
of the Northern Cameroons. The reference to the nullity of the
plebiscite that is made in the M'hite Book was not reproduced in
the pleadings laid before the Court.168 ARRÊT 2 XII 63 (or. DISS. DE M. BUSTAMANTE)

Ceprécédentétabli,il faut prende note que, par sa nature mêmeet
au sens littéral des chapitres de la Charte ce sujet, le régimede tu-
telle est temporaire et transitoire,car l'article 76dudit instrument,
lu en liaison avec les articles73 b) et 87d), prévoit sa terminaison
un jour ou l'autre. Il va de soi qu'il ne serait pas possible de fixer
au préalable, dans les accords de tutelle, une date pour l'émanci-

pation politique du territoire ni de fixer la procédure au moyen
de laquelle l'extinction de la tutelle devra êtreréalisée,car tout
dépendra des circonstances spéciales de chaque territoire. C'est
la raison pour laquelle le texte de la Charte n'a pas prévu de dispo-
sitions générales ou rigidespour réglerdans tous les cas le moment
de l'extinction de la tutelle ni les procédés à appliquer. Mais c'est
précisément pour cela qu'une interprétation raisonnable de la
Charte justifie la présomption que ces détails doivent êtredécidés,
le moment venu, par les Nations Unies en accord avec l'autorité
administrante. Mêmeen supposant, comme la Grande-Bretagne
l'affirme, que les recommandations prises par l'Assembléegénérale
à l'égard de ces points ne sont pas obligatoires pour l'autorité

administrante en tant que simples recommandations, c'est-à-dire
avant que ladite autorité ait exprimé son avis à leur sujet, il n'en
serait pas moins vrai qu'à partir du moment où ladite autorité a
accepté ces recommandations et a commencé à les appliquer en
tant qu'organe exécutif de la tutelle, le lien juridique en l'espèce
est né entre 1'Etat tutélaire et les Nations Unies et la nouvelle
fonction s'incorpore comme une obligation de droit dans le cadre
de l'accord de tutelle. En l'espèce, les résolutions 1473 et 1608
de l'Assemblée généraleont étéexpressément acceptées et mises
en application par le Royaume-Uni; donc les opérations prévues et
qui visent la préparation et le déroulement du plébiscite se sont
transformées en actes d'administration de la tutelle du ressort
direct de l'autorité administrante; d'où la mise en jeu de la respon-
sabilitédans le cas où une incorrection quelconque vicie les résultats

de la consultation populaire.

b) En deuxième lieu, il a étéargué, à titre d'exception prélimi-
naire, que la République fédéraledu Cameroun et tous les autres
Membres des Nations Unies ont perdu tout droit de se plaindre
de toute violation des obligations générales signalées à l'autorité
administrante par l'accord de tutelle, àpartir du 21 avril 1961,date
àlaquelle l'approbation du plébisciteet l'extinction de la tutelle ont
étédécidéespar l'Assemblée générale (résolution1608 (XV)). La

requête du Cameroun portant la date du 30 mai 1961 s'avère donc
tardive et hors de propos.
Il me semble que cette thèse contredit la lettre et l'intention de
la résolution 1608 dans laquelle on peut constater que l'Assemblée
générale, bienque réunie le 21 avril, décidaà cette date que l'accord This fact being established, it must be noted that bj- its very
nature and in the literal meaning of those chapters of the Charter
which relate to the subject, the system of trusteeship is temporary
and transitory, for Article 76(b) of the Charter, read with Articles
73 (b) and 87 (d) foresees its termination sooner or later. It goes
without saying thatit would not be possible to fix beforehand in the
trusteeship agreements a date for the political emancipation of the
Territory or to determine the procedure by means of which the
extinction of the trusteeship must be achieved, for everything will
depend upon the special circumstances in each territory. It is for
this reason that the text of the Charter did not lay down general
or rigid provisions to settle in each case the time for the extinction
of thetrusteeship nor the methods to be applied. But it is precisely
on that ground that a reasonable interpretation of the Charter

justifies the presumption that these details must be decided, when
the proper time comes, by the United Nations in agreement with
the Administering Authority. Even supposing, as is asserted by the
United Kingdom, that the recommendations made by the General
Assembly with respect to these points are not binding upon the
Administering Authority, being mere recommendations, that is to
Say beiorethe said Authority has expressed its views thereon, it
would nevertheless be true that as from the moment when the
said Authority accepted those recommendations and began to apply
them in its capacity as the executive organ of the Trusteeship, a
legal bond between the tutelary State and the United Nations in
the case in question is created and the new function becomes
incorporated in the framework of the Trusteeship Agreement as
a legal obligation. In the present case, resolutions1473 (XIV) and
1608 (XV) of the General Assembly were expressly accepted and
implemented by the United Kingdom. The operations provided for

relating to the preparation and holding of the plebiscite were thus
transformed into acts of administration of the Trusteeship for which
the Adrninistering Authority was directly responsible: hence lia-
bility would be incurred should any incorrect conduct vitiate the
results of this consultation of the people.
fb) In the second place, it was argued by way of a preliminary
objection that the Federal Republic of Cameroon and al1 other
>lembers of the United Nations lost any right to complain of any
breach of the general obligations imposed upon the Administering
Authority by the Trusteeship Agreement on 21 April1g61, when the
General Assembly decidedto approve the plebiscite andto terminate
the Trusteeship Agreement (resolution 1608 (XV)). The Cameroon-

ian Application dated 30 May 1961 thus proves to be belated and
misplaced.
It seems to me that this argument runs counter to the letter and
the intention ofresolution 1608 (XV), in which it can be seen that the
General Assembly, though meeting on 21 April, decided on that datede tutelle - et par conséquent le régimede tutelle - ne prendrait
fin pour le Cameroun septentrional que plusieurs semaines plus
tard, le ~er juin 1961, soit deux jours après la présentation de la
requête.La fonction de l'autorité administrante et ses responsabili-
tésrestaient ainsien vigueurpour le Royaume-Uni quand la requête
a été introduite. On doit alors rejeter cette exception d'irreceva-
bilité.
c) En troisième lieu, affirme le Royaume-Uni - en utilisant une

argumentation rationc temporis -, les questions constituant la
matière du différend ne peuvent pas êtreantérieures à la date du
20 septembre 1960, où la République du Cameroun fut admise
comme Membre des Nations Unies, car cet Etat ne peut pas jouir
des avantages de la protection judiciaire accordés aux Membres
de l'organisation à l'égard de problèmes qui se réfèrent à des
époques auxquelles le demandeur n'aurait pas eu le droit de se
présenter devant la Cour. La Cour non plus n'aurait pas eu compé-
tence pour statuer.

Cette théorie donne à l'article 19 de l'accord une interprétation
restrictive qui n'est pas conforme au texte littéral du dispositif.
Selon les termes de l'article rg, la compétence de la Cour est ouverte

((pourtout différend, quelqu'il soit, qui viendrait à s'éleverentre
l'autorité chargée de l'administration et un autre Membre des
Nations Unies )).

Ce texte énoncé,ce qui s'impose c'est de l'interpréter selon le sens
naturel des mots. L'article ne fait pas état des dates des faits
qui ont soulevé le différenden relation avec la date d'admission de

1'Etat Membre aux Nafions Unies. C'est uniquement la qualité de
Menzbrequi donne à 1'Etat nouveau venu les mêmesdroits qu'aux
autres Etats Membres pour exercer l'action judiciaire. Si le différend
est apparu au sujet de l'interprétation ou de l'application d'un
traité - comme c'est le cas en l'espèce -, on présume que les faits
d'où le différendrésulte peuvent s'êtreproduits et dérouléspendant
toute la durée du traité. Dans le cas contraire, 1'Etat demandeur
ne pourrait pas accomplir sa mission de veiller à l'intégritéet à
la fidélitéde la convention. Certes, il n'est pas inutile de citer ici

une phrase de l'arrêtde l'affaire Mavrommatis :

((...dans le doute, une juridiction baséesur un accord internatio-
nal s'étend à tous les différendsqui sont soumis après son éta-
blissement 1.(C.P.J. I., sérieA no 2, p. 35.)

Si- sous un autre aspect - la personne juridique qui soulève le
différendle fait dans sa double condition d'Etat Membre des Nations
Unies et dlEtat indépendant représentant un intérêt juridique
indiyiduel ou spécial dans l'affaire, il n'en est pas moins vrai que

cet Etat peut se rattacher à l'investigation des faits antérieursà
158that the Trusteeship Agreement-and consequently the Trusteeship
itself-should not terminate for the Northern Cameroons until several
weeks later, namely on I June 1961, that is to say, two days after
the filing of the Application. Thetask of the Administering Authority

and its responsibilities thus continued to be in force for the United
Kingdom when the Application was filed. This objection of inad-
missibility must consequently be dismissed.
(c)In the third place, the United Kingdom asserts-using an
argument rafio9ze temporis-the issues constituting the subject-
matter of the dispute mustnot be prior to 20 September 1960,when
the Republic of Cameroon was admitted as a Member of the Vnited
Nations, for that State cannot enjoy the advantages of the judicial
protection accorded to Members of the Organization in relation to

issues which relate to periods when the Applicant would not have
been entitled to appear before the Court. Nor would the Court have
had jurisdiction to give judgment.

This contention interprets Article 19 of the Agreement in a res-
tricti7leway which is not in conformity with the literal text of the
provision. According to the terms of Article 19, the Court's juris-
diction extends to-

"any dispute.whatever whichshouidarisebetween the Administering
AAuthorityand another Member of the United Nations".

Having stated this text it is now necessary to interpret it in accord-
ance with the natural meaning of the words. The Article does not

take into account the dates of the facts which gave rise to the
dispute in connection with the date of the admission of the Mem-
ber State to the United Nations. It is solely the capacity of Member
which gives the newly joined Statethe same rights asother Member
States in the matter of taking legal action. If the dispute has
arisen in regard to the interpretation or application of a treaty-
as is the case here-it is presumed that the facts which gave rise to
the dispute can have taken place and occurred at any time during
the existence of the treaty. IVere it otherwise, the Applicant State
could not fulfil its task of watching over the integrity and fidelity
of the treaty. It is certainly not inappropriate here to quote a
sentence from tlie Judgment in the Maurowzmatis case:

"... in cases of doubt, jurisdiction based on an international agree-
ment embraces al1disputes referred to it after its establishment".
(P.C.I. J., Series A, No2, p. 35.)

If-from anotlier aspect-the juridical person which raises the dis-
pute does so in its dual capacity as Member State of the United
Nations and independent State representing an individual or
special legal interest in the case, it is none the less true that that
State may demand the investigation of facts prior fo its political

158son émancipation politique, étant donné qu'un lien indéniable de
dépendance, une certaine espèce de solidarité successive, existe
entre la situation réelleau jour de la requêteet les événementsqui
ont contribué précédemment à élaborer cette situation au cours
de la tutelle.Il est difficile de concevoir le processus de la conduite

de 1'Etat administrant durant le régime tutélaire comme divisé
en compartiments étanches ou non communicants. Un certain
parallélisme peut être trouvé, à ce sujet, dans le domaine du droit
privé en rappelant le cas du mineur qui, arrivé à sa majorité,
demande d'examiner les actesd'administration d'un tuteur pendant
le temps de la minorité du demandeur.
L'allégation d'irrecevabilité ratione temporis n'est donc pas
admissible à mon avis.

d) En quatrième lieu, de l'avis du Royaume-Uni, la requêteet le
mémoire de la République fédéraledu Cameroun ne conduisent
nullement àaucun effet pratique, car ils selimitent à demander que
la Cour cdise le droit ))sur les points énoncés commematière du
différendsans qu'une demande quelconque de réparation matérielle,
de restitution, etc., ait étéformulée.En d'autres termes, en suppo-
sant qu'un différend existe, le Royaume-Uni remafque le manque
d'un intérêtjuridique qui pousse le demandeur à plaider non pas
seulement pour que son droit soit déclaré mais pour obtenir le
rétablissement matériel de la justice violée. On serait alors en
présence d'un différend incomplet, ccmoot », qui ne ressemblerait

en rien aux litiges de type normal. Un tel différend manquerait
d'utilité. Dans ce sens - ajoute le Royaume-Uni - on pourrait
bien soutenir que la requêtedu Cameroun constitue une demande
d'avis consultatif ou vise à établir un débat académique, mais dans
aucun cas elle ne peut êtrel'objet d'un jugement proprement dit
de la part de la Cour internationale.

L'admissibilité des actions judiciaires déclaratoires sur le plan
international est reconnue d'avance dans le paragraphe 2 de l'ar-
ticle36duStatut de la Cour(alinéasa), b), c)).Bien que le casd'espèce
ne se réfèrepas à une action où la clause facultative ou compro-

missoire soit la base de la compétence,il n'en est pas moins vrai que
la détermination des matières justiciables, faitedansle paragraphe 2,
constitue un précepte d'application généraledont les cas prévus au
paragraphe I peuvent aussi bénéficier.En outre, la doctrine visant
la recevabilité des requêtes judiciaires de caractère simplement
déclaratoireest bien connue dans la jurisprudence de la Cour
internationale; je pense donc qu'il suffit de îappeler cette juris-
prudence dont le dossier cite quelques cas pertinents (par exemple:
l'affaire du Détroit deCoqou) pour fonder le rejet de l'exception
proposée. Examinons encore la question concrètement. emancipatjon, seeing that an undeniable link of dependence, a
sort of successive solidarity, exists between the actual situation
on the date of the Application and the events which previously
played their part in bringing about that situation during the
period of the trusteeship. It is difficult to think of the whole pro-
cess of the Administering state's conduct during the trusteeship as
being divided into watertight or non-communicating compartments.
A certain parallel may be found, in this connection, in the field of
private law if one recalls the case of an infant who, on achieving
full age, seeks to examine his guardian's acts of administration

during his minority.
The assertion of inadmissibility ratione ternporis is thus, in my
view, not admissible.
(d) In the fourth place, in the opinion of the United Kingdom,
the Application and the Memorial of the Federal Republic of
Cameroon do not in any way conduce to any practical effect, as
they are limited to asking the Court to "state the law" regarding
the points set out as the subject-matter of the dispute, without any
request for material reparation, restitution, etc., having been for-
mulated. In other words, supposing that a dispute does exist, the

United Kirigdom points to the lack of any legal interest impelling
the Applicant to ask not only for declaration of its rights but also
for the material re-establishment of the legal position which has
been infringed. It is therefore claimed that this is an unreal dis-
pute, a moot, which in no way resembles disputes of a normal
kind. Such a dispute is said to have no practical reason. In this
connection-adds the United Kingdom-it could wellbe maintained
that-the Cameroonian Application constitutes a request for an
advisory opinion or is aimed at the staging of an academic debate,
but in no case can it be considered assubject-matter for a judgment
properly so called on the part of the International Court.
The admissibility of a declaratory legal action at the interna-
tional level is recognized in advance in paragraph 2 of Article 36
of the Statute of the Court (sub-paragraphs (a), (b) and (6)).Even

though the present case does not relate to an action where jurisdic-
tion is founded upon the optional clause or upon a special agree-
ment, it is nevertheless true that the description of matters within
the jurisdiction of the Court contained in paragraph 2 constitutes
a statement of general application from which the cases covered
by paragraph I can also benefit. Furthermore, the doctrine of the
admissibility of Applications to the Court for judgments of a merely
declaratory nature is well known in the case-law of the Interna-
tional Court; 1 therefore feel that it will be sufficient to refer to
this case-law, several pertinent examples of which are cited in the
file (for instance, theCorfu Channel case), as a ground for dismiss-
ing the objection raised. Let us further consider the question
concretely. La requête du Cameroun demande à la Cour une décision judi-
ciaire sur le point de savoir si certains faits ou attitudes du Roy-
aume-Uni, en tant qu'autorité administrante, sont ou non confor-
mes au droit, c'est-à-dire à certaines dispositions de l'accord de
tutelle. La requête prie également la Cour de se prononcer sur le
point de savoir si le Royaume-Uni a enfreint le droit en s'abstenant

d'exécuter certaines décisions précises de l'Assemblée générale
des Nations Unies visant l'administration du territoire sous tutelle.
Les fondements de droit et de fait de ces demandes ont étéallégués
par le demandeur dans la requête, conformément au Règlement de
la Cour. On est donc en présence d'une controverse judiciaire
relevant du chapitre II du Statut.
On ne doit pas, à mon point de vue, attribuer à cette controverse
sur le droit le caractère d'un a-visconsultatif. Les différences sont
bien nettes. Les avis portent - dans la majorité des cas - sur la
prévision de situations futures: ils constituent des consultations

demandées à la Cour afin de mieux connaître comment le droit
devra êtreappliqué à l'avenir dans des cas particuliers encore non
survenus. Au contraire, dans la procédure contentieuse, les cas
soumis au jugement de la Cour visent presque toujours le passé:
ils cherchent à obtenir une décision sur la portée légale des actes
déjàaccomplis par le défendeur. Il est vrai que, exceptionnellement,
il y a des avis consultatifs qui font référenceà des situations passées
(voir celui de cCertaines dépenses des Nations Unies », 1962);
et il y a également, surtout dans la jurisprudence nationale, des
états où un jugement déclaratoire est demandé à l'avance afin de
savoir si ce qu'une des parties estime êtreson droit sera ou non

qualifié comme tel dans une situation bilatérale future. Mais il
ressort ici une deuxième différence capitale entre l'avis consultatif
et l'arrêtjudiciaire, à savoir que le premier n'est nullement obliga-
toire pour les intéressés, l'opinion exprimée n'étant revêtue que
d'une autorité morale, tandis que le second oblige juridiquement
les parties avec la force de (cchose jugée ». Dans le cas d'espèce, un
jugement a étédemandé par la République du Cameroun avec les
caractéristiques du jugement contradictoire.

On rappellera l'argument du Royaume-Uni: en admettant -
dit-il- l'hypothèse de l'existence d'un différendentre les Parties,

quel serait le but pratique d'une simple déclaration de droit à
propos de ce différend? Quelle serait la portée de l'arrêtde la Cour
quant au principe de la ccchose jugée ))s'il n'y a pas de décision
judiciaire signalant des obligations tangibles à exécuter par la
partie perdante? Les observations écrites du Cameroun (pp. 46
et ss.) et le conseil camerounais dans les plaidoiries, ont répondu à
ces questions de la Partie défenderesse. En ce qui me concerne, je
crois que les raisonnements du demandeur à cet égard sont satis-
faisants, car il est certainement vrai que les points soulevéspar la
requêtesont passibles d'une décisionapportant des résultats iitiles. The Application of Cameroon asks the Court to give a decision on
the question whether certain acts or attitudes of the United King-
dom, as Administering Authority, are or are not in accordance
with the law, i.e. with certain provisions in the Trusteeship Agree-
ment. The Application also asks the Court to give a decision as to
whether the United Kingdom has contravened the law by refrain-
iiig from giving effect to certain precise decisions of the General
Assembly of the United Nations relating to the administration

of the Trust Territory. The grounds of law and fact on which these
requests are based were specified by the Applicant in the Applica-
tion, in accordance with the Rules of Court. This is therefore a
legal controversy falling under Chapter II of the Statute.
In my view, the character of a request for an advisory opinion
must not be attributed to this controversy about the law. The
differences are quite clear. In the majority of cases opinions are
concerned with making provision for future situations: they are
opinions sought from the Court in order to be better informed as
to how the law must be applied in the future in particular cases
which have not yet occurred. In contentious proceedings, on the
other hand, cases submitted for decision by the Court almost al-
ways relate to the past : they are aimed at obtaining a decision as
to the legal effect of acts already committed by the respondent.
It is true that, exceptionally, there are advisory opinions which
refer to past situations (see the case concerning Certain Expenses
of the United Nations, 1962); and there are also, above al1 in the
case-law of individual countries, circumstances in which a declara-

tory judgment can be sought in advance in order to find out whether
what one of the parties considers his rights will or will not be con-
sidered as such in a future bilateral situation. But here there is a
second difference of capital importance between an advisory opin-
ion and a judgment of the Court, namely that the former is in
no way binding upon those concerned, the opinion given having
only moral authority, while the second imposes upon the parties
a legal obligation having the force of res judicata. In the present
case, the judgment sought by the Republic of Cameroon has the
characteristics of a contentious judgment.
The argument of the Ynited Kingdom will be recalled: admit-
ting-it states the hypcthesis that a dispute exists between the
Parties, what would be the practical purpose of a mere statement
of the law regarding such dispute? VC'hatwould be the effect of
the Court's judgment with respect to the principle of res judicata
if there be no judicial decision specifying tangible obligations to
be fulfilled by the losing Party? The Written Observations of
Cameroon and Counsel for Cameroon in his oral argument re-

plied to these questions raised bÿ the Respondent Party. So far as
1 am concerned, 1 feel that the reasoning advanced by the Appli-
cant in this respect is satisfactory, for it is certainly true that the
points raised in the Application are susceptible of a decision entail-Dans les litiges déclaratoires, la définition du droit, pure et simple,
en faveur d'une partie ou de l'autre, constitue en soi un jugeme~zt
qui dépasse le domaine purement spéculatif ou académique et
apporte à la partie gagnante un élémentvraiment objectif, à
savoir l'adjudication d'un droit avec lequel est enrichi ce que
j'appelle son (patrimoine juridique )),c'est-à-dire l'ensemble des
droits que ladite partie possède en tant que personne juridique.
Si le demandeur réussit, le fait d'assurer la possession de ce bien

ou droit d'une façon définitive et irréversible en vertu de la ((chose
jugée )constitue précisémentla réparation pratique que les arrêts
déclaratoires assignent à la partie gagnante. Si c'est le défendeur
qui apparaît dans l'arrêt comme partie gagnante, sa position en
droit se consolide légalement et tous les griefs de la demande
deviennent mal fondés, une réhabilitation publique étant l'effet
du jugement. Du côté de la partie perdante, une certaine dété-
rioration ou amoindrissement se produit dans sa condition juri-
dique personnelle sous l'influence de la ((chose jugée »,les deux

éléments de cet amoindrissement étant l'obligation d'accepter sans
objection possible les décisions de l'arrêt et, dans certains cas,
l'obligation de se soumettre aux responsabilités qui peuvent se
dégager de la déclaration judiciaire du droit. Tout ces effets du
jugement déclaratoire se manifestent au monde extérieur d'une
facon concrète et Derce~tible et rentrent dans le domaine de la vie
sociale ou internaiionaie au-delà des confins purement moraux ou
individuels.

Ce n'est pas aux juges de présumer quels seront ou pourront

être tous les autres buts matériels ou tangibles poursuivis mais
non exprimés par le demandeur au moment de formuler sa re-
quête: ce qui est bien connu est que généralement la déclaration
du droit dans un jugement déclaratif peut êtrela base, le point
de départ d'autres actions judiciaires ou d'autres démarches éco-
nomiques ou politiques visant les conséquences juridiques de
l'arrêt.Le conseil du Cameroun a donnéune explication àcet égard.
Mais ceci n'intéresse que le demandeur. Ce qui est essentiel, je
le répète,est qu'à mon avis la décision demandée à la Cour, dans
la présente affaire, n'a pas étéuniquement consultative ou aca-

démique ni simplement abstraite ou théorique et moins dépour-
vue de portée réelle, mais s'est bornée à demander un jugement
sur le point de savoir si - comme conséquence de certains faits
- il y a eu ou non infraction à certaines clauses d'un traité en
vigueur entre les Parties. (Art. 36, par. 2, alinéa c), du Statut.)
A mon avis, cette demande est recevable.

e) En cinquième lieu, bien que la requêteet le mémoire ne fas-
sent mention d'aucune infraction aux articles 3 et 7 de l'accord de

tutelle de la part de l'autorité administrante, la défense britan-
nique a fait observer qu'une allusion à ce sujet a été faite horsing practical results. In declaratory suits, the pure and simple
definition of the law, in favour of one or other of the parties, con-
stitutes in itself a judgment which goes beyond the purely specu-
lative or academic field and gives the successful party a truly ob-
jective element, namely the adjudication of a right with which
what 1 cal1his "legal assets" are enriched, that is to say, the whole
sum of rights which that party possesses in its capacity as a legal
person. If the applicant succeeds, it is precisely the fact ofensuring
to him the possession of the property or right in a final and irre-
versible manner, in virtue of the principle of res judicata, which
constitutes the practical reparation awarded to the successful
party by the declaratory judgment. If it is the respondent who
appears in the judgrnent as the successful party, his legal position
is consolidated and al1the matters of complaint in the application
become without foundation, the effect of the judgment being a
public rehabilitation. In the case of the losing party, a certain
deterioration or diminution takes place in its persona1 legal situ-

ation under the influence of the res judicata, the two elements of
this diminution being the obligation to accept without the possibility
of objecting thereto the decisions contained in the judgment and,
in certain cases, the obligation to discharge the responsibilities,
which may result from the court's statement of the law. Al1these
effects of a declaratory judgment become evident to the outside
world in a concrete and perceptible fashion and take their place
within the field of social or international life beyond any purely
moral or individual confines.
It is not for judges to speculate as to what will be or may be
al1 the other material or tangible aims which are sought but not
expressed by the Applicant at the time of drawing up its Appli-
cation: it is well known that usually the statednt of the law in a
declaratory judgment can be the basis, the point of departure,
for other legal actions or other economic or political steps con-
nected with the legal consequences of the judgrnent. Counsel for
Cameroon gave an explanation in this regard. But this concerns
only the Applicant. What is essential, 1 repeat, is that, in my view,

the decision which has been asked of the Court in this case was
not merely advisory or academic nor simply abstract or theoreti-
cal and stil less devoid of anv real effect. Al1that was asked for
was a judgment as to whether-as a consequence of certain facts-
there has or has not been an infringement of certain clauses of a
treaty in force between the Parties (Article 36, para. 2, sub-para.
(c), of the Statute). In my opinion this Application is admissible.

(e) In the fifth place, although the Application and the Memo-
rial do not mention any infringement of Articles 3 and 7 of the
Trusteeship Agreement on thepart of the Administering Authority,
the United Kingdom's defence pointed out that a reference to thisdu délai dans les observations écrites du Cameroun sur le contre-
mémoire britannique. M. l'Attorney-General a attiré l'attention
de la Cour sur ce point car, s'agissant d'un nouveau grief présenté
tardivement, la Cour ne pourra pas le recevoir et moins se pronon-
cer à son sujet. C'est une question de recevabilité quant à la forme
ProcéduraZe.
Il me semble qu'il y a eu une erreur d'appréciation de la part
du défendeur quant à l'omission initiale de la citation de l'article 3
de l'accord. Bien que la citation n'ait pas étéfaite d'une façon
explicite dans la requêteet le mémoire, une référence à cet article
y est implicitement mentionnée. En effet, l'article3 de l'accord

n'indique aucune obligation concrète ou particulière, mais plutôt
l'obligation généraleattribuée à l'autorité administrante de con-
duire le territoire en vue de réaliser les fins essentielles de la tu-
telle énoncéespar l'article 76 de la Charte et de collaborer avec les
Nations Unies à l'accomplissement des fonctions assignées à cet
organisme par l'article 87 du mêmeinstrument. Il va de soi que
si la requêteimpute au Royaume-Uni, en tant qu'autorité admi-
nistrante, la violation des articles5 et 6 de l'accord- qui visent
des obligations concrètes du tuteur pour atteindre les fins de la
tutelle-, on devra en déduire que le Royaume-Uni a aussi enfreint
l'article généralno 3 dont le texte contient la substance d'autres
articles de l'accord invoqués par le demandeur.

De même, sil'autorité administrante accepte comme une partie
de ses fonctions tutélaires une recommandation des Nations Unies
touchant l'administration de la tutelle, cette acceptation l'oblige

à exécuter ponctuellement les instructions de l'organisation au
sms des articles 7 et 3 (deuxième partie) de l'accord de tutelle.
Etant donné que la République fkdérale du Cameroun a affirmé
dans sa requête que le Royaume-Uni n'a pas accompli certaines
obligations découlant de la résolution 1473 de l'Assemblée géné-
rale, adoptée avec le consentement du Royaume-Uni, il s'ensui-
vrait qu'une infraction de l'article7 de l'accord de tutelle se serait
éventuellement produite. Il est vrai que la requêten'a pas indiqué
le numéro de l'article en question mais elle a tenu compte de son
contenu.

J'en conclus que l'exception d'irrecevabilité formelle formulée
par le Royaume-Uni à l'égard decette partie des griefs du deman-
deur n'est pas bien fondée.

f) En sixième lieu, les exceptions préliminaires du Royaume-Uni
comprennent un dernier point sur lequel M. l'Attorney-General
lors de la procédure orale n'a cependant pas insisté. Mais je ne
peux négligerd'en parler, d'autant que ce point vise d'une certaine
manière la recevabilité de la requête. Je me réfèreà l'allégation
selon laquelle la requête et le mémoire n'ont pas étélibellés en
162subject had been made belatedly in the Written Observations of
Cameroon on the United Kingdom Counter-Memorial. The Attor-
ney-General drew the Court's attention to this point for, being a
new matter of complaint submitted belatedly, the Court, he
claimed, could not entertain it, still less give judgment upon it.
It is a question of formal proceduraLadmissibility.
It seems to me that a wrong view was taken by the Respondent
as to the initial omission of a reference to Article3 of the Agree-
ment. Although it was not referred to explicitly in the Application
or the Memorial, it is impliedly mentioned there. In fact, Article
3 of the Agreement does not impose any concrete or special obliga-
tion, but rather a general obligation on the Administering Author-
ity to administer the Territory with a view to achieving the basic
objectives of trusteeship laid down in Article 76 of the Charter
and to collaborate with the United Nations in the discharge of
the functions assigned to that Organization by Article 87 of the
Charter. It goes without saying that if the Application imputes to
the United Kingdom, as Administering Authority, the violation

of Articles 5 and 6 of the Agreement, which relate to concrete
obligations of the Administering Authority with a viewto achieving
the aims of the trusteeship, it must be deduced therefrom that
the United Kingdom also infringed the provisions of Article 3,
which is general and the text of which covers the substance of
other Articles of the Agreement which were relied upon by the
Applicant .
In the same way, if the Administering Authority accepts as
part of its tutelary functions a recommendation by the United
Nations concerning the administration of the trusteeship, thisccep-
tance obliges it to give effect punctiliously to the instructions of
the Organisation within the meaning of Article 7 and the second
part of Article 3 of the Trusteeship Agreement. Seeing that the
Federal Republic of Cameroon asserted in its Application that the
United Kingdom did not fulfil certain obligations flowingfrom reso-
lution 1473 (XIV) of the General Assembly, which was adopted
with the consent of the United Kingdom, it would follow that
an infringement of Article 7 of the Trusteeship Agreement might
have taken place. It is true that the Application did not mention
the number of the Article in question, but it took account of its
contents.
1 conclude therefrom that the forma1 objection of inadmissibility
advanced by the United Kingdom with respect to this part of the
Applicant's statement of complaints is without foundation.

(1) In the sixth place, the Preliminary Objections of the United
Kingdom include a final point which, however, the Attorney-
General did not press during the oral proceedings. But 1 cannot
avoid mentioning it, the more so in that this point relates in cer-
tain way to the admissibility of the Application. 1 have in mind
the allegation that the Application and the Memorial were not
162 174 ARRÊT 2 XII 63 (OP. DISS. DE ar.BUSTAMANTE)
accord avec l'article 32 du Règlement de la Cour, car contrairement
à ce que dispose cet article, l'énoncé desfaits et des motifs de ces

pièces procédurales aurait étévague et abstrait. Donc, la demande
deviendrait irrecevable.
Mais les textes de la requête et le mémoire du Cameroun révè-
lent néanmoins que les faits signalés par le demandeur comme
constituant des infractions à l'accord de tutelle, ainsi que les dis-
positions légales applicables, ont étésuffisammentpréciséset détail-
lés.La circonstance que les conclusions finales de la requêteaient
invité la Cour à se prononcer sur ((certaines obligations N,sans les
spécifierd'une manière concrète, s'explique fort bien étant donné

que l'on a employé le mot ((certaines » visiblement pour faire al-
lusion aux obligations spécifiéesauparavant, au cours de tout le
contexte. Il n'y a pas eu, à mon avis, infraction à l'article 32 du
Règlement de la Cour.
9. Maintenant le moment est venu d'étudier la dernière condi-
tion que l'article 19 de l'accord de tutelle impose aux parties pour
qu'un différend quelconque, visant l'interprétation ou l'application

de ses clauses, puisse êtreprésentédevant la Cour. Il faut, selon
le texte, que le différendn'ait pu êtreréglépar voie de négociation
ou par un autre moyen. Une des exceptions du Royaume-Uni
vise ce problème.
La première affirmation que le Royaume-Lni soutient en l'espèce
est qu'aucune tentative véritable n'a étéfaite avant la requête pour
réglerle différend (si différendil y a) par voie de négociation.A ce
propos, je me réfèreàun des paragraphes précédentsoù référenceest
faite aux mémorandums échangésentre le Gouvernement du Came-
roun et leForeign Oficerespectivement en date des I~~et 26mai 1961.

J'y ai dit que ces documents contiennent tous les élémentsd'une
négociation diplomatique propre et suffisante où la matière du
différend est exposée en détail par le Cameroun et où la proposi-
tion amicale est faite de soumettre ce différend à la Cour interna-
tionale de Justice; la réponse anglaise contenant le rejet des impu-
tations adverses, dont la responsabilité incomberait, à mon avis,
non pas à l'autorité administrante mais aux Nations Unies; et
également le rejet de l'acceptation d'un règlement judiciaire de
l'affaire. La présenced'une négociation est indéniable. Cette docu-
mentation démontre, en outre, dans son contexte que la négocia-

tion diplomatique a échoué,ce qui revient à dire que l'impossibi-
lité de procéder à un arrangement amical est certaine. D'ailleurs,
l'impossibilité de négocier un arrangement autre que judiciaire
avec le Royaume-Uni découledu fait qu'après la date de la réso-
lution 1608 une solution directe du différend échappait à la
volonté ou à la seule décision du Gouvernement anglais, compte
tenu que celui-ci n'avait pas,à ce stade des événements,le pouvoir
de modifier à lui seul un état de choses créé - avec son assenti-
ment - par une résolution de l'Assemblée généraledes Nations drafted in accordance with Article 32 of the Rules of Court, for,
contrary to the provisions of that Article, the statement of the
facts and the grounds in these pleadings is said to be vague and
abstract. The claim is accordingly said to become inadmissible.
But the wording of the Application and the Memorial of Cam-
eroon shows, nevertheless, that the facts mentioned by the Appli-
cant as constituting infringements of the Trusteeship Agreement,
and also the legal provisions applicable, were stated with sufficient
precision and in sufficient detail. The fact that the final submis-
sions in the Application asked the Court to give judgment upon
"ctrfain obligations", without specifying them in a concrete man-
ner, is easily explicable seeing that the word "certain" was obvi-
ously used with reference to the obligations previously specified
in the body of the text. In my view, there has been no infringe-

ment of Article 32 of the Rules of Court.
9. The time has now come to examine the final condition im-
posed upon the Parties by Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement
in order that any dispute relating to the interpretation or appli-
cation of its clauses may be submitted to the Court. Article 19
provides that the dispute must be such as cannot be settled by
negotiation or other means. One of the United Kingdom's objec-
tions relates to this issue.
It is first maintained by the United Kingdom in this connection
that no real attempt was made before the Application to settle the
dispute (if dispute there be) by means of negotiation. In this con-
nection, 1 should like to refer to one of the paragraphs above where
reference is made to the memoranda, dated I and 26 May 1961

respectively, exchanged between the Government of Cameroon
and the Foreign Office. 1 stated there that these documents con-
tain al1 the elements of a proper and sufficient diplomatic nego-
tiation wherein the subject-matter of the dispute is set out in
detail by Cameroon and an amicable proposal ismade to submit the
dispute to the International Court of Justice. The United King-
dom reply rejects the imputations made against it in respect of
matters the responsibility for which, in its opinion, lies not with
the Administering Authority but with the United Nations; and
it also declines to accept judicial settlement of the matter. The
existence of negotiation cannot be denied. These documents fur-
thermore show by their terms that diplomatic negotiation failed,
which amounts to saying that the impossibility of reaching an
amicable settlement was certain. Moreover, the impossibility of
negotiating a settlement other than a judicial one with the United
Kingdom follows from the fact that after the date of resolution
1608 (XIT) a direct solution of the dispute did not come within the

control or the sole decision of the LTnited Kingdom Government,
seeing that at that stage in the events it did not have the power
by itself to alter a state of affairs created-with its assent-by175 ARRÊT 2 XII 63 (or. DISS. DE M. BUSTAMANTE)

Unies. Le différend n'était donc pas susceptible de négociation à
l'amiable.

Il y avait - le Royaume-Uni l'a allégué - une seconde condi-
tion. La négociation diplomatique écartée,ilse peut qu'il existe -
au dire de l'article 19 - quelque ((autre moyen ))en vertu duquel le

différendpuisse êtreréglé.Et, de l'avis du Royaume-Cni, cet ((autre
moyen »derèglementaurait étélarésolution1608(XV)del'Assemblée
générale desNations Unies, du 21 avril 1961, laquelle, en même
temps qu'elle ratifiait le résultat du plébiscite organiséles II et
12 février décidant du sort du Cameroun septentrional, mettait
fin à la situation de la tutelle et réglait par conséquent le problème
dudit territoire, la solution judiciaire restant d'emblée exclue.

Il me parait difficile d'admettre que la résolution 1608 (XV)
puisse avoir cette conséquence. Pour que cela fût possible, il au-
rait ét&nécessaire qu'il existât une complète identité entre les
points soulevés à la requête et caractérisant le différend, et les
points résoluspar l'Assembléegénérale.Cependant une nette dif-
férence ressort de la comparaison des deux instruments. Alors
que le premier - la requête - met en relief son caractère juridique,
le deuxième - la résolution 1608 - fait ressortir son but politique.

Les fins de l'un et de l'autre sont tout à fait distinctes. Ainsi qu'il
a déjà étédit, la résolution de l'Assemblée généralecontient la
confirmation ou légalisation du résultat des plébiscites des deux
Cameroun, septentrional et méridional, et décideque la fin du ré-
gime de tutelle sous administration britannique aura lieu à deux
dates ultérieures. La requête et le mémoire de la République du
Cameroun tendent à établir la responsabilité individuelle du Roy-

aume-Uni, en tant qu'autorité administrante du Cameroun sep-
tentrional, au sujet de certains actes et faits de son administration
tutélaire pendant la duréede la tutelle. Il ne serait pas loisible de
confondre ou d'identifier ces deux domaines d'application. C'est
pourquoi, à mon avis, il est loin d'être exactque la résolution 1608
ait réglé le différend à la manière d'un (autre moyen ))de solution:
ce qui est vrai est que l'expédition de la résolution 1608 - dont
le contenu ne donnait pas satisfaction à l'intérêtdu demandeur

- a fini par donner forme au différend encore naissant entre le
Cameroun et le Royaume-Uni et a précipité ledépôt de la requête.

Mais une autre raison, encore plus forte, conduit à refuser de
considérerla résolution 1608de l'Assemblée généralecomme ((l'autre
moyen)) de solution du différend prévu par l'article 19 de l'accord
de tutelle. L'exigence logique la plus élémentaire impose que cet

((autre moyen », pour êtrejuridiquement valable et efficace, doit
compter parmi ses élémentsintégrants l'intervention et le consente-
ment des Etats en litige, à savoir - dans ce cas - la République

164 a resolution of the General Assembly of the Vnited Nations.
The dispute was thus not one that could be settled by friendly
negotiation.
There was, according to the Vnited Kingdom, a second con-

dition. Diplomatic negotiation having been ruled out, there might
have been-in the words ofArticle 19-some "other means" by virtue
of which the dispute could have been settled. And, in the United
.Kingdom view, this "other means" of settlement was resolution
1608 (XV) of the General Assembly of the United Nations of 21
April 1961, which, at the same time as it ratified the result of the
plebiscite held on II and 12 February to decide the fate of the
Northern Cameroons, put an end to the situation of Trusteeship
and consequently settled the problem of that territory, a judicial
solution being thereby precluded.
It seems to me difficult to admit that resolution 1608 (XV) could
have had this result. For this to be possible it would have been
necessary for there to be complete identity between the points
raised in the Application and forming the subject-matter of the

dispute, and the points which formed the subject of the General
Assembly resolution. A comparison of the two documents, how-
ever, shows a marked difference. Whereas the former-the Appli-
cation-clearly reveals its legal nature, the second-resolution 1bo8
(XV)-emphasizes its political aim. The aims of the one and of the
other are altogether distinct. As has already been stated, theesolu-
tion of the General Assembly confirmed or legalized the results
of the plebiscites in the two Cameroons, Northern and Southern,
and decided that the regime of the Trusteeship under United
Kingdom administration should come to an end on two later dates.
The Application and the Memorial of the Republic of Canleroon
seek to establish the individual responsibility of the United King-
dom as Administering Authority for the Northern Cameroons,

with regard to certain acts and matters concerned with its adminis-
tration of the Trusteeship while it lasted.It would not be right to
confuse or identify these two fields of application. That is why, in
my opinion. it is far from being correct to Say that resolution 1608
(XV)settled the dispute by way of "another means" of settlernent.
What is true is that the voting of resolution 1608(XV)-the contents
of which did not provide satisfaction for the Applicant's interest-
finally gave form to the still nascent dispute between Cameroon
and the United Kingdom, and precipitated the filing of the Appli-
cation.
But there is another still stronger reason for declining to con-
sider resolution 1608 (XV) of the General Assembly as the "other
means" of settling the dispute referred to in Article 19 of the Trus-
teeship Agreement. The most elementary requirenient of logic

demands that, for such "other means" to be legally valid and effec-
tive, it must include as one of its constituent features the inter-
vention and consent of the disputing States, namely in this case,
164fédéraledu Cameroun et le Royaume-Uni. C'est pourquoi je pense
que, selon l'intention de l'accord de tutelle, la mention qui est
faite à un autre moyen 1)de solution vise les moyens de règlement
pacifique prévus à l'article 33, paragraphe1, de la Charte (enquête,
médiation, arbitrage, etc.) dont tous se caractérisent par une inter-

vention consensuelle plus ou moins élargie des deux Parties dans le
processus de l'arrangement. Cela est, précisément,ce qui manquait
à la résolution 1608 de l'Assemblée générale laquellea étéadoptée
sans l'assentiment et mêmeà l'encontre du vote de la République
can~erounaise. Etant donné que par ailleurs cette résolution avait
trait à des sujets autres que ceux qui constituaient le différend
avec le Royaume-Uni, l'action du Cameroun, quant au différend
lui-même,ne se rattachait pas aux effets obligatoires de la résolu-
tion 1608. Celle-ci ayant épuiséla voie administrative ou insti-
tutionnelle et vu les conséquences qu'allait produire la décisionde
l'Assembléetant au sujet des intérêtsde la République du Cameroun
qu'à l'égard des habitants du Cameroun septentrional, le deman-
deur a opté pour l'autre voie qui lui était ouverte par l'article 19

de l'accord de tutelle,, en invoquant la garantie judiciaire pour
définir en droit, avec1'Etat administrant, la question des responsa-
bilités juridiques subséquentes aux faits. Ainsi, on n'a pas affaire
à une attitude de rébellion ou désobéissancecontre la résolution
1608, mais on est en présence de l'emploi légitime d'un autre
recours parallèle expressément reconnu par l'article 19 cité ci-
dessus.

IO. Ce raisonnement soulève néanmoins une autre observation
capitale de la part du Royaume-Uni parce que - dit-il- si la

requête de la République du Cameroun doit, en dépit de la réso-
lution 1608 (XV) de l'Assemblée généraleê , treprésentéedevant la
Cour,cela reviendrait en faitàétablirunesorte d'instance supérieure,
une véritable revision des décisions des Nations Unies par la Cour,
ce qui anéantirait toute l'autorité des organes de l'institution inter-
nationale. Une telle manière de dépendance ou de subordination
de ces organes par rapport à la Cour ne serait pas conforme à
l'esprit de la Charte. D'après celle-ci les résolutions de l'Assemblée
générale, prises à la majorité requise dans chaque cas, ont une
valeur obligatoire définitive, mêmepour les Etats Membres qui rie
les ont pas soutenues de leur vote. Cette observation conduit le
Royaume-Uni à rejeter ce qu'on a appelé la théorie du ((double
emploi »d'aprèslaquelle les deux voies, administrative et judiciaire,

peuvent êtreutilisées pour trancher les problèmes soulevésau sein
des Nations Unies.
Vue sous un aspect concret se rapportant au cas d'espèce, cette
observation du Royaume-Uni ne concorde pas avec la réalité des
faits. La requêtedu Cameroun fédéralne recherche ni la dérogationdethe Federal Republic of Cameroon and the United Kingdom. That
is why 1 think that, in the intention of the Trusteeship Agreement,
the mention which is made of "other means" of settlement is a
reference to the means of peaceful settlement specified in Article
33, paragraph I, of the Charter (enquiry, mediation, arbitration,
etc.),al1 of which are characterized by the mutually agreed par-
ticipation to a greater or lesser extent, of the two parties in the
process of settlement. That is precisely what was lacking in resolu-
tion 1608(XV) of the General Assembly, which was adopted \vithout
the consent and even against the vote of the Republic of Cameroon.
Seeing, moreover, that this resolution dealt with subjects other
than those which constituted the dispute with the United King-
dom, the action of Cameroon, with regard to the dispute itself,

was not directed against the binding effects of resolution 1608
(XV). The latter having exhausted administrative or institutional
means, and in view of the consequences that the Assembly's
decision was going to produce both with regard to the interests
of the Republic of Cameroon and also with regard to the inhabi-
tants of the Northern Cameroons, the Applicant decided to follow
the other course which was open to it under Article 19 of the Trus-
teeship Agreement, invoking the judicial safeguard with a view
to obtaining, with the administering State, a judicial decision
based on law on the issue of the legal responsibilities deriving
from the facts. This is a case therefore not of any attitude of
rebellion or disobedience in respect of resolution 1608 (XV), but
of the legitimate use of another parallel recourse expressly recog-
nized in Article 19 as cited above.

IO. This reasoning, however, gives rise to another observation
of capital importance on the part of the United Kingdom because,
according to that country, if the Applicatior, of the Republic of
Cameroon is, notwithstanding resolution 1608 (XV) of the General
Assembly, to be submitted to the Court, this would in fact amount
to establishing a sort of superior Court, and to a veritable revision
of the decisions of the United Nations by the Court, which would
destroy al1the authority of the organs of the international Organ-
ization. This kind of dependence or subordination of these or-
gans in relation to the Court would not be in conformity with the
spirit of the Charter. According to the Charter, the resolutions of
the General Assembly, when adopted by the necessary majority
in each case, are definitively binding, even upon Member States
who have not voted for them. This observation leads the United
Kingdom to dismiss what was called the "duplication" theory
according to which the two means, administrative and judicial,

can be utilized to settle issues raised in the United Nations.
Considered from a concrete point of view and in relation to the
present case, this observation of the United Kingdom is not in
accordance with the actual facts. The Application of the Federalla résolution 1608 (XV), ni l'annulation du plébiscite du Cameroun
septentrional, ni le rétablissement de la tutelle sur ce territoire.

Il y a mêmeeu dans la procédure orale des déclarations explicites
de la Partie demanderesse à ce sujet. Ce que la requête demande
est un jugement de droit de la part de la Cour sur le point de savoir
si,à la lumière du texte de l'accord de tutelle du 13 décembre 1946
et de la résolution 1473 de l'Assembléegénérale,le Royaume-Uni,
en sa qualité d'autorité administrante du Cameroun septentrional,
a commis ou non des infractions à certaines dispositions touchant
l'application dudit accord ou de ladite résolution. Cet énoncCi
de la requêtepermet de dégagerun certain nombre de conséquences :

Prenzièrenrent : l'action judiciaire ne vise pas les Nations Unies ni
ne met en cause aucune des résolutions des organes de cette insti-
tution.
Dezrxièmement :l'action de la République du Cameroun est dirigée

contre le Roya.ume-Uni à titre dJEtat individuel chargé de l'ad-
ministration tutélaire du Cameroun septentrional.

Troisièmeme~zt:la requêtes'appuie sur le principe de la respon-
sabilité des Etats en tant que personnes juridiques de droit public
dans l'exécution d'actes dont l'objet est l'application des conven-
tions internationales librenient acceptées.

Qz~nfril.mevzent:dans le cas d'une déclaration de bien-fondé, le
Cameroun a demandé au tribuilal de ne donner aucun dispositif
de fait qui pourrait opérerun changement de la réalitéobjective ac-
tuelle dans le cas d'espèce, ni aucune réparation matérielle: la re-
quêtese borne ainsi à demander à la Cour de (dire le droit ))selon
la modalité des jugements déclaratoires.

Il me semble que ces précisions sont en elles-mêmessuffisantes
pour écarter la crainte que l'autorité des Nations Unies puisse être
touchée ou amoindrie par un arrêtjudiciaire qui trancherait le cas
présent. Aucun heurt n'est à envisager entre les deux pouvoirs.

Il reste à examiner la question sous un aspect généralou doctri-
naire et selon le texte de la Charte des Nations Unies. La procédure
orale nous procure à ce sujet un matériel abondant dans le cas

d'espèce.Deux mots seulement pour le résumer: bien que le concept
du droit ne soit pas étranger aux activités administratives des
i~istitutions oficielles- parmi lesquelles celles des organes des
Nations Unies --, les résolutions de cet ordre sont de préférence
de caractère politique sans traduire toujours une adaptation
minutieusedes règlesde droit aux exigences politiques. Au contraire,
dans le domaine judiciaire c'est le droit qui dicte exclusivement
ses normes.Republic of Cameroon does not seek the waiving of resolution
1608 (XV) or the annulment of the plebiscite in the Northern
Cameroons, or the re-establishment of trusteeship for that Terri-
tory. There were even during the oral proceedings explicit state-
ments by the Applicant Party to this effect. What the Application
asks for is a statement of the law by the Court on the question
whether, in the light of the wording of the Trusteeship Agreement
of 13December 1946 and of resolution 1473 (XIV) of the General
Assembly, the United Kingdom, in its capacity as Administering
Authority for the Northern Cameroons, has or has not committed
infringements of certain provisions concerning the application of
that Agreement or of that resolution. From this statement of the
Application a number of conclusions can be drawn:

First: the legal action is not aimed at the United Nations nor
does it cal1in question any of the resolutions of the organs of that
Organization.
Second : the Republic of Cameroon's action is directed against
the United Kingdom in its capacity as the individual State en-
trusted with the administration of the Northern Cameroons under

the Trusteeship.
Third: the ilpplication relies on the principle of the responsi-
bility of States as jundical persons of public law for the per-
formance of acts the object of which is the application of inter-
national convention freely entered into.
Foztrth: in the event of its case being declared well founded,

Cameroon has not asked the Court to make any actual order which
could bring about a change in the present actual situation in this
case, nor to award any material compensation: the Application
is thus confined to asking the Court to "state the law" in the
manner of a declaratory judgment.
It seems to me that these considerations are in themselves
sufficient to rule out the fear that the authority of the United
Nations might be affected or diminished by a judgment of the
Court settling the present case. No conflict need be contemplated be-

tween the two powers.
It re~nains to examine the question from the general aspect
and from that of principle and in the light of the terms of the
Charter of the United Nations. The oral proceedings in the present
case provide us with abundant material in this connection. To
sum up in a couple of words: although the concept of law is not
foreign to the administrative activities of officia1institutions-in-
cluding the organs of the United Nations-resolutions of this kind
are primarily of a political nature and do not always reflect a
scrupulous adaptation of the rules of law to political requirements.
In the legal sphere, on the other hand, it is exclusively the law
which dictates its norms.17~ ARRÊT 2 XII 63 (OP. DISS. DE M. BUSTAMANTE)

En ce qui concerne les institutions internationales, leurs statuts
définissent la portée et la force des résolutions administratives et
les moyens de les modifier ou de les reviser. Quant à la Charte
des Nations Unies, on ne trouve, au sujet des résolutions de1'Assem-

blée générale, aucune disposition excluant toute compétence
judiciaire. Au contraire, il me semble que le contexte général
de la Charte conduit à découvrir un certain parallélisme et une
claire compatibilité entre les deux institutions.
En effet :une préoccupation dominante se détache du texte de
plusieurs articles de la Charte au sujet de la primauté du droit et

de la légaleadministrationde la justice entre nations pour préserver
le monde de la guerre et réaliser le but suprêmede la paix inter-
nationale. Dès sonintroduction, la Charte proclame la foi despeuples
des Nations Unies ccdagzsles droits fondamentaux de L'ho?î~in eI
et cdans l'égalité des droits l...des nations, grandes et petites 1).
Dans son article premier, la Charte stipule comme un des buts des

Nations Unies «le respect du principe de l'égalitéde droits des
peuples l et de leur droit de disposer d'eux-mêmes ...on encourageant
le res$ect des droits de l'homme et des libertésfondamentales pour
tous )).
L'article 2 mentionne comme un des principes de l'organisation
et de ses Membres celui de ((remplir de bonne foi les obligations1

qu'ils ont assuméesaux termes de la présente Charte » et de régler
«leurs différends internationaux par des moyens pacifiyzlesl, de
telle manière que la paix et ...la justice ne soient pas mises en
danger D.Les articles 7 et oz mentionnent la Cour internationale
de Justice comme un des organes principaux de l'organisation dont
le Statut fait partie intégrante de la Charte. L'article 33, para-

graphe I, prescrit que :
«Les parties à tout différenddont la prolongation est suscepti-
ble de menacer le maintien de la paix et de la sécurité internatio-
nales, doiventl en rechercher la solution, avant tout, par voie de
négociation ...d'arbitrage, de règlementjudiciaire l», etc.

L'article 73 de la Charte établit la prémisse que l'administration
« des territoiries dont les populations ne s'administrent pas encore

complètement elles-mêmes ))constitue une rcspo~zsabilité des Etats
administrants et fait état de ce que les Membres c(reconnaissent
le principe de la primauté des intérêtsdes habitants de ces terri-
toires )),dont la protection est acceptée comme une cmission
sacrée 1)L'article 76 énonce les fins essentiellesdu régimede tutelle
parmi lesquelles, une fois de plus, ((le respect des droits de l'homme

et les libertés fondamentales 1)sont mentionnés.
En ce qui concerne le Statut de la Cour internatioFale de Justice,
l'article 35 établit que o la CourTest ouverte aux Etats parties au
Statut 11,c'est-à-dire à tous les Etats Membres de l'organisation.

Les italiquesont de noiis.

167 So far as concerns international institutions, their statutes
define the scope and force of their administrative resolutions
and the wav in which they are to be amended or revised. In the
Charter of the United Xations there is not to be found, with re-
gard to the resolutions of the General Assembly, any provision ex-
cluding al1 judicial jurisdiction. On the contrary, the general pur-
port of the Charter seems to me to reveal a certain parallelism and
a clear compatibility of the two institutions.
There is indeed one outstanding idea to be found in the text

of several Articles of the Charter in regard to the paramount im-
portance of law and of the legal administration of justice between
nations for the purposes of preserving the world from war and
achieving the supreme goal of international peace. Starting with
its preamble, the Charter proclaims the faith of the peoples of
the United Nations "in fundanzental human rights"l and in "the
equal rigt'zt...of nations large and small". In Article I the Charter
lays down as one of the purposes of the United Nations "respect
for the principle of equal rightsl and self-determination of peoples l
..encouraging respect for human rightsl and for fundamental frer-
doms for all".
~rticle 2 mentions as one of the principles of the Organization

and its Members that they shall "fulfil in good faith the obliga-
tions] assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter"
and "shall settle their international disputes by peaceful meansl in
such a manner that international peace and ..justice are not en-
dangered". Articles 7 and 92 mention the International Court
of Justice as one of the principal organs of the United Nations
and state that its Statute forms an integral part of the Charter.
Article 33, paragraph 1, stipulates that:

"The parties in any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to
endanger the maintenance of international peace and security,
shall first of all, seek a solution by negotiation ...arbitration,
iudicial settlementl",etc.
Article 73 of the Charter lays down the premise that "the adminis-
tration of territories whose peoples have not yet attained a full
measure of self-government" constitutes a responsibility of the

administering States and mentions the fact that the Members
"recognize the principle that the interests of the inhabitants of
these territories are paramount", and that the protection of them
is accepted as a "sacred trust". Article 76 specifies the basic objec-
tives of the Trusteeship system,amongst which it once more men-
tions "respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms".
As for the Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article
35 provides that "The Court shall be open to the States parties
to the present Statute", that is to Say, to al1 the Member States

l My italics.
167 ARR~T 2 XII 63 (OP. DISS. DE M. BUSTAMANTE)
I79
Enfin, l'article 36 détermine l'étendue de la compétence de la
Cour, cette compétence pouvant provenir de l'accord des parties,
des prévisions expresses de la Charte ou de traités ou conventions
en vigueur

Cette énumération démontre l'importance reconnue par la
Charte aux concepts de droit, de justice et de responsabilité des
États quant à leurs obligations juridiques et comment on a voulu
voir étendre la compétence de la Cour internationale de Justice.
Il n'est pas exagéréde dire que la mission de la Cour a étéconçue
par les fondateurs des Nations Vnies comme une des garanties les
plus remarquables pour le fonctionnement du nouveau système
international.
On ne saurait concilier ce critère de la Charte - tout à fait
favorable aux solutions de droit - avec l'exclusion complète de la
garantie judiciaire au cas où l'Assemblée généraledéciderait du

sort des territoires sous tutelle. La décisionadministrative en ce qui
concerne l'avenir politique d'un de ces territoires est une chose, le
fait de définir desr~ponsabilités qui, sur le plan juridique, peuvent
êtreimputables à1'Etat administrant quant àla manière d'exercer la
tutelle est tout autre chose. L'autorité de tutelle n'est pas un
exécuteur automatique des ordres de l'Assemblée générale mais
une entité juridique qui a accepté librement et volontairement sa
mission, qui peut formuler des observations et des réserves aux
accords de l'Assemblée, qui peut mêmeprésenter devant celle-ci
sa démissionsi de tels accords sont contraires à son avis et qui doit,
le cas échéant,rendre compte de ses actes à ceux qui en auraient
un intérêtjuridique.

En outre, il faut rappeler qu'étant donné la composition des
Kations Cnies et leur caractère d'institution mondiale suprême
dans le domaine politique, aucune possibilité d'action judi-
ciaire contre l'institution elle-mêmen'est prévue dans la Charte
et, par conséquent, aucune responsabilité institutionnelle ne peut
s'en dégager au sujet des actes institutionnels., Mais le cas
est tout à fait différent en ce qui concerne les Etats Membres
considérésindividuellement. Ils agissent au sein de l'institution en
tant que personnes juridiques et sont, à ce titre, responsables de

leurconduite àl'égarddes États tiers. Je crois que c'est précisément
un des motifs pour lesquels, en ce qui concerne les relations entre
États, la Charte a crééla garantie judiciaire que la Cour est appelée
appliquer. Dans le cas particulier, qui est l'objet du présent litige,
des obligations et des responsabilités sont prévues à l'accord de
tutelle accepté, par le Royaume-Uni et concernant le Cameroun
septentrional. Etant donné que l'article 19 de cet accord établit la
clause juridictionnelle pour qualifier lesdites responsabilités, je
crois que mon devoir de juge est de me prononcer en faveur de la
compétence.of the Organization. Lastly, Article 36 determines the scope of the
Court's jurisdiction, which can be based on agreement between
the parties, on the express provisions of the Charter or on treaties
and conventions in force.
This enurneration reveals the importance attributed by the Char-
ter to the concepts of law, justice and the responsibility of States
in respect of their legal obligations, and it shows the way inwhich
it was sought to extend the jurisdiction of the International Court
of Justice. It would be no exaggeratioil to Say that the function
of the Court was regarded by the founders of the United Nations
as constituting one of the most striking guarantees for the oper-
ation of the new international system.
It~vouldbe impossible to reconcile this criterion of the Charter-
entirely in favour of legal solutions-with the complete exclusio~i
of the judicial safeguard in cases in which the General Assembly

decided upon the fate of trust territories. The administrative de-
cision with regard to the political future of such a territory is
one thing, the definition of the responsibilities which, on the legal
plane, may be held to be binding iipon the admitîistering State in
respect of the way in which the trusteeship is exercised is something
quite different. The Administering Authority is not there merely
to execute automatically the orders of the General Assembly, it
is a legal entity which has freely and voluntarily accepted its
task, which may formulate observations and reservations with
regard to the Assembly's agreements, which may indeed discharge
itself of the trust if such agreements conflict with its views and
which must, where appropriate, account for its actions to those
having a legal interest therein.
Moreover, it must be remembered that having regard to the
composition of the United Nations and its character as a supreme
world institution on the political plane, no means of judicial action
against the institution itself is provided for in the Charter and,

consequently, no institutional responsibility can result therefrom
in respect of its acts as an institution. But the case is entirely dif-
ferent as regards Member States considered individually. They
act within the institution as juridical persons and are as such re-
ponsible to third States in respect of their conduct. 1 believe that
that is precisely one of the reasons for which, so far as relations
between States are concerned, the Charter created the judicial
safeguard which the C~urt is called upon to apply. In the particu-
lar case which is the subject of the present proceedings, obliga-
tions and responsibilities are provided for in the Trusteeship Agree-
ment accepted by the I'nited Kingdorn and relatirig to the Northern
Cameroons. Sirice Article 19 of that Agreement provides a juris-
dictional clause for the determination of such responsibilities, 1
believe it to be my duty as a judge to decide in favour of juris-
diction. La garantie judiciaire est, en vérité, un des supports les plus
précieux de la sociétémoderne. Elle signifie la priorité du droit sur
d'autres facteurs: intérêt,négligence,abus ou force. Elle fortifie le
principe de la responsabilité comme régulateur de la conduite

sociale et internationale. Elle peut éviter à l'avenir de nouvelles
transgressions. Elle constitue, en somme, une garantie multiple
dont l'objet est de dire le droit là où il faut le déclarer: soit pour
prévenir les déviations dans l'application de la loi, soit pour les
corriger quand elles se sont produites; pour juger sur les infractions
du droit ou pour établir les responsabilités de celui qui les a com-
mises; toute une mosaïque de con~pétencesqui visent l'ensemble
des activités internationales: le comportement des gouvernements,
la politique des Etats, les actes administratifs des grandes insti-
tutions d'ordre international. C'est - à coup sûr - pour cela que
la clause juridictionnelle (ence cas l'articl19 de l'accord de tutelle)

ne limite pas l'action des Etats Membres des Nations Unies en
restreignant la portée de sa protection judiciaire et n'exige pas non
plus, qu'un consentement préalable de l'organisation soit donné
à 1'Etat Membre qui se propose d'en faire'la demande. En résumé,
il me semble que l'article 19 constitue une expression de cette
garantie suprêmeet même universelle d'invoquer en dernier lieu
la décision de la justice pour régler en droit les affaires ou les
exigences politiques ou toute autre sorte d'intérêts pouvant léser
le domaine juridique des tiers. II importe de ne pas affaiblir cette
garantie aussi nécessaire qu'utile.
11est regrettable que, sur la base de la suggestion faite à un

certain moment par l'Assembléegénérale des Nations Cnies, une
demande d'avis consultatif n'ait pas étéfaite à propos des divers
problèmes touchant l'administration des Cameroun sous tutelle.
Maiscette occasion ayant été perdue, il ne reste plusà la Cour - au
présent stade des événements - que de rendre son arrêt au sujet
de la requêtede la République du Cameroun au sens de l'article 19
de l'accord de tutelle. Et je dois dire qu'à mon avis l'exception du
((double emploi ))n'est pas acceptable.

II. L'examen que je viens de faire à l'égarddes exceptions pré-
sentéespar le Royaume-Uni à la requêtede la République fédérale
du Cameroun permet de voir qu'elles ont affaire les unes à la rece-
vabilité de la demande, les autres à la compétence de la Cour,
bien que ces deux groupes ne soient pas nettement indépendants
ou distincts, car certaines exceptions formulées sur la base de
l'irrecevabilité entraînent aussi la négation de la compétence. Sous
un autre angle, il y a quelques exceptions qui visent des aspects
simplement formalistes ou procéduraux, d'autres - par contre -
qui touchent le fond mêmedu différendpour en déduirele manque
de recevabilité. C'est pour cela que l'ensemble des objections du

Royaume-Uni prend à certains moments une apparence coinplexe JUDG. 2 XII 63 (DISS.OPIN. JUDGE BUSTAMANTE) 180
The judicial guarantee is, in truth, one of the most important
pillars of modern society. It means the primacy of law over other
factors: interests, negligence, abuse or force. It gives force to the
principle of responsibility as a regulating element in social and

international conduct. It can prevent further transgressions in the
future. In short, it constitutes a manifold guarantee the purpose
of which is to state the law when it requires to be stated: either to
prevent deviation in the application of the law, or to correct it
when it occurs; to adjudicate upon breaches of the law or to estab-
lish the responsibility of the offender; a whole mosaic of powers
covering al1 international activities:the conduct of governments,
the policies of States, the administrative acts of the great inter-
national institutions. It is certainly for this reason that the juris-
dictional clause (in this case Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agree-
ment) does not restrict action by States Members of the United
Nations by limiting the scope of the judicial protection which it
affords, and likewise does not require that the previous consent of
the Organization should be given to a Member State which pro-
poses to avail itself of it. Tosum up what1have said, it seenls to me

that Article 19 is an expression of this supreme and indeed univer-
sa1 guarantee for the claiming in the last resort of a decision of a
court of justice to settle in law cases or political requirements or
interests of any other sort which are capable of causing legal
injury to third parties. It is important that this safeguard, which
is as necessary as it is useful, should not be weakened.
It is regrettable that, on the basis of the suggestion which was
at one time made by the General Assembly of the United Nations,
a request for an advisory opinion was not made with regard to
the various questions relating to the administration of the Trust
Territory of the Cameroons. But this opportunity having been
lost, it only remains for the Court-at the present stage of events
to deliver its Judgment on the Application of the Republic of
Cameroon in accordance with Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agree-
ment. And 1 must Say that in my opinion the Objection based on

"duplication" cannot be upheld.
II. The examination which 1 have just undertaken of the
various Objections raised by the United Kingdom to the Appli-
cation of the Federal Republic of Cameroon reveals that some re-
late to the admissibility of the claim and others to the jurisdiction
of the Court, although the two categories are not clearly indepen-
dent or distinct, for certain Objections expressed on the basis of
inadmissibility also involve a denial of jurisdiction. Looked at
from another angle, there are some Objections which relate to
simply formalistic or procedural aspects, while others, on the other
hand, touch upon the very substance of the dispute and base upon

it the inadmissjbility of the claim. That is why the Objections of
the United Kingdom as a whole at certain times take on a complexet mêmeinextricable. Néanmoins, je suis arrivé à la conclusion que
toutes les exceptions méritent vraiment la qualification de prélimi-
?laires telles que le défendeur les a nommées, dans le sens que je
n'ai pas eu besoin, en pratique, de me prononcer sur le fond de la
controverse aux fins d'étudier l'admissibilité ou la non-admissibilité
de telle ou telle exception. C'est sur la base de ce raisonnement que
je n'ai pas trouvé indispensable de réserver certaines des exceptions

comme péremptoirespour l'arrêt final sur le fond, à supposer que la
Cour se déclare compétente.

12. Mais, mêmedans le cas où l'examen des exceptions propo-
séesavait conduit la Cour à se saisir de l'affaire établie par la re-
quête,une question complémentaire a étésoulevéeau sein du tri-

bunal, à savoir: (si une fois la Cour régulièrement saisie, elle est
toujours contrainte d'exercer sa compétence I),ou ((si, compte tenu
de certaines limitations inhérentes à l'exercice de la fonction ju-
diciaire, elle devrait s'abstenir .)de dicter son prononcé dans le
cas d'espèce. En analysant les pikes pertinentes de la procédure
(requête, mémoire, observations aux exceptions, conclusions)
((afin de d6terminer si le jugement sollicité est de ceux que la
Cour peut rendre dans le cadre de sa fonction I),l'opinion qui a

prévalu a étéque la vraie intention de la demande était de yiser
l'injustice du rattachement du Ca~neroun septentrional à un Etat
autre que la République du Cameroun, cette injustice étant surve-
nue parce que le Royaume-Uni, en tant qu'autorité administrante,
aurait créé desconditions telles que la tutelle a abouti audit
rattachement. Cependant, étant donné que la République fédérale
a expressément déclaréqu'elle ne demandait pas à la Cour de ré-
parer l'injustice alléguée,ni de lui accorder la moindre compen-

sation matérielle, ni de reviser les décisions de l'Assembléegéné-
rale, la Cour serait alors rkduite à trancher une question éloignée
de la réalitéet à rendre un arrêtnon effectivement applicable. On
peut inférer - dit-on - que ce que le demandeur voudrait, c'est
que la Cour considère certains faits du Royaume-Uni à seule fin
d'arriver à des conclusions allant à l'encontre de celles qu'a énon-
cées l'Assembléegénéraledans sa résolution 1608 (XV) ; mais mal-
grécela le demandeur a reconnu lui-mêmecette résolution comme
définitive et inamovible, l'arrêt de la Cour ne pouvant pour ces

motifs avoir de conséquences pratiques, ni remplir une véritable
mission judiciaire. D'ailleurs, puisqu'il est établi que l'accord de
tutelle a valablement pris fin, il en découlequela tutelle a elle-même
disparu, que les droits conféréspar ledit accord à d'autres nlembres
des Nations Unies se sont éteints et que la possibilité d'applica-
tion de l'article 19 touchant la compétence de la Cour a cessé le
~erjuin 1961, surtout si l'on considère que la requêtene compor-
tait aucune demande de réparation, mais simplement une consta-and even inextricable appearance. Kevertheless, 1 have come to
the conclusion that al1 the Objections are really properly called
preliminary, as the Respondent has termed them, in the sense
that 1 have not in practice found it necessary to reach a decision

upon the merits of the dispute for the purpose of examining the
admissibility or the non-admissibility of any particular Objection.
It is for these reasons that 1 have not found it iildispensable to
reserve some of the Objections, as being peren~ptoryones, for the
final judgment on the merits, in the event of the Court's holding
that it has jurisdiction.
12. Rut even if an examination of the Objections raised had
led the Court to consider the case put forward in the Application,
there is a further question which was raised by the Court, namely
whether "the Court, when seised ..is ... compelled in every case
to exercise" its "jurisdiction", or whether, having regard to cer-
tain "inherent limitations on the exercise of the judicial function"

it should refrain from adjudicating in the present case. After an
analysis of the relevant pleadings (Application, Memorial, Obser-
vations on the Objections, Submissions) "to determine whether
the adjudication sought by the Applicant is one which the Court's
judicial function permits it to give", the prevailing opinion was
that the true intent of the claim was to impugn the injustice of the
attachment of the Northern Cameroons to a State other than the
Republic of Cameroon, this injustice being due to the fact that
the United Kingdom, as Administering Authority, allegedly created
such conditions that the trusteeship led to that attachment. Since,
however, the Federal Republic expressly stated that it was not
asking the Court to redress the alleged injustice or to award repar-
ation of any kind, nor to review the decisions of the General
Assembly, it is said that the Court is relegated to an issue remote
from reality and asked to give a judgment not capable of effective
application. It may be inferred-it issaid-that what the Applicant

wants is that the Court should consider certain acts of the United
Kingdom solely for the purpose of arriving at conclusions con-
flicting with those expressed by the General Assembly in resolution
1608 (XV) ; but in spite of that the Applicant has itself recognized
that that resolution is definitive and irrevocable, and the judgrnent
of the Court could not, for these reasons, have any practical con-
sequences or fulfil a genuine judicial function. Moreover, since it
has been established that the Trusteeship Agreement was validly
terminated, it follows that the Trust itself disappeared, that any
rights conferred by that Agreement upon other Members of the
United Nations came to an end and that the possibility of the
application of Article 19 relating to the jurisdiction of the Court
ceased to exist on I June 1961, particularly if it be borne in mind
that the Application included no claim for reparation but merely tation du manquement au droit. La Cour devra donc clore la pré-
sente instance.
A mon grand regret, je dois dire mon dissentiment à l'égard de
ces vues de la majorité de la Cour, parce qu'il me semble que les
bases sur lesquelles elle s'appuie ne sont pas exactes. Mon point

de vue coïncide, bien entendu, avec l'affirmation que la demande
ne prétend pas autre chose qu'une constatation du manquement
au droit, à savoir: si le Royaume-Uni, dans l'application de cer-
taines mesures, n'a pas respecté certaines obligations prévues à
l'accord de tutelle ou certaines instructions de l'Assemblée géné-
rale. C'est un cas où la responsabilité juridique du tuteur doit être
éclaircie. J'ai déjà expliquédans le paragraphe 8, alinéa d), de la
présente opinion, pourquoi et comment cette façon de ccdire le
droit», qui caractérise les jugements déclaratoires, réunit les qua-
lités d'efficacité pratique et de force obligatoire en vertu de la
chose jugée, cesdeux qualités représentant les attributs typiques
d'un arrêt judiciaire. A mon avis, une décision de cette espèce se
trouve clairement comprise dans la fonction d'administrer la jus-
tice qui prêtesa physionomie à la mission judiciaire des tribunaux,
comme prévu à l'article 36, paragraphe 2, alinéa c), du Statut de

la Cour. Des précédents dans des cas similaires sont enregistrés
dans la jurisprudence de la Cour permanente, ainsi que de l'ac-
tuelle Cour. (Par exemple l'affaire de la Haztte-Silésiepolo~laise,
C. P.J.I.,sérieA no 7; l'affaire du Détroitde Corfou,C.I.J. Recueil
1949, p. 36.) Dans ces affaires, comme dans la présente, le juge-
ment ou la demande a porté sur la conduite passéedu défendeur,
c'est-à-dire sur ses responsabilités juridiques.
On ne doit pas envisager dans l'arrêt l'éventuelle inclusion de
dispositions modifiant la résolution 1608 (XV) de l'Assemblée
générale,par exemple: l'annulation du plébiscite ou le détache-
ment du Cameroun septentrional de la Nigériaou le rétablissement
de la tutelle. Cela serait introduire dans le jugement des matières
non contenues dans la requête. Il faut rappeler que l'action intro-
duite par la République du Cameroun a étédirigée uniquement
contre le Royaume-Uni et non pas contre les Nations Unies et

que l'objet de l'action ne porte que sur des sujets visant l'exé-
cution, exacte ou erronée, de l'accord de tutelle par le défendeur,
indépendamment des décisions prises par l'Assemblée générale.
Aucun risque n'existe donc de déclencher dans l'arrêt un conflit
entre le demandeur et ladite Assemblée.

Bien que l'accord de tutelle sur le Cameroun sous administra-
tion britannique soit devenu caduc le lerjuin 1961 en vertu de la
résolution 1608 (XV), l'affirmation selon laquelle on ne peut plus
invoquer cet accord pour juger la conduite de l'autorité adminis-
trante dans le passéme parait trop absolue et contraire à des prin-
cipes admis généralement au sujet de l'application des lois. Une
chose est essentielle en l'espèce: c'est qu'il ne s'agit pas de situa-sought a finding of a breach of the law. The Court has, therefore,
decided to put an end to the present proceedings.
To my great regret, 1 am bound to express my dissent from these
views of the majority of the Court, because it seems to me that the
basis on which they rest is not correct. My point of view is, of course,
in agreement with the assertion that the claim is for nothing more
than a finding of a hreach of the law, namely that the United King-
dom, in the application of certain measures, has failed to respect
certain obligations provided for in the Trusteeship Agreement or
certain instructions of the General Assembly. It is a case in which

the legal responsibility of the trustee must be clarified.1 have
already explained in paragraph 8, sulù-paragraph (d), of this Opin-
ion why and how this means of "stating the law", which is the
characteristic of declaratory judgments, combines the merits of
practical effectiveness and binding force as res judicata, these two
characteristics representing the typical attributes of a judicial
decision. In my opinion, a decision of this kind is clearly included
in the function of the administration of justice which imprints
its features upon the judicial function of courts, as is provided
by Article 36, paragraph 2, sub-paragraph (c),of the Statute of
the Court. Precedents to this effect in similar cases are to be found
in the decisions of the Permanent Court and of the present Court.
(For example, the Polish Upper Silesia case, P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 7; the Corju Clza.ut,nclase, I.C.J. Reports1949, p. 36.) In those
cases, as in the present case, the judgment or the claim related to
the past conduct of the Respondent, that is, to its legal responsi-
bilities.
It would not be right to contemplate including in any judgment
in the case any provisions designed to modify resolution 1608 (XV)

of the General Assembly such as the annulment of the plebiscite,
the detaching of the Northern Cameroons from Nigeria or the rein-
stitution of trusteeship. To do so would be to introduce into the
judgment matters not contained in the Application. It must be
recalled that the proceedings instituted by the Republic of Cam-
eroon were directed solely against the United Kingdom and not
against the United Nations and that the subject-matter of the
proceedings relates only to matters concerning the performance,
proper or incorrect, of the Trusteeship Agreement by the Respon-
dent, independently of any decisions taken by the General Assem-
bly. There is therefore no risk of the Judgment's producing any
conflict between the Applicant and the General Assembly.
Although the Trusteeship Agreement for the Cameroons under
British Administration lapsed on I June 1961 as a result of reso-
lution 1608 (XV), the assertion that that Agreement can no longer
be relied upon for the purposes of judging the conduct of the Ad-
ministering Authority in the past appears to me to be too absolute
and contrary to generally recognized principles with regard to
the application of laws. One thing is essential in the present case:

171tions futures lesquelles, évidemment, ne pourraient pas être régies
par un traité déjà périmé.La requête vise les activités passées
du Royaume-Uni, exercées pendant la durée de la tutelle. Cette
situation rétrospective ne peut êtreenvisagée qu'à la lumière de
la loi qui gouvernait à cette époque-là, c'est-à-dire l'accord de tu-
telle du 13 décembre 1946. Le fait que, peu après la formulation de

la requête, l'accord detutelle soit devenu caduc n'affaiblit pas le
maintien de ce principe, car si l'application de l'accord était con-
testée, le système de la responsabilité juridique des personnes s'ef-
fondrerait et des cas - fort possibles - d'abus ou de transgres-
sions aboutiraient à l'impunité. La jurisprudence interne des États
et certaines règles du droit public offrent des exemples utiles qui
ne doivent pas êtrenégligésdans le domaine international. Dans
nombre de cas, on a appliqué à une succession les normes énoncées
dans un code civil abrogé, lorsque le décèsdu testateur s'était
produit pendant la période où ce code était en application. De
même,des conflits sont survenus touchant l'inconstitutionnalité
de certaines lois dont le texte - pour définir le point - a dû être
confronté avec la Constitution sous laquelle elles avaient étépro-
mulguées, malgré le fait que ladite Constitution avait déjà été
remplacée par une autre ou d'autres postérieures. Il me semble

que dans ces cas où le jugement doit porter sur une situation passée,
la position du juge est de se placer à l'époque des événements
sub litis et d'appliquer les lois qui régissaient à ce moment-là,
bien qu'elles ne soient plus en vigueur actuellement. L'accord de
tutelle de 1946 serait donc valablement invoqué pour résoudre le
cas présent.

13. Pour les raisons qui précèdent, monavis est que la demande
est recevable, que les exceptions préliminaires du Royaume-Uni
ne sont pas bien fondées et que la Cour est compétente pour se
prononcer sur le fond de la requête dela République fédéraledu
Cameroun.

(Signé) J. L. BUSTAMANR T.that future situations should not be involved since these, clearly,
could not be governed by a treaty which had ceased to be in force.
The Application is concerned with past activities of the United
Kingdom, performed during the period of trusteeship. This retro-
spective situation can only be envisaged in the light of the rele-
vant law in force at that period, that is to Say, the Trusteeship
Agreement of 13 December 1946. The fact that, shortly after the
formulation of the Application, the Trusteeship Agreement ceased
to be in force does not detract from the applicability of this prin-
ciple, for if the application of the Agreement were challenged, the

system of legal responsibility of perçons would break down and
cases-entirely possible-of abuses or transgressions would passwith
impunity. The decisions of municipal courts and certain rules of
public law furnish useful examples which should not be disregard-
ed on the international plane. In many cases, the rules enacted in
a repealed Civil Code have been applied in cases of succession,when
the death of a testator occurred at a time when the Code was still
in force. Similarly, conflicts have arisen with regard to the uncon-
stitutionality of certain laws of which the text, to determine the
point, has had to be read in the light of the provisions of the Con-
stitution under which they were enacted, in spite of the fact that
that Constitution had already been replaced by a later Constitu-
tion or more than one subsequent Constitution. It seems to me
that in such cases, where the judgment must relate to a past situ-
ation, the duty of the Court is to place itself at the period of
the events which are the subject of the proceedings and to apply
the laws then in force, even though they should be no longer in
force. The Trusteeship Agreement of 1946 is accordingly properly

invoked for the purpose of resolving the present case.

13.For the foregoing reasons, my opinion is that the claim is
admissible, that the preliminary objections of the United King-
dom are not well foundecl and that the Court has jurisdiction to
pass upon the merits of the Application of the Federal Republic
of Cameroon.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Bustamante (translation)

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