Separate Opinion of Judge Sir Percy Spender

Document Number
048-19631202-JUD-01-05-EN
Parent Document Number
048-19631202-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF

JLDGE SIR PERCY SPENDER

The central issue in this case is, in my opinion, whether the
dispute alleged by the Republic of Cameroon is a dispute within
the meaning of the adjudication clause; Article 19 of the Trustee-
ship -Agreement. Since 1 reach the conclusion that the dispute
alleged is not a dispute within the meaning of that Article, the
Court is, in my opinion, u-ithout jurisdiction.

This Court in 1962 had occasion in the South West Afrzc~rcases l
to consider an adjudication clause which was contained in the
Mandate Instruments under the Covenant of the 1-eagueof Nations,
a clause rvhich in al1 essentials-apart from one matter to which

reference n-il1 later be madc-was the same as that set out in
Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement the siibject of consideration
in thib case. The very core of the Court's reasoning which led it to
give to the adjudication clause in the South West African Mandate
the all-embracive interpretation it did was, in my view, that that
clause \vas inherently necessary, v1asessential to tlie unctioning of
the 3Iandate System and the exercise of the Mandate, in order to
ensurc the performance by the hfandatory Power of its obligations
to the peoples of the Mandated Territoryasset forth in the Mandate
Instrument. The clause, in the Court's opinion, thus provided an
essential judicial security for the performance ofthese obligations.
These considerations led the Court to conclude that the adjudi-
cation clause in the Mandate Instrument covered not only disputes
between a State, a Member of the League, and the Mandatory
Power in relation to provisions of the Mandate Inst~ument where-
under individual rights or interests were conferred upon States,

Members of the League or their nationals, but also the provisions
thereof which imposed general obligations upon the Mandatory
Power in the interests of the people of the Mandated Territory--
the obligations to carry out the "sacred trust" imposed upon and
undertaken by it.

In the present case the context of the adjudication ciause-Article
19 of the Trusteeship Agreement-is not the same as it was in the
Sozcth West Africa cases, though it is in al1 essential wording the
same. In the South West Africa cases the clause had to be interpreted
in the context of the Covenant of the League and the terms of the
Mandate Instrument; in the present case it must be interpreted in

Z.C.J. Reports 1962319,

54 the context of the International Trusteeship System established
under the Charter of the United Nations and the terms of the
Trusteeship Agreement itself. Moreover, much of the foundation
upon which the Court erected its reasoning in the cases of Soz~th
West Africa in the instant case crumbles away; the Court in those

cases itself recognizing that the necessity for the adjudication
clause-essentiality-which was stated by it to characterize the
clause in the Mandate System disappeared under the International
Trusteeship System of the United Natioiis; it was "dispensed with"
by the termç of the Charter l.
My colleague, Judge Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice, and 1 clisagreed
with the reasoning of the Court as well as with the interpretation it
placed upon the adjudication clause in the Maridate Instrun~ents,
and we expressed Ourview at length. Although a great deal of what
we then had to Say is directly applicable to the interpretationto be
accorded to the adjudication clause in this case-in particular we

rejected the view that the adjudication clause was either essential or
necessary to the Mandate System or the Mandate Instrument-
none the less, since the task of interpretation in this case is not the
same as that which faced the Court in the Soîtth West -4Jricacases,
it would, 1 think, be neither sufficient nor satisfactory to refer in
general to the reasoning then advanced by my colleague and myself
and content myself with a brief presentation of my views in the
case. 1think it advisable to express in some detail the reasons which
lead me, in this case, to the conclusion that the dispute alleged by
the Applicant is not a dispute within the meaning of Article 19
of the Trusteeship Agreement beforc the Court.

The Broad 1ssz.1~t~o Be Deter~nined

The Applicant alleges breaches by the Respondent of Articles 3,
j, 6 and 7 of the Trusteeship Agreement. The breaches alleged are
riot particularized except under heads of "complaints" in the
Application and Memorial. The Articles above mentioned express in
broad and general tern~s obligations undertaken by the Adminis-
tering Authority with the United Nations to administer the Terri-

tory in such a manner as to achieve the basic objectives of the
International Trusteeship System laid down in Article 76 of the
United Nations Charter (and to this end the Administering Author-
ity undertook to collaborate fully with the General Assembly and
the Trusteeship Council on the discharge of their functions) (Article
3): to promote the development of free political institutions suited
to the Territory and assure its inhabitants an increasing share in

l I.C. J. Reeo1962,at342.

55administrative and other services and develop their participation
in government as might be appropriate to the particular circum-
stances of the Territory and its people, special regard being had to
the provisions of Article5 (a)of the Triisteeship Agreement (Article
6): and to apply in the Territory, inter alia, recommendations
already existing or thereafter drawn up by the United Nations which
might be appropriate to the particular circumstances of the Terri-
tory and conduce to the achievement of the basic objectives of the
International Trusteeship System (Article 7). Article5 (a), to which
reference is made above, provided that for al1 purposes of the
Trusteeship Agreement the Administering Authority should have
full powers of legislation, administration and jurisdiction and should
administer the Territory in accordance with the Authority's own
laws as an integral part of its territory "mith such modification as
may be required by local conditions" and subiect to the provisions
of the Cnited Nations Charter and of the Trusteeship Agreement.
Though the Applicant allegesbreaches generally of the provisions
of the Trusteeship Agreement no other specificprovision of the same
is adverted to by the Applicant or referred to in its "complaints",
which constitute, as its Application States, the subject-matter of its

dispute xvith the Respondent Government, other than Article 5
(b) which provides that the Administering Authority should be
entitled,intzr alia, to constitute the Territory intoan administrative
union or federation with adjacent territories under its sovereignty
or control and to establish common services between such territories
and theTrust Territory where such "measures" were not inconsistent
uith the basic objectives of the International Trusteeship System
or with the terms of the Trusteeship Agreement.
The gist of the complaints of the Applicant Government may be
stated as follows: the objective of development of free political
institutions, etc., has not been achieved; this it is alleged was a
breacli of Article 3 of the Agreement: the Northern Cameroons had
been administered as an integral part of Nigeria and not as a
distinct territory; this is alleged to have been a breach of Article5
(b) of the Agreement: the Trust Territorgr had been administered
in two separate parts, the Southern and Northern Cameroons with
two administration systems and following, it is asserted,separate
courses of political development ;this is alleged to be contrary to a
"rule of unity" presumably inherent in the Trusteeship Agreement.
These breaches are further alleged to have continued from 1946
onm,ardsand are stated to have deployed their effects in a continuous
manner up to the time of the plebiscite held in the Northern
Cameroons in February 1961 preventing consultation with the

people sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the Trusteeship
Agreement, as a result of which plebiscite the Trusteeship Agree-
ment was brouglit to an end before the objectives of Article 76 of
the Charterhad been achieved. Thus, it is said, Northern Cameroons
became part of the State of Nigeria.
56 Four additional complaints are set forth in the Application three
of which relate to alleged breaches of a resolution of the General
Assembly 1473 of12 December 1959, the remaining one dealing with
certain alleged practices, acis or omissions of "the local Trusteeship

Authorities" during the period preceding and during the plebiscite;
which it is further alleged prevented a free and unfettered expression
of opinion. All ofthese four additional complaints are asserted to be
in conflict with the Trusteeship Agreement1.

The Applicant State does not seek any specificredress in relation
to the alleged breaches of the Trusteeship Agreement complained of;
it seeks only a declaration of the law.

It will thus be seen that the dispute alleged to exist between the
Applicant and the Respondent relates excliisively to the general

obligations of the Respondent under the Trusteeship Agreement
undertaken by it with the United Nations to achieve the objectives
of the International Trusteeship System established by the Charter
in the interests of the people of territories who had not yet attained
self-government or independence.

To what Extent Doesthe RecegztDecision oj this Court in the
Sozith West Africa CasesBeur upon thePresent Case?

In the South VI7& A/ricilcases the view of the Court that Article 7
of the Mandate Instrument was inherently necessary or essential to
the functioning of the Mandate System, giving effect to the concept
of what has been termed the "judicial protection of the sacred
trust", was of the very heart of the Court's reasoning. This view
found its first expression in the Judgment when the Court was
dealing, not with the question of what was a dispute within the
meaning of Article 7 of the Mandate, but with the question raised by
the Second Objection of the Union of South Africa which centred on

the term "another Member of the League of Nations ..."in that
Article. The Union of South Africa had claimed that Ethiopia and
Liberia didnot have the status required bythe Article to invoke the
jurisdiction of the Court since neither was any longer a Member of
the League of Nations. The Court, after stating that this contention
was claimed to be based upon the natural and ordinary meaning of
the words "another Member of the League of Nations", did not, as
1 understand the Judgment, deny that the natural and ordinary
meaning of the words were as contended forby the Gnion of South
Africa. It stated that the rule of interpretation that recourse should
-
See in particular Art3cand 7 ofthe Trusteeship Agreement.

57 be had, in the first place, at least, to the ordinary and natural
meaning of words was not an absolute rule of interpretation and

then proceeded to observe that-
"Where such a method of interpretation results in a meaning
incompatible with the spirit, purpose and context of the clause or
instrument in which the words are contained, no reliance can be
validly placed on it" (I.C.J. Reports1962, at 336).

The Court then proceeded to state its reasons why reliance, in the
light of this observation, could not be placed upon the natural and
ordinary meaning of the words in question. The centre of its reasons
was the assertion that "judicial protection of the sacred trust in
each Mandate was an essential feature of the Mandates System";

the administrative supervision by the League was "a normal
security" to ensure full performance by the Mandatory of the
"sacred trust" but "the specially assigned role of the Court was
even more essentiall, since it was to serve as the final bulwark of
protection by recourse to the Court against possible abuse or
brcaches of the Mandate"2; for ~ithout this additional security,
the Court went on to Say, the supervision by the League and its
Members could not be effective in the last resort since supervision
by the League Council was subject to the rule of unanimity of its
Members, including the approval of the Mandatory itself. In the

event of a conflict between the Mandatory and other Members of
the Council, in the last resort, the Court continued, "the only coiirse
left to defend the interests of the inhaOitantsl in order to protect the
sacred trust would be to obtain an adjudication by the Court...".
This, it said, could only be achieved by a State a Member of the
League invoking the adjudication clause inthe Mandate Instrument.

"It was for this all-importantpurpose that the provision was
couched in broad terms embracing 'any dispute whatever' l...It is
thus seen what an essential#art lArticle 7 was intended to play as
one of the securities in the Mandates System for the observance of
the obligations by the Mandatory..." (I.C.J. Refiorts1962, at 337.)

Moreover, the Court added, this "essentiality of judicial pro-
tection for the sacred trust", the right to implead the Mandatory
before the Permanent Court, was "specially and expressly" con-
ferred upon the Members of the League "evidently also because it
was the most reliable procedure of ensuring protectiori by the Court,
whatever might happen to or arise from the machinery of adminis-
trative supervisionJJ 3.
There was, the Court said, an "important difference" in the
structure and working of the system of supervision of mandated

l I.C.J. Repor1962,at 336.
Ibid., at 337-338.

58 territories under the League and that of trust territories under the
Vnited Nations, namely that the unanimity rule in the Council of

the League had under the Charter been displaced by the rule of a
two-thirds majority. This observatioil of the Court was directed to
meet an argument that Article 7 was not an essential provision of
the Mandate Instrument for the protection of the sacred trust of
civilization, in support of which argument attention had been
called to the fact that three of the four "C" Mandates when brought
under the trusteeship provisions of the Charter of the United
Nations did not contain, in the respective trusteeship agreements,
any adjudication clause. It was in the course of dealing with this
argument that a statement of the Court, greatly relied upon by the
Respondent in this case to distinguish the present case from that

of South West Africa, was made. The Court's statement was as
follows :
"Thus legally valid decisions can be taken by the General As-
sembly of the United Nations and the Trusteeship Council under
Chapter XII1 of the Charter without the concurrence of the trustee
State and the necessity for invoking the Permanent Court for
judicial protection which prevailed under the Mandates System is
dispensedwith underthe Charter l.'12

In the Dissenting Opinion of myself and Judge Sir Gerald Fitz-
maurice in those cases there appear the reasons why we were
unable to agree with this reasoning of the Court, and there is no
need to repeat them here. It is sufficient for the moment to note the
reasoning of the Court and to observe that it was directed to
establishing that in the events which happened there arose out of a
debate in the Assembly of the League, on the eve of its dissolu-
tion, a unanimous agreement among all Member States that the

Mandate should be continued to be exercised after the dissolution
of the League of Nations in accordance with the obligations defined
in the Mandate Instrument, including that of the Mandatory under
the adjudication clause ; that this specific obligation survived and
necessarily involved reading into the clause the words "Members of
the United Nations" in place of the words "Members of the League
of Nations".
It is evident that the view of the Court was-and with this 1 am
in full accord-that in a trusteeship agreement under the provisions
of the Charter of the United Nations an adjudication clause is not
inherently necessary or essential to secure the observance of the

general obligations of the Administering Authority undertaken by
it in the interests of the inhabitants.
When later in its Judgment the Court turned to the examination
of the Third Preliminary Objection of South Africa u-hich the Court
said consisted essentially of the proposition that the disputebrought

l Emphasis added.
I.C.J. Reports 1962,342.
59 before the Court was not a dispute as envisaged in Article 7 of the
Mandate, again the thesis of "essentiality" of the adjudication

clause in the Mandate Instrument was to the fore of the Court's
approach; it was indeed of its essence. Having already asserted and
developed the thesis earlier in its Judgment, it returned to and
reasserted it. The adjudication clause in the Mandate Instrument
was "clearly inthe nature of implementing one of the 'securitiesl for
the performance of this trust', mentioned in Article 22,paragraph 1"
of the Covenant of the League.

"The right to take legal action conferred by Article 7 ... is an
essential part of the Mandate itself and inseparable from its exer-
cisel...WhileArticle 6 ofthe Mandate ...provides for administrative
supervision by the League, Article 7 in effect provides, with the
express agreement of the Mandatory, for judicial protection by
the Permanent Court by vesting the right of invoking the compul-
sory jurisdiction against the Mandatory for the same purpose I...2"

Taking the view the Court did throughout its Judgment of the
purpose and function of the adjudication clause-of its inherent
necessity, of its essentiality, as part of the Mandate System, and

its inseparability from the exercise of the Mandate itself, it is
understandable, perhaps inevitable, that in interpreting the
adjudication clause in the Mandate Instrument it gave to it the
wide and all-embracive interpretation it did. There can, 1 think, be
no doubt whatever that the Court's thesis of the purpose the clause
was intended to serve completely controlled its interpretation
thereof. To the rest of the Article the Court applied, it said, the rule
of the natural and ordinary meaning of the words which rule it had
found reasons to disregard when dealing with the Second Objection.
The words upon which the emphasis was laid in interpreting the
rest of the adjudication clause in the Mandate Instrument were the

same words which appear in the adjudication clause with which we
are presently concerned, namely "any dispute whatever" and
"relating to the interpretation or the application of the provisions
of" the Mandate Instrument.
It is important to quote what the Court said in full 3.It said:
"The language used is broad, clear and precise: it gives rise to
no ambiguity and it permits of no exception. It refers to any
dispute whatever relating not to any one particular provision or
provisions, but to 'theprovisions'ofthe Mandate, obviously meaning
allor any provisions, whether they relate to substantive obligations
of the Mandatory toward the inhabitants of the Territory or toward
the other Members of the League or to its obligation to submit to
supervision by the League under Article 6 or to protection under

l Emphasis added.
I.C.J. Reports 1962, at 344.
Ibid.at,343.
60 Article 7 itself. For the manifeslscope and purport of the pro-
visions of this Article indicate that the Members of the League
wereunderstood to have a legalrightor interest in the observance
by the Mandatory of its obligations both toward the inhabitants
of the Mandated Territory, and toward the League of Nations
and its Members."

It is upon this pronouncement of the Court that the Applicant
rests its contention that the dispute in this case is one which comes
within the content of Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement.
In the Joint Dissenting Opinion of Judge Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice

and myself we gave Ourreasons, with the great respect which is due
to the Court, not only for thinking that the Court had erred in its
thesis of "essentiality", "inherent necessity" and "inseparability",
but also why we thought, read in their context, the words of
Article 7 of the Mandate Instrument revealed an ambiguity which
precluded that Article being interpreted in the manner the Court
did. However, whether the Court was or was not right in the
interpretation which it accorded Article 7 of the Mandate Instru-
ment, it is, 1 think, abundantly evident that that interpretation
cannot automatically be applied to the adjudication clause in the
present case. The thesis of "essentiality", etc., can find no place in
this case2. Moreover the context in which Article 19 of the Trustee-
ship Agreement must be interpreted is different to the context in
which Article 7 of the Mandate had to be interpreted.
However the reasoning of the Court in the South West Africa cases
is looked at, the interpretation it accorded the adjudication clause

in that case has, 1 believe, little judicial authority in the deter-
mination of the meaning of Article 19 in this case.

None the lessthat interpretation isnov~sought to be applied-lifted
and transposed-to the adjudication clause in the present case;
the u~ordsof Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement being the same
in al1 essentials as the adjudication clause in the Mandate Instru-

ments the language of which was said by the Court to be "broad,
clear and precise" and permitting of "no exception", the same inter-
pretation it is contended, must be applied to Article 19.

This line of reasoning is inadmissible. What is necessary to be
done is to interpret Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement in its
context and in the light of the surrounding circumstances at the time

Emphasis added.
See in particular I.C.J. Reports 1342. at
61the Agreement was entered into. The Applicant hardly directed
itself to this task but relied, in the main, upon the Court's view in
the Sozlth West Africa cases that the adjudication clause admitted
of no exception, thus it extended to cover the invocation of the
Court's jurisdiction not only in the interests of the inhabitants,
which was a central consideration in the Court thesis in the Sozsth
West Ajrica cases, but also in the interests of a State itself, as the
Applicant is asserting a right to do in the present case.

It will be my task to examine Article 19, not merely as a clause
containing certain words, but in its context and surrounding
circumstances in order to ascertain the intention of the two Parties
to the Trusteeship Agreement-the United Nations and the Re-
spondent-in relation to that Article, and to demonstrate that

the Applicant's contention isil1founded.

Article 19 oj the Tvusteeship Agreement
Article 19 reads as follows:

"If any dispute whatever should arise between the Administering
Authority and another Member of the United Nations relating to
the interpretation or application of the provisions of this Agree-
means, shall be submitted to the International Court of Justicether
provided for in Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter."

The Applicant's contentions, reduced to essentials, may be stated
thus. Upon becoming a Member of the United Nations such rights
as are accorded by Article 19 to States Members thereof became
vested in it; it was thereupon entitled to invoke the jurisdiction of
this Court, not only in relation to disputesthereafterarising between
itself and the Administering Authority concerning alleged breaches
of the provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement subsequently

occurring, but also in relation to any dispute thereafter arising
concerning breaches alleged to have occurred at any time ante-
cedently without limitation of time; that right is not restricted to
failure to perform obligations assumed by the Administering Power
under the provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement which confer
upon it and other States, Members of the United Nations, or their
nationals individual rights or interests but extends so as to cover
anj! failure by the Administering Authority to observe its general
obligations towards the inhabitants of the trust territory and to-
wards the United Nations; that it is entitled to invoke the juris-
diction of this Court in respect of the provisions of the Agreement
relating to these last-mentioned obligations not only in defence of
the interests of the inhabitants of the trust territory but separatelv
62 and independently in its own right ;that it may seek from the Court
a declaratory decree that this or that breach has occurred and that
the Court is not only entitled to declare that such a breach occurred,
but is bound to do so notwithstanding that the trust agreement has
already come to an end and notwithstanding any resolution of the
General Assembly or any conduct on its part vis-à-vis the Ad-
ministering Authority in relation to the carrying out of the pro-
visions of the Trusteeship Agreement.

It becomes therefore necessary to interpret Article 19 of the
Tmsteeship Agreement in order to ascertain what meaning is to be
accorded the words "any dispute whatever ...relating to ...the
provisions of this Agreement", etc., and in particular to ascertain
whether the dispute alleged by the Applicant is one which falls with-
in the ambit of this Article.

The Context in which Article 19 Mz~stRe Interpreted

It is not possible to interpret Article 19 as if it were a separate
instrument, comparable, for example, to a declaration of a State
accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under Article
36 (2)of the Statute of the Court, yet this, in my opinion, is pre-
cisely what is attempted to be done in the present case. What may
appear clear in such an exercise may become very unclear when
an adjudication clause is read in its context.
The context in which Article 19 must be read is the Trusteeship

Agreement of which it forms part, and the International Trustee-
ship System established by Chapter XIII of the Charter of the
United Nations of which the Trusteeship Agreement is part and
1vith which its provisions are interwoven. Moreover the provisions
of Chapter XIII of the Charter and the international system which
it established form the background and part of the surrounding
circumstances in which the Trusteeship Agreement was entered
into, without an appreciation of which it is, in my view, quite
impossible to ascertain the intention of the Parties to the Trustee-
ship Agreement in relation to Article 19.
It is convenient first to consider the provisions of Chapter XIII
of the Charter particularly since the Trusteeship Agreement in-
corporates and refers to such provisions, and contains, as do al1
trusteeship agreements, an obligation on thepart of the administer-
ing authority, which is indeed the dominant obligation to be found
in the Trusteeship Agreement, so to administer the territory as to
achieve the objectives of Article 76 of the Charter.

63 TrusteeshifiSystem-Chafiter XII1 of the Charter

When the trusteeship was negotiated and entered into the
League of Nations had come to an end. A new organization had
been set up: the United Nations. To carry out the purposes of its
Charter there u7ereestablished six principal organs, three of which
were the General Assembly, the Trusteeship Council and this Court.

The Charter called for the establishment of an international trustee-
ship system for the administration and supervision of such terri-
tories as might be placed thereunder by voluntary agreement.
"The functions of the United Nations witli regard to trusteeship
agreementsn-except such as might relate to strategic areas-
including their approval, were exercisable by the General Assembly
and by the General Assembly alone1. The Trusteeship Council,
operating under the authority of the GeneralAssembly was charged
with the duty of assisting the General Assembly in carrying out the
functions of the United Nations, including that of the supervision
ofthe administration of the Trust Territory. It was (so to speak) the
organ established to police the execution of the provisions of the
Trusteeship Agreement to ensure that the basic objectives of the

Trusteeship System in respect of each Trusteeship Agreement were
achieved, reporting from time to time direct to the General Assem-
bly on the discharge of its duties.
The conclusion must be that the Charter contemplated that these
two principal organs-the General Assembly and the Trusteeship
Council-and only these two organs should police the execution
and carrying out of the objectives of the International Trusteeship
System and of the provisions in any Trusteeship Agreement
directed to this end, and by their supervision of the administration
of territoriesby the AdministeringAuthorities and of the obligations
undertaken by them in Trusteeship Agreements, by questionnaires
formulated by the Trusteeship Council on the political, economic,

social and educational advancement of the inhabitants of each
Trust Territory within the competence of the GeneralAssembly (to
which questionnaires the Administering Authorities were bound to
respond), by scrutinising the answers thereto, by considering the
reports submitted by Administering Authorities, by accepting
petitions, by periodic visits to the Trust Territories and by other
action taken in conformity with the terms of Trusteeship Agree-
ments, to ensure that the obligations of each Administering Au-
thority in relation to the achievement of the basic objectives of the
Trusteeship System were being fulfilled.

It must have been evident, even to those unacquainted with the
difficulties of administering Trust Territories, that problems of

administration and differences of opinion in relation thereto would,
l Articl85ofthe Charter.

64 at times, inevitably occur between the United Nations and the
Administering Authorities or, at least, would be likely to occur, and
that, whatever they were, they were to be resolved, so far at least
asthe Charter contemplated,through the machinery of the Trustee-
ship Council and the General Assembly and in no other way.

The Charterprovided its ownmachinery forsecuring the compliance
by the Administering Authonties of their respective obligations in

relation to the objectives of the Trusteeship System. There is no
room for any contention that it was inherently necessary or essential
that a Trusteeship Agreement should contain an adjudication clause
to secure in the last resort or at al1compliance bythe Administering
Authorities of the obligations undertaken by them in the interests
of the peoples of the various Trust Territories.
Thus, all of the functions of the United Nations with regard to
Trusteeship Agreements for all areas not designated as strategic
areas, the supervision of the administration of the Trust Territories,
the policing of the obligations owed both to the United Nations
itself and the peoples of the territory, as set forth in the provisions
of any Trusteeship Agreement to be entered into, were vested
exclusively in the General Assembly. Though an organ of the

United Nations, no function in relation to administration or
supervision or the enforcement of any obligation undertaken by the
Administering Authority or any judicial protection of the interests
of the inhabitants was assigned to the Court by Chapter XIII.

By provisions to be found elsewhere in the Charter1, the General
Assembly or the Trusteeship Council could, if it thought fit, seek
an advisory opinion of the Court. It was not bound to do so and,
if it did, it was not bound thereby; all thefunctions of the United
Nations in relation to Trusteeship Agreements entered into by it
were for the General Assembly and it alone to exercise. Whether an
advisory opinion was sought or not in no way affected the plenary
powers of the Assembly to exercise, in relation to any Trusteeship
Agreement, al1the functions of the United Nations.

It is now necessary to consider the provisions of Article 76 of the
Charter the achievement of the objectives of which the Adminis-
tering Authority in the instant case undertook by Article 3 of the
Trusteeship Agreement. The central provision of this Article in
the context of present consideration is sub-clause (b) thereof, which
provides that one basic objective of the International Trusteeship
System was-
"to promote the political, economic, social and educational ad-
vancement of the inhabitants of the trust territories, and their
progressive development towards self-government or independence

1 ilrticle of the Charter. as may be appropriate to the particular circumstances of each
territory and its peoples and the freely expressed wishes of the
peoples concemed, and as may be provided by the terms of each
trusteeship agreement".

The Applicant complains, as has been noticed, that one of the

obligations which the Administering Authority failed to discharge
was that contained in Article 3 of the Trusteeship Agreement. If
Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement gives a right to a State to
invoke the jurisdiction of the Court on the interpretation of or
application of Article3 of the Agreement, this would extend to any
alleged breach of the Article alleged to have occurred at any time
during the duration of the Trusteeship Agreement.
The obligation of the Administering Authority to achieve the
objective set out in Article 76 (b) of the Charter involves consider-
ations which, on their face, are peculiarly for $olitical appreciation,
and these, so far as the Charter contemplated, were, as has been
observed, for the General Assembly, with the assistance of the
Trusteeship Council, to evaluate. It is not readily apparent what
leqal norms could be applied to determine whether or not the
Administering Authority had breached Article 3 of the Trusteeship
Agreement; what legal norms, for example, could be applied by
the Court at any given point of time during the currency of the
a situ-
Trusteeship Agreement and in a variety of circumstances to
ation in which it was alleged by a State invoking the provisions of
the adjudication clause that the Administering Authority had
failed "to promote the political ...advancement of the inhabitants
... as may be appropriate to the particular circumstances of each
territory". The words of Article 76 (6) have a special political
content; they apyear to cal1 for political evaluation and deter-
rnination only. Certainly it is apparent that, so far as the Charter
contemplated, it was a matter exclusively for political evaluation
by an organ, which, both by its composition and the machinery
provided by the Charter, was equipped to discharge that task. Yet
if the Applicant's contention inthis casewere correct, the Court was
intended by the adjudication clause, at the instance of any State,
a Member of the United Nations, to pronounce upon these very
matters, and to do so irrespective of any determination made in
respect thereof by the General Assembly itself or any view which
it held or might hold.
As was said in the Joint Opinion in the South West Africa cases

when referring to the words contained in the Mandate Instrument
(Article 2 thereof), under which the Mandatory Power undertook
"to promote toits utmost the material and moral well-being andthe
social progress of the inhabitants ...", there is hardly a term in
Article 76 (b) of the Charter "which could not be applied in widely
different ways to the same situation or set of facts, according to
different subjective views as to what it meant, or ought to mean.. .They involve questions of appreciation rather than of objective
determination" such as a legal determination necessarily involves.
"The proper forum for the appreciation and application of a
provision of this kind is unquestionably a technical or political one,
such as ...the Trusteeship Council and the Assembly of the United
Nations l."There can be no doubt that the GeneralAssembly and
the Trusteeship Council constituted the forum exclusively contem-

plated by the Charter for the determination of the matters referred
to in Article 76 (b) of the Charter. What was said in the Joint
Opinion applies with equal force to the consideration of Article 3
of the Trusteeship Agreement and, as will subsequently appear, to
other Articles thereof, the breach of which is complained of by the
Applicant.

To accord to Article 19 the comprehensive meaning contended
for by the Applicant permitting it to challenge in this Court, by ay
of a dispute between itself and the Administering Authori (y, the
General Assembly's supervision of the Administering Authority's
obligations to the people of the Trust Territory, there must be
presumed an intention on the part of the United Nations acting
through the General Assembly to accord a right to any State to

challenge as and when it thouqht fit, as between the Administering
Authority and itself, whether in law the objectives of Article 3 had
been or were being achieved by the latter. It would seem somewhat
odd that the General Assembly as a matter of deliberate intent
should accord such a wide and unfettered right to any State.

It is no answer to this observation to say that such a challenge
under the provisions of the adjudication clause is not, in law-, a
challenge to the competency of the General Assembly, and that no
dispute between the State and the General Assembly is involved,
as the Applicant in this case has been at great pains to assert. In
practice it would be well-nigh impossible to separate an Administer-
ingAuthority's obligation to complywith the provisions of Article 3,
and complementary Articles, from the duty of supervision which

the General Assembly was called upon to discharge to ensure those
obligations were complied with. The question we are concerned with
is whether the adjudication clause was intended by the Parties there-
to to accord such a right to States in their individualcapacity.
It would seem indisputable that the GeneralAssembly,exercising
al1the functions of the United Nations in relation to any trustee-
ship agreement, had the authority, binding upon its Members, to
determine when the objectives of the Trusteeship System as set
forth in Article 76 (b) of the Charter had been achieved and the
freely expressed wishes of the people concerned had been ascer-
tained, and with the consent of the Administering Authority, to

l I.CJ.Reports 1962at 466-467.

67bring the Trusteeship Agreement to an end, as indeed it did in this
case. Yet if the Applicant's contentionis correct, it is entitled in this
case to seek the adjudication of this Court on whether, as between
itself and the Administering Authority, the objectives of the
Trusteeship System as set out in Article 76 (6) of the Charter were
in fact achieved, and whether the freely expressed wishes of the
people concerned were in fact expressed or ascertained; in short,
that it had two forums where it could challenge the conduct of the

Administering Authority-and the General Assembly-namely
the General Assembly itself, and this Court. It is true that the
challenge in this Court is not one in which the United Nations
is directly a party, but there can be no doubt whatever that a
decision of the Court inthe Applicant's favour would adversely and
seriously reflect upon the past supervision of the GeneralAssembly
andits action in bringing the Trusteeship Agreement to an end and,
as well, the manner in which it discharged its duties in relation to
the inhabitants of the Territory whose interests it was bound to
protect.
If the interpretation which shoiild properly be placed upon
Article 19 does give such a comprehensive right to a State, it is of
no moment that the General Assembly and the Administering
Authority did not when the Trusteeship Agreement was entered
into, direct their minds to every contingency in which the right
might be exercised. If however the interpretation contended for by
the Applicant is correct, it assumes that the General Assembly and

the Administering Authority, fully aware that between them they
were in control of the carrying out of any trusteeship agreement
and were, whilst the same remained yet to be performed, competent
to agree between themselves that the obligations of the Administering
Authority in relation to the peoples of the Territory were being
fulfilled, either wholly or in certain particularrespects, and com-
petent to bring the Trusteeship Agreement to an end, wheii it was
determined that the objectives of Article 76 (b) of the Charter had
been achieved, none the less intended to allow an uncontrolledright
to any State to canvass before the Court decisions already reached
between the General Assembly and the Administering Authority, or
about to be reached between them. This assumption could not
lightly be made. It is nothing to the point to Say that the field in
which the General Assembly operated was a political one whilst the
functions of the Court are judicial. The General Assembly dominated
the situation at al1 times and had authority of its own. It would
seem unlikely that it would have been prepared to allow that

authority to be canvassed in any way, directly or indirectly, at the
will of any State without, at least, making its intention manifestly
clear, and not left to the interpretation of a jurisdictional clause.
Some other trace of its will might reasonably be expected to
have renained to bear witness. None is. It is equally unlikely
that an Administering Authority, not bound to agree to any
68 judicial function being discharged by this Court, would have
been prepared to submit to the position in which, having to satisfy
the General Assembly that it was carrying out or had achieved
the objectives of Article 76 (b) of the Charter, its administration
would alsobe subject to examination and adjudication by this Court
at the instance of any State or States, irrespective of whether or
not the General Assembly was satisfied with the manner in which
that administration was being or had been carried out.

The TrzlsteeslzipApeement

The provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement which consists of

19 clauses fa11into two categories, one of which relates solely to the
achievement of the objectives of the Trusteeship System, the other
to provisions conferring specific individual rights upon States or
upon their nationals.
In the first category of provisions are the following:
Article Idefines the Territory; Article 2 designates the Adminis-
tering Authority responsible for the administration of the Territor;
Article 3, the dominant Article of the whole Agreement, contains an
undertaking by the Administering Authority "to administer the
Territory in such a manner as to achieve the basic objectives"
laid down in Article 76 of the Charter and to collaborate fully with
the General Assembly of the United Nations and the Trusteeship
Council in the discharge of their functions; Article 4 provides that

the Administering Authority is to be responsible for the peace,
good government and defence of the Territory and for ensuring
that it shall play its part in the maintenance of international
peace; Article 5 provides that the Administering Authority, for
all purposes of the Agreement, should have certain powers of
legislation and administration; Article 6 contains a stipulation that
the Administering Authority should promote the development of
"free political institutions suited to the Territory" and to this end
should assure to inhabitants a progressively increasing share in the
administrative and other services of the Territory, should develop
their participation in advisory and legislative bodies "as may be
appropriate to the particular circumstances of the Territory and
its people" and should take al1other "appropriate measures with a
view to the political advancement of the inhabitants in accordance
with Article 76 (b)" of the Charter; Article 7 contains an under-
taking by the Administering Authority to apply in the Territory,
inter alia, recommendations drawn up by the United Nations or its

specialized agencies "which may be appropriate to the particular
circumstances of the Territory" and conduce to the achievement of
the basic objectives of the Trusteeship System; Article 8 contairis
safeguards of the native population in relation to land and natural
resources; Article 12 contains an obligation by the Administering
69Authority "as may be appropriate to the circumstances of the
Territory" to continue and extend elementary education designed
to abolish illiteracy and provide such facilities for secondary and
higher education as "may prove desirable or practicable" in the
interests of the inhabitants; Article 13 contains, inter alia, an
undertaking to ensure freedom of conscience and religion in the
Territory; Article 14 contains a guarantee by the Administering
Authority of freedom of speech, of press, of assembly and of

petition to the inhabitants of the Territory; Articles 15 and 16 are
machinery provisions to ensure that the objectives ofthe Trusteeship
System are achieved such as, for example, an obligation of the
Administering Authority to make an annual report to the General
Assembly on the basis of the Trusteeship Council's questionnaire;
Articles 17 and 18 are ancillary in nature.
The different provisions of this category either contain or relate
to undertakings entered into by the Administering Authority with
the United Nations which concern themselves with the interests of
the inhabitants and in particular the achievement of the objective
indicated in Article 76 (b) of the Charter. They create obligations
owing by the former to the latter but none owing to States in their
individual capacity. The supervision of the Administering Author-
ity's administration of the territory in giving effect to the objectives
of the International Trusteeship System and the discharge of these
obligations as contained in them fall, so far as contemplated by the
Charter, within the functions of the United Nations exercised by

the General Assembly. These provisions produced their effects
for al1States, Members of the United Nations, and in this sense
each had an interest in their performance. This however was a
politicalinterest only-no matter what the nature or immediacy
of the interest-to be expressed through the General Assembly of
the Vnited Nations. The general obligations contained in this
category of provisions were owed to the United Nations in its
organic capacity in the i~iterestsof the inhabitants of the Territor;
they were not owed to States in their individual capacity. No legal
right or interest is given individually to States, Members of the
UnitedNations, intheir performance-unless the adjudication clause,
of itself, must be interpreted to give such an interest.

The obligations of the Administering Authority undertaken by
itto the United Nations are expressed in broad terms and often, as

will be seen, in words of very general political content. The pro-
~ri~tionof free political institutions suited to the Territory, and
i~ieasures to that end as may be appropriate to the particular
circumstances of the Territory and its people, the provision of
facilities which may prove desirable or practicable, the application
of recommendations of the United Nations, etc., which may be appropriate, etc., and conduce to the achievement of the objectives
of the Trusteeship System, etc., relating to different obligations
undertaken by the Administering Authority appear to be matters
for political evaluation, and difficult, to Say the least, of objective
judicial adjudication. Any disputes which might arise in the United
Nations as to whether or not the Administering Authority was
discharging its obligations,so far as the provisions ofthe Trusteeship
Agreement reveal-apart from whatever Article 19 was intended
to provide-appear to be for determination within the General
Assembly and nowliere else.

The second category of provisions are those under which the
Administering Authority agreed with the United Nations to confer
certain legal rights or interests upon States (or their nationals) in
their individual capacity, thus giving rise to correlative obligations
onthe part ofthe Administering Authority vis-à-vis States, Members
of the United Nations, in their individual capacity. The distinction
betw-eenthe two categories is most evident.

Thus Article g confers a number of such rights relating to equal
treatment on social, economic, industrial and commercial matters
for al1 Members of the United Nations and their nationals and
provides that "the rights conferredlby this Article on nationals of

Members of the United Nations apply equally to companies and
associations controlled by such nationals ...in accordance with
the law of any Member of the United Nations". Ry Article IO
measures to give effect to these rights are made subject to the duty
of the Administering Authority under Article 76 of the Charter,
etc., and Article II provides that nothing in the Trusteeship Agree-
ment "shall entitLelany Member of the United Nations to claim for
itself or its nationals ...the benefitsl of Article 9'' in any respect
in which it does not give equality of treatment to inhabitants,
companies and associations of the Territory.

Whereas the first category of provisions appear peculiarly for
political evaluation, the second category clearly relate to provisions

relating to rights of States or their nationals which admit of judicial
interpretation and application.

It is contended by the Applicant that, though under the provisions
of the Charter it may not have been essential to the effective
working of the Trusteeship System, that there should be a compe-
tence in the Court to adjudicate on any alleged breach of a Trustee-

l Emphasis added.

71 ship Agreement in respect of the provisions thereof concerned with
the social, economic, educational and political development of the
people to independence or self-government, it was none the less
open to the parties to a Trusteeship Agreement to provide that the
Court should have such a cornpetence. This, it is said, the Parties
intended by Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement to do-indeed,
that this was the prime purpose it was intended to serve. This is but
a bare assertion of what in truth has to be established.Thereisnot,in

my view, the slightest reliable evidence, unless it beArticl19itself,
which is the subject of interpretation, to support this assertion.

The Purpose Article 19 Was Intended to Serve and its Interpretation

Article 19 appears to be no more than a jurisdictional clause to
provide a tribunal for the adjudication of certain disputes, and in
its essentials it is cast in a common form. Such a clause would
normally refer to disputes which relate to rights and obligations
between the parties which exist and are to be found outside the
ferms of the claz~seitself: disputes in which a State claims to be
aggrieved by the infraction, on the part of another State, of an
existing right orinterest otherwise possessed by it.
Such a clause, in short, normally does not confer any additional
right or interest upon a State other than a right to have recourse
to the tribunal once the conditions imposed by the clause are com-
plied with. A disputewithin the meaning of such a clause normally

would relate to a legal right or interest in the State claiming to
be aggrieved, which resides or is to be found elsewhere than in
such a clause itself. It wouldindeed be unusual to find in a juris-
dictional clause a substantive right which itself could be made the
subject of a dispute.
In the present case, rights and obligations as between the Appli-
cant and the Respondent do exist outside the terms of the clause
itself; they are to be found in the provisions of the Trusteeship
Agreement which specifically confer individual rights upon the
Applicant or its nationals with corresponding obligations upon the
Administering Authority. The clause refers obviously to disputes
relating thereto. Article 19 accordingly provides a tribunal for
the adjudication of such disputes. Apart, however, from the right
of recourse to the Court so provided, Article 19 does not provide,
certainly not in terms, for any legal right or interest in a State
beyond those which may be found elsewhere in other provisions
of the Trusteeship Agreement.
The Applicant's contention would, if it were accepted, compel

an interpretation of Article19 giving it a meaning which normally
ruch an adjudication clause would not bear. In truth the contention
involves reading into the Article by implication a grant to States,
in their individual capacity, of a substantiveright in the perform-
ance of provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement, which them-
72 selves by their terms confer no individual legal right or interests
upon States. Such an interpretation could only be justified if it
could be established that it was strictly necessary so to do to
give effect to the manifest intention of the parties. But where is
that intention manifest? To establish it one would need to look
outside the clause itself, which is the subject of interpretation,
since normally such a jurisdictional clause confines itself to the
conferment ofan adjective or procedural right only, and the means
by which it may be exercised; in brief a right of recourse to a tri-
bunal in relation to a dispute concerning legal rights or interests

to be found outside the perimeter of the clause itself.
There is no reliable piece of evidence outside the clause itself
of any such intention on the pa~t of the United Nations and the
Administering Authority. In truth the evidence is the other way.
In my opinion it is not possible to imply in Article 19 the confer-
ment of any substantive right upon any State or read it as so doing.
If a State, a party to a dispute, possesses, outside of Article 19 it-
self, a substantive individual legal right or interest an infraction
or threatened infraction of which leads to a dispute, that dispute is
one within the meaning of the Article. If the State does not possess
any such substantive individual legal right or interest, no dispute
within the meaning of Article 19 could arise.

The Applicant's contention however is that the scope and pur-
pose of the Article-how that scope and purpose is to be ascer-
tained except from the bare words of the Article itself is left rather
in the air-must be understood to have accorded it an individual

legal right or interest in the observance by the Administering
Authonty of its obligations towards the inhabitants and towards
the United Nations which are contained in the provisions of the
Trusteeship Agreement (thus forming the basis of a dispute be-
tween itself and the Administering Authority) although those
provisions do not, in themselves, accord to the Applicant any such
right or interest.
Article19, in my opinion, must be interpreted in a sense which
reconciles the rights and obligations of the Applicant and the
Respondent. These rights and obligations-whatever they may
be-reside not in Article 19 itself but elsewhere in the provisions
of the Trusteeship Agreement. Read in their context, the Article
refers to disputes relating to the interpretation or application of
the provisions of the Agreement which confer individual rights
on a State or its nationals. So read, it makes sense. In my view,
read in its context, it refers to such disputes only.

This view appears strikingly confirmed by facts known to the
Sub-Committee of the Fourth Committee of the General Assembly
73appointed to examine eight draft trusteeship agreements (including
that the,subject of present consideration) which later were approved
by the General Assembly.

The draft first examined by that Sub-Committee was that relat-
ing to Western Samoa. Its provisions were exhaustively scrutinized,
as indeed were those of al1 the drafts; the New Zealand draft on
which most of the discussion took place was, however, taken as a
basis for the examination of al1otherdraft trusteeship agreements l.
The Western Samoa draft contained the adjudication clause.
In the course of considering a modification to the clause proposed
by the delegate of China (but not adopted) at its meeting on 20 No-
vember 1946, such attention as was given to this clause by the
Sub-Committee (and so far as the Summary Record reveals, very

little was, and none in my opinion on the purpose it was intended
to serve) centred around the question whether if a dispute arose
between the Adminjstering Authority and a State a Member of the
United Nations it should not, at first, be referred to the Trusteeship
Council 2.A draft Trusteeship Agreement relating to New Guinea
was also, with six other draft agreements, before the Sub-Commit-
tee, al1 six of which contained the adjudication clause. The dele-
gate of Australia during discussion referred to the fact that there
was no adjudication clause in the New Guinea draft. An obliga-
tion to subniit to this Court a dispute between itself and another
State was, the delegate of Australia said, covered by its acceptance

of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court by a declaration under
Article 36 of the Court's Statute2.

Whatever its extent, that obligation was thus limited to the
terms of such declaration and governed by it.
It was thus apparent to the Sub-Committee that any dispute
between Australia as an Administering Authority and another
State in relation to the interpretation or a.pplication of any pro-
vision of tliat Trusteeship Agreement would, if this statement was
accepted as an equivalent of the adjudication clause which appeai-ed
in al1the other drafts, or a reason for its omission, be subject not

only to the terms of Article 36 of the Statute and the terms of
Australia's declaration of acceptance thereunder, but could only
relate to such provisions (if any) of that Trusteeship Agreement-
with an adjudication clause omitted-whereunder some individual
legal right or interest was conferred upon a State a Member of the
United Nations. Such a legal right or interest could not find its
basis in a non-existent adjudication clause and could therefore
only have existence apart therefrom. In short, whether any State
did or did not have an individual legal right or interest in the per-

United Nations Officia1Record of 2nd part of 1st Session of General Assembly,
Fourth Committee, TrusteeshiPart II, pp. 2-3.
Ib'biat pp. 8etsqq.
74 formance by the Administering Authority of any obligation con-
tained in the New Guinea Trusteeship Agreement and a right to
invoke the jurisdiction of this Court in a dispute between it and

the Administering Authority relating to the interpretation or
application of a provision of that Trusteeship Agreement would
need to be determined, exclusively from the terms of the Agree-
ment themselves (with the adjudication clause omitted), and the
terms of Australia's acceptance of the C,ourtJs jurisdiction under
Article 36 of the Court's Statute l.

Accordingly if the statement of the Australian delegate was
accepted by the Committee as explaining the absence of an ad-
judication clause in the draft Trusteeship Agreement relating to
New Guinea, no disputerelating to the Trusteeship Agreement could
be adjudicated upon by this Court unless the provisions of the
Trusteeship Agreement themselves gave an individual right or

interest to a Stateinthe performance of al1or any of its provisions,
and then only to the extent it fell within the ambit of Australia's
declaration of acceptance of this Court's jurisdiction.

If then the statement of the Australian delegate was so accepted
by the Sub-Committee, it is hardly conceivable that the Sub-

Committee would have thought that the presence of the adjudi-
cation clause was necessary to give or that it gave any rights or
interests to any State beyond such as might be found within the
pr~visions of a Trusteeship Agreement outside an adjudication
clause itself.
If, on the other hand, as will subsequently l?e considered, the

Sub-Committee did not accept the statement of the delegate of
Australia as the equivalent of the adjudication clause, or as ex-
plaining its absence, and if, as is claimed (and as was held by this
Court in the Soutiz West Af~ica cases to be so in respect of mandate
instruments),the all-important scope and purport of the clause must
be understood to have accorded to a State, a Member of the United

Nations, a legal right or interest in the observance by the Ad-
ministering Authority of its obligations towards the inhabitants
contained in the Trusteeship Agreement, it is beyond understanding

Australia's obligatioto submit any dispute to the jurisdictioof this Court
was governed by Article 36(5) of this Court's Statute, in virtue of a declaration to
the Permanent Court of InternationalJustice dated21 August 1940, which con-
tinued in force until 6 November 1954 when Australia made its first declaration
of acceptance of this Court's jurisdictionr Article 3(2)of the Court's Statute.
of five years (which had in1946 already expired) and thereafteruntil notice of
termination.Thus it could have terminatedits acceptance at any time, or renewed
it subject to special conditionsand exceptions. Its acceptance of the Court's
jurisdictiocould accordinglyonly apply to a limited number of States, Members
of the United Nations,so creating inequality between them; moreover, it could
only apply to disputes which fell within the content of Australia's declaif itn
continued in force, or any declaration which replaced it. why, in the meticulous scrutiny to which each Trusteeship Agree-
ment was subjected by the Sub-Committee, no insistent attempt
was made, when al1 other Articles thereof were settled, to have
an adjudication clause included in the Australian draft Trusteeship

Agreement, why no mention of its omission was contained in the
Report of the Sub-Committee to its parent Committee, or in the
Report of that Committee to the General Assembly orin the debates
in the General Assembly itself.

However the matter is looked at it is, I think, evident that if
there is not to be found in the body of a Trusteeship Agreement
(that is, in the provisions thereof, apart from the adjudication
clause itself) provisions conferring upon a State, a Member of the

United Nations, a legal right or interest in the performance by
the Administering Authority of some obligation undertaken by it
under one or more of its provisions-the adjudication clause would
not itself confer any right on a State to have interpreted or applied

by this Court alzy provision of the trusteeship agreement. The oper-
ation of the clause is limited, subject to the conditions stipulated
therein, to providing a tribunal to which recourse may be had by a
State in relation to any dispute relative to the interpretation or

application of provisions of the trusteeship agreement which in
themselves accorded an individual legal right or interest in the
performance of obligations of the Administering Authority con-
tained therein l.

By article 76 (d) of the Charter it was provided that one of the objectives of
the International Trusteeship System was-
"to ensure equal treatment in social, economic and commercial matters for
al1 Members ...subject to the provisions of Article 80".

Article 80 provided that-
"Except as may be agreed upon in individual trusteeship agreements ...
nothing in this Chapter shall be construed in or of itself to alter in any manner
the rights whatsoever of any States ...or the terms of existing international
instruments ..."
Every Trusteeship Agreement approved by the General Assembiy contained the
central obligation of the Adniinistering Authority to administer in such a mânner
as to achieve the basic objectives laid down in Article 76 of the Charter. Though in
my opinion the undertaking of the Administering Authority in respect to this
obligation, given to the United Nations, did notconferupon any State orits nationals
any individual legal right orinterest in its performance either inrelatioto objective
76 (d) of the Charter or otherwise (an undertaking to the United Nations on the
part of the Administering Authority to achievegeneral objectives), it may be open
to the faint argument that the undertaking read together with Article 76 (d) of
the Charter did confer such a right or interest by necessary implication. Whatever
be the correct view, it still remains true that the adjudication clause is limitedto
disputes relating to such provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement whereunder
such rights or interests are conferred upon a State or its nationals.

The Articles in certain of the Trusteeship Agreements in which individual legal
rights or interestsin States were expressly conferred upon States or their nationals
(such as are to be found in Article g of the Trusteeship Agreement in the instant
case), though they relate in general to the broad objective stated inArticle 76 (d)

76 There are, however, reasons independent of those already
advanced which compel an interpretation adverse to that contended
by the Applicant. The Applicant, relying as has been noted upon

the words "any dispute whatever ... relating to the provjsions
of the Trusteeship Agreement" and the Court's statement in the
South West Africa cases that these words admit of no exception,
claims that thenaturaland ordinary meaning of these words exclude

any other interpretation than that which it asserts they bear.

Although the cardinal rule of interpretation is that words are
to be read, if they may so be read, in their ordinary and natural

sense, this rule is, as 1 have had occasion before to observe, some-
times a counsel of perfection, for ambiguity may be hidden in the
plainest and most simple of words even in their ordinary and natural
meaning. In the context of Chapter XII1 of the Charter and the

provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement itself, Article 19 is not by
any means as clear as it is contended by the Applicant l.On close
examination it presents an important ambiguity, as did the com-
parable clause in the Soztth West Africa cases, which calls for
an interpretation which goes beyond a bare examination of the

words to be found in Article 19 detached from its context. That
ambiguity is introduced by the words "if it cannot be settled by
negotiation or other means".

of the Charter, were the subject of prolonged and intensive negotiation when the
draft agreements were under examination by the Sub-Committee of the Fourth
Committee. These provisions specificallyconferred rights; such rights were removed
from any limitations under Article 80 of the Charter; they extended the field to
include industrial matters as well as matters social, economic and commercial;
they made provisions against the granting of general monopolies subject to certain
exceptions in favour of the AdministeringAuthorities (see ArticleIO of the present
Trusteeship Agreement), and in some made the entitlement of the benefits of the
rights conferred subject to reciprocal equality of treatment by other States (see
Article II of the present Trusteeship Agreement and compare Article 8 of the
Trusteeship Agreement relating to French Cameroons). Moreover in the Trusteeship
Agreement relating to Western Samoa, a right-the missionary right-was conferred
upon nationals of States, Members of the United Nations, which seems to have
little or nothing to do with the objective indicatein Article 76(d) of the Charter.

Constantly it is asserted that the language of the adjudicationclause is clear,
precise and unambiguous. It is not without significance thaturing the discussion
in the Sub-Cornmittee of the Fourth Committee on the Western Samoan draft
the view of at least the delegate of one State was that it was not clear whether
the adjudication clause obliged the State in disputewiththe Administering Author-
ity also to submit the dispute to this Court, nor whether the adjudication clause
automatically referred a dispute to the Court or whether it was necessary firsthat
a special agreement should be entered into ,which was precisely what the Applicant
in this case in itstter ofIMay 1961 asked the Respondent to agree to).
However this may be, it would seem to indicate that the language of the ad-
jii?i:ationclause, clearand unambiguous as it claimed to be, may not be so. These words, of themselves, provide the key to the interpretation
of Article19, in particular the key to the discovery of the meanirig
of the words "any dispute whatever".

The condition "if it cannot be settled by negotiation or other
means" is one which applies to al1 disputes within the meaning
of the clause and thus characterizes the disputes which fa11within
the ambit thereof. As Judge Moore pointed out in the Mazwommatis
Palestine Concessionscase (P.C.I.J., Series AIR, Judgment No. 2
at p. 62)this condition is to be found in a large number of arbitration
treaties entered into over the years both before and since the
mandate instruments and trusteeship agreements "as a vital
condition of their acceptance and operation". The words do not
mean, as he pointed out, that the dispute "must be of such a nature

that it is not susceptible of settlement by negotiation"; this would
destroy the effectiveness of the condition.
Read in their present context they necessarily imply, in my
opinion, that a dispute within the meaning of Article 19 must be
of a class, character or type which is capableof bei~zsettledbetween
the parties thereto in a final manner and between parties having
the competence so to do. Whatever is the meaning to be given
to the words "or other meansu-and this will be considered
later-they must, in my view, mean that the parties to the dispute
are able to choose and agree upon the means to be employed to
settlc the dispute finally, and competent to bind themselves to the

result of the means employed to achieve a settlement. Thus the
dispute must be one which each is competent to settle between
itself and the other State or States whatever the means employed
so to do.
A dispute which relates to individual interests or rights of a
State or its nationals conferred by the provisions of the Trusteeship
Agreement is inherently capable of final settlement between the
Administering Authority and a State, a Member of the United
Nations l;but a dispute which is not of ihat class, character or type
but on the contrary is of a class, character or type which relates
to the performance of obligations stipulated therein undertaken by

the Administe~jng Authority with the United Nations, in the interests
of the peoples of Trust Territories, and in defence ofthose intereçts,
to achieve the advancement and well-being of the peoples of the
Trust Territory and their development to the ultimate goal of
independence or self-government, in accordance with the objectives
of the International Trusteeship System established by the Charter
of the United Nations, is inherently incapable of settlementby any
means between the Administering Authority and any other State.
These last-mentioned obligations, which hereafter are sometimes
referred to as general obligations, directed to promotion of the

Any such right might presumablybe renouncedby a State (Mavrommatis
Concessions, P.C.I.J., Series AIB, JudNo.n2 at p30:.
78 political, economic, social and educational advancement of the
inhabitants and their progressive development toward self-govern-
ment or independence; cannot of their very nature be affected,
altered, modified, amended or compromised in any manner whatever
without the consent of the United Nations. It would not be compe-
tent, in my opinion, for the Administering Authority to agree with
another State that any one of these general obligations should in
any particular circumstances be interpreted or applied in a certain
manner. In my opinion the meaning of the words "any dispute
whatever", conditioned bythe words "if it cannot be settled ...etc.",
between the parties, read in their context refer to such disputes
in relation to the interpretation and application of the provisions
of the Trusteeship Agreement, which of their nature, are of a class
characteror type which the parties are competent to settle between
themselves. Al1disputes whatever relating to the interpretation or
application of provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement which are

of that class, character or type, but only such disputes as are, are
those to mhich Article 19 has application.

The task of the Court is to ascertain the intention of the United
Nations and the Administering Authority when this Agreement
was entered into. It is indisputable, 1 think, that the General As-
sembly, acting within its authority under the Charter, and the
Administering Authority, were entitled, under the terms of the
Charter and as the parties to the Trusteeship Agreement, to inter-
pret the provisions thereof relating to the generalobligations of the
Administering Authority, and apply them as they agreed between
themselves. It would seem somewhat extreme to ascribe to the
United Nations-acting through the General Assembly-quite
apart from any intention of the Administering Authority so to do,
an intention to grant to any State a right, at its own unrestrained
will, to challenge judicially an interpretation or application of the
Trusteeship Agreement which the Ceneral Assembly (the organ
chosen by the Charter to exercise al1 the functions of the United
Nations relating to the Trusteeship Agreement) and the Adminis-
tering Authority, agreed between themselves, gave effect to the

Agreement and so satisfied its requirements.

These considerations alone compel me to the conclusion that
Article 19 should be interpreted as applying exclusively to disputes
relating to individual rights or interests accorded to a State, or its
nationals, by provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement. By way of parenthesis it shoulcl be added that the words "or
other means" ("if it cannot be settled by negotiations or other
means")-words which did not appear in the Mandate Instru-
ments-do not, for reasons already advanced, affect the conclusion
arrived at on the interpretation to be accorded to Article 19. A few
words, however, on the meaning to be accorded these ~rords "or
other means" may conveniently be inserted.

The words, in my ,opinion, must be construed ej~isdemgegzeris.
There is some confirmation nlizinde for this view.
Among eight Trusteeship Agreements approved by the General

Assembly on 13 December 1946 there is to be found one and one
only in which the adjudication clause varied in verbiage from that
contained in each of the others. Yet it could not be disputed, 1
think, that the purpose and scope of each was precisely the same.
In the Trusteeship Agreement relating to Western Samoa the rele-
vant words are "by negotiation or similar means". The meaning
of the words employed in the other Trusteeship Agreements should
be interpreted in the same sense.

The Surrounding Circumstances when.the Trusteeship

Agreement was Entered into
That the Applicant's contention on the interp~etation to be
acc~rded Article 19 is unfounded is also, 1 think, evident from the
surrounding ci~cumstances at the time the Trusteeship Agreement
was entered into, some of which have already been referred to.
It will be recalled that the Mandates were divided into three

categories referred to generally as-4,R and C Mandates depending
upon the state of political developnient which they had achieved.
The people in the "C" Mandated Territories were, due to their
remoteness from the centres of civilization and other factors, for
the most part in the most backward state of development. One
would think that if the Vnited Nations, as one of the parties to
the Trusteeship Agreements (the great majority of which, inclu-
ding that in the present case, were negotiated and entered into
at the same time in 1946), intended tliat an important, if not the
overriding purpose of the adjudication clause we are concerned
with was to provide for judicial adjudication by this Court at the
instance of any State, a hlember of the United Nations, to defend
or assert the interests of the peoples of these territories in order to
protect them against breaches of obligations undertaken by the
Administering Authority to these peoples, such a provision as
Article 15-which had appeared in al1 the mandate instruments-

was very much more advisable or desirable to be inserted in Trus-
teeship Agreements which related to previous "CH Mandates than
80 would be the case in Trusteeship Agreements relating to previo.us
"B" mandated territories whoce people were more advanced in
political development. Certainly it could not with reason be con-
tended it was any the leçs so. Yet the significant fact is that of
the Trusteeship Agreements dealing with the four previously
mandated "C" territories only one contained any adjudication
clause1.This fact bears directly upon the purpose the adjudication
clause was intended to serve in the Trusteeship Agreements in
which it did appear. In the Trusteeship Agreements where the ad-

judicationclausedoesnot appear its omissionwas not as wehave seen
due to mistake or oversight, it was omitted deliberately. The omis-
sion ofthe adjudication clause inthese three Trusteeship agreements
does not square with the contention that the purpose of the clause
Ras to secure adjudication by thiscourt at the instance of anyState,
a Member of the United Nations, claiming that there had been, or
was continuing, a breach by the Administering Authority of any
of its obligations under the provisions of the Trusteeship Agree-
ment including those undertaken by the Administering Authority
which were concerned with the welfare and political advancenient
of the inhabitants of the territory.
The obvious inference is that an adjudication clause was not
considered in these cases as serving any useful purpose. If this

inference is correct, as 1 believe it is, it would point clearly in the
direction that the purpose which the adjudication clause was to
serve, in such Trusteeship Agreements in which it did appear, was
not to accord to any State any right to inooke the jurisdiction of
the Court in relation to a dispute between itself andthe Administer-
ing Authority on the interpretation or application of any of the
general provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement which were con-
cerned with the carrying out of the objectives of the Trusteeship
System in the interests of the indigenous population; it was to
serve quite a different purpose. It seems inescapable that the
purpose could only have been to provide a tribunal for the adjudi-
cation of disputes between the Administering Authority and a
State relating to provisions of the Trusteeship Agreements whicli

by their terms conferred individual rights upon States or their
nationals.
Thus the surrounding circumstances at the time the present
Trusteeship Agreement was entered into negative the interpreta-
tion of Article 19 contended for by the Applicant. The omission
of the adjudication clause in these three Trusteeship Agreements
is, 1 think, conclusive against the Applicant's contention on the
meaning of Article 19.

lThe three in which it did not appear were those relating to New Guinea, Nauru
and the previous Japanese Mandin the Pacific.
8I The matter does not, however, rest here. On the same day, namely
13December 1946',the General Assembly approved two Trusteeship
Agreements which related to previous "CH Mandates, namely
Western Samoa and New Guinea: in one the adjudication clause
appears, in the otherthereisnone.
In the mandate instruments relating to these two territories

there was a provision mihich conferred rights or interests upon
States Members of the League or their natiorials, and each contained
the adjudication clause2. These rights, considered by many States,
Members of the League, to be of importance in these somewhat
primitive areas, were, in terms, that the Mandatory Power "Shall
allow al1 missionaries, nationals of any State, a Member of the
League of Nations, to enter into, travel and reside in the territory
for the purpose of prosecuting their calling".

When Western Samoa was brought under the TrusteeshipSystem
of the Charter, its Trusteeship Agreement, after stipulating the
obligation common to al1 Trusteeship Agreements, namely to ad-
minister the territory so as to achieve the objectives of Article 76
of the Charter 3,in a subsequent provision, again accorded the same
rights to missionaries, nationals of a State, a member of the United

Nations as were contained in the mandate instrument. Consequently
the adjudication clause found its place in the relevant Trusteeship
Agreement, just as it did in the mandate instrument. The Trus-
teeship Agreement which related to New Guinea, on the other hand,
did not contain any provision specifically according any rights or
interests to States or their nationals, the rights accorded to mis-
sionaries, etc., thus were not included.

During the course of the deliberations in the Sub-Committee
of the Fourth Committee of the General Assembly, which scrutinized
the provisions of each draft Trusteeship Agreement before it, a
number of new clauses to the New Guinea draft (some of them
designed to havewritten into that draft the conferring of individual
rights or interests on States, Members of the United Nations, or
their nationals, similar to those conferred in the Trusteeship Agree-

ment presently before the Court4) were proposed by different
delegations.
Specifically there was a proposa1 by the United States Dele-
gation to include two clauses, the one in identical terms to

l The same day on which the Trusteeship Agreement for British Cameroons
was approved by the General Assembly.
In the case of "A" and"B" Mandates the rights specifically conferupon
States or their nationals were quite extenin the case of "C" Mandates these
righSee footnoteIat pp. 87, 88, ante.
See Annexes 5 to 5 (g) to United NationsOfficia1 Recordof second part
of 1st Session of the General Assembly, pp. 240 to 248 and sub-commitDoc.
A/C.4/Sub. 1/31.

SzArticle 9 of the Western Samoan draft (freedom of conscience and
religion) which conferred rights upon missionaries, nationals of
States, Members of the United Nations, to enter, travel, reside
and carry on their calling ; the other identical to Article 16 of the
Western Samoan draft, the adjudication claztse. These proposals
had been before the Sub-Committee for a considerable time and
had been circulated l.
The Sub-Committee had commenced its deliberations on 15 No-
vember 1946. At its first meeting of 3 December 1946 it was decided
to postpone discussion of the new Articles proposed, inter alia, by

the United States until the end of the examination of the New
Guinea draft agreement.
At the Sub-Committee's second meeting the same day the modifi-
cation proposed by the Delegation of the United States to the draft
agreement for New Guinea, namely to add an Article identical to
Article 16 of the draft agreement for Western Samoa, was post-
poned for later consideration in connection with other proposed
new articles.
Later at the same meeting the delegate for Australia made the

Australian Government's position quite plain. It was prepared, in
order to meet a number of proposed modifications to its draft, to
add, as it did, an additional clause (now Article 8 of the Trusteeship
Agreement for New Guinea) but was not prepared to go any further.
This additional clause did not contain any provision confemng
individual rights upon States, Members of the United Nations or
their nationals; in particular it did not provide for any rights to
missionaries, nationals of a State, a Member of the United Nations2.
On the following day at the Sub-Committee's second meeting of
that day the delegate of the United States withdrew his proposa1

to insert certain Articles in the New Guinea draft, specifically
he withdrew the proposa1 to insert an Article concerning "the
procedure to be followed with respect to disputes over the interpre-
tation and application of the provisions of the draft agreement3".

There was no protest, no debate, no comment. Nor was there
any when the Sub-Cornmittee reported to ils parent Committee.

One week after, al1eight of the Trusteeship Agreements to which
reference has previously been made (including the Trustee-

ship Agreement for the British Cameroons) were approved by the
General Assembly. No observdtion of any kind was made on the

Records of 2nd part of 1st session of the General Fourth Committee;
TrusteeshipPart II, p. 26, Anne(b)and Sub-Committee Doc. A/C.4/Sub. 1/31.

* Ibid.at,pp. 151-152 and Annexes(f)and 5(h).
TrusteeshipPart II, pp. 163-164.ession of the General Fourth Committee;

83absence of an adjudication clause in the New Guinea Trusteeship
Agreement.
It seems hardly believable, if the all-important purpose of the
adjudication clause were that presently contended for by the Ap-
plicant, that the omission of an adjudication clause could have
passed without some comment. Yet none was made.

In the light of this recordit is quite impossible to reconcile what
took place in the Sub-Cornmittee, the Fourth Committee and the
General Assembly itself with the contention of the Applicant that
Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement was intended to accord a
right to any State, a Member of the United Nations, to have re-
course to this Court in relation to a dispute concerning the inter-
pretation or application of the general provisions of a Trusteeship
Agreement dealing with the obligations of an Administering Au-

thority undertaken by it in the interests of the inhabitants of the
territory. Where there were to be foiind in a Trusteeship Agreement
approved by the General Assembly any provisions which con-
ferred or were understood to confer individual rights or interests
upon States, Members of the United Nations, or their nationals,
the adjudication clause appeâred, where a Tri~steeship Agreement
contained none, as was the case for example of that relating to

New Guinea, no adjudication clause appearedl, the General As-
sembly did not regard it 2s serving any purpose.
This conclusion is 1 think inescapable. However, in the remote
possibility that it could be tirged that Australia's explanation as to
the absence of the adjudication clause to which reference has pre-
viously been made2 was accepted by the Sub-Committee as suffi-
cient or as the equivalent of an adjudication claiise the same con-

clusion, for reasons alre;i.dy advanced, must be reached.
However the matter is viewed the interpretation of Article ~g
of the Trusteeship Agreement in the instant case contended for
by the Applicznt is shown to be without substance.

Having regard to all the foregoing considerations it would not
seem possible to support the proposition that Article 19 of the

Trusteeship Agreement with which the Court is presently concerned
had anything to do with the general obligations of the Administer-
ing Authority's obligations such as those on the alleged breach of
which the Applicant in this case bases its claim for relief. It is

The mandate instrumentand the Trusteeship SystemAgreement in relation
to Nauru stand precisely on theame footing asthat relating to New Guinea.
Assembly nearly a yealater, in November 1947. The absence of an adjudication
clause did notnvite comment.
Seepp. 85 and86 and footnote at 86,ante. 96 JUDG. 2 XII 63 (SEP. OPIN. SIR PERCY SPENDER)

demonstrated that a dispute within the meaning of Article 19 of the
Trusteeship Agreement relates solely and exclusively to individual
rights or interests, whatever they were,which were conferred bypro-
visions of the Trusteeship Agreement upon States or their nationals.

The history of the drafting of the adjudication clause and how
and why it came to be included in the Mandate instruments from
which it was taken when the Trusteeship Agreements were being
drafted bears out completely the conclusion arrived at.

The inescapable truth of the matter is that the adjudication
clause to be found in each mandate instrument and that found in
Trusteeship Agreements had a common parentage. They were
conceived to serve the same purpose, their scope and intendment
were the same. They had nothing to do with the general obligations
of either the Mandatory Powers or the Administenng Authorities,

or the interests of the peoples of the territories, but, on the con-
trary, were intended to serve the mundane purpose of providing
a tribunal for the adjudication of disputes arising out of the inter-
pretation or application of provisions in both the Mandate Instru-
ments and the Trusteeship Agreements which in themselves
conferred individual rights or interests on States or their nationals,
and were intended to serve this purpose only l.

If, however, contrary to the conclusion 1 have felt bound to

arrive at on the interpretation to be accorded Article 19 the Court
has jurisdiction in these proceedings 1 agree that the Court, for
reasons appearing in its Judgment, should refrain from proceeding
further.

(Signed)Percy C. SPENDER.

l See I.C.J.Reports 1962, JoinOpinion of Judge Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice
and myself, pp. 554-559. where the history of the origin and deveof thet
adjudicatioclause and how it came to be inserted in the mandate instrisents
reviewed.

$5

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF

JLDGE SIR PERCY SPENDER

The central issue in this case is, in my opinion, whether the
dispute alleged by the Republic of Cameroon is a dispute within
the meaning of the adjudication clause; Article 19 of the Trustee-
ship -Agreement. Since 1 reach the conclusion that the dispute
alleged is not a dispute within the meaning of that Article, the
Court is, in my opinion, u-ithout jurisdiction.

This Court in 1962 had occasion in the South West Afrzc~rcases l
to consider an adjudication clause which was contained in the
Mandate Instruments under the Covenant of the 1-eagueof Nations,
a clause rvhich in al1 essentials-apart from one matter to which

reference n-il1 later be madc-was the same as that set out in
Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement the siibject of consideration
in thib case. The very core of the Court's reasoning which led it to
give to the adjudication clause in the South West African Mandate
the all-embracive interpretation it did was, in my view, that that
clause \vas inherently necessary, v1asessential to tlie unctioning of
the 3Iandate System and the exercise of the Mandate, in order to
ensurc the performance by the hfandatory Power of its obligations
to the peoples of the Mandated Territoryasset forth in the Mandate
Instrument. The clause, in the Court's opinion, thus provided an
essential judicial security for the performance ofthese obligations.
These considerations led the Court to conclude that the adjudi-
cation clause in the Mandate Instrument covered not only disputes
between a State, a Member of the League, and the Mandatory
Power in relation to provisions of the Mandate Inst~ument where-
under individual rights or interests were conferred upon States,

Members of the League or their nationals, but also the provisions
thereof which imposed general obligations upon the Mandatory
Power in the interests of the people of the Mandated Territory--
the obligations to carry out the "sacred trust" imposed upon and
undertaken by it.

In the present case the context of the adjudication ciause-Article
19 of the Trusteeship Agreement-is not the same as it was in the
Sozcth West Africa cases, though it is in al1 essential wording the
same. In the South West Africa cases the clause had to be interpreted
in the context of the Covenant of the League and the terms of the
Mandate Instrument; in the present case it must be interpreted in

Z.C.J. Reports 1962319,

54 OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE SIR PERCY SPENDER

La question essentielle qui se pose en l'espèce est à mon avis de
savoir si le différend allégué par la République du Cameroun est
bien un différendau sens de la clause juridictionnelle, c'est-à-dire de
l'article 19 de l'accord de tutelle. C'est parce que je suis parvenu
à la conclusion que le différend allégué n'est pas un différend au
sens de cet article que je me suis prononcé contre la compétence de
la.Cour.
En 1962, la Cour a eii l'occasion dans les affaires du Sud-OUPS~
ajricain ld'étudier une clause juridictionnelle qui figurait dans les
Mandats conclus en vertu du Pacte de la Société des Nations et qui,

pour l'essentiel - à l'exception d'un point qui sera mentionné
ci-après -, était identique à l'article rg de l'accord de tutelle sur
lequel porte notre examen en l'espt-ce.Au centre du raisonnement
qui a conduit la Cour à interpréter la clause juridictionnelle du
Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain aussi largenient qu'elle l'a fait
se trouve, à mon avis, cette idée que la clause était un élément
indispensable, une nécessité inhérenteau fonctionnement du SJ-t'me
des Mandats et à l'exercice du Mandat si l'on voulait assurer
l'exécution par la Puissance mandataire des obligations qui lui
incombaient en vertu du Mandat à l'endroit des habitants du
territoire sous Mandat. Ainsi, de l'avis de la Cour, la clause four-

nissait une garantie judiciaire essentieHe à l'exécution de ces
obligations. Ces considérations ont amené la Cour à conclure que
la clause juridictionnelle figurant dans le Mandat s'appliquait rion
seulement aux différendsentre un Etat Membre de la Sociétédes
Nations et le Mandataire relativement aux dispositions du Mandat
qui conféraient aux États Membres de la Société desNations ou à
leurs ressortissants des droits ou des intérêtsàtitre individuel, mais
également aux différends concernant les dispositions du Mandat
qui imposaient au Mandataire des obligations de caractère général
dans l'intérêt despopulationsdu territoire sousMandat - autrement
dit des obligations afférentes à l'accomplissement de la ccmission

sacrée » qiii lui avait étéconfiéeet qu'il avait acceptée.
Dans la présente affaire, le contexte de la clause juridictionnelle
- l'article 19 de l'accord de tutell- n'est pas le mêmeque dans
les affaires du Sud-Ouest a/~icain,bien que tous les terrnes essentiels
en soient identiques. Dans les affaires du Sud-Ouest ajrz'cain,la
clause devait êtreinterprétéedans lecontexte du Pacte de la Société
des Nations et des termes du Mandat; en l'espèce, elle doit être

C.I.J. Recueil 196p. 319.

54 the context of the International Trusteeship System established
under the Charter of the United Nations and the terms of the
Trusteeship Agreement itself. Moreover, much of the foundation
upon which the Court erected its reasoning in the cases of Soz~th
West Africa in the instant case crumbles away; the Court in those

cases itself recognizing that the necessity for the adjudication
clause-essentiality-which was stated by it to characterize the
clause in the Mandate System disappeared under the International
Trusteeship System of the United Natioiis; it was "dispensed with"
by the termç of the Charter l.
My colleague, Judge Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice, and 1 clisagreed
with the reasoning of the Court as well as with the interpretation it
placed upon the adjudication clause in the Maridate Instrun~ents,
and we expressed Ourview at length. Although a great deal of what
we then had to Say is directly applicable to the interpretationto be
accorded to the adjudication clause in this case-in particular we

rejected the view that the adjudication clause was either essential or
necessary to the Mandate System or the Mandate Instrument-
none the less, since the task of interpretation in this case is not the
same as that which faced the Court in the Soîtth West -4Jricacases,
it would, 1 think, be neither sufficient nor satisfactory to refer in
general to the reasoning then advanced by my colleague and myself
and content myself with a brief presentation of my views in the
case. 1think it advisable to express in some detail the reasons which
lead me, in this case, to the conclusion that the dispute alleged by
the Applicant is not a dispute within the meaning of Article 19
of the Trusteeship Agreement beforc the Court.

The Broad 1ssz.1~t~o Be Deter~nined

The Applicant alleges breaches by the Respondent of Articles 3,
j, 6 and 7 of the Trusteeship Agreement. The breaches alleged are
riot particularized except under heads of "complaints" in the
Application and Memorial. The Articles above mentioned express in
broad and general tern~s obligations undertaken by the Adminis-
tering Authority with the United Nations to administer the Terri-

tory in such a manner as to achieve the basic objectives of the
International Trusteeship System laid down in Article 76 of the
United Nations Charter (and to this end the Administering Author-
ity undertook to collaborate fully with the General Assembly and
the Trusteeship Council on the discharge of their functions) (Article
3): to promote the development of free political institutions suited
to the Territory and assure its inhabitants an increasing share in

l I.C. J. Reeo1962,at342.

55 ARRÊT 2 XII 63 (OP. INDIV. SIR PERCY SPENDER) 66

interprétée dans le contexte du régime international de tutelle
établi en vertu de la Charte des Nations Unies et des termes de
l'accord de tutelle lui-même. Au surplus, la base sur laquelle la
Cour avait fondé son raisonnement dans les affaires du Sud-Ouest
afvicain s'effondre en grande partie en l'espèce; en effet, la Cour

a elle-même reconnu dans ces affaires que le caractère néces-
saire - essentiel - qu'elle avait attribué à la clause juridic-
tionnelle dans le système des Mandats a disparu dans le régime
international de tutelle des Nations Unies; ce caractère «n'existe
plus »dans le cadre de la Charte1.
Mon collègue sir Gerald Fitzmaurice et moi-mêmeavons étéen
désaccord avec le raisonnement de la Cour et avec l'interprétation
au'elle a donnée de la clause iuridictionnelle des Mandats: nous

avons exposé en détail notre opinion à ce sujet. Certes, une grande
partie de ce que nous avons dit alors s'applique directement à
l'interprétation que l'on doit donner de la clause juridictionnelle en
l'espèce - nous avions en particulier rejeté l'opinion selon laquelle
ladite clause était soit essentielle, soit nécessaire au système des
Mandats ou au Mandat lui-même -, mais puisque la tâche d'inter-
prétation qui incombe maintenant à la Cour n'est pas la même
que dans les affaires du Sztd-Ozlestafricain, je pense qu'il ne serait

ni suffisant ni satisfaisant de me référerd'une manière gén"raleau
raisonnement développépar mon collègue et par moi-mêmedans
ces affaires et de me borner à présenter brièvement mon opinion
sur la présente affaire. 11me paraît préférablede donner quelques
détails sur les motifs qui m'ont amené, en l'espèce, à conclure
que le différend allégué par le demandeur n'est pas un différendau
sens de l'article19 de l'accord de tutelle soumis à la Cour.

Questions générales i trancher

Le demandeur soutient que le défendeur n'a pas respecté les
articles 3, 5, 6 et 7 de l'accord de tutelle. Les manquements pré-
tendus ne sont pas spécifiéss ,i ce n'est sous la rubrique des((griels))
dansla requêteet dans le mémoire. Lesarticles mentionnésénoncent

en termes larges et générauxles obligations assumées vis-à-vis des
Nations Unies par l'autorité administrante: administrer le territoire
de manière à réaliserles fins essentielles du régimeinternational de
tutelle énoncées à l'article 76 de la Charte des Nations Unies
(à cette fin l'autorité chargée de l'adniinistration s'engage à colla-
borer pleinement avec l'Assembléegénéraleet le Conseil de tutelle
dans 1'accomplissement de leurs fonctions) (art. 3); favoriser le
développement d'institutions politiques libres convenant au

territoire, assurer à ses habitants une part progressivement crois-

C. I.J. Recuz1962,p. 342
55administrative and other services and develop their participation
in government as might be appropriate to the particular circum-
stances of the Territory and its people, special regard being had to
the provisions of Article5 (a)of the Triisteeship Agreement (Article
6): and to apply in the Territory, inter alia, recommendations
already existing or thereafter drawn up by the United Nations which
might be appropriate to the particular circumstances of the Terri-
tory and conduce to the achievement of the basic objectives of the
International Trusteeship System (Article 7). Article5 (a), to which
reference is made above, provided that for al1 purposes of the
Trusteeship Agreement the Administering Authority should have
full powers of legislation, administration and jurisdiction and should
administer the Territory in accordance with the Authority's own
laws as an integral part of its territory "mith such modification as
may be required by local conditions" and subiect to the provisions
of the Cnited Nations Charter and of the Trusteeship Agreement.
Though the Applicant allegesbreaches generally of the provisions
of the Trusteeship Agreement no other specificprovision of the same
is adverted to by the Applicant or referred to in its "complaints",
which constitute, as its Application States, the subject-matter of its

dispute xvith the Respondent Government, other than Article 5
(b) which provides that the Administering Authority should be
entitled,intzr alia, to constitute the Territory intoan administrative
union or federation with adjacent territories under its sovereignty
or control and to establish common services between such territories
and theTrust Territory where such "measures" were not inconsistent
uith the basic objectives of the International Trusteeship System
or with the terms of the Trusteeship Agreement.
The gist of the complaints of the Applicant Government may be
stated as follows: the objective of development of free political
institutions, etc., has not been achieved; this it is alleged was a
breacli of Article 3 of the Agreement: the Northern Cameroons had
been administered as an integral part of Nigeria and not as a
distinct territory; this is alleged to have been a breach of Article5
(b) of the Agreement: the Trust Territorgr had been administered
in two separate parts, the Southern and Northern Cameroons with
two administration systems and following, it is asserted,separate
courses of political development ;this is alleged to be contrary to a
"rule of unity" presumably inherent in the Trusteeship Agreement.
These breaches are further alleged to have continued from 1946
onm,ardsand are stated to have deployed their effects in a continuous
manner up to the time of the plebiscite held in the Northern
Cameroons in February 1961 preventing consultation with the

people sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the Trusteeship
Agreement, as a result of which plebiscite the Trusteeship Agree-
ment was brouglit to an end before the objectives of Article 76 of
the Charterhad been achieved. Thus, it is said, Northern Cameroons
became part of the State of Nigeria.
56sante dans les ser~ricesadministratifs et autres et élargirleur par-
ticipation au gou~ernement compte tenu desconditionsparticulières

au territoire et à ses populations, eu égard particulièrement aux
dispositions de l'article a) de l'accord de tutelle (art6) ;appliquer
notamment au territoire les recommandations déjà existantes
ou devant être arrêtéespar les Nations Unies qui pourraient
convenir aux conditions particulières du territoire et qui contri-
bueraient à la réalisation des fins essentielles du régime interna-
tional de tutelle (art.7).L'article 5 ($mentionné plus haut prévoit
qu'aux fins de l'accord l'autorité administrante aura pleinspouvoirs
de législation, d'administration et de juridiction sur le territoire et
l'administrera conformément à sa propre législation, commepartie
intégrante de son territoire « avec les modifications que pourraient

exiger les conditions locales »et sous réserve des dispositions de la
Charte des Nations Vnies et de l'accord de tutelle.

Idedemandeur prétend en généralque les dispositions de l'accord
de tutelle n'ont pas étérespectées,mais les «griefs))qui constituent,
comme le précisela requete, l'objet de son différendavec le gouver-
nement défendeur ne mentionnent ni n'indiquent aucune autre
disposition en particulier, à l'exception de l'articl5 b), aux termes
duquel l'autorité administrante sera autorisée (entre autres) à
faire entrer le territoire dans une union ou fédérationadministrative
avec les territoires adjacents placés sous sa souveraineté ou sa
régieet à établir des services communs à ces territoires et au terri-

toire sous tutelle quand ces amesures ))seront compatibles avec
les fins essentielles du régimeinternational de tutelle ou avec les
clauses de I'accord de tutelle.
On peut définir commesuit l'essentiel des griefs du gouvernement
demandeur : le but qu'était le développement d'institutions poli-
tiques libres. etc., n'a pas étéatteint, ce quiconstituerait une viola-
tion de l'article 3 de l'accord; le Cameroun septentrional a été
administré ccmme une partie intégrante de la Nigbria et non pas
comme un territoire distinct, ce qui constituerait une I-iolation de
l'article5 b) de l'accord; le territoire sous tutelle a étéadministré
en deux parties séparées, le Camerounseptentrional et le Cameroun
méridional, selon deux systèmes administratifs différents, ce qui

aurait entralné un développement politique distinct et serait
contraire à la (règle de l'unité » considéréecomme inhérente à
l'accord de tutelle. De plus, le demandeur prétend que ces manque-
ments dureraient depuis 1946 et auraient eu des effets continus
jusqu'au moment du plébiscite qui a eu lieu au Cameroun septen-
trional en février 196~ ; ils auraient empêché la consultation p~pu-
laire de se dérouler conformément aux prescriptions de l'accord
de tutelle,à la suite de quoi l'accord de tutelle aurait pris fin avant
que les fins de l'article76 de la Charte ne fussent réalisées.C'est
ainsj, conclut-on, que le Cameroun septentrional 2 étéintégré
à 1'Etat nigérien.

56 Four additional complaints are set forth in the Application three
of which relate to alleged breaches of a resolution of the General
Assembly 1473 of12 December 1959, the remaining one dealing with
certain alleged practices, acis or omissions of "the local Trusteeship

Authorities" during the period preceding and during the plebiscite;
which it is further alleged prevented a free and unfettered expression
of opinion. All ofthese four additional complaints are asserted to be
in conflict with the Trusteeship Agreement1.

The Applicant State does not seek any specificredress in relation
to the alleged breaches of the Trusteeship Agreement complained of;
it seeks only a declaration of the law.

It will thus be seen that the dispute alleged to exist between the
Applicant and the Respondent relates excliisively to the general

obligations of the Respondent under the Trusteeship Agreement
undertaken by it with the United Nations to achieve the objectives
of the International Trusteeship System established by the Charter
in the interests of the people of territories who had not yet attained
self-government or independence.

To what Extent Doesthe RecegztDecision oj this Court in the
Sozith West Africa CasesBeur upon thePresent Case?

In the South VI7& A/ricilcases the view of the Court that Article 7
of the Mandate Instrument was inherently necessary or essential to
the functioning of the Mandate System, giving effect to the concept
of what has been termed the "judicial protection of the sacred
trust", was of the very heart of the Court's reasoning. This view
found its first expression in the Judgment when the Court was
dealing, not with the question of what was a dispute within the
meaning of Article 7 of the Mandate, but with the question raised by
the Second Objection of the Union of South Africa which centred on

the term "another Member of the League of Nations ..."in that
Article. The Union of South Africa had claimed that Ethiopia and
Liberia didnot have the status required bythe Article to invoke the
jurisdiction of the Court since neither was any longer a Member of
the League of Nations. The Court, after stating that this contention
was claimed to be based upon the natural and ordinary meaning of
the words "another Member of the League of Nations", did not, as
1 understand the Judgment, deny that the natural and ordinary
meaning of the words were as contended forby the Gnion of South
Africa. It stated that the rule of interpretation that recourse should
-
See in particular Art3cand 7 ofthe Trusteeship Agreement.

57 La requêteénonce encore quatre griefs, dont trois se rapportent
à de prétendues violations de la résolution 1473 de l'Assemblée

généraledu 12 décembre 1959; quant au dernier, il a trait à cer-
taines pratiques, actions ou inactions des cautorités locales de
tutelle ))pendant la période précédant le plébiscite et durant les
opérations électoralesqui auraient eu pour résultat d'empkher la
population d'exprimer son opinion librement et sans entraves.
Ces quatre autres sujets de grief auraient constitué autant de
manquements à l'accord de tutellel.

é état demandeur ne cherche aucune réparation précise con-
cernant les prétendues violations de l'accord de tutelle, il demande
seulement à la Cour de dire le droit.

011 voit ainsi que le différend qui est prétendu exister entre le
demandeur et le défendeur a trait exclusivement aux obligations
générales assuméespar le défendeur vis-à-vis des Nations Unies en
vertu de l'accord de tutelle, en vue de réaliser les fins du régime

international de tutelle établi par la Charte dans l'intérêtdes
populations des territoires n'ayant pas encore accédé à l'autonomie
ou à l'indépendance.

Dans quellemesure la récentedécisionde la Cour
dans les aflaires du Sud-Ouest africain a-t-elle
une influence sur la présenteagaire?

Dans les affaires du Sud-Ouest africain, on trouve au cŒur même
du raisonnement de la Cour cette opinion que l'article 7 du Mandat
était de manière inhérente nécessaireou essentiel au fonctionnement
du système des Mandats, appliquant le principe 4e la ((protection
judiciaire de la mission sacrée ».L'arrêtexprime cette opinion pour
la première fois lorsque la Cour traite non pas de la question de

savoir ce qu'était un différend au sens de l'article 7 du Mandat,
mais de la deuxième exception de l'Union sud-africaine qui portait
essentiellement sur le sens dans cet article de l'expression (un autre
Membre de la-Sociétédes Nations ». L'Union sud-africaine avait
soutenu que 1'Ethiopie et le Libéria n'avaient pas la qualité exigée
par cet article pour invoquer la juridiction de la Cour, puisqu'ils
n'étaient plus ni l'un ni l'autre membres de la Sociétédes Nations.
Après avoir constaté que cet argument prétendait se fonder sur

le sens naturel et ordinaire des mots (un autre Membre de la Société
des Nations »,la Cour n'a pas nié, sije comprends bien l'arrêt,que
le sens naturelet ordinaire de ces termes fût celui que leur attribuait
l'union sud-africaine. Elle a déclaréque la règle d'interprétation
selon laquelle il faut s'en remettre, tout au moins pour commencer,
-
l Voir en particulier les art. 3 et 7 de l'accord de tutelle.

57 be had, in the first place, at least, to the ordinary and natural
meaning of words was not an absolute rule of interpretation and

then proceeded to observe that-
"Where such a method of interpretation results in a meaning
incompatible with the spirit, purpose and context of the clause or
instrument in which the words are contained, no reliance can be
validly placed on it" (I.C.J. Reports1962, at 336).

The Court then proceeded to state its reasons why reliance, in the
light of this observation, could not be placed upon the natural and
ordinary meaning of the words in question. The centre of its reasons
was the assertion that "judicial protection of the sacred trust in
each Mandate was an essential feature of the Mandates System";

the administrative supervision by the League was "a normal
security" to ensure full performance by the Mandatory of the
"sacred trust" but "the specially assigned role of the Court was
even more essentiall, since it was to serve as the final bulwark of
protection by recourse to the Court against possible abuse or
brcaches of the Mandate"2; for ~ithout this additional security,
the Court went on to Say, the supervision by the League and its
Members could not be effective in the last resort since supervision
by the League Council was subject to the rule of unanimity of its
Members, including the approval of the Mandatory itself. In the

event of a conflict between the Mandatory and other Members of
the Council, in the last resort, the Court continued, "the only coiirse
left to defend the interests of the inhaOitantsl in order to protect the
sacred trust would be to obtain an adjudication by the Court...".
This, it said, could only be achieved by a State a Member of the
League invoking the adjudication clause inthe Mandate Instrument.

"It was for this all-importantpurpose that the provision was
couched in broad terms embracing 'any dispute whatever' l...It is
thus seen what an essential#art lArticle 7 was intended to play as
one of the securities in the Mandates System for the observance of
the obligations by the Mandatory..." (I.C.J. Refiorts1962, at 337.)

Moreover, the Court added, this "essentiality of judicial pro-
tection for the sacred trust", the right to implead the Mandatory
before the Permanent Court, was "specially and expressly" con-
ferred upon the Members of the League "evidently also because it
was the most reliable procedure of ensuring protectiori by the Court,
whatever might happen to or arise from the machinery of adminis-
trative supervisionJJ 3.
There was, the Court said, an "important difference" in the
structure and working of the system of supervision of mandated

l I.C.J. Repor1962,at 336.
Ibid., at 337-338.

58au sens ordinaire et naturel des mots, n'est pas une règle d'inter-

prétation absolue, et elle a fait remarquer que:

((Lorsquecette méthode d'interprétation aboutit à un résultat
incompatible avec l'esprit, l'objet et le contexte de la clause ou de
l'acte où les termes figurent, on ne saurait valablement lui accor-
der crédit.» (C.1. J. Recueil 1962, p. 336.)

La Cour 'a exposé ensuite pourquoi, compte tenu de cette obser-
vation, elle ne pouvait se fonder sur le sens naturel et ordinaire des

termes en question. Le nŒud de son raisonnement a étéque «la
protection judiciaire de la mission sacrée contenue dans chaque
Mandat constituait un aspect essentiel du système des Mandats »;
que la surveillance administrative de la Société desNations repré-
sentait (une garantie normale »visant à assurer la pleine exécution
par le Mandataire de sa « mission sacrée amais que «le rôle spéciale-
ment imparti à la Cour était encore plus essentiel puisqu'elle devait

servir d'ultime moyen de protection par voie de recours judiciaire
contre tous abus ou violations possibles du Mandat )2; en effet,
à défaut de cette garantie supplémentaire, a poursuivi la Cour, la
surveillance exercéepar la Société desNations et par ses Membres
ne pouvait en définitive êtreefficace puisque la surveillance assurée
par le Conseil de la Société exigeaitl'approbation unanime de tous
les représentants, y compris celle du Mandataire. Dans le cas d'un
conflit entre le Mandataire et les autres membres du Conseil, le

seul moyen en dernier ressort «de défendre les intérêts deh sabitants l
aux fins de protéger la mission sacréeserait d'obtenir une décision
de la Cour ...». Une telle procédure, selon la Cour, ne pouvait
êtreentamée que par un Etat Membre de la Société desNations
invoquant la clause juridictionnelle du Mandat.

((C'està cette finesse.ntielleque la clause a étérédigéedans des
termes trèsgénéraux embrassant ((toutdigérend,quel qu'il soit»l...
On voit donc le rôleessentiel1que l'article 7 devait jouer comme
l'une des garanties du système des Mandats quant au respect de
ses obligations par le Mandataire ...D(C. I. J. Recueil 1962, p. 377.)

Auxyeux de la Cour, ((outre que laprotection judiciaire étaitessen-
tielle pourla mission sacrée »,ledroit de citerla Puissance mandataire
devant la Cour permanente avait été conféré ((spécialement et
expressément » aux Membres de la Société desNations évidem-
ment parce qu'il était aussi le moyen le plus sûr de rendre la pro-
tection judiciaire effective, quoi qu'il pût advenir du système de

surveillance administrative ou survenir à son sujet »3.
La Cour a soulignéqu'il existe une ((différenceimportante »dans
la structure et le fonctionnement du système de surveillance des

Lesitaliques sont de nous.
C.I.. Recueil1962,p.336.
Ibid., pp. 337-338. territories under the League and that of trust territories under the
Vnited Nations, namely that the unanimity rule in the Council of

the League had under the Charter been displaced by the rule of a
two-thirds majority. This observatioil of the Court was directed to
meet an argument that Article 7 was not an essential provision of
the Mandate Instrument for the protection of the sacred trust of
civilization, in support of which argument attention had been
called to the fact that three of the four "C" Mandates when brought
under the trusteeship provisions of the Charter of the United
Nations did not contain, in the respective trusteeship agreements,
any adjudication clause. It was in the course of dealing with this
argument that a statement of the Court, greatly relied upon by the
Respondent in this case to distinguish the present case from that

of South West Africa, was made. The Court's statement was as
follows :
"Thus legally valid decisions can be taken by the General As-
sembly of the United Nations and the Trusteeship Council under
Chapter XII1 of the Charter without the concurrence of the trustee
State and the necessity for invoking the Permanent Court for
judicial protection which prevailed under the Mandates System is
dispensedwith underthe Charter l.'12

In the Dissenting Opinion of myself and Judge Sir Gerald Fitz-
maurice in those cases there appear the reasons why we were
unable to agree with this reasoning of the Court, and there is no
need to repeat them here. It is sufficient for the moment to note the
reasoning of the Court and to observe that it was directed to
establishing that in the events which happened there arose out of a
debate in the Assembly of the League, on the eve of its dissolu-
tion, a unanimous agreement among all Member States that the

Mandate should be continued to be exercised after the dissolution
of the League of Nations in accordance with the obligations defined
in the Mandate Instrument, including that of the Mandatory under
the adjudication clause ; that this specific obligation survived and
necessarily involved reading into the clause the words "Members of
the United Nations" in place of the words "Members of the League
of Nations".
It is evident that the view of the Court was-and with this 1 am
in full accord-that in a trusteeship agreement under the provisions
of the Charter of the United Nations an adjudication clause is not
inherently necessary or essential to secure the observance of the

general obligations of the Administering Authority undertaken by
it in the interests of the inhabitants.
When later in its Judgment the Court turned to the examination
of the Third Preliminary Objection of South Africa u-hich the Court
said consisted essentially of the proposition that the disputebrought

l Emphasis added.
I.C.J. Reports 1962,342.
59 territoires sous Mandat dans le cadre de la Société desNations et

des territoires sous tutelle dan? le cadre des Nations Unies; cette
différence tient au fait que la règle de l'unanimité en vigueur au
Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations a étéremplacée dans la Charte
par la règle de la majorité des deux tiers. Cette observation de la
Cour répondait à l'argument selon lequel l'article 7 ne constituait
pas une disposition essentielle du Mandat pour la protection de la
mission sacrée de civilisation; on avait fait valoir à l'appui de cet

argument que, lorsque trois des quatre Mandats « C » avaient été
placés sous le régime de tutelle prévu par la Charte des Nations
Unies, aucune clause juridictionnelle n'avait étéinséréedans les
accords de tutelle les concernant. C'est à ce propos que la Cour a
fait une déclaration que le défendeur a beaucoup invoquée dans la
présente affaire, pour la distinguer des affaires duud-Ouest africain.
La Cour s'est exprimée en ces termes:

((Ainsi, des décisionsjuridiquement valables peuvent êtreprises
par l'Assembléegénérale desNations Unies et par le Conseilde
Tutelle en vertu du chapitre XII1 de la Charte sans l'assentiment
de 1'Etatchargédelatutelle et,dans lecadredela Charte,la nécessitl,
prévue par le système des Mandats, de recourir à la protection
judiciaire de la Courpermanente, n'existe plul.))

Dans l'opinion dissidente que sir Gerald Fitzmaurice et moi-même
avons alors rédigée,nous avons expliqué pourquoi nous ne suivions
pas la Cour dans son raisonnement et il n'est pas nécessaire d'y
revenir ici. Il suffira pour le moment de noter le raisonnement de
la Cour et d'observer qu'il visait à établir que, dans la suite des

événements,un débattenu par l'Assembléede la SociétédesNations
à la veille de sa dissolution avait révélél'unanimité des États
Membres à admettre que le Mandat devait continuer à êtreexercé
après la dissolution de la Sociétédes Nations conformément aux
obligations définiesdans le Mandat, y compris celle qui incombait
au Mandataire en vertu de la clause juridictionnelle; et que cette
obligation spécifique avait survécu et impliquait nécessairement
de lire dans ladite clause les mots «Membre de l'organisation des

Nations Unies ))au lieu de «Membre de la Sociétédes Nations ».

Il est évident que la Cour a estimé - et à cet égard je suis tout
à fait de son avis -. que, dans les accords de tutelle conclus aux
termes de la Charte des Nations Unies, la clause juridictionnelle
n'est pas, de manière inhérente, nécessaire ou essentielle pour
assurer le respect des obligations générales assuméespar l'autorité

administrante dans l'intérêtdes habitants du territoire.
Lorsque, dans son arrêt, la Cour est passée ensuite à l'examen
de la troisième exception préliminaire de l'Afrique du Sud qui,
d'après la Cour, consistait essentiellement dans la proposition selon

lLes italiquesont de nous.
C.T.J.Rccueil1962,p. 312. before the Court was not a dispute as envisaged in Article 7 of the
Mandate, again the thesis of "essentiality" of the adjudication

clause in the Mandate Instrument was to the fore of the Court's
approach; it was indeed of its essence. Having already asserted and
developed the thesis earlier in its Judgment, it returned to and
reasserted it. The adjudication clause in the Mandate Instrument
was "clearly inthe nature of implementing one of the 'securitiesl for
the performance of this trust', mentioned in Article 22,paragraph 1"
of the Covenant of the League.

"The right to take legal action conferred by Article 7 ... is an
essential part of the Mandate itself and inseparable from its exer-
cisel...WhileArticle 6 ofthe Mandate ...provides for administrative
supervision by the League, Article 7 in effect provides, with the
express agreement of the Mandatory, for judicial protection by
the Permanent Court by vesting the right of invoking the compul-
sory jurisdiction against the Mandatory for the same purpose I...2"

Taking the view the Court did throughout its Judgment of the
purpose and function of the adjudication clause-of its inherent
necessity, of its essentiality, as part of the Mandate System, and

its inseparability from the exercise of the Mandate itself, it is
understandable, perhaps inevitable, that in interpreting the
adjudication clause in the Mandate Instrument it gave to it the
wide and all-embracive interpretation it did. There can, 1 think, be
no doubt whatever that the Court's thesis of the purpose the clause
was intended to serve completely controlled its interpretation
thereof. To the rest of the Article the Court applied, it said, the rule
of the natural and ordinary meaning of the words which rule it had
found reasons to disregard when dealing with the Second Objection.
The words upon which the emphasis was laid in interpreting the
rest of the adjudication clause in the Mandate Instrument were the

same words which appear in the adjudication clause with which we
are presently concerned, namely "any dispute whatever" and
"relating to the interpretation or the application of the provisions
of" the Mandate Instrument.
It is important to quote what the Court said in full 3.It said:
"The language used is broad, clear and precise: it gives rise to
no ambiguity and it permits of no exception. It refers to any
dispute whatever relating not to any one particular provision or
provisions, but to 'theprovisions'ofthe Mandate, obviously meaning
allor any provisions, whether they relate to substantive obligations
of the Mandatory toward the inhabitants of the Territory or toward
the other Members of the League or to its obligation to submit to
supervision by the League under Article 6 or to protection under

l Emphasis added.
I.C.J. Reports 1962, at 344.
Ibid.at,343.
60laquelle le différend soumis à la Cour n'était pas un différendcomme

il est prévu à l'article7 du Mandat, elle a de nouveau abordé le
problème en s'appuyant sur la thèse du caractère «essentiel ))de la
clausejuridictionnelle du Mandat, et cela a constitué l'essence même
de son argumentation. Ayant déjà avancéet développécette thèse
dans un passage antérieur de l'arrêt,elle y est revenue et l'a réaf-
firmée. La nature de la clause juridictionnelle du Mandat était
a évidemment de pourvoir à la mise en Œuvre d'une (des garanties1

pour l'accomplissement de cette mission ))mentionnées à l'article22,
paragraphe I »du Pacte de la Société des Nations.
a Le droit d'intenter une action conférépar l'article 7 ... est un
élément essentiel du Mandat lui-mêmeet inséparable de son exer-
cicel...Tandis quel'article 6 du Mandat ..contient des dispositions
visant la surveillance administrative à exercer par la Société,
l'article 7 instaure en fait, avec l'accord exprèsdu Mandataire, la
protection judiciaire de la Cour permanente puisqu'il donne ...le
droit d'invoquer aux mêmesfins la juridiction obligatoire à l'en-
contre du Mandataire. ))

Si l'on considère l'opinion que la Cour a exprimée tout au long
de son arrêt sur le but et le rôle de la clause juridictionnelle -
sa nécessitéinhérente, son caractère essentiel en tant que partie

du système des Mandats et son caractère inséparable de l'exer-
cice du Mandat lui-même --, il est compréhensible et peut-être
inévitable qu'en interprétant cette clause dans le Mandat elle lui
ait donné une interprétation aussi large et complète. Il ne fait pas
de doute, je crois, que la thèse adoptée par la Cour sur l'objet de
la clause juridictionnelle a totalement commandé son interpré-
tation de cette clause. La Cour a dit qu'elle appliquait au reste de
l'article la règle de l'interprétation selon le sens naturel et ordinaire

des mots, règle qii'elle avait trouvé des raisons de ne pas appliquer
en traitant de la deuxième exception. Les mots auxquels elle s'est
attachée pour interpréter le reste de la clause juridictionnelle du
Mandat sont ceux-là mêmesqui figurent dans la clause juridiction-
nelle dont nous avons à nous occuper maintenant, à savoir « tout
différend, quel qu'il soit )iet crelatif à l'interprétation ou à l'ap-
plication des dispositions » du Mandat.

Il importe de citer ici entièrement ce qu'a énoncéla Cour 3:
«Les termes employéssont larges, clairs et précis:ils ne donnent
lieu à aucune ambiguïté et n'autorisent aucune exception. Ils se
réfèrent à tout différend,quel qu'il soit, relatif non pas à une ou
plusieurs dispositions particulières mais «aux dispositions 1)du
Mandat, entendant par là, de toute évidence,l'ensemble ou une
quelconque de ces dispositions, qu'elles aient trait aux obligations
de fond du Mandataire à l'égarddes habitants du territoire ou à
l'égarddes autres MembresdelaSociétédeN s ations ouencore àl'obli-

Les italiques sont de nous.
C.I. J. Recuei1962,p. 344.
Ibid., p. 343. Article 7 itself. For the manifeslscope and purport of the pro-
visions of this Article indicate that the Members of the League
wereunderstood to have a legalrightor interest in the observance
by the Mandatory of its obligations both toward the inhabitants
of the Mandated Territory, and toward the League of Nations
and its Members."

It is upon this pronouncement of the Court that the Applicant
rests its contention that the dispute in this case is one which comes
within the content of Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement.
In the Joint Dissenting Opinion of Judge Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice

and myself we gave Ourreasons, with the great respect which is due
to the Court, not only for thinking that the Court had erred in its
thesis of "essentiality", "inherent necessity" and "inseparability",
but also why we thought, read in their context, the words of
Article 7 of the Mandate Instrument revealed an ambiguity which
precluded that Article being interpreted in the manner the Court
did. However, whether the Court was or was not right in the
interpretation which it accorded Article 7 of the Mandate Instru-
ment, it is, 1 think, abundantly evident that that interpretation
cannot automatically be applied to the adjudication clause in the
present case. The thesis of "essentiality", etc., can find no place in
this case2. Moreover the context in which Article 19 of the Trustee-
ship Agreement must be interpreted is different to the context in
which Article 7 of the Mandate had to be interpreted.
However the reasoning of the Court in the South West Africa cases
is looked at, the interpretation it accorded the adjudication clause

in that case has, 1 believe, little judicial authority in the deter-
mination of the meaning of Article 19 in this case.

None the lessthat interpretation isnov~sought to be applied-lifted
and transposed-to the adjudication clause in the present case;
the u~ordsof Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement being the same
in al1 essentials as the adjudication clause in the Mandate Instru-

ments the language of which was said by the Court to be "broad,
clear and precise" and permitting of "no exception", the same inter-
pretation it is contended, must be applied to Article 19.

This line of reasoning is inadmissible. What is necessary to be
done is to interpret Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement in its
context and in the light of the surrounding circumstances at the time

Emphasis added.
See in particular I.C.J. Reports 1342. at
61 gation du Mandataire de se soumettre à la surveillancede la Société
des Nations aux termes de l'article 6 ou à la protection prévue
par l'article 7 même.La portée et l'objet manifestes ldes disposi-
tions de cet article indiquent en effet qu'on entendaitpar là lque
les Membres de la Sociétédes Nations eussent un droit ou un intérêt
juridique à ce que le Mandataire observât ses obligations à la fois
à l'égarddes habitants du territoire sous Mandat et à l'égard dela
Sociétédes Nations et de ses Membres. ))

C'est sur cet énoncéde la Cour que le demandeur se fonde en
l'espècepour affirmer que le diffPrend relève de I'article 19 de l'ac-
cord de tutelle.
Dans notre opinion dissidente commune, sir Gerald Fitzmaurice
et moi-mêmeavons indiqué, avec tout le respect que nous devons

à la Cour, non seulement pourquoi nous pensions que la Cour
s'était trompée dans sa thèse relative au «caractère essentiel », à
la «nécessitéinhérente » et à l'élément (inséparable », mais aussi
pourquoi nous estimions que les termes de l'article 7 du Mandat
lus dans leur contexte manifestaient une ambiguïté qui empêchait
de les interpréter comme la Cour l'a fait. Toutefois, que la Cour
ait eu raison ou non dans son interprétation de l'article 7 du Man-
dat, je pense qu'il est plus qu'évident que cette interprétation ne

peut s'appliquer automatiquement à la clause juridictionnelle
dans la présente affaire. L'argument du caractère ((essentiel »,
etc., est inutile ici2. Au surplus, l'article19 de l'accord de tutel!e
ne doit pas êtreinterprété dans le mêmecontexte que l'article 7
du Mandat.
Quelle que soit la manière dont on envisage le raisonnement de
la Cour dans les affaires du Sud-Ouest africain, l'interprétation
qu'elle a alors donnée de la clause juridictionnelle n'a, je crois,
qu'une faible autorité sur le plan judiciaire pour ce qui est de

déterminer le sens de l'article 19 en la présente affaire.

On n'en cherche pas moins à appliquer maintenant cette inter-
prétation - après transfert et transposition - à la clause juri-
dictionnelle dont il s'agit en l'espèce; le libellé de l'article 19 de
l'accord de tutelle étant le même, sur tous les points essentiels,
que celui de la clause juridictionnelle du Mandat, dont les termes,
comme l'a dit la Cour, étaient (larges, clairs et précis» et n'autn-
risaient «aucune exception D,la mêmeinterprétation devrait s'ap-
pliquer à l'article 19.

Cette manière de voir est inadmissible. Il faut interpréter I'ar-
ticle 19 de l'accord de tutelle dans son contexte et compte teml des
circonstances dans lesquelles l'accord a été adopté.Le demandeur

l Les italiques sdetnous.
Voirnotamment C.I. J. Recueil 1962,342.the Agreement was entered into. The Applicant hardly directed
itself to this task but relied, in the main, upon the Court's view in
the Sozlth West Africa cases that the adjudication clause admitted
of no exception, thus it extended to cover the invocation of the
Court's jurisdiction not only in the interests of the inhabitants,
which was a central consideration in the Court thesis in the Sozsth
West Ajrica cases, but also in the interests of a State itself, as the
Applicant is asserting a right to do in the present case.

It will be my task to examine Article 19, not merely as a clause
containing certain words, but in its context and surrounding
circumstances in order to ascertain the intention of the two Parties
to the Trusteeship Agreement-the United Nations and the Re-
spondent-in relation to that Article, and to demonstrate that

the Applicant's contention isil1founded.

Article 19 oj the Tvusteeship Agreement
Article 19 reads as follows:

"If any dispute whatever should arise between the Administering
Authority and another Member of the United Nations relating to
the interpretation or application of the provisions of this Agree-
means, shall be submitted to the International Court of Justicether
provided for in Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter."

The Applicant's contentions, reduced to essentials, may be stated
thus. Upon becoming a Member of the United Nations such rights
as are accorded by Article 19 to States Members thereof became
vested in it; it was thereupon entitled to invoke the jurisdiction of
this Court, not only in relation to disputesthereafterarising between
itself and the Administering Authority concerning alleged breaches
of the provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement subsequently

occurring, but also in relation to any dispute thereafter arising
concerning breaches alleged to have occurred at any time ante-
cedently without limitation of time; that right is not restricted to
failure to perform obligations assumed by the Administering Power
under the provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement which confer
upon it and other States, Members of the United Nations, or their
nationals individual rights or interests but extends so as to cover
anj! failure by the Administering Authority to observe its general
obligations towards the inhabitants of the trust territory and to-
wards the United Nations; that it is entitled to invoke the juris-
diction of this Court in respect of the provisions of the Agreement
relating to these last-mentioned obligations not only in defence of
the interests of the inhabitants of the trust territory but separatelv
62ne s'en est guère préoccupé; il s'est appuyé principalement sur
l'opinion que la Cour a énoncéedans les affaires du Sud-Ouest
africaigz et selon laquelle la clause juridictionnelle n'autoriserait

aucune exception, ce qui permettrait d'invoquer la compétence
de la Cour non seulement dans l'intérêtdes habitants, considéra-
tion qui a joué un rôle primordial dans la thèse adoptée par la
Cour dans 1:s affaires du Sud-Ouest africain, mais aussi dans l'in-
térêt d'unEtat, comme le demandeur prétend avoir le droit de
le faire en l'espèce.
Il m'incombe maintenant d'examiner l'article 19 non pas sim-
plement en fonction de ses termes, mais dans son contexte et
compte tenu des circonstances de son adoption, afin de déterminer
l'intention des deux parties à l'accord de tutelle - les Nations
Cnies et le défendeur -- quant à cet article et de démontrer que
l'argument du demandeur est mal fondé.

L'article19 de l'accord detutelle
L'article19 est ainsi conçu:

((Tout différend, quelqu'il soit, qui viendraià s'éleverentre
l'Autorité chargée de l'administration et un autre Membre des
Nations Unies relativementà l'interprétationouà l'applicationdes
dispositions du présent Accord, sera, s'il ne peut êtreréglépar
négociationsou un autre moyen, soumis à la Cour internationale
de Justice, prévueau ChapitreXIV de la Charte desNations Unies. ))

Réduites à l'essentiel, les thèses du demandeur peuvent se ré-
sumer comme suit. Lorsqu'il est devenu Membre des Nations U,nies,
il s'est vu attribuer les droits accordés par l'article19 aux Etats
Membres de l'organisation; il était dès lors fondé à invoquer la
compétence de la Cour non seulement pour ce qui est des différends
qui viendraient às'éleverentre lui-mêmeet l'autorité administrante
au sujet de prétendues violations des dispositions de l'accord de
tutelle survenant postérieurement, mais aussi pour ce qui est de
tout différend qui viendrait à s'éleverau sujet de violations pré-
tendument commises antérieurement, à un moment quelconque,

sans limitation dans le temps; ce droit ne porte pas uniquement
sur l'inobservation des obligations assumées par l'autorité admi-
nistrante en vertu des dispositions de-l'accord de tutelle et con-
férant au demandeur et aux autres Etats Membres des Nations
LTniesou à leurs ressortissants des droits ou intérêtsà titre indivi-
duel, mais il est assez large pour couvrir tout manquement de l'au-
torité administrante aux obligations générales lui incombant en-
vers les habitants du territoire sous tutelle et envers les Nations
Unies; le demandeur est fondé à invoquer la compétence de la
Cour à 1'éga.rdes dispositions de l'accord concernant ces dernières

62 and independently in its own right ;that it may seek from the Court
a declaratory decree that this or that breach has occurred and that
the Court is not only entitled to declare that such a breach occurred,
but is bound to do so notwithstanding that the trust agreement has
already come to an end and notwithstanding any resolution of the
General Assembly or any conduct on its part vis-à-vis the Ad-
ministering Authority in relation to the carrying out of the pro-
visions of the Trusteeship Agreement.

It becomes therefore necessary to interpret Article 19 of the
Tmsteeship Agreement in order to ascertain what meaning is to be
accorded the words "any dispute whatever ...relating to ...the
provisions of this Agreement", etc., and in particular to ascertain
whether the dispute alleged by the Applicant is one which falls with-
in the ambit of this Article.

The Context in which Article 19 Mz~stRe Interpreted

It is not possible to interpret Article 19 as if it were a separate
instrument, comparable, for example, to a declaration of a State
accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under Article
36 (2)of the Statute of the Court, yet this, in my opinion, is pre-
cisely what is attempted to be done in the present case. What may
appear clear in such an exercise may become very unclear when
an adjudication clause is read in its context.
The context in which Article 19 must be read is the Trusteeship

Agreement of which it forms part, and the International Trustee-
ship System established by Chapter XIII of the Charter of the
United Nations of which the Trusteeship Agreement is part and
1vith which its provisions are interwoven. Moreover the provisions
of Chapter XIII of the Charter and the international system which
it established form the background and part of the surrounding
circumstances in which the Trusteeship Agreement was entered
into, without an appreciation of which it is, in my view, quite
impossible to ascertain the intention of the Parties to the Trustee-
ship Agreement in relation to Article 19.
It is convenient first to consider the provisions of Chapter XIII
of the Charter particularly since the Trusteeship Agreement in-
corporates and refers to such provisions, and contains, as do al1
trusteeship agreements, an obligation on thepart of the administer-
ing authority, which is indeed the dominant obligation to be found
in the Trusteeship Agreement, so to administer the territory as to
achieve the objectives of Article 76 of the Charter.

63 ARKÊT 2 XII 63 (OP. INDIV. SIR PERCY SPENDER) 74

obligations non seulement dans l'intérêtdes habitants du terri-
toire sous tutelle, mais encore en son propre nom, séparément et
indépendamment; il peut demander à la Cour de rendre une dé-
cision déclaratoire selon laquelle telle ou telle violation se serait
produite et la Cour est non seulement fondée à déclarer qu'il y a eu
violation mais encore tenue de le faire, bien que l'accord de tutelle
soit déjà arrivé à expiration, quelque résolution que l'Assemblée
généraleait adoptée ou quelque mesure qu'elle ait prise vis-à-vis
de l'autorité administrante relativement à l'exécution des disposi-

tions de l'accord de tutelle.

Il est donc nécessaire d'interpréter l'article19 de l'accord de tu-
telle pour définir le sensque l'on doit accorder au membre de phrase
«tout différend, quel qu'il soit ...relativement ...[aux] ...dispo-
sitions du présent accord », etc., et pour préciser en particulier si
le différend alléguépar le demandeur relève bien de cet article.

Contexte dans lequel on doit interpréter l'article19
Il n'est pas possible d'interpréter l'articlIQ comme s'il s'agissait

d'un instrument distinct, comparable par exemple à une déclara-
tion par laquelle un Etat accepte la juridiction obligatoire de la
Cour en vertu de l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut ;c'est pour-
tant là, je crois, ce que l'on cherche précisément à faire en l'espèce.
Ce qui peut paraître clair en l'occurrence devient fort obscur quand
on considère une clause juridictionnelle dans son contexte.
Le contexte dans lequel il faut replacer l'article 19 est constitué
par l'accord de tutelle dont il fait partie et par le régimeinternatio-
nal de tutelle établi par le chapitre XIII de la Charte des Nations
Unies, dans lequel l'accord de tutelle s'inscrit et auquel il est étroi-
tement rattaché. En outre, les circonstances entourant la con-
clusion de l'accord de tutelle ne peuvent s'expliquer que si l'on
tient compte des dispositions du chapitre XIII de la Charte et du

régime international institué par lui; sans une appréciation de ces
circonstances, il est à mon avis parfaitement impossible de con-
naître l'intention des Parties à l'accord de tutelle poiir ce qui est
de l'article 19.
Il convient tout d'abord d'examiner les dispositions du chapitre
XIII de la Charte, d'autant que l'accord de tutelle les incorpore
et les mentionne et qu'il contient, comme tout accord de tutelle.
une clause par laquelle l'autorité administrante s'oblige - et c'est
même l'obligation primordiale que l'on trouve dans un accord de
tutelle - à administrer le territoire de manière à réaliser les fins
de l'article76 de la Charte.

63 TrusteeshifiSystem-Chafiter XII1 of the Charter

When the trusteeship was negotiated and entered into the
League of Nations had come to an end. A new organization had
been set up: the United Nations. To carry out the purposes of its
Charter there u7ereestablished six principal organs, three of which
were the General Assembly, the Trusteeship Council and this Court.

The Charter called for the establishment of an international trustee-
ship system for the administration and supervision of such terri-
tories as might be placed thereunder by voluntary agreement.
"The functions of the United Nations witli regard to trusteeship
agreementsn-except such as might relate to strategic areas-
including their approval, were exercisable by the General Assembly
and by the General Assembly alone1. The Trusteeship Council,
operating under the authority of the GeneralAssembly was charged
with the duty of assisting the General Assembly in carrying out the
functions of the United Nations, including that of the supervision
ofthe administration of the Trust Territory. It was (so to speak) the
organ established to police the execution of the provisions of the
Trusteeship Agreement to ensure that the basic objectives of the

Trusteeship System in respect of each Trusteeship Agreement were
achieved, reporting from time to time direct to the General Assem-
bly on the discharge of its duties.
The conclusion must be that the Charter contemplated that these
two principal organs-the General Assembly and the Trusteeship
Council-and only these two organs should police the execution
and carrying out of the objectives of the International Trusteeship
System and of the provisions in any Trusteeship Agreement
directed to this end, and by their supervision of the administration
of territoriesby the AdministeringAuthorities and of the obligations
undertaken by them in Trusteeship Agreements, by questionnaires
formulated by the Trusteeship Council on the political, economic,

social and educational advancement of the inhabitants of each
Trust Territory within the competence of the GeneralAssembly (to
which questionnaires the Administering Authorities were bound to
respond), by scrutinising the answers thereto, by considering the
reports submitted by Administering Authorities, by accepting
petitions, by periodic visits to the Trust Territories and by other
action taken in conformity with the terms of Trusteeship Agree-
ments, to ensure that the obligations of each Administering Au-
thority in relation to the achievement of the basic objectives of the
Trusteeship System were being fulfilled.

It must have been evident, even to those unacquainted with the
difficulties of administering Trust Territories, that problems of

administration and differences of opinion in relation thereto would,
l Articl85ofthe Charter.

64 Le régimede tutelle -- le chaflitreXII1 de la Charte

La tutelle a éténégociéeet conclue alors que la Société des Na-
tions avait disparu. Une nouvelle organisation avait étécréée, l'Or-
ganisation des Nations Unies. En vue d'atteindre les buts de la
Charte, six organes principaux avaient étéinstitués, dont 1'Assem-

kléegénérale,le Conseil de tutelle et la Cour. La Charte prévoyait
l'institution d'un régime international de tutelle pour I'adminis-
tration et la surveillance des territoires qui pourraient êtreplacés
volontairement sous ce régime. « En ce qui concerne les accords de
tutelle relatifs ...[aux zones non stratégiques] ...les fonctions de
l'Organisation, y compris l'approbation des termes » de ces ac-
cords, devaient être exercées par l'Assemblée générale,par l'As-
semblée généraleseule l. I,e Conseil de tutelle, fonctionnant sous
l'autorité de l'Assembléegénérale,était chargé d'aider l'Assemblée
générale à s'acquitter des fonctions de l'organisation, y compris
celles qui consistaient à surveiller l'administration des territoires

sous tutelle. Le Conseil était, en quelque sorte, l'organe qui devait
veiller à l'exécution des dispositions des accords de tutelle de façon
sue les objectifs essentiels du régime de tutelle fussent atteints
pour ce quiest de chacun de ces accords; de temps à autre, il devait
faire directement rapport à l'Assemblée généralesur l'accomplis-
sement de sa mission.
La conclusion ne peut êtreque celle-ci: aux termes de la Charte,
ces deux organes principaux - l'Assemblée généraleet le Conseil
de tutelle - devaient, à l'exclusion de tout autre, veiller à l'exé-
cution et à la réalisation des objectifs du régime international de
tutelle et des dispositions des accords de tutelle ayant pour but

lesdits objectifs; ils devaient faire en sorte que chaque autorité
administrante respectât les obligations lui incombant quant à
l'accomplissement des fins essentielles du régime de tutelle et ils
disposaient à cet effet des moyens suivants: contrôle de l'adminis-
tration des territoires par les autorités administrantes et des
obligations assumées par celles-ci en vertu des accords de tutelle,
questionnaires mis au point par le Conseil de tutelle sur le dévelop-
pement politique, économique, social et éducatif des habitants des
territoires sous tutelle dans le cadre de la compétence de l'Assemblée
générale (questionnaires auxquels les autorités administrantes
étaient tenues derépondre), examen desréponses aux questionnaires,

étude des rapports présentés par les autorités administrantes,
réception de pétitions, visites périodiques dans les territoires sous
tutelle et autres mesures prises confor~nément aux termes des
accords de tutelle.
11a certainement ,paru évident, même à ceux qui ne connaissaient
pas les difficultés liées l'administration de territoires sous tutelle,
que des problèmes d'ordre administratif et des divergences d'opi-

lArticle85 de la Charte.

64 at times, inevitably occur between the United Nations and the
Administering Authorities or, at least, would be likely to occur, and
that, whatever they were, they were to be resolved, so far at least
asthe Charter contemplated,through the machinery of the Trustee-
ship Council and the General Assembly and in no other way.

The Charterprovided its ownmachinery forsecuring the compliance
by the Administering Authonties of their respective obligations in

relation to the objectives of the Trusteeship System. There is no
room for any contention that it was inherently necessary or essential
that a Trusteeship Agreement should contain an adjudication clause
to secure in the last resort or at al1compliance bythe Administering
Authorities of the obligations undertaken by them in the interests
of the peoples of the various Trust Territories.
Thus, all of the functions of the United Nations with regard to
Trusteeship Agreements for all areas not designated as strategic
areas, the supervision of the administration of the Trust Territories,
the policing of the obligations owed both to the United Nations
itself and the peoples of the territory, as set forth in the provisions
of any Trusteeship Agreement to be entered into, were vested
exclusively in the General Assembly. Though an organ of the

United Nations, no function in relation to administration or
supervision or the enforcement of any obligation undertaken by the
Administering Authority or any judicial protection of the interests
of the inhabitants was assigned to the Court by Chapter XIII.

By provisions to be found elsewhere in the Charter1, the General
Assembly or the Trusteeship Council could, if it thought fit, seek
an advisory opinion of the Court. It was not bound to do so and,
if it did, it was not bound thereby; all thefunctions of the United
Nations in relation to Trusteeship Agreements entered into by it
were for the General Assembly and it alone to exercise. Whether an
advisory opinion was sought or not in no way affected the plenary
powers of the Assembly to exercise, in relation to any Trusteeship
Agreement, al1the functions of the United Nations.

It is now necessary to consider the provisions of Article 76 of the
Charter the achievement of the objectives of which the Adminis-
tering Authority in the instant case undertook by Article 3 of the
Trusteeship Agreement. The central provision of this Article in
the context of present consideration is sub-clause (b) thereof, which
provides that one basic objective of the International Trusteeship
System was-
"to promote the political, economic, social and educational ad-
vancement of the inhabitants of the trust territories, and their
progressive development towards self-government or independence

1 ilrticle of the Charter. ARRÊT 2 XII 63 (OP. INDIV. SIR PERCY SPENDER)
76
nion ne manqueraient pas de sefaire jour ou tout au moins avaient
beaucoup de chances de se faire jour entre les Nations Unies et les
autoiités administrantes et que, quelles que fussent ces difficultés,
elle devaient êtrerésolues,dans la mesure au moins où la Charte le

prévoyait, grâce au mécanisme du Conseil de tutelle et de 1'Assem-
bléegénéraleet à ce mécanisme seul.
La Charte prévoyait son propre mécanisme pour assurer le
respect par les autorités administrantes des obligations qui leur
incombaient eu égard aux objectifs du régime de tutelle. On ne
saurait donc soutenir qu'il fut, de manière inhérente, nécessaireou
essentiel d'inclure dans les accords de tutelle des clauses juridiction-
nelles ayant pour but d'assurer, ne fût-ce qu'en dernier ressort, le
respect par les autoritésadministrantes des obligations assumées par
ellesdans l'intérêdt es populations des divers territoires sous tutelle.

Ainsi,touteslesfonctions de l'organisation en ce qui concerne les
accords de tutelle relatifs à toutes les zones non désignées comme
stratégiques, le soin de surveiller l'administration des territoires
sous tutelle, le soin de veiller aux obligations assumées envers les
Nations Unies elles-mêmes comme envers les populations de ces
territories, telles qu'elles devaient êtreénoncéesdans les dispositions
des accords de tutelle à conclure, étaient confiéesexclusivement à
l'Assemblée générale. Bienque la Cour soit un organe des Nations
Unies, le chapitre XII1 ne lui attribuait aucune fonction concernant
l'administration, la surveillance ou l'accomplissement d'une obliga-

tion assumée par l'autorité administrante, ni aucune protection
judiciaire des intérêtsdes habitants.
Selon d'autres dispositions de la Charte1, l'Assemblée générale
ou le Conseil de tutelle pouvaient, s'ils leugeajent utile, demander
un avis consultatif à la Cour. Ni l'un ni l'autre de ces organes
n'était tenu de le faire et,à supposer qu'il le fît, il n'était pas tenu
de se conformer à l'avis rendu; c'était à l'Assemblée généraleet
à elle seule qu'il appartenait d'exercer touteslesfonctions de lJOrga-
nisation ayant trait aux accords de tutelle conclus par l'Assemblée.
Qu'un avis consultatif fût demandé ou non, cela ne touchait en

rien les pleins pouvoirs qui lui étaient conférésd'exercer, à l'égard
de chaaue accord de tutelle. toutes les fonctions de l'organisation.
Il convient d'examiner maintenant les dispositions de l'article 76
de la Charte, dont l'autorité administrante s'est engagéeà réaliser
les fins en vertu de l'article3 de l'accord de tutelle. La disposition
centrale de cet article, eu égard à l'examen auquel nous procédons,
est l'alinéa b) selon lequel l'une des fins essentielles du régime
international de tutelle est de

«favoriserle progrèspolitique, économiqueet socialdes populations
des territoires sous tutelle ainsi que le développement de leur ins-
truction; favoriser égalementleur évolutionprogressive vers la

Srticle96de la Charte.
65 as may be appropriate to the particular circumstances of each
territory and its peoples and the freely expressed wishes of the
peoples concemed, and as may be provided by the terms of each
trusteeship agreement".

The Applicant complains, as has been noticed, that one of the

obligations which the Administering Authority failed to discharge
was that contained in Article 3 of the Trusteeship Agreement. If
Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement gives a right to a State to
invoke the jurisdiction of the Court on the interpretation of or
application of Article3 of the Agreement, this would extend to any
alleged breach of the Article alleged to have occurred at any time
during the duration of the Trusteeship Agreement.
The obligation of the Administering Authority to achieve the
objective set out in Article 76 (b) of the Charter involves consider-
ations which, on their face, are peculiarly for $olitical appreciation,
and these, so far as the Charter contemplated, were, as has been
observed, for the General Assembly, with the assistance of the
Trusteeship Council, to evaluate. It is not readily apparent what
leqal norms could be applied to determine whether or not the
Administering Authority had breached Article 3 of the Trusteeship
Agreement; what legal norms, for example, could be applied by
the Court at any given point of time during the currency of the
a situ-
Trusteeship Agreement and in a variety of circumstances to
ation in which it was alleged by a State invoking the provisions of
the adjudication clause that the Administering Authority had
failed "to promote the political ...advancement of the inhabitants
... as may be appropriate to the particular circumstances of each
territory". The words of Article 76 (6) have a special political
content; they apyear to cal1 for political evaluation and deter-
rnination only. Certainly it is apparent that, so far as the Charter
contemplated, it was a matter exclusively for political evaluation
by an organ, which, both by its composition and the machinery
provided by the Charter, was equipped to discharge that task. Yet
if the Applicant's contention inthis casewere correct, the Court was
intended by the adjudication clause, at the instance of any State,
a Member of the United Nations, to pronounce upon these very
matters, and to do so irrespective of any determination made in
respect thereof by the General Assembly itself or any view which
it held or might hold.
As was said in the Joint Opinion in the South West Africa cases

when referring to the words contained in the Mandate Instrument
(Article 2 thereof), under which the Mandatory Power undertook
"to promote toits utmost the material and moral well-being andthe
social progress of the inhabitants ...", there is hardly a term in
Article 76 (b) of the Charter "which could not be applied in widely
different ways to the same situation or set of facts, according to
different subjective views as to what it meant, or ought to mean.. . capacité às'administrer eux-mêmes ou l'indépendance, comptetenu
des conditions particulières chaque territoire età ses populations,
des aspirations librement expriméesdes populations intéresséeset
des dispositions qui pourront êtreprévuesdans chaque accord de
tutelle».
Le demandeur se plaint, comme on l'a noté, de ce que, parmi les
obligations dont l'autorité administrante ne s'est pas acquittée,
figure celle qui est indiquée à l'article 3-de l'accord de tutelle. Si
l'article19 de cet accord donnait à un Etat le droit d'invoquer la

compétence de la Cour pour ce qui est de l'interprétation ou de
l'application de l'article 3, cela s'appliquerait à toute prétendue
violation de cet article qui serait censéeavoir eu lieu à un moment
quelconque alors que l'accord de tutelle était en vigueur.
L'obligation imposée à l'autorité administrante de réaliser les
fins énoncées à l'article 76 b) de la Charte met en jeu des considé-
rations qui apparemment relèvent surtout d'une appréciation
politique; or, dans le cadre de la Charte, c'est, comme on l'a fait
observer, à l'Assemblée généralequ'il appartient de procéder à
cette évaluation, avec l'aide du Conseil de tutelle. Il n'est pas facile
de voir quelles normes juridiques on pourrait appliquer pour déter-
miner si l'autorité administrante a ou n'a pas violél'article 3 de
l'accord de tutelle; de voir, par exemple, quelles normes juridiques
la Cour pourrait appliquer à un moment donné, alors que l'accord

de tutelle serait en viguepr et dans un certain nombre de circons-
tances diverses, si un Etat se prévalant de la clause juridiction-
nelle alléguait que l'autorité administrante avait omis de (favoriser
le progrès politique ...des populations ...compte tenu des conditions
particzrlièresà chaque territoire ». Les termes de l'article 76 b) ont
une portée politique spéciale; ils ne paraissent appeler qu'une
appréciation, une détermination politiques. Il est évident que,
d'après ce qu'envisage la Charte, il s'agit d'un domaine ne pouvant
faire l'objet que d'une appréciation politique par une organe qui,
vu sa composition et le mécanisme prévu par la Charte, est à même
de s'acquitter de cette mission. Pourtant, si la thèse du demandeur
était correcte en l'occurrence, la clause juridictionnelle aurait
pour but que la Cour se prononce, à lademande detout Etat Membre
des Nations Unies, sur ce genre de questions, sans tenir compte des

décisionsque l'Assemblée générale elle-mêmaeurait prises, ni des
opinions qu'elle aurait exprimées ou pu exprimer à cet égard.

Comme l'a énoncél'opinion dissidente commune dans les affaires
du Sud-Ouest africain à propos des termes figurant à l'article 2 du
Mandat selon lesquels la Puissance mandataire s'engageait à
« accroître par tous les moyens en son pouvoir le bien-êtrematériel
et moral ainsi que le progrès social des habitants du territoire ..»,
il est àpeine un terme de l'article 76 b) de la Charte(qui ne pourrait
s'appliquer de façon totalement différente à la mêmesituation ou à
la même sériede faits, suivant les opinions subjectives différentes

66They involve questions of appreciation rather than of objective
determination" such as a legal determination necessarily involves.
"The proper forum for the appreciation and application of a
provision of this kind is unquestionably a technical or political one,
such as ...the Trusteeship Council and the Assembly of the United
Nations l."There can be no doubt that the GeneralAssembly and
the Trusteeship Council constituted the forum exclusively contem-

plated by the Charter for the determination of the matters referred
to in Article 76 (b) of the Charter. What was said in the Joint
Opinion applies with equal force to the consideration of Article 3
of the Trusteeship Agreement and, as will subsequently appear, to
other Articles thereof, the breach of which is complained of by the
Applicant.

To accord to Article 19 the comprehensive meaning contended
for by the Applicant permitting it to challenge in this Court, by ay
of a dispute between itself and the Administering Authori (y, the
General Assembly's supervision of the Administering Authority's
obligations to the people of the Trust Territory, there must be
presumed an intention on the part of the United Nations acting
through the General Assembly to accord a right to any State to

challenge as and when it thouqht fit, as between the Administering
Authority and itself, whether in law the objectives of Article 3 had
been or were being achieved by the latter. It would seem somewhat
odd that the General Assembly as a matter of deliberate intent
should accord such a wide and unfettered right to any State.

It is no answer to this observation to say that such a challenge
under the provisions of the adjudication clause is not, in law-, a
challenge to the competency of the General Assembly, and that no
dispute between the State and the General Assembly is involved,
as the Applicant in this case has been at great pains to assert. In
practice it would be well-nigh impossible to separate an Administer-
ingAuthority's obligation to complywith the provisions of Article 3,
and complementary Articles, from the duty of supervision which

the General Assembly was called upon to discharge to ensure those
obligations were complied with. The question we are concerned with
is whether the adjudication clause was intended by the Parties there-
to to accord such a right to States in their individualcapacity.
It would seem indisputable that the GeneralAssembly,exercising
al1the functions of the United Nations in relation to any trustee-
ship agreement, had the authority, binding upon its Members, to
determine when the objectives of the Trusteeship System as set
forth in Article 76 (b) of the Charter had been achieved and the
freely expressed wishes of the people concerned had been ascer-
tained, and with the consent of the Administering Authority, to

l I.CJ.Reports 1962at 466-467.

67 touchant sa signification ou ce qui devrait êtresa significatio..Les
termes de cette phrase posent des questions d'appréciation plutôt
que de décisionobjective »comme celles qu'un prononcé juridique
suppose nécessairement. « Il est incontestable que le forum normal
pour apprécier et appliquer une décisionde ce genre est un forum
technique et politique, comme ..le Conseil de tutelle et l'Assemblée

des Nations Unies ... Il ne fait aucun doute que l'Assemblée
généraleet le Conseil de tutelle sont le ((forum »auquel la Charte
envisageait de confier exclusivement le soin de se prononcer sur les
questions mentionnées à l'articl76 b) de la Charte. Ce que dit
l'opinion dissidente commune dans les affaires du Sud-Ouest
aJricains'applique avec autant de force à l'article 3 de l'accord de
tutelle et, comme je le montrerai plus loin, aux autres articles de
cet accord dont la violation fait l'objet des griefs du demandeur.
Pour pouvoir donner à l'articl19 le sens large que lui attribue
le demandeur afin de mettre en cause devant la Cour, par la voie
d'un différend entre lui-même et l'autorité administrante. la
surveillance qu'exerce l'Assembléegénéralesur les obligation; de
l'autorité administrante à l'égard de la population du territoire
sous tutelle, on doit présumer que les Nations Unies, agissant par

l'intermédiaire de l'Assembléegénérale,ont eu l'intention d'accorder
à tout État le droit de mettre en cause entre l'autorité adminis-
trante et lui-même, si et quand il estime opportun, la question
de savoir si, juridiquement, les objectifs de l'article3 ont été
réaliséspar l'autorité administrante ou sont en voie de l'être.11
serait assez étrange que l'Assembléegénéraleaccorde, délibérément
un droit aussi large et aussi absolu à n'importe quel Etat.
Dire qu'une telle contestation, formulée dans le cadre d'une
clause juridictionnelle, n'estpas juridiquement une mise en cause
de la compétence,de l'Assembléegénéraleet dire qu'il n'y a,aucun
différendentre 1'Etat et l'Assembléegénérale,comme le demandeur
s'attache en l'espèce à l'affirmer, cela n'est pas répondre à I'obser-
vation qui précède.En pratique, il serait quasi impossible de faire
le départ entre l'obligation pour l'autorité adrninistranted'appliquer

l'article3 et les articles complémentaires et le devoir de surveillance
dont l'Assembléegénéraledoit s'acquitter pour s'assurer du respect
de cette obligation. La question dont nous nous occupons est de
savoir si, par le jeu de la clause juridictionnel'e, les parties àl'accord
ontentenduaccorder un droit de cegenre aux Etats àtitre individuel.
Il parait indiscutable que l'Assemblée générale, qui exerce
toutes les fonctions de l'organisation en ce qui concerneles accords
de tutelle, a le pouvoir de déterminer, de manière obligatoire
pour les États Membres, à quel moment les objectifs du régimede
tutelle énoncés à l'article76 b) de la Charte doivent êtreconsidérés
comme réaliséset les aspirations des populations intéressées comme
librement exprimées, et qu'elle a le pouvoir de mettre fin à l'accord

1C.I. J. Recueil 1962,466-467.bring the Trusteeship Agreement to an end, as indeed it did in this
case. Yet if the Applicant's contentionis correct, it is entitled in this
case to seek the adjudication of this Court on whether, as between
itself and the Administering Authority, the objectives of the
Trusteeship System as set out in Article 76 (6) of the Charter were
in fact achieved, and whether the freely expressed wishes of the
people concerned were in fact expressed or ascertained; in short,
that it had two forums where it could challenge the conduct of the

Administering Authority-and the General Assembly-namely
the General Assembly itself, and this Court. It is true that the
challenge in this Court is not one in which the United Nations
is directly a party, but there can be no doubt whatever that a
decision of the Court inthe Applicant's favour would adversely and
seriously reflect upon the past supervision of the GeneralAssembly
andits action in bringing the Trusteeship Agreement to an end and,
as well, the manner in which it discharged its duties in relation to
the inhabitants of the Territory whose interests it was bound to
protect.
If the interpretation which shoiild properly be placed upon
Article 19 does give such a comprehensive right to a State, it is of
no moment that the General Assembly and the Administering
Authority did not when the Trusteeship Agreement was entered
into, direct their minds to every contingency in which the right
might be exercised. If however the interpretation contended for by
the Applicant is correct, it assumes that the General Assembly and

the Administering Authority, fully aware that between them they
were in control of the carrying out of any trusteeship agreement
and were, whilst the same remained yet to be performed, competent
to agree between themselves that the obligations of the Administering
Authority in relation to the peoples of the Territory were being
fulfilled, either wholly or in certain particularrespects, and com-
petent to bring the Trusteeship Agreement to an end, wheii it was
determined that the objectives of Article 76 (b) of the Charter had
been achieved, none the less intended to allow an uncontrolledright
to any State to canvass before the Court decisions already reached
between the General Assembly and the Administering Authority, or
about to be reached between them. This assumption could not
lightly be made. It is nothing to the point to Say that the field in
which the General Assembly operated was a political one whilst the
functions of the Court are judicial. The General Assembly dominated
the situation at al1 times and had authority of its own. It would
seem unlikely that it would have been prepared to allow that

authority to be canvassed in any way, directly or indirectly, at the
will of any State without, at least, making its intention manifestly
clear, and not left to the interpretation of a jurisdictional clause.
Some other trace of its will might reasonably be expected to
have renained to bear witness. None is. It is equally unlikely
that an Administering Authority, not bound to agree to any
68de tutelle, avec le consentement de l'autorité administrante, ainsi
qu'elle l'a fait en l'espèce. Pourtant, si sa thèse est exacte, le de-
mandeur est fondé en l'espèce à prier la Cour de se prononcer entre
lui-mêmeet l'autorité administrante sur la question de savoir si
les objectifs du régime de tutelle énoncés à l'article 76 b) de la
Charte ont en fait étéréaliséset si les aspirations des populations
intéresséesont étélibrement exprimées; en résumé, ilexistait deux
instances devant lesquelles ilpouvait mettre encause la manièred'agir
de l'autorité administrante - et de l'Assembléegénérale:1'Assem-
bléegénéraleelle-mêmeet la Cour. Certes, la contestation portée
devant la Cour ne met pas directement en cause les Nations Unies,
mais il n'est absolument pas douteux qu'une décisionde la Cour en
faveur du demandeur ferait naître de graves doutes à l'égardde la
surveillance exercée dans le passé par l'Assemblée généraled , e sa

décisionde mettre fin à la tutelle et de la manière dont elle s'est
acquittée de ses devoirs à l'égard deshabitants du territoire dont
elle devait protéger les intérêts.

Si la bonne interprétation de l'article 19 est celle qui accorde
un droit aussilargeàun Etat, peuimporte que l'Assembléegénéraleet
l'autorité administrante n'aient pas envisagéen concluant l'accord
de tutelle tous les cas où ce 'droit pourrait êtreexercé. Mais, à
supposer que l'interprétation du demandeur soit exacte, elle se
fonderaitsur l'hypothèse suivante :l'Assembléegénérale et l'autorité
administrante savaient parfaitement qu'elles étaient à elles deux
chargéesde l'exécution de l'accord de tutelle, que, tant que celui-ci
serait en vigueur, elles auraient compétence pour convenir que les
obligations de l'autorité administrante envers les populations du
territoire étaient totalement ou partiellement respectées et qu'elles
auraient le pouvoir de mettre fin à l'accord de tutelle lorsqu'il
serait déterminé que les objectifs de l'article 76 b) de la Charte
étaient réalisés;elles n'en auraient pas moins eu l'intention d'ac-

corder à tout État un droit illimid teédéférerdevant la Cour les
décisions prises d'un commun accord par l'Assembléegénéraleet
l'autorité administrante, ou sur le point de l'être. C'est là une
hypothèse que l'on ne szurait faire à la légère.Il ne sert à rien de
dire que l'Assemblée générale a agi sur le plan politique alors que
les fonctions de la Cour ont un caractère judiciaire. L'Assemblée
généralen'a cessé d'être maîtresse de la situation et avait des
pouvoirs propres. Il semble peu probable qu'elle ait étédisposée
à laisser mettre en cause ces pouvoirs d'une manière quelcon,que,
directement ou indirectement, au gré de n'importe quel Etat,
sans l'avoir au moins manifesté clairement au lieu de s'en re-
mettre à l'interprétation d'une clause juridictionnelle. On peut
raisonnablement penser qu'elle aurait dû laisser quelque autre
trace tangible de son intention. Or, il n'y en a pas. Il est égale-

ment peu probable qu'une autorité administrante, non tenue
d'admettre que la Cour exerce une fonction judiciaire, ait été
68 judicial function being discharged by this Court, would have
been prepared to submit to the position in which, having to satisfy
the General Assembly that it was carrying out or had achieved
the objectives of Article 76 (b) of the Charter, its administration
would alsobe subject to examination and adjudication by this Court
at the instance of any State or States, irrespective of whether or
not the General Assembly was satisfied with the manner in which
that administration was being or had been carried out.

The TrzlsteeslzipApeement

The provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement which consists of

19 clauses fa11into two categories, one of which relates solely to the
achievement of the objectives of the Trusteeship System, the other
to provisions conferring specific individual rights upon States or
upon their nationals.
In the first category of provisions are the following:
Article Idefines the Territory; Article 2 designates the Adminis-
tering Authority responsible for the administration of the Territor;
Article 3, the dominant Article of the whole Agreement, contains an
undertaking by the Administering Authority "to administer the
Territory in such a manner as to achieve the basic objectives"
laid down in Article 76 of the Charter and to collaborate fully with
the General Assembly of the United Nations and the Trusteeship
Council in the discharge of their functions; Article 4 provides that

the Administering Authority is to be responsible for the peace,
good government and defence of the Territory and for ensuring
that it shall play its part in the maintenance of international
peace; Article 5 provides that the Administering Authority, for
all purposes of the Agreement, should have certain powers of
legislation and administration; Article 6 contains a stipulation that
the Administering Authority should promote the development of
"free political institutions suited to the Territory" and to this end
should assure to inhabitants a progressively increasing share in the
administrative and other services of the Territory, should develop
their participation in advisory and legislative bodies "as may be
appropriate to the particular circumstances of the Territory and
its people" and should take al1other "appropriate measures with a
view to the political advancement of the inhabitants in accordance
with Article 76 (b)" of the Charter; Article 7 contains an under-
taking by the Administering Authority to apply in the Territory,
inter alia, recommendations drawn up by the United Nations or its

specialized agencies "which may be appropriate to the particular
circumstances of the Territory" and conduce to the achievement of
the basic objectives of the Trusteeship System; Article 8 contairis
safeguards of the native population in relation to land and natural
resources; Article 12 contains an obligation by the Administering
69 ARRÊT 2 XII 63 (OP. INDIV. SIR PERCY SPENDER)
80
disposée à se placer dans une situation telle qu'elle aurait :dû
non seulement prouver à la satisfaction de l'Assemblée générale

qu'elle avait atteint ou était en voie de réaliser les objectifs de
l'article 76 b) de la Charte, mais encore laisser soumettre sa
gestion à l'examen et-au jugement de la Cour à la demande
d'un ou de plusieurs Etats, et cela que l'Assemblée généraleait
étésatisfaite ou non de sa gestion présente ou passée.

L'acco~dde tutelle

Les clauses de l'accord de tutelle qui sont au nombre de dix-neuf
se répartissent en deux catégories: dans la première entrent les
dispositions qui ont uniquement trait à la réalisation des fins du
régimede tutelle et, dans la seconde,,les dispositions qui confèrent
expressément des droits propres aux Etats ou à leurs ressortissants.
Relèvent de la première catégorie les dispositions ci-après:

L'article premier définitle territoire; l'article 2 désignel'autorité
chargée de l'administration du territoire; l'article 3, qui est
l'article primordial de l'accord, contient l'engagement de l'autorité
administrante d'ccadministrer le Territoire de manière à réaliser les
finsessentielles ))énoncées à l'article 76 de la Charte et de collaborer
pleinement avec I'Assen~bléegénérale des Nations Unies et le

Conseil de tutelle dans l'accomplissement de leurs fonctions. L'ar-
ticle 4 dispose que l'autorité administrante répondra de la paix, de
la bonne administration et de la défensedu territoire et devra veiller
à ce qu'il apporte sa contribution au maintieri de la paix internatio-
nale. L'article 5 précise que, pour la réalisation des buts indiqués
dans l'accord, l'autorité administrante aura certains pouvoirs de
législation et d'administration. L'article 6 contient une disposition

selon laquelle l'autorité administrante devra favoriser le développe-
ment (d'institutions politiques libres convenant au Territoire ))et,
à cette fin, devra assurer aux habitants une part progressivement
croissante dans les services administratifs et autres du territoire,
devra élargir leur représentation dans les corps consultatifs et
législatifs (compte tenu des conditions particulières au Territoire
et à ses populations ))et prendre ((toutes autres mesures appropriées

en vue d'assurer l'évolution politique des habitants du Territoire
conformément àl'article 76 b)))de la Charte. Par l'article 7, l'autorité
administrante s'engage à appliquer au territoire notamment les
recommandations arrêtéespar les Nations Unies ou par les insti-
tutions spécialisées (qui pourraient convenir aux conditions parti-
culières du Territoire ))et contribueraient à la réalisation des fins
essentielles du régime de tutelle. L'article 8 prévoit les garanties
à accorder àla population indigènepour ce qui est des biens fonciers

et des ressources naturelles. Aux termes de l'article 12, l'autorité
administrante doit. (compte tenu des conditions particulières du
69Authority "as may be appropriate to the circumstances of the
Territory" to continue and extend elementary education designed
to abolish illiteracy and provide such facilities for secondary and
higher education as "may prove desirable or practicable" in the
interests of the inhabitants; Article 13 contains, inter alia, an
undertaking to ensure freedom of conscience and religion in the
Territory; Article 14 contains a guarantee by the Administering
Authority of freedom of speech, of press, of assembly and of

petition to the inhabitants of the Territory; Articles 15 and 16 are
machinery provisions to ensure that the objectives ofthe Trusteeship
System are achieved such as, for example, an obligation of the
Administering Authority to make an annual report to the General
Assembly on the basis of the Trusteeship Council's questionnaire;
Articles 17 and 18 are ancillary in nature.
The different provisions of this category either contain or relate
to undertakings entered into by the Administering Authority with
the United Nations which concern themselves with the interests of
the inhabitants and in particular the achievement of the objective
indicated in Article 76 (b) of the Charter. They create obligations
owing by the former to the latter but none owing to States in their
individual capacity. The supervision of the Administering Author-
ity's administration of the territory in giving effect to the objectives
of the International Trusteeship System and the discharge of these
obligations as contained in them fall, so far as contemplated by the
Charter, within the functions of the United Nations exercised by

the General Assembly. These provisions produced their effects
for al1States, Members of the United Nations, and in this sense
each had an interest in their performance. This however was a
politicalinterest only-no matter what the nature or immediacy
of the interest-to be expressed through the General Assembly of
the Vnited Nations. The general obligations contained in this
category of provisions were owed to the United Nations in its
organic capacity in the i~iterestsof the inhabitants of the Territor;
they were not owed to States in their individual capacity. No legal
right or interest is given individually to States, Members of the
UnitedNations, intheir performance-unless the adjudication clause,
of itself, must be interpreted to give such an interest.

The obligations of the Administering Authority undertaken by
itto the United Nations are expressed in broad terms and often, as

will be seen, in words of very general political content. The pro-
~ri~tionof free political institutions suited to the Territory, and
i~ieasures to that end as may be appropriate to the particular
circumstances of the Territory and its people, the provision of
facilities which may prove desirable or practicable, the application
of recommendations of the United Nations, etc., which may beTerritoire ))maintenir et développer l'instruction primaire visant
à supprimer l'analphabétisme et fournir aux fins de l'enseignement
secondaire et supérieur les facilités« qui se révéleront désirableset
réalisables »dans l'intérêt deshabitants. L'article 13 contient entre
autres un engagement en vertu duquel l'autorité administrante
devra assurer la libertéde conscience et la libertéreligieuse dans le
territoire. D'après l'article4, l'autorité administrante garantit aux
habitants du territoire la liberté de parole, de presse, de réunion
et de pétition. Les articles15 et 16 sont des dispositions techniques
visant à assurer la réalisation des objectifs du régimede tutelle -
elles prévoient par exemple que l'autorité administrante est tenue

de présenter à l'Assembléegénéraleun rapport annuel fondé sur
un questionnaire établipar le Conseilde tutelie; les articles 17 et18
sont secondaires.
Les dispositions de cette première catégoriecontiennent ou con-
cernent des engagements pris par l'autorité administrante envers
les Nations Unies dans I'intérêtdes habitants et en vue notamment
de l'accomplissement des fins énoncées à l'articl76, alinéab), de la
Charte. Ces dispositions imposent à l'autorité administrante des
obligations envers les Nations Unies mais n'en mettent aucune à
sa charge envers les Etats, à titre individuel. Le contrôle de la
manière dont l'autorité administrante a réalisé lesobjectifs du
régimeinternational de tutelle dans le cours de sa gestion et l'exé-
cution des obligations formulées dans les dispositions en cause

entrent, d'après ce qu'envisage la Charte, dans les fonctions de
l'organisation dont l'exercice incombe à l'Assembléegénérale,Ces
dispositions ont produit des effets à l'égard de tous les Etats
Membres des Nations Unies et, en ce sens, chacun d'eux avait
intérêt àce qu'elles fussent appliquées. Maisil s'agissait uniquement
d'un intérêtpolitique - quel que fûtla nature ou le caractère direct
de cet intérêt - qui devait s'exprimer par l'intermédiaire de l'As-
semblée générale des Nations Unies. Les obligations généralesque
contenaient les dispositions de cette première catégorieétaient assu-
méesenvers les Nations Unies, en tant qu'organisme, dans l'intérêt
des habitants du territoife; elles ne l'étaient pas envers les Etats
à titre individuel. Les Etats Membres des Nations Unies ne se
voient attribuer individuellement aucun droit ou intérêtjuridique

quant à l'accon~plissement de ces obligations - à moins que l'on
doive interpréter la clause juridictionnelle elle-même comme confé-
rant un intérêtde ce genre.
Les obligations auxquelles s'engage l'autorité administrante en-
vers les Nations Unies sont énoncées entermes larges et souvent,
comme on le verra, en des termes ayant un contenu politique très
général. Favoriser des institutions politiques libres convenant au
territoire, adopter à cette fin des mesures tenant compte des condi-
tions particulières au territoire et à ses populations, prévoir les
facilités qui se révéleraient désirableset réalisables, appliquer les
recommandationç des Nations Unies, etc., qui pourraient convenir appropriate, etc., and conduce to the achievement of the objectives
of the Trusteeship System, etc., relating to different obligations
undertaken by the Administering Authority appear to be matters
for political evaluation, and difficult, to Say the least, of objective
judicial adjudication. Any disputes which might arise in the United
Nations as to whether or not the Administering Authority was
discharging its obligations,so far as the provisions ofthe Trusteeship
Agreement reveal-apart from whatever Article 19 was intended
to provide-appear to be for determination within the General
Assembly and nowliere else.

The second category of provisions are those under which the
Administering Authority agreed with the United Nations to confer
certain legal rights or interests upon States (or their nationals) in
their individual capacity, thus giving rise to correlative obligations
onthe part ofthe Administering Authority vis-à-vis States, Members
of the United Nations, in their individual capacity. The distinction
betw-eenthe two categories is most evident.

Thus Article g confers a number of such rights relating to equal
treatment on social, economic, industrial and commercial matters
for al1 Members of the United Nations and their nationals and
provides that "the rights conferredlby this Article on nationals of

Members of the United Nations apply equally to companies and
associations controlled by such nationals ...in accordance with
the law of any Member of the United Nations". Ry Article IO
measures to give effect to these rights are made subject to the duty
of the Administering Authority under Article 76 of the Charter,
etc., and Article II provides that nothing in the Trusteeship Agree-
ment "shall entitLelany Member of the United Nations to claim for
itself or its nationals ...the benefitsl of Article 9'' in any respect
in which it does not give equality of treatment to inhabitants,
companies and associations of the Territory.

Whereas the first category of provisions appear peculiarly for
political evaluation, the second category clearly relate to provisions

relating to rights of States or their nationals which admit of judicial
interpretation and application.

It is contended by the Applicant that, though under the provisions
of the Charter it may not have been essential to the effective
working of the Trusteeship System, that there should be a compe-
tence in the Court to adjudicate on any alleged breach of a Trustee-

l Emphasis added.

71aux conditions particulières du territoire et qui contribueraient à
la réalisation des fins du régimede tutelle, tout cela, s'agissant des
diverses obligations assumées par l'autorité administrante, parait
relever de l'appréciation politique et pouvoir difficilement - c'est le
moins qu'on puisse dire - faire l'objet d'une décision judiciaire
objective.Aux termes del'accord de tutelle - quel quesoit d'ailleurs

l'objet visé par l'article 19 -, les-différendsqui viendraient à sur-
venir dans le cadre des Nations Unies sur le point de savoir si
l'autorité administrante s'est acquittée de ses obligations semblent
de-.ir êtretranchés au sein de l'Assembléegénéraleet nulle part
ailleurs.
Entrent dans la seconde catégorie les dispositions en vertu des-
quelles l'autorité administrante a accepté, en accord avec les
Nations Unies, de conférer à titre individuel certains droits ou inté-
rêtsjuridiques à des Etats ou à des ressortissants de ces Etats - ce

qui a imposé corrélativement à l'autorité administrante des obli-
gations envers les États Membres des Nations Unies i titre indi-
viduel. La distinction entre ces deux catégories est des plus évi-
dentes.
C'est ainsi que l'article9 confèreun certain nombre de droits de
ce genre, concernant l'égalité de traitement en m-atière sociale,
économique,industrielle et commerciale, à tous les Etats Membres
des Nations Unies et à leurs ressortissants et dispose que ,(les
droits conférés par le présent article aux ressortissants des Etats

Membres des Nations Unies s'étendent, dans les mêmesconditions,
aux sociétés ou associations contrôlées par ces ressortissants ..selon
la législationde l'un quelconque de ces Etats 1)D'après l'article IO,
la mise en Œuvre de ces droits est subordonnée à l'obligation qui
incombe à l'autorité administrante en vertu de l'article 76 de la
Charte, etc. Selon l'article II, aucune disposition de l'accord de
tutelle «ne donne le droit à un Membre des Nations Unies de
réclamerpour lui-même oupour ses ressortissants ...le bénéfic ede
l'articleg ))dans un domaine où il ne donne pas aux habitants,

sociétéset associations du territoire l'égalitéde traitement.
Alors que les dispositions de la première catégorie paraissent
relever plus particulièrement de l'appréciation politique, celles de
la seconde catégorie or te nmanifestement sur les droits des Etats
ou de leurs resgortisç'ants qui peuvent faire l'objet d'une interpré-
tation et d'une application de caractère judiciaire.

Le demandeur soutient que si, dans le cadre de la Charte, il avait
pu ne pa.sparaître indispensable au bon fonctionnement du régime
de tutelle d'habiliter la Cour à se prononcer sur de prétendues
violations des dispositions d'un accord de tutelle intéressant l'évo-

1 Les italiques sont de nous.

71 ship Agreement in respect of the provisions thereof concerned with
the social, economic, educational and political development of the
people to independence or self-government, it was none the less
open to the parties to a Trusteeship Agreement to provide that the
Court should have such a cornpetence. This, it is said, the Parties
intended by Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement to do-indeed,
that this was the prime purpose it was intended to serve. This is but
a bare assertion of what in truth has to be established.Thereisnot,in

my view, the slightest reliable evidence, unless it beArticl19itself,
which is the subject of interpretation, to support this assertion.

The Purpose Article 19 Was Intended to Serve and its Interpretation

Article 19 appears to be no more than a jurisdictional clause to
provide a tribunal for the adjudication of certain disputes, and in
its essentials it is cast in a common form. Such a clause would
normally refer to disputes which relate to rights and obligations
between the parties which exist and are to be found outside the
ferms of the claz~seitself: disputes in which a State claims to be
aggrieved by the infraction, on the part of another State, of an
existing right orinterest otherwise possessed by it.
Such a clause, in short, normally does not confer any additional
right or interest upon a State other than a right to have recourse
to the tribunal once the conditions imposed by the clause are com-
plied with. A disputewithin the meaning of such a clause normally

would relate to a legal right or interest in the State claiming to
be aggrieved, which resides or is to be found elsewhere than in
such a clause itself. It wouldindeed be unusual to find in a juris-
dictional clause a substantive right which itself could be made the
subject of a dispute.
In the present case, rights and obligations as between the Appli-
cant and the Respondent do exist outside the terms of the clause
itself; they are to be found in the provisions of the Trusteeship
Agreement which specifically confer individual rights upon the
Applicant or its nationals with corresponding obligations upon the
Administering Authority. The clause refers obviously to disputes
relating thereto. Article 19 accordingly provides a tribunal for
the adjudication of such disputes. Apart, however, from the right
of recourse to the Court so provided, Article 19 does not provide,
certainly not in terms, for any legal right or interest in a State
beyond those which may be found elsewhere in other provisions
of the Trusteeship Agreement.
The Applicant's contention would, if it were accepted, compel

an interpretation of Article19 giving it a meaning which normally
ruch an adjudication clause would not bear. In truth the contention
involves reading into the Article by implication a grant to States,
in their individual capacity, of a substantiveright in the perform-
ance of provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement, which them-
72lution des populations, sur le plan social, économique, éducatif et
politique, vers l'indépendance ou l'autonomie, il était cependant
loisible aux parties à un tel accord de prévoir la compétence de la
Cour dans des cas de ce genre. C'est, nous dit-on, ce que les Parties
ont entendu faire en insérant l'article 19 - et c'était mêmelà
l'objet essentiel de cet article. Mais on se borne ainsi à affirmer ce

qui doit êtredémontré. Il n'y a pas, à mon avis, la moindre preuve
sérieuse à l'appui de cette affirmation, à moins que l'article 19,
sur lequel porte l'interp~étation, ne constitue lui-mêmecette preuve.

L'objet de l'article1-- son interprétation

L'article19 semble n'êtrerien de plus qu'une clause juridiction-
nelle indiquant un tribunal pour le règlement judiciaire de certains
différendset, pour l'essentiel, il correspond une formule courante.
Une telle clause se rffèrr normalement à des différendsportant sur
les droits et les obligations des parties qui existenet sont énoncés
en dehorsdela clause juridictionnelle elle-méneil s'agit de différends
dans lesquels iin État se prétend lésédu fait qu'un autre Etat

aurait violéun droit ou un intérêtqu'il posséderait par ailleurs.
En résumé,une telle clause ne confère pas normalement à un
lftat un droit ou un intérêtautre que celui de recourir au tribunal,
une foisréunieslesconditions imposéespar elle.Elles'applique, d'une
manière générale, lorsqu'un différend met en jeu, de la part de
1'Etat qui se prétend lésé,un droit ou un intérêtjuridique dont le
fondement ou l'énoncése trouve ailleurs que dans la clause juri-
dictionnelle elle-même.Il serait donc étonnant qu'une clause juri-
dictionnelle accorde un droit de fond qui pourrait lui-même faire
l'objet d'un différend.
En la présente espèce, les droits et les obligations du demandeur
et du défendeur existent en dthors de la clause elle-même; ils
sont indiqués dans les dispositions de l'accord de tutelle qui con-
fèrent expressément des droits propres au demandeur et à ses res-

sortissants et entraînent des obligations correspondantes pour l'au-
torité administrante. Il est manifeste que la clause s'applique au
différend relatifà ces dispositions. C'est par suite pour le règle-
ment judiciaire de ces différends que l'article19 prévoit un tribu-
nal. Mais à part le droit de saisir la Cour, l'articl19 n'envisage,
e;~pressémenatu moins, aucun droit ni intérêtquelconque dont un
Etat puisse se prévaloir en dehors de ceux qui sont déjà énoncés
dans d'autres dispositions de l'accord de tutelle.
Si la thèse du demandeur était admise, on serait obligéd'inter-
préter l'article19 de façon à lui donner un sens qu'une clause ju-
ridictionnelle n'a pas normalement. On devrait supposer que l'ar-
ticle implique l'octroi aux Etats, à titre individuel, d'un droit de
fond quant à l'exécution des dispositions de l'accord de tutelle
qui, en elles-mêmes,ne confèrent expressément aucun droit ou

72 selves by their terms confer no individual legal right or interests
upon States. Such an interpretation could only be justified if it
could be established that it was strictly necessary so to do to
give effect to the manifest intention of the parties. But where is
that intention manifest? To establish it one would need to look
outside the clause itself, which is the subject of interpretation,
since normally such a jurisdictional clause confines itself to the
conferment ofan adjective or procedural right only, and the means
by which it may be exercised; in brief a right of recourse to a tri-
bunal in relation to a dispute concerning legal rights or interests

to be found outside the perimeter of the clause itself.
There is no reliable piece of evidence outside the clause itself
of any such intention on the pa~t of the United Nations and the
Administering Authority. In truth the evidence is the other way.
In my opinion it is not possible to imply in Article 19 the confer-
ment of any substantive right upon any State or read it as so doing.
If a State, a party to a dispute, possesses, outside of Article 19 it-
self, a substantive individual legal right or interest an infraction
or threatened infraction of which leads to a dispute, that dispute is
one within the meaning of the Article. If the State does not possess
any such substantive individual legal right or interest, no dispute
within the meaning of Article 19 could arise.

The Applicant's contention however is that the scope and pur-
pose of the Article-how that scope and purpose is to be ascer-
tained except from the bare words of the Article itself is left rather
in the air-must be understood to have accorded it an individual

legal right or interest in the observance by the Administering
Authonty of its obligations towards the inhabitants and towards
the United Nations which are contained in the provisions of the
Trusteeship Agreement (thus forming the basis of a dispute be-
tween itself and the Administering Authority) although those
provisions do not, in themselves, accord to the Applicant any such
right or interest.
Article19, in my opinion, must be interpreted in a sense which
reconciles the rights and obligations of the Applicant and the
Respondent. These rights and obligations-whatever they may
be-reside not in Article 19 itself but elsewhere in the provisions
of the Trusteeship Agreement. Read in their context, the Article
refers to disputes relating to the interpretation or application of
the provisions of the Agreement which confer individual rights
on a State or its nationals. So read, it makes sense. In my view,
read in its context, it refers to such disputes only.

This view appears strikingly confirmed by facts known to the
Sub-Committee of the Fourth Committee of the General Assembly
73 ARRÊT 2 XII 63 (OP. INDIV. SIR PERCY SPEXDER)
84
intérêtjuridique aux États, à titre individuel. Une telle interpré-
tation se justifierait uniquement si l'on pouvait établir que le res-
pect de l'intention manifeste des parties l'impose. Mais où donc
cette intention apparaît-elle manifeste? Pour le savoir, il faudrait
considérer autre chose que la clause juridictionnelle, sur laquelle

porte l'interprétation; normalement en effet une telle clause se
borne à conférer un droit subsidiaire ou procédural en indiquant
les moyens de son exercice; elle se borne, en résumé, à conférer
le droit de saisir un tribunal relativement à un différend portant
sur des droits ou intérêtsénoncés endehors de la clause elle-même.

Il n'existe aucune preuve sérieuse, en dehors de la clause elle-
même,qui permette de penser que les Nations Unies et l'autorité
administrante aient eu cette intention. Les preuves sont même
plutôt en sens contraire. A mon avis, il n'est pas possible de con-
sidérer que l'article19 octroie implicitement un droit de fond quel-

conque à un Etat quelconque; il n'est pas possible de lui donner
ce sens. Si un Etat partie à un différend possèdeà titre individuel,
en dehors de l'article19 lui-même,un droit ou un intérêtjuridique
de fond dont la violation, effective ou virtuelle, entraîne un diffé-
rend, il s'agit d'un différend au sens de l'article. Mais si'Etat ne
possède pas à titre individuel un droit ou un intérêtjuridique de
fond, aucun différend au sens de l'article 19 ne peut s'élever.
Néanmoins, le demandeur se fonde sur la portée et l'objet de
l'article qu'il n'indique guère les moyens de précisersi ce n'est à
partir des termes mêmesdu texte - pour soutenir qu'il a à titre
individuel un droit ou un intérêtjuridique à ce que l'autorité
administrante respecte les obligations que l'accord de tutelle lui

impose envers les habitants et envers les Nations Unies (ce qui est
à la base d'un différendentre lui-mêmeet l'autorité administrante)
encore que ces dispositions, en soi, ne confèrent pas au demandeur
un droit ou un intérêtde ce genre.

A mon avis, il faut interpréter l'artic19 en un sens qui concilie
les droits et les obligations du demandeur et du défendeur. Ces
droits et obligations- quels qu'ils soien- figurent non pas à l'ar-
ticle19 mais dans d'autres dispositions de l'accord de tutelle. Con-
sidérédans ce contexte, l'article concerne des différends relatifs à
l'interprétation ou à l'application des dispositions de l'accord qui

confèrent des droits propres aux Etats ou à leurs ressortissants.
Envisagé de cette manière, il a un sens. Replacé dans son contexte,
l'article, à mon avis, n'a trait qu'à ce genre de différends.

Cette opinion paraît confirméede façon frappante par les faits
dont s'est occupéela Sous-Commission de la Quatrième Commis-

73appointed to examine eight draft trusteeship agreements (including
that the,subject of present consideration) which later were approved
by the General Assembly.

The draft first examined by that Sub-Committee was that relat-
ing to Western Samoa. Its provisions were exhaustively scrutinized,
as indeed were those of al1 the drafts; the New Zealand draft on
which most of the discussion took place was, however, taken as a
basis for the examination of al1otherdraft trusteeship agreements l.
The Western Samoa draft contained the adjudication clause.
In the course of considering a modification to the clause proposed
by the delegate of China (but not adopted) at its meeting on 20 No-
vember 1946, such attention as was given to this clause by the
Sub-Committee (and so far as the Summary Record reveals, very

little was, and none in my opinion on the purpose it was intended
to serve) centred around the question whether if a dispute arose
between the Adminjstering Authority and a State a Member of the
United Nations it should not, at first, be referred to the Trusteeship
Council 2.A draft Trusteeship Agreement relating to New Guinea
was also, with six other draft agreements, before the Sub-Commit-
tee, al1 six of which contained the adjudication clause. The dele-
gate of Australia during discussion referred to the fact that there
was no adjudication clause in the New Guinea draft. An obliga-
tion to subniit to this Court a dispute between itself and another
State was, the delegate of Australia said, covered by its acceptance

of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court by a declaration under
Article 36 of the Court's Statute2.

Whatever its extent, that obligation was thus limited to the
terms of such declaration and governed by it.
It was thus apparent to the Sub-Committee that any dispute
between Australia as an Administering Authority and another
State in relation to the interpretation or a.pplication of any pro-
vision of tliat Trusteeship Agreement would, if this statement was
accepted as an equivalent of the adjudication clause which appeai-ed
in al1the other drafts, or a reason for its omission, be subject not

only to the terms of Article 36 of the Statute and the terms of
Australia's declaration of acceptance thereunder, but could only
relate to such provisions (if any) of that Trusteeship Agreement-
with an adjudication clause omitted-whereunder some individual
legal right or interest was conferred upon a State a Member of the
United Nations. Such a legal right or interest could not find its
basis in a non-existent adjudication clause and could therefore
only have existence apart therefrom. In short, whether any State
did or did not have an individual legal right or interest in the per-

United Nations Officia1Record of 2nd part of 1st Session of General Assembly,
Fourth Committee, TrusteeshiPart II, pp. 2-3.
Ib'biat pp. 8etsqq.
74sion de l'Assemblée générale chargéd e'examiner huit projets d'ac-

cord de tutelle, accords qui ont étéultérieurement approuvés
par l'Assembléegénéraleet parmi lesquels figure le texte qui nous
intéresse.
Le premier projet étudié par la Sous-Commission concernait
le Samoa occidental. Il a fait l'objet d'un examen très approfondi,
comme d'ailleurs tous les autres projets; mais c'est sur le texte
néo-zélandaisque la plus grandepartie de la discussion a porté et que
l'on s'est fondépour l'examen de tous les autres accords de tutelle1.
Le projet concernant le Samoa occidental contenait la clause

juridictionnelle. A sa séancedu 20 novembre 1946, à l'occasion d'une
proposition d'amendement faite par le représentant de la Chine
- proposition qui n'a pas étéadoptée - , la Sous-Comn~ission a
traité de cette clause, à laquelle elle a prêtéfort peu d'attention
(comme le montrent les comptes rendus) et sans à mon avis envisa-
ger à aucun moment son objet; elle s'est alors surtout attachée à
la question de savoir si, au caçou un différends'élèveraitentre l'au-
torité administrante et un Etat Membre des Nations Unies, ce

différend ne devrait pas être d'abord soumis au Conseil de tu-
tellel. Un projet d'accord de tutelle pour la Nouvelle-Guinée était
présenté aussi à la Sous-Commission, ainsi que six autres projets
qui comportaient tous la clause juridictionnelle. ,4u cours de la
discussion, le représentant de l'Australie a signalé l'absence de
clause juridictionnelle dans le projet relatif à la Nouvelle-Guinée.
D'après lui, l'obligation de soumett;e à la Cour un différend sur-
venu entre l'Australie et un autre Etat était contenue dans l'ac-
ceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour résultant d'une

déclaration faite en vertu de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour 2.
Quelle que fût sa portée, cette obligation était en conséquence
limitée par les termes de cette déclaration qui la régissait.
Il a donc paru à la Sous-Commission que,si la déclaration du re-
présentant de l'Australie était considérée commel'équivalent de
la clause juridictionnelle figurant dans tous les autres projets ou
comme une raison d'omettre ladite clause, un différend,survenant
entre l'Australie, autorité administrante, et un autre Etat relati-

vement à l'interprétation et à l'application de l'une quelconque des
dispositions de l'accord de tutelle ne serait pas régiseulement par
l'article 36 du Statut et la déclaration australienne d'acceptation
faite en vertu de cet article; il faudrait encore qu'il ait trait aux
éventuelles dispositions de l'accord de tutelle - où la clause
juridictionnelle ne figure pas - ,qui conféreraient un droit ou
un intérêtjuridique propre à un Etat Membre des Nations Unies.
Un tel droit ou intérêtne pouvait êtrefondé sur une clause juri-
dictionnelle inexistante et ne pouvait exister qu'en dehors de celle-

ci. En rés--é, c'étaitexclusivement sur la base de l'accord de
l Nations Cnies. Documents officiels de la seconde partie de la premdere session
l'Assemblée générale,Quatrième Commission, Tutelle, Deuxième partie2 et 3.
Ibid.pp. 85 et ss.

74 formance by the Administering Authority of any obligation con-
tained in the New Guinea Trusteeship Agreement and a right to
invoke the jurisdiction of this Court in a dispute between it and

the Administering Authority relating to the interpretation or
application of a provision of that Trusteeship Agreement would
need to be determined, exclusively from the terms of the Agree-
ment themselves (with the adjudication clause omitted), and the
terms of Australia's acceptance of the C,ourtJs jurisdiction under
Article 36 of the Court's Statute l.

Accordingly if the statement of the Australian delegate was
accepted by the Committee as explaining the absence of an ad-
judication clause in the draft Trusteeship Agreement relating to
New Guinea, no disputerelating to the Trusteeship Agreement could
be adjudicated upon by this Court unless the provisions of the
Trusteeship Agreement themselves gave an individual right or

interest to a Stateinthe performance of al1or any of its provisions,
and then only to the extent it fell within the ambit of Australia's
declaration of acceptance of this Court's jurisdiction.

If then the statement of the Australian delegate was so accepted
by the Sub-Committee, it is hardly conceivable that the Sub-

Committee would have thought that the presence of the adjudi-
cation clause was necessary to give or that it gave any rights or
interests to any State beyond such as might be found within the
pr~visions of a Trusteeship Agreement outside an adjudication
clause itself.
If, on the other hand, as will subsequently l?e considered, the

Sub-Committee did not accept the statement of the delegate of
Australia as the equivalent of the adjudication clause, or as ex-
plaining its absence, and if, as is claimed (and as was held by this
Court in the Soutiz West Af~ica cases to be so in respect of mandate
instruments),the all-important scope and purport of the clause must
be understood to have accorded to a State, a Member of the United

Nations, a legal right or interest in the observance by the Ad-
ministering Authority of its obligations towards the inhabitants
contained in the Trusteeship Agreement, it is beyond understanding

Australia's obligatioto submit any dispute to the jurisdictioof this Court
was governed by Article 36(5) of this Court's Statute, in virtue of a declaration to
the Permanent Court of InternationalJustice dated21 August 1940, which con-
tinued in force until 6 November 1954 when Australia made its first declaration
of acceptance of this Court's jurisdictionr Article 3(2)of the Court's Statute.
of five years (which had in1946 already expired) and thereafteruntil notice of
termination.Thus it could have terminatedits acceptance at any time, or renewed
it subject to special conditionsand exceptions. Its acceptance of the Court's
jurisdictiocould accordinglyonly apply to a limited number of States, Members
of the United Nations,so creating inequality between them; moreover, it could
only apply to disputes which fell within the content of Australia's declaif itn
continued in force, or any declaration which replaced it. tutelle - où aucune clause juridictionnelle ne figure - et de l'ac-
ceptation de la juridiction de la Cour par l'Australie en vert? de
l'article36 du Statut de la Cour qu'il fallait préciser si un Etat
avait ou non un droit ou un intérêtjuridique propre à ce que l'au-

torité administrante s'acquitte de toutes les obligations énoncées
dans l'accord pour la Nouvelle-Guinée et s'il avait le droit d'invo-
quer la compétence de la Cour dans un différend survenant entre
lui et l'autorité administrante relativement à l'interprétation ou
à l'application d'une disposition de cet accord.

Dans ces conditions, si la Commission a admis que la déclaration
du représentant de l'Australie expliquait l'absence d'une clause
juridictionnelle dans le projet d'accord de tutelle pour la Nou-
velle-Guinée, aucun différend relatif à cet accord ne pouvait être
tranché par la Cour, sauf lorsque les dispoçitions de l'accord de
tutelle reconnaissaient elles-mêmes à un Etat un droit ou un

intérêtpropre à voir appliquer l'une ou l'ensemble des dispositions
dudit accord et cela seulement dans la mesure où ce droit découlait
de la déclaration par laquelle l'Australie avait accepté la juridiction
de la Cour.
Si la Sous-Commission a donnéce sens à la déclaration du repré-

sentant de l'Australie, il n'est guère concevable qu'elle ait jugé
qu'une clause juridictionnelle était nécessaire pour accorder - ou
ait jugé que cette clause accordait - des droits ou intérêtsà un
État, en dehors de ceux qui pouvaient êtreénoncésdans les dispo-
sitions de l'accord de tutelle autres que la clause juridictionnelle
elle-même.

Si par contre - ce qui sera examiné plus tard - la Sous-Com-
mission n'a pas considéréla déclaration du représentant de lJAustra-
lie comme l'équivalent de la clause juridictionnelle ou comme l'ex-
plication de son absence et si, comme on le prétend et comme la
Cour l'a décidédans les affaires du Sud-Ouest ajricain pour ce qui

était des Mandats, il faut admettre qu'en raisofi de sa très vaste
portée et de son but la clause a reconnu aux Etats Membres des
Nations Unies un droit ou un intérêtjuridique à voir respecter par
l'autorité administrante les obligations qu'elle a assumées envers
les habitants aux termes de l'accord de tutelle, il est incompréhen-

1 L'obligation pour l'Australie de soumettre tout différeàdla Cour était régie
par l'article6, paragraphe 5, du Statut de la Cour, en vertu d'une déclaration
adressée à la Cour permanente de Justice internationalle 21 août 1940 qui est
restée en vigueur jusqu'au 6 novembre 1954, dateà laquelle l'Australia fait la
première déclaration par laquelle elle acceptait lanpotence de la Cour en vertu
de l'articl36, paragraphe 2, du Statut de la Cour.
La déclaration de1940, fondée surla réciprocité, avait été faite pour une période
de cinq ans (laquelle en 1946 était déjà arriàexpiration) et par la suite jusqu'à
notification de l'abrogation. L'Austraaurait donc pu mettre fià son acceptakion
à tout moment ou la renouveler sous réserve de certaines conditioou exceptions.
I.'acceptationde la compétence de la Cour ne pouvait donc valoir que pour un
petit nombre d'États Membres des Nations Unies, créant ainsi une inégalité entre
ration[àpsupposer qu'elle reste en vigueou toute déclaration qui la remplacerait.a- why, in the meticulous scrutiny to which each Trusteeship Agree-
ment was subjected by the Sub-Committee, no insistent attempt
was made, when al1 other Articles thereof were settled, to have
an adjudication clause included in the Australian draft Trusteeship

Agreement, why no mention of its omission was contained in the
Report of the Sub-Committee to its parent Committee, or in the
Report of that Committee to the General Assembly orin the debates
in the General Assembly itself.

However the matter is looked at it is, I think, evident that if
there is not to be found in the body of a Trusteeship Agreement
(that is, in the provisions thereof, apart from the adjudication
clause itself) provisions conferring upon a State, a Member of the

United Nations, a legal right or interest in the performance by
the Administering Authority of some obligation undertaken by it
under one or more of its provisions-the adjudication clause would
not itself confer any right on a State to have interpreted or applied

by this Court alzy provision of the trusteeship agreement. The oper-
ation of the clause is limited, subject to the conditions stipulated
therein, to providing a tribunal to which recourse may be had by a
State in relation to any dispute relative to the interpretation or

application of provisions of the trusteeship agreement which in
themselves accorded an individual legal right or interest in the
performance of obligations of the Administering Authority con-
tained therein l.

By article 76 (d) of the Charter it was provided that one of the objectives of
the International Trusteeship System was-
"to ensure equal treatment in social, economic and commercial matters for
al1 Members ...subject to the provisions of Article 80".

Article 80 provided that-
"Except as may be agreed upon in individual trusteeship agreements ...
nothing in this Chapter shall be construed in or of itself to alter in any manner
the rights whatsoever of any States ...or the terms of existing international
instruments ..."
Every Trusteeship Agreement approved by the General Assembiy contained the
central obligation of the Adniinistering Authority to administer in such a mânner
as to achieve the basic objectives laid down in Article 76 of the Charter. Though in
my opinion the undertaking of the Administering Authority in respect to this
obligation, given to the United Nations, did notconferupon any State orits nationals
any individual legal right orinterest in its performance either inrelatioto objective
76 (d) of the Charter or otherwise (an undertaking to the United Nations on the
part of the Administering Authority to achievegeneral objectives), it may be open
to the faint argument that the undertaking read together with Article 76 (d) of
the Charter did confer such a right or interest by necessary implication. Whatever
be the correct view, it still remains true that the adjudication clause is limitedto
disputes relating to such provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement whereunder
such rights or interests are conferred upon a State or its nationals.

The Articles in certain of the Trusteeship Agreements in which individual legal
rights or interestsin States were expressly conferred upon States or their nationals
(such as are to be found in Article g of the Trusteeship Agreement in the instant
case), though they relate in general to the broad objective stated inArticle 76 (d)

76 ARRÊT 2 XII 63 (or. INDIV. SIR PERCY SPENDER)
87
sible qu'au cours de l'examen minutieux auquella Sous-Commission
a procédépour chaque accord de tutelle, on n'ait pas sérieusement

cherché à insérer une clause juridictionnelle dans le projet austra-
lien au moment où l'on mettait au point les autres articles, et il
est incompréhensible que cette omission n'ait étémentionnée ni

dans le rapport de la Sous-Commission à la Commission, ni dans
le rapport de la Commission à l'Assemblée générale,ni lors des
débats de l'Assemblée générale.
Quoi qu'il en soit, il me paraît évident que si dans le corps même

de l'accord de tutelle (c'est-à-dire dans les dispositions autres que
la cla,use juridictionnelle elle-même) aucune disposition ne confère
aux Etats Membres des Nations Unies un droit ou un intérêtjuri-
dique à voir respecter par l'autorité administrante une obligation

assumée par elle en vertu d'un ou plusieurs articles de l'accord, la
clause juridictionnelle ne pourra conférer elle-mêmeaux Etats le
droit de faire interpréter ou appliquer par la Cour l'une quelconque
des dis~ositions de l'accord de tutelle. La clause se borne. sous ré-

serve désconditions qui y sont énoncées, à prévoir qu'un État peut
recourir à un tribunal relativement à un différend portant sur l'in-
terprétation ou l'application des dispositions de l'accord de tutelle

lorsque ces dispositions reconnaissent un droit ou un intérêt juri-
dique à l'accomplissement par l'autorité administrante des obliga-
tions que lui impose ledit accord1.

1Selon l'article 76, alind), de la Charte, l'un des objectifs régime internatio-
nal de tutelleconsiste à:
((assurer l'égalitéde traitemendans le domaine social, économique et commer-
cialà tous les Membres ...Sour réserve des dispositions de l'article 8».

L'article 80 dispose que:
«A l'exception de ce qui peut être convenu dans les accords particuliers de
tutelle...aucune disposition du présent chapitre ne sera interprétée comme
modifiant directement ou indirectement en aucune manière les droits quelcon-
ques d'aucun État ...ou les dispositionsd'actes internationaux en vigueur ..r
Tous les accords de tutelle approuvés par l'Assemblée générale contenaient

l'obligation fondamentale imposée à l'autorité administrante d'administrer le
territoire defaçon à réaliser les fins essentiell?~ énoncàel'article 76 de la Charte.
Encore qu'à mon avis l'engagement pris par l'autorité administrante sur ce point
à l'égard des Nations Unies n'ait conféréà aucun État et aux ressortissantsd'aucun
État un droit ou un intérêtjuridique propre quant à l'exécution de cette obligation,
soit en liaison avec l'objectif énoncé à l'article 76, alinéad), de la Charte, soit
autrement (engagementpris par l'autoritéadministrante envers les Nations Unies
de rc;aliserdes objectifs généraux), on peuà la rigueur arguer que, envisagé compte
tenu de l'article 76, alinéa d),de la Charte, cet engagement a, par la force des
choses, implicitement conféréun tel droit ou un tel intérêt. Que cela soit exact ou
non, il reste vrai qula clause juridictionnellne concerne que des différends relatifs
aux dispositions de l'accord de tutelle en vertu desquelles des droits ou intérêts
sont attribués à un État ou aux ressortissants d'un État.
Bien qu'ayant trait en général au vaste objectif énoncé à l'article76,alinéa d),
de la Charte, les articles de certainsaccords de tutelle où des droits ou intérêts
juridiques propres sont expressément reconnus aux Etats ou à leurs ressortissants
(articlessimilaires l'articlg de l'accord detutelle dont il est traité dans la présente
76 There are, however, reasons independent of those already
advanced which compel an interpretation adverse to that contended
by the Applicant. The Applicant, relying as has been noted upon

the words "any dispute whatever ... relating to the provjsions
of the Trusteeship Agreement" and the Court's statement in the
South West Africa cases that these words admit of no exception,
claims that thenaturaland ordinary meaning of these words exclude

any other interpretation than that which it asserts they bear.

Although the cardinal rule of interpretation is that words are
to be read, if they may so be read, in their ordinary and natural

sense, this rule is, as 1 have had occasion before to observe, some-
times a counsel of perfection, for ambiguity may be hidden in the
plainest and most simple of words even in their ordinary and natural
meaning. In the context of Chapter XII1 of the Charter and the

provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement itself, Article 19 is not by
any means as clear as it is contended by the Applicant l.On close
examination it presents an important ambiguity, as did the com-
parable clause in the Soztth West Africa cases, which calls for
an interpretation which goes beyond a bare examination of the

words to be found in Article 19 detached from its context. That
ambiguity is introduced by the words "if it cannot be settled by
negotiation or other means".

of the Charter, were the subject of prolonged and intensive negotiation when the
draft agreements were under examination by the Sub-Committee of the Fourth
Committee. These provisions specificallyconferred rights; such rights were removed
from any limitations under Article 80 of the Charter; they extended the field to
include industrial matters as well as matters social, economic and commercial;
they made provisions against the granting of general monopolies subject to certain
exceptions in favour of the AdministeringAuthorities (see ArticleIO of the present
Trusteeship Agreement), and in some made the entitlement of the benefits of the
rights conferred subject to reciprocal equality of treatment by other States (see
Article II of the present Trusteeship Agreement and compare Article 8 of the
Trusteeship Agreement relating to French Cameroons). Moreover in the Trusteeship
Agreement relating to Western Samoa, a right-the missionary right-was conferred
upon nationals of States, Members of the United Nations, which seems to have
little or nothing to do with the objective indicatein Article 76(d) of the Charter.

Constantly it is asserted that the language of the adjudicationclause is clear,
precise and unambiguous. It is not without significance thaturing the discussion
in the Sub-Cornmittee of the Fourth Committee on the Western Samoan draft
the view of at least the delegate of one State was that it was not clear whether
the adjudication clause obliged the State in disputewiththe Administering Author-
ity also to submit the dispute to this Court, nor whether the adjudication clause
automatically referred a dispute to the Court or whether it was necessary firsthat
a special agreement should be entered into ,which was precisely what the Applicant
in this case in itstter ofIMay 1961 asked the Respondent to agree to).
However this may be, it would seem to indicate that the language of the ad-
jii?i:ationclause, clearand unambiguous as it claimed to be, may not be so. Une interprétation contraire à celle que soutient le demandeur
s'impose d'ailleurs pour d'autres raisons. S'appuyant comme on
l'a noté sur l'expression (tout différend, quel qu'il soit ...relative-

ment à l'interprétation ou à l'application des dispositions » de
l'accord de tutelle et sur l'observation faite par la Cour dans les
affaires du Sud-Ouest africain selon laquelle cette expression n'auto-
rise aucune exception, le demandeur prétend que le sens naturel et

ordinaire des mots exclut toute autre interprétation que celle qu'il
en donne lui-mê~ne.
Certes, la règle essentielle de l'interprétation est que les mots
doivent êtrecompris, si cela est possible, d'après leur sens ordinaire

ou naturel, mais cette règleest parfois, comme j'ai eu l'occasion de
le faire observer auparavant, une règle idéale car lesmots les plus
courants et les plus simples, mêmedans leur sens ordinaire et
naturel, peuvent présenter des ambiguïtés. Dans le contexte du

chapitre XII1 de la Charte et des dispositions de l'accord de tutelle,
l'article 19 est loin d'êtreaussi clair que le prétend le demandeur1.
En l'examinant de près, on constate qu'il présente une grave am-

biguïté - que présentait déjà la clause comparable rencontrée
dans les affaires du Sud-Ouest africain; de ce fait, on doit procéder
à.une interprétation qui dépasse le simple examen, hors contexte,
des termes mêmes de l'article 19. Cette ambiguïté réside dans

l'expression « s'il ne peut êtreréglépar négociations ou un autre
moyen ».

affaire) ont fait l'objet denégociations longues et animées lors de l'examen des
projets à la Sous-Commission de la Quatrième Commission. Ces dispositions con-
féraient expressément des droits; aucune limitation ne s'appliquait à ces droits en
vertu de l'article 80 de la Charte: ces dispositionélargissaient le champ d'action
de façon àporter sur le domaine industriel aussi bien que sur les domaines écono-
mique, social et commercial: elles prévoyaient des mesures contre l'octroi de mono-
poles généraux sous réserve de certaines exceptions en faveur des artorités admi-
nistrantes (voirl'articleIO de l'accord de tutelleconsidéré) et, dans certains cas,
subordonnaient à l'égalitédetraitement avec les autres États le bénéficede certains
droits (voir l'articlII de l'accord de tutelle considéré et comparer avec l'artic8e
de l'accord de tutelle pour le Cameroun sous administration française). De plus,
dans l'accord de tutelle pourle Samoa occidental, il a étéconféréaus ressortissants
des États Membres des Nations Unies un droit, dansla clause dite des missionnaires,
qui parait avoir peu de rapport, si tant est qu'il en ait, avec l'objectif énoncé
l'article 76, alinéd),de la Charte.
lOn ne cesse d'alléguer que le libellé de la clause juridictionnest clair, précis,
sans ambiguïté. Il n'est pas sans intérêtde noter que, lors de la discussion du projet
relatif au Samoa occidental par la Sous-Commission de la Quatrième Commission,
au moins un représentant a signalé que l'on ne savait trop si la clause juridictionelle
obligeait l'État avec qui l'autorité administrante avait un différendà soumettre
ce différend à.la Cour, si la clause juridictionnelleavait automatiquement pour
effet de renvoyer le différend à la Cour ou si un compromis devait d'abord être

conclu (c'est précisément ce qu'en l'espèce le demandeur a prié le défendeur d'ac-
cepter dans sa lettredu IC~mai 1961). Quoi qu'il en soit, cela semble indiquer que
le libellé de la clause juridictionnelpourrait ne pas être aussi clair et dépourvu
d'ambiguïté qu'on le prétend.
77 These words, of themselves, provide the key to the interpretation
of Article19, in particular the key to the discovery of the meanirig
of the words "any dispute whatever".

The condition "if it cannot be settled by negotiation or other
means" is one which applies to al1 disputes within the meaning
of the clause and thus characterizes the disputes which fa11within
the ambit thereof. As Judge Moore pointed out in the Mazwommatis
Palestine Concessionscase (P.C.I.J., Series AIR, Judgment No. 2
at p. 62)this condition is to be found in a large number of arbitration
treaties entered into over the years both before and since the
mandate instruments and trusteeship agreements "as a vital
condition of their acceptance and operation". The words do not
mean, as he pointed out, that the dispute "must be of such a nature

that it is not susceptible of settlement by negotiation"; this would
destroy the effectiveness of the condition.
Read in their present context they necessarily imply, in my
opinion, that a dispute within the meaning of Article 19 must be
of a class, character or type which is capableof bei~zsettledbetween
the parties thereto in a final manner and between parties having
the competence so to do. Whatever is the meaning to be given
to the words "or other meansu-and this will be considered
later-they must, in my view, mean that the parties to the dispute
are able to choose and agree upon the means to be employed to
settlc the dispute finally, and competent to bind themselves to the

result of the means employed to achieve a settlement. Thus the
dispute must be one which each is competent to settle between
itself and the other State or States whatever the means employed
so to do.
A dispute which relates to individual interests or rights of a
State or its nationals conferred by the provisions of the Trusteeship
Agreement is inherently capable of final settlement between the
Administering Authority and a State, a Member of the United
Nations l;but a dispute which is not of ihat class, character or type
but on the contrary is of a class, character or type which relates
to the performance of obligations stipulated therein undertaken by

the Administe~jng Authority with the United Nations, in the interests
of the peoples of Trust Territories, and in defence ofthose intereçts,
to achieve the advancement and well-being of the peoples of the
Trust Territory and their development to the ultimate goal of
independence or self-government, in accordance with the objectives
of the International Trusteeship System established by the Charter
of the United Nations, is inherently incapable of settlementby any
means between the Administering Authority and any other State.
These last-mentioned obligations, which hereafter are sometimes
referred to as general obligations, directed to promotion of the

Any such right might presumablybe renouncedby a State (Mavrommatis
Concessions, P.C.I.J., Series AIB, JudNo.n2 at p30:.
78 Ce sont ces mots qui donnent la cléde I'intqrétation de l'ar-
ticle 19; ce sont eux en particulier qui permettent de trouver le
sens de l'expression ((tout différend, quel qu'il soit ».
La condition ((s'il ne peut êtreréglépar négociations ou un autre
moyen )s'applique à tous les différends viséspar l'article et carac-
térise donc tous ceux qui en relèvent. Comme M. Moore l'a fait
observer dans l'affaire des Concess.z'onM s avrommatis en Palestine
(C.P. J.I., sérieA no 2, p. 62), cette condition se retrouve dans un

grand nombre de traités d'arbitrage conclus au cours des années
tant avant qu'après les Mandats - et par suite les accords de
tutelle - oil elle est une ((condition essentielle à leur acceptation
et à leur application )i.Ces mots ne veulent pas dire, comme il l'a
signalé, que ((la nature du différend doive êtretelle qu'il ne soit
pas susceptible d'être réglépar des négociations D; cela ôterait
toute efficacitéà cette condition.

Envisagés dans leur contexte actuel, ces mots impliquent néces-
sairement à mon avis qu'un différendrelevant de l'article 19 doit,
étant donné sa catégorie, sa nature ou son caractère, pozmoir être
~égléd'une manière définitive entre des parties ayant compétence
pour le faire. Quel que soit le sens de l'expression (un autre moyen »
- ce qui sera étudiéultérieurement -, elle doit vouloir dire, selon
moi, que les parties au différendsont aptes à choisir et à désigner

d'un commun accord le moyen à utiliser pour réglerdéfinitivement
le différend; elle doit vouloir dire aussi que les parties ont lepouvoir
de s'engager à se conformer au résultat du moyen employé. Ainsi
donc, il doit s'agir d'un différend que chacune des parties ait com-
pétence pour régler avec l'autre État ou avec d'autres États, quel
aue soit le moven utilisé.
1 Un différend ayant trait aux intérêtsou aux droits qui sont

conférésen propre par l'accord de tutelle à un Etat ou à ses res-
sortissants peut d'une manière inhérente faire I'obj,etd'un règlement
définitif entre l'autorité administrante et un Etat Membre des
Nations Unies l. Mais un différend qui, étant donné sa catégorie,
sa nature ou son caractère, a trait au contraire à l'accomplissement
d'obligations assumées par l'autorité administrante envers les
Nations Unies dans l'intérêt des populations des territoires sous

tutelle et pour la défense de cet intérêt - en vue de favoriser le
progrès et le bien-être despopulations des territoires et leur évo-
lution vers le but ultime qu'est l'indépendance ou l'autonomie,
conformément aux objectifs du régime international de tutelle
institué par la Charte des Nations Unies - ne peut d'une manière
inhérente et quel que soit le moyen employé, faire l'objet d'aucun
règlement entre l'autorité administrante et un autre Etat.

Les obligations susmentionnées, qui seront ultérieurement quali-
fiéesparfois d'obligations générales,concernent le progrès politique,

Un État pourrait probablement renoncer à un tel droit (Concessions Ma-
vromunafis en Palesfitic, C.P. J. I.,Asén"e2, p. 30). political, economic, social and educational advancement of the
inhabitants and their progressive development toward self-govern-
ment or independence; cannot of their very nature be affected,
altered, modified, amended or compromised in any manner whatever
without the consent of the United Nations. It would not be compe-
tent, in my opinion, for the Administering Authority to agree with
another State that any one of these general obligations should in
any particular circumstances be interpreted or applied in a certain
manner. In my opinion the meaning of the words "any dispute
whatever", conditioned bythe words "if it cannot be settled ...etc.",
between the parties, read in their context refer to such disputes
in relation to the interpretation and application of the provisions
of the Trusteeship Agreement, which of their nature, are of a class
characteror type which the parties are competent to settle between
themselves. Al1disputes whatever relating to the interpretation or
application of provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement which are

of that class, character or type, but only such disputes as are, are
those to mhich Article 19 has application.

The task of the Court is to ascertain the intention of the United
Nations and the Administering Authority when this Agreement
was entered into. It is indisputable, 1 think, that the General As-
sembly, acting within its authority under the Charter, and the
Administering Authority, were entitled, under the terms of the
Charter and as the parties to the Trusteeship Agreement, to inter-
pret the provisions thereof relating to the generalobligations of the
Administering Authority, and apply them as they agreed between
themselves. It would seem somewhat extreme to ascribe to the
United Nations-acting through the General Assembly-quite
apart from any intention of the Administering Authority so to do,
an intention to grant to any State a right, at its own unrestrained
will, to challenge judicially an interpretation or application of the
Trusteeship Agreement which the Ceneral Assembly (the organ
chosen by the Charter to exercise al1 the functions of the United
Nations relating to the Trusteeship Agreement) and the Adminis-
tering Authority, agreed between themselves, gave effect to the

Agreement and so satisfied its requirements.

These considerations alone compel me to the conclusion that
Article 19 should be interpreted as applying exclusively to disputes
relating to individual rights or interests accorded to a State, or its
nationals, by provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement.économique, social et éducatif des habitants et leur évolution pro-
gressive vers l'autonomie et l'indépendance; elles ne peuvent, vu
leur nature même, être affectées, t~ansformées, modifiées, faire
l'objet d'amendement ou de compromis sous quelque forme que
ce soit sans le consentement des Nations Unies. A mon sens, l'auto-
rité admi1;istrante ne serait pas fondée à décider, en accord avec
un autre Etat, que l'une de ces obligations généralesdevrait, dans
certaines circonstances particulières, êtreinterprétée ou appliquée
d'une certaine manière. A mon avis, le sens de l'expression « Tout

différend, quel qu'il soit» est subordonné au membre de phrase
(s'il ne peut êtreréglé)e )tc. entre les parties; dans ce contexte,
ces mots concernent des différends relatifs à l'interprétation et à
l'application des dispositions de l'accord de tutelle que les parties
sont habilitéesà régler entre elles, étant donnéla catégorie à la-
quelle ils appartiennent,leur nature et leur caractère. L'article 19
s'applique exclusivement aux différends, quels qu'ils soient, sur
l'interprétation oul'application des dispositions del'accord detutelle
quiappartiennent àcette catégorieou ontcette natureouce caractère.

La Cour a pour tâche de rechercher quelle était l'intention des
Nations Unies et de l'autorité administrante lors de la conclusion
de l'accord. 11est indiscutable, je crois, que l'Assembléegénérale,
dans le cadre de la compétence conféréepar la Charte, et l'autorité
administrante étaient fondéesen vertu de la Charte et en tant que
parties à l'accord de tutelle à interpréter les dispositions de cet
accord relatives aux obligations générales de l'autorité adminis-
trante et qu'elles étaient fondées à les appliquer comme elles
estimaient devoir le faire d'un commun accord. Il paraîtrait quelque
peu excessif d'attribuer aux Nations Cnies agissant par l'inter-

médiaire de l'Assembléegénérale - pour ne rien dire de l'autorité
administrante -, l'intention d'accorder a n'importe quel État le
droit de contester judiciairenient, à son gré et sans limitation
aucune, une interprétation ou une applicatio~l de l'accord de tutelle
sur laquelle l'Assembléegénérale (organechoisi par la Charte pour
exercer toutes les fonctions de l'organisation en ce qui concerne
l'accord de tutelle) et l'autorité administrante se seraient entendues
qui aurait donnéeffet à l'accord, se conformant ainsià sesexigences.

Ces seules considérations m'obligent à conclure que l'article 19
devrait être interprété comme visant exclusivement les différends
relatifs aux droits ou intérêtspropres accordés à un État ou à ses

ressortissants par des dispositions de l'accord de tutelle. By way of parenthesis it shoulcl be added that the words "or
other means" ("if it cannot be settled by negotiations or other
means")-words which did not appear in the Mandate Instru-
ments-do not, for reasons already advanced, affect the conclusion
arrived at on the interpretation to be accorded to Article 19. A few
words, however, on the meaning to be accorded these ~rords "or
other means" may conveniently be inserted.

The words, in my ,opinion, must be construed ej~isdemgegzeris.
There is some confirmation nlizinde for this view.
Among eight Trusteeship Agreements approved by the General

Assembly on 13 December 1946 there is to be found one and one
only in which the adjudication clause varied in verbiage from that
contained in each of the others. Yet it could not be disputed, 1
think, that the purpose and scope of each was precisely the same.
In the Trusteeship Agreement relating to Western Samoa the rele-
vant words are "by negotiation or similar means". The meaning
of the words employed in the other Trusteeship Agreements should
be interpreted in the same sense.

The Surrounding Circumstances when.the Trusteeship

Agreement was Entered into
That the Applicant's contention on the interp~etation to be
acc~rded Article 19 is unfounded is also, 1 think, evident from the
surrounding ci~cumstances at the time the Trusteeship Agreement
was entered into, some of which have already been referred to.
It will be recalled that the Mandates were divided into three

categories referred to generally as-4,R and C Mandates depending
upon the state of political developnient which they had achieved.
The people in the "C" Mandated Territories were, due to their
remoteness from the centres of civilization and other factors, for
the most part in the most backward state of development. One
would think that if the Vnited Nations, as one of the parties to
the Trusteeship Agreements (the great majority of which, inclu-
ding that in the present case, were negotiated and entered into
at the same time in 1946), intended tliat an important, if not the
overriding purpose of the adjudication clause we are concerned
with was to provide for judicial adjudication by this Court at the
instance of any State, a hlember of the United Nations, to defend
or assert the interests of the peoples of these territories in order to
protect them against breaches of obligations undertaken by the
Administering Authority to these peoples, such a provision as
Article 15-which had appeared in al1 the mandate instruments-

was very much more advisable or desirable to be inserted in Trus-
teeship Agreements which related to previous "CH Mandates than
80 Il convient d'ajouter incidemment que l'expression cou un
autre moyen ))qui figure dans le membre de phrase ccs'il ne peut
êtreréglépar négociations ou un autre moyen » - expression qui
ne figurait pas dans les Mandats -- n'affecte pûs, pour les raisons
déjà formulées, la conclusion à laquelle je suis arrivé quant à

l'interprétation qu'il convient de donner de l'article 19. Il n'est
peut-être pas inutile cependant d'ajouter quelques mots sur le
sens que l'on doit reconnaître à l'expression (cou un autre moyen N.
A mon avis, ces mots doivent être interprétés par analogie.
Mon opinion trouve d'ailleurs une certaine confirmation ailleurs.
Sur les huit accords de tutelleapprouvéspar l'Assembléegénérale
le 13décembre 1946, il n'y en a qu'un et un seul où la clause juri-
dictionnelle soit rédigéed'une manière différente des autres. Et
pourtant on ne pourrait contester, je crois, que chacun d'eux ait

eu exactement le mêmeobjet et la même portée.Dans l'accord de
tutelle pour le Samoa occidental, l'expression pertinente est la
suivante: (Gpar voie de négociations ou par un autre moyen ana-
logue ))C'est dans le mêmesens que l'on doit interpréter les espres-
sions employées dans les autres accords de tutelle.

Circonstances de lrr co~zclz~sione l'accord de tutelle

Les circonstances ayant entoiiréla conclusion de l'accord de tutelle
et dont certaines ont déjà étémentionnées mettent en évidence,je
crois, que la thèse du demandeur quant à l'interprétation à donner
5 l'article19 est dépourvue (le fondement.
Or! se rappellera que les mandats étaient divisés en trois caté-
gories et généralement dénommésMandats A, B et C, selon l'état
de développement politique des pays intiiressés. Le développement
des populations des territoires placéssous Mandat Cétait, en raison
notamment de leur éloignement par rapport aux centres de civili-
sation, des plus arriérés. Si, en tant que partie aux accords de

tutelle -- dont la plupart, y compris l'accord considéré, ont été
négociéset conclus simultanément en 1ç46 --, l'organisation des
Nations TJnjes avait estinié que la clause juridictionnelle dont il
s'agit avait pour objet - objet important sinon primordial - de
prévcir un règlement judiciaire par la Cour, à la demande de
n'importe quel Etat 14embre des Nations tTnies, lorsqu'il s'agirait
de défendre ou de faire valoir les intérêtsdes populations en cause
afin de les protéger contre toute 1-iolation par l'autorité adniinis-
trante des obligations assumées envers elles, elle aiirait dû, senible-

t-il, juger beaucoup plus opportun ou plus souhaitable d'insérer une
disposition comme celle de l'article 19 - incorporée à tous les
Mandats dans les accords de tutelle concernant les anciens
Mandats C que dans les accords relatifs aux territoires antérieure-
80 would be the case in Trusteeship Agreements relating to previo.us
"B" mandated territories whoce people were more advanced in
political development. Certainly it could not with reason be con-
tended it was any the leçs so. Yet the significant fact is that of
the Trusteeship Agreements dealing with the four previously
mandated "C" territories only one contained any adjudication
clause1.This fact bears directly upon the purpose the adjudication
clause was intended to serve in the Trusteeship Agreements in
which it did appear. In the Trusteeship Agreements where the ad-

judicationclausedoesnot appear its omissionwas not as wehave seen
due to mistake or oversight, it was omitted deliberately. The omis-
sion ofthe adjudication clause inthese three Trusteeship agreements
does not square with the contention that the purpose of the clause
Ras to secure adjudication by thiscourt at the instance of anyState,
a Member of the United Nations, claiming that there had been, or
was continuing, a breach by the Administering Authority of any
of its obligations under the provisions of the Trusteeship Agree-
ment including those undertaken by the Administering Authority
which were concerned with the welfare and political advancenient
of the inhabitants of the territory.
The obvious inference is that an adjudication clause was not
considered in these cases as serving any useful purpose. If this

inference is correct, as 1 believe it is, it would point clearly in the
direction that the purpose which the adjudication clause was to
serve, in such Trusteeship Agreements in which it did appear, was
not to accord to any State any right to inooke the jurisdiction of
the Court in relation to a dispute between itself andthe Administer-
ing Authority on the interpretation or application of any of the
general provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement which were con-
cerned with the carrying out of the objectives of the Trusteeship
System in the interests of the indigenous population; it was to
serve quite a different purpose. It seems inescapable that the
purpose could only have been to provide a tribunal for the adjudi-
cation of disputes between the Administering Authority and a
State relating to provisions of the Trusteeship Agreements whicli

by their terms conferred individual rights upon States or their
nationals.
Thus the surrounding circumstances at the time the present
Trusteeship Agreement was entered into negative the interpreta-
tion of Article 19 contended for by the Applicant. The omission
of the adjudication clause in these three Trusteeship Agreements
is, 1 think, conclusive against the Applicant's contention on the
meaning of Article 19.

lThe three in which it did not appear were those relating to New Guinea, Nauru
and the previous Japanese Mandin the Pacific.
8Iment placés sous Mandats B dont les populations avaient atteint
un stade de développement plus avancé. On ne pouvait soute-
nir en tout cas que cela fiît moins opportun ou moins sou-
haitable. Pourtant, il est significatif que sur les quatre accords
de tutelle ayant trait aux quatre anciens territoires placés sous
Mandat C, un seul contenait une clause juridictionnelle1. Ce fait
montre directement quel était l'objet de la clause juridictionnelle
dans les accords de tutelle où elle se t~ouvait. Son omission

dans les autres n'était pas dueà une erreur ou à une inadvertance;
elle était délibérée. ette omission ne cadre pas avec la thèse selon
laquelle la clause avait pour objet d'assurer unègjement judiciaire
par la Cour, à la demande de n'importe quel Etat Membre des
Nations Unies qui prétendrait que l'autorité adminiçtrante avait
violé ou était en train de violer l'une quelconque des obligations
prévuespar l'accord de tutelle, y compris les obligations assumées
par elle en ce qui concerne le bien-être et le progrès politique
des habitants du territoire.

La déduction qui s'impose, c'est que l'on n'a pas considéréque
dans ces cas une clause juridictionnelle présenterait une utilité

quelconque. Si cette déduction est exacte, comme je le crois, cela
indique nettement que la clause juridictionnelle n'avait pas pour
objet, dans les accords de tutelle où elle était insérée,d'octroyer
à n'importe quel Etat le droit d'invoquer la compétence de la Cour
relativement à un différend survenu entre lui-mêmeet 'l'autorité
administrante quant à l'interprétation ou à l'application de l'une
quelconque des dispositions généralesde l'accord de tutelle qui
portaient sur la réalisation des objectifs du régime de tutelle dans
l'intérêtdes autochtones; son objet était tout autre. Il ne pouvait
êtreque de prévoir un tribunal pour le règlement judiciaire des
différends entre l'autorité administranteet un Etat, qui concerne-
raient les dispositions de,l'accord de tutelle conférant expressément
des droits propres aux Etats ou à leurs ressortissants.

Dans ces conditions, les circonstances entourant la conclusion de
l'accord de tutelle dont il s'agit rendent impossible l'interprétation
que le demandeur donne de l'article 19. L'omission de la clause
juridictionnelle dans ces trois accords'de tutelle est,à mon avis,
un élémentdécisif à l'encontre de la thèse du demandeur quant
au sens de l'article19.

1Cette clause ne figure pas dans les accords de tutelle pour la Nouvelle-Guinée,
Nauru et l'ancien Mandat japonais dans le Pacifique.

81 The matter does not, however, rest here. On the same day, namely
13December 1946',the General Assembly approved two Trusteeship
Agreements which related to previous "CH Mandates, namely
Western Samoa and New Guinea: in one the adjudication clause
appears, in the otherthereisnone.
In the mandate instruments relating to these two territories

there was a provision mihich conferred rights or interests upon
States Members of the League or their natiorials, and each contained
the adjudication clause2. These rights, considered by many States,
Members of the League, to be of importance in these somewhat
primitive areas, were, in terms, that the Mandatory Power "Shall
allow al1 missionaries, nationals of any State, a Member of the
League of Nations, to enter into, travel and reside in the territory
for the purpose of prosecuting their calling".

When Western Samoa was brought under the TrusteeshipSystem
of the Charter, its Trusteeship Agreement, after stipulating the
obligation common to al1 Trusteeship Agreements, namely to ad-
minister the territory so as to achieve the objectives of Article 76
of the Charter 3,in a subsequent provision, again accorded the same
rights to missionaries, nationals of a State, a member of the United

Nations as were contained in the mandate instrument. Consequently
the adjudication clause found its place in the relevant Trusteeship
Agreement, just as it did in the mandate instrument. The Trus-
teeship Agreement which related to New Guinea, on the other hand,
did not contain any provision specifically according any rights or
interests to States or their nationals, the rights accorded to mis-
sionaries, etc., thus were not included.

During the course of the deliberations in the Sub-Committee
of the Fourth Committee of the General Assembly, which scrutinized
the provisions of each draft Trusteeship Agreement before it, a
number of new clauses to the New Guinea draft (some of them
designed to havewritten into that draft the conferring of individual
rights or interests on States, Members of the United Nations, or
their nationals, similar to those conferred in the Trusteeship Agree-

ment presently before the Court4) were proposed by different
delegations.
Specifically there was a proposa1 by the United States Dele-
gation to include two clauses, the one in identical terms to

l The same day on which the Trusteeship Agreement for British Cameroons
was approved by the General Assembly.
In the case of "A" and"B" Mandates the rights specifically conferupon
States or their nationals were quite extenin the case of "C" Mandates these
righSee footnoteIat pp. 87, 88, ante.
See Annexes 5 to 5 (g) to United NationsOfficia1 Recordof second part
of 1st Session of the General Assembly, pp. 240 to 248 and sub-commitDoc.
A/C.4/Sub. 1/31.

Sz ARRÊT 2 XII 63 (op. INDIV. SIR PERCY SPENDER) 93

Mais cela n'est pas tout. Le même jour, 13 décembre 19~6l,
l'Assembléegénérale aapprouvé deux accords de tutelle concernant
d'anciens Mandats C, l'un pour le Samoa occidental et l'autre
pour la Nouvelle-Guinée; dans l'un figure la clause juridictionnelle,
dans L'autreellene figure pas.
Dans les Mandats concernant ces deux territoires,,il y avait une

disposition conférant des droits ou des intérêtsaux Etats Membres
de la Société desNations ou à leurs ressortissants et chacun d'eux
contenait la clause juridictionnelle 2.Ces droits, que de nombreux
États Membres de la Société des Xations considéraient comme
importants dans ces zones assez primitives, consistaient précisément
en ceci: la Puissance mandataire ((donnera à tous les missionnaires,
sujets ou citoyens de tout Etat Membre de la Société des Iiations,

la faculté de pénétrer, de circuler et de résider dans le territoire,
dans le but d'exercer leur ministère ».
Lorsque le Samoa occidental a étéplacé sous le régime de tutelle
prévuparla Charte, on a inclus dans l'accord detutelle le concernant
des dispositions où était énoncéel'obligation que l'on retrouve dans
tous les accords de tutelle et en vertu de laquelle le territoire doit

être administré de manière à réaliser les fins de l'article 76 de la
Charte 3; puis l'on a, dans un article ultérieur, accordéaux misçion-
naires, ressortissants d'un Etat Xembre des Nations Unies, les
droits qui figuraient déjà dans le Mandat. En conséquence, la clause
juridictionnelle a étéincorporée dans ledit accord de tutelle comme
elle l'avait étédans le mandat. Au contraire, l'accord de tutelle
pour la Nouvelle-Guinée ne contenait aucztnedisposition attribuant

expressément un droit ou un intérêt quelconque aux Etats ou à
leurs ressortissants; des droits concernant les missionnaires, etc.,
n'étaient pas prévus.
Au cours des délibérations pendant lesquelles la Sous-Commission
de la Quatrième Commission de l'Assemblée générale a examiné
les projets d'accord de tutelle qui lui étaient soumis, un certain
nombre de propositions ont étéfaites par desdélégationsconcernant

l'adjonction de clauses nouvelles au projet relatif à la Nouvelle-
Guinée (quelques-unes avaient pour objet d'attribuer à titre indivi-
duel aux Etats Membres des Nations Unies ou àleurs ressortissants
des droits et des int4rêts semblables à ceux qu'a prévus l'accord
de tutelle dont il s'agit présentement, 4).
Plus précisément, la délégation desEtats-Unis a proposéd'ajouter

deux articles; l'un était identique à l'articleg du projet relatif au
l Jour où a étéapprouvé l'accord de tutelle ple territoire du Cameroun sous
administration britannique.
Dans le cas des MandatsE, les droits expressément conférés aux I?tats ou 5
leurs ressortissanétaient assez larges; dans le cas des MandatC, iis étaient
rkduits au minimum.
Voir note1,pp. 87 et88.
Nations Unies, Documents officiels de la seconde partie de la première session
de l'Assemblée générale, Quatrième Con~mission, Tutelle, Deuxpartie, pp240
248, annexes5 à jg) et document de la Sous-Commission,A.C. 4/1/31.
8 2Article 9 of the Western Samoan draft (freedom of conscience and
religion) which conferred rights upon missionaries, nationals of
States, Members of the United Nations, to enter, travel, reside
and carry on their calling ; the other identical to Article 16 of the
Western Samoan draft, the adjudication claztse. These proposals
had been before the Sub-Committee for a considerable time and
had been circulated l.
The Sub-Committee had commenced its deliberations on 15 No-
vember 1946. At its first meeting of 3 December 1946 it was decided
to postpone discussion of the new Articles proposed, inter alia, by

the United States until the end of the examination of the New
Guinea draft agreement.
At the Sub-Committee's second meeting the same day the modifi-
cation proposed by the Delegation of the United States to the draft
agreement for New Guinea, namely to add an Article identical to
Article 16 of the draft agreement for Western Samoa, was post-
poned for later consideration in connection with other proposed
new articles.
Later at the same meeting the delegate for Australia made the

Australian Government's position quite plain. It was prepared, in
order to meet a number of proposed modifications to its draft, to
add, as it did, an additional clause (now Article 8 of the Trusteeship
Agreement for New Guinea) but was not prepared to go any further.
This additional clause did not contain any provision confemng
individual rights upon States, Members of the United Nations or
their nationals; in particular it did not provide for any rights to
missionaries, nationals of a State, a Member of the United Nations2.
On the following day at the Sub-Committee's second meeting of
that day the delegate of the United States withdrew his proposa1

to insert certain Articles in the New Guinea draft, specifically
he withdrew the proposa1 to insert an Article concerning "the
procedure to be followed with respect to disputes over the interpre-
tation and application of the provisions of the draft agreement3".

There was no protest, no debate, no comment. Nor was there
any when the Sub-Cornmittee reported to ils parent Committee.

One week after, al1eight of the Trusteeship Agreements to which
reference has previously been made (including the Trustee-

ship Agreement for the British Cameroons) were approved by the
General Assembly. No observdtion of any kind was made on the

Records of 2nd part of 1st session of the General Fourth Committee;
TrusteeshipPart II, p. 26, Anne(b)and Sub-Committee Doc. A/C.4/Sub. 1/31.

* Ibid.at,pp. 151-152 and Annexes(f)and 5(h).
TrusteeshipPart II, pp. 163-164.ession of the General Fourth Committee;

83Samoa occidental (liberté de consci:nce et de religion) qui conférait
aux missionnaires, ressortissants d'Etats Membres desNations Unies,
le droit de pénétrer dans le territoire, d'y voyager et d'y résider
afin d'exercer leur ministère; l'autre était identique à l'article 16

du mêmeprojet qui constituait la clause juridictionnelle. Cespro-
positions étaient déposéesdevant la Sous-Commission depuis long-
temps et leur texte avait été distribué l.
La Sous-Commission avait commencé ses délibérations le 15 no-
vembre 1946. A sa première séance du 3 décembre 1946, elle a
décidéde remettre jusqu'à la fin de l'examen du projet d'accord
pour la Nouvelle-Guinéela discussion des nouveaux articles proposés
entre autres par les Etats-Unis.
A la deuxième séancedu même jour,la Sous-Commission a décidé
d'ajqurner l'examen de la modification proposée par la délégation

des Etats-Unis au projet d'accord pour la Nouvelle-Guinée, à savoir
l'addition d'un article identique à l'article 16 du projet d'accord
pour le Samoa occidental et de reprendre cet examen plus tard
avec les autres articles nouveaux qui avaient étéproposés.
Le représentant de l'Australie a ensuite indiqué nettement, à la
mêmeséance, la position de son gouvernement. Il était disposé,
pour tenir compte d'un certain nombre de propositions, à ajouter
une clause supplémentaire - ce qu'il a fait et la clause est devenue
l'article8 de l'accord de tutelle pour la Nouvelle-Guinée -, mais
il n'était pas disposé à aller plus loin. Cette clause supplémentaire

ne contenait aucune disposition conférant des droits propres aux
Etats Membres des Nations Unies ou aux ressortissants de ces
Etats; en particulier, elle ne prévoyait aucun droit concernant les
missionnaires ressortissants d'États Membres des Nations Unies 2.
Lors de la deuxième séance du lendemain, le représentant des
Etats-Unis a retirésa proposition concernant l'adjonction de certains
articles au projet relatifà la Nouvelle-Guinée et, plus précisément,
la proposition tendant à ajouter un article sur «la procédure à
suivre en cas de contestations sur l'inter+rétationet L'applicationdes

disposifions du projet d'accord ».
Il n'y a eu ni protestations, ni débats,ni commentaires. Il n'y en
a pas eu non plus lorsque la Sous-Commission a fait rapport à la
Commission.
Une semaine plus tard, les huit accords de tutelle mentionnés
plus haut (dont l'accord de tutelle pour le Cameroun sous adminis-
tration britannique) ont été approuvés par l'Assemblée générale.
Aucune observation d'aucune sorte n'a étéformulée sur l'absence

l Nations Unies, Documents officiels de la seconde partie de la première session
annexes5 b)et document de la Sous-Commission, A.C. 4/Sub.1!31.me partie, p.
Ibid.pp. 151-152e,t annexesf)et 5 k).
Documents officiels de la seconde partie de la première session de l'Assemblée
générale, Quatrième Commission, Tutelle, Deuxième partie, pp. 163 et 164.

83absence of an adjudication clause in the New Guinea Trusteeship
Agreement.
It seems hardly believable, if the all-important purpose of the
adjudication clause were that presently contended for by the Ap-
plicant, that the omission of an adjudication clause could have
passed without some comment. Yet none was made.

In the light of this recordit is quite impossible to reconcile what
took place in the Sub-Cornmittee, the Fourth Committee and the
General Assembly itself with the contention of the Applicant that
Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement was intended to accord a
right to any State, a Member of the United Nations, to have re-
course to this Court in relation to a dispute concerning the inter-
pretation or application of the general provisions of a Trusteeship
Agreement dealing with the obligations of an Administering Au-

thority undertaken by it in the interests of the inhabitants of the
territory. Where there were to be foiind in a Trusteeship Agreement
approved by the General Assembly any provisions which con-
ferred or were understood to confer individual rights or interests
upon States, Members of the United Nations, or their nationals,
the adjudication clause appeâred, where a Tri~steeship Agreement
contained none, as was the case for example of that relating to

New Guinea, no adjudication clause appearedl, the General As-
sembly did not regard it 2s serving any purpose.
This conclusion is 1 think inescapable. However, in the remote
possibility that it could be tirged that Australia's explanation as to
the absence of the adjudication clause to which reference has pre-
viously been made2 was accepted by the Sub-Committee as suffi-
cient or as the equivalent of an adjudication claiise the same con-

clusion, for reasons alre;i.dy advanced, must be reached.
However the matter is viewed the interpretation of Article ~g
of the Trusteeship Agreement in the instant case contended for
by the Applicznt is shown to be without substance.

Having regard to all the foregoing considerations it would not
seem possible to support the proposition that Article 19 of the

Trusteeship Agreement with which the Court is presently concerned
had anything to do with the general obligations of the Administer-
ing Authority's obligations such as those on the alleged breach of
which the Applicant in this case bases its claim for relief. It is

The mandate instrumentand the Trusteeship SystemAgreement in relation
to Nauru stand precisely on theame footing asthat relating to New Guinea.
Assembly nearly a yealater, in November 1947. The absence of an adjudication
clause did notnvite comment.
Seepp. 85 and86 and footnote at 86,ante.de clause juridictionnelle dans l'accord de tutelle pour la Nouvelle-
Guinée.
Il semble difficile à croire que, si le but fondamental de la clause

juridictionnelle était celui que le demandeur lui prête,l'omission
d'une telle clause ait pu n'appeler aucun commentaire. Tel est
pourtant le cas.
Tels étant les faits, il est vraiment impossible de concilier ce qui
s'est passé à la Sous-Commission, à la Quatrième Commission et
à l'Assemblée générale elle-mêma e,ec la thèse du demandeur selon
laquelle l'article19 de l'accord de tutelle visait à accorder à tout
État Membre des Nations Unies le droit de s'adresser à la Cour
lorsque survenait un différend sur l'interprétation ou l'application
des dispositions généralesd'un accord de tutelle relatives aux obli-

gations assumées à l'égarddes habitants du territoire par l'autorité
administrante en vertu dudit accord. Lorsqu'un accord de tutelle
approuvé par l'Assemblée générale contenait des dispositions quel-
conques qui conféraient oudonton estimait qu'elles conféraientàtitre
individuel des droits ou des intérêtsaux États Membres des Nations
Unies ou aux ressortissants de ces États, la clause juridictionnelle
y figurait; lorsqu'un accord de tutelle n'en contenait pas, comme
c'était le cas de l'accord pour la Nouvelle-Guinée, la clause juri-
dictionnelle n'y figurait pas ; l'Assemblée généralene considérait

pas qu'elle présentait une utilité quelconque.
Cette conclusion me paraît inévitable. Toutefois, au cas bien peu
probable où l'on soutiendrait que l'explication de l'Australie quant
à l'absence de clause juridictionnelle dont il a étéquestion plus
haut a étéacceptée par la Sous-Commission et considérée comme
suffisante ou comme l'équivalent d'une clause juridictionnelle, la
même conclusion s'impose,pour les raisons déjàexposées.
De quelque façon qu'on envisage la question, il est établi que
l'interprétation de l'articl19 de l'accord de tutelle soutenue par le
demandeur en l'espèceest sans fondement.

Compte tenu de tout ce qui précède, il semble impossible de
soutenir que l'article19 de l'accord de tutelle dont la Cour s'occupe
a quoi que ce soit de commun avec les obligations gkriéralesde
l'autorité administrante, comme celles dont le demandeur allègue
la violation pour intenter sonrecours. Il est démontréqu'undifférend
au sens de l'article 19 de l'accord de tutelle concerne uniquement

l Le Mandat et l'accord de tutelle Nauru se présentent exactemcomme
dans le cas de la Nouvelle-Guinée. L'accord detutelIYaur~;.a étéapprouvé
par l'Assemblée générale près d'un an plus tard, en novembre'absence de
clause juridictionnn'a pas suscité de commentaires.
lVoir notes pp. 85 86.

84 96 JUDG. 2 XII 63 (SEP. OPIN. SIR PERCY SPENDER)

demonstrated that a dispute within the meaning of Article 19 of the
Trusteeship Agreement relates solely and exclusively to individual
rights or interests, whatever they were,which were conferred bypro-
visions of the Trusteeship Agreement upon States or their nationals.

The history of the drafting of the adjudication clause and how
and why it came to be included in the Mandate instruments from
which it was taken when the Trusteeship Agreements were being
drafted bears out completely the conclusion arrived at.

The inescapable truth of the matter is that the adjudication
clause to be found in each mandate instrument and that found in
Trusteeship Agreements had a common parentage. They were
conceived to serve the same purpose, their scope and intendment
were the same. They had nothing to do with the general obligations
of either the Mandatory Powers or the Administenng Authorities,

or the interests of the peoples of the territories, but, on the con-
trary, were intended to serve the mundane purpose of providing
a tribunal for the adjudication of disputes arising out of the inter-
pretation or application of provisions in both the Mandate Instru-
ments and the Trusteeship Agreements which in themselves
conferred individual rights or interests on States or their nationals,
and were intended to serve this purpose only l.

If, however, contrary to the conclusion 1 have felt bound to

arrive at on the interpretation to be accorded Article 19 the Court
has jurisdiction in these proceedings 1 agree that the Court, for
reasons appearing in its Judgment, should refrain from proceeding
further.

(Signed)Percy C. SPENDER.

l See I.C.J.Reports 1962, JoinOpinion of Judge Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice
and myself, pp. 554-559. where the history of the origin and deveof thet
adjudicatioclause and how it came to be inserted in the mandate instrisents
reviewed.

$5 et exclusivement des droits ou des intérêtsquels qu'ils soient, confé-
iés expressément par l'accord de tutelle, à titre individuel,à des
États ou à leurs ressortissants.

La conclusion à laquelle j'arnve est entièrement corroborée par
l'historique de la rédaction de la clause juridictionnelle ainsi que par

lesraisons par lesquelles et les conditions dans lesquelles cette clause
a étéincorporée aux Mandats d'où elle a été reprise lorsqu'on a
préparéles accords de tutelle.
La vérité,l'évidence même,c'est que la clause juridictionnelle
formulée dans chacun des mandats et celle que l'on trouve dans
les accords de tutelle étaient parentes. Elles ont étéconçues pour
répondre au mêmeobjet; leur portée et leur but étaient les mêmes.
Elles n'avaient aucun rapport avec les obligations générales des
Puissances mandataires ou des autorités administrantes et ne con-
cernaient pas les intérêtsdes populations des territoires; elles

avaient au contraire un but pratique et un seul, celui de prévoir un
tribunal pour le règlement judiciaire des différends nésde l'inter-
prétation ou de l'application des dispositions figurant dans les
Mandats et dans les accords de tutelle qui conféraient par elles-
mêmes desdroits ou des intérêtsaux Etats et à leurs ressortissants,
à titre individuel; c'était leurseul et unique bul.

Si, contrairement àla conclusion à laquelle j'ai cru devoir aboutir
quant à l'interprétationà donner de l'article 19,la Cour a compé-
tence dans la présente instance, je suis d'avis que, pour les motifs
exposés dans son arrêt, elle doit s'abstenir de poursuivre l'affaire.

(Signé )ercy C. SPENDER.

Voir C.I. J. Recuel962, opinion dissidente commune répar sir Gerald
Fitzmauriceet moi-même, pp. 554-559 Les ongines et l'évolution de la clause
juridictionneet les circonstandans lesquelles elle a étéincorporée dans les
mandats y sont exposées.
85

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Sir Percy Spender

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