Dissenting Opinion of Judge Koretsky

Document Number
047-19660718-JUD-01-05-EN
Parent Document Number
047-19660718-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE KORETSKY

1 can in no way concur in the present Judgment mainly because the
Court reverts in essenceto its Judgment of 21December 1962on the same
cases and in fact revises it even without observing Article 61 of the
Statute and without the procedure envisagedin Article 78 of the Rules of
Court.
The Court has said in the operative part of its Judgment that "the
Applicants cannot be considered to have established any legal right or
interest appertaining to them in the subject-matter of the present
claims .. .".
But the question of the Applicants' "legal right or interest" (referred
to in short as their "interest") in their claims as a ground for instituting
proceedings against the Respondent as Mandatory for South West
Africa was decided already in 1962in the first phase (the jurisdictional
phase) of these cases.

At that time,the Respondent, assertingin its third preliminary objection
that the conflict between the Parties "is by reason of its nature and
content not a 'dispute' as envisagedin Article 7 of the Mandate for

South West Africa", added, "more particularly in that no material
interests of the Governments of Ethiopia and/or Liberia or of their
nationals are involved therein or affected thereby" (italics added).
The adjective "material" (interests) was evidently used not in its narrow
sense-as a property interest.

In dismissing the preliminary objection of the Respondent the Court
then said that "the manifest scope and purport of the provisions of this
Article(i.e.,Article7)indicatethat the Membersofthe Leaguewere under-
stood to have a legalright or interestin the observance by the Mandatory
of its obligations both toward the inhabitants of the mandated territory,
and toward the League of Nations and its Members". (Italics added.)
(P. 343.) And a little later the Court said: "Protection of the material
interests of the Members of their nationals is of course included within
its compass, but the well-being and development of the inhabitants
of the mandated territory are not less important" (p. 344).

So the question of the Applicants' interests in their claimswas decided
as, one might Say, it should have been decided, by the Court in 1962.
The question of an applicant's "interest" (asa question of a "qualité")
even in national-law systems is considered as a jurisdictional question.
For example, "le défautd'intérêt" of an applicant is considered in the
French law system as a ground for "Jin de non-recevoirde procédure". The Rules of Court, and the practice of the Court, do not recognize
any direct line of demarcation between questions of the merits and
those of jurisdiction. The circumstances of the case and the formulation
of the submissions of the parties are ofguiding ifnot decisivesignificance.

The Respondent, as noted above, raised the question of the Appli-
cants' interests. The Court decided this question at that time. It did
not consider it necessary to join it to the merits as the character of the
Applicants' interests in the subject-matter of their claims was evident.
Both Parties dealt with this question in a sufficientlycomplete manner.
The Applicants, as will be noted later, did not seek anything for them-
selves; they asserted only that they have a "legal interest to seeing to it
through judicial process that the sacred trust of civilization created
by the Mandate is not violated". To join the question of the Applicants'
"interests" in their claims to the merits would not "reveal" anything
new, as became evident at this stage of the cases. And it is worthy of
note that in the dissenting opinion of President Winiarski @p. 455 ff.),

in the joint dissenting opinion of Judges Sir Percy Spender and Sir
Gerald Fitzmaurice @p. 548 K.) and in the dissenting opinion of Judge
ad Izocvan Wyk @p. 660 ff.), the question of the Applicants' interests
was considered on a jurisdictional plane.

The Respondent did not raise this question in its final submissions
at this stage of the merits. The Court itself has now raised the question
which was resolved in 1962and has thereby reverted from the stage of
the merits to the stage ofjurisdiction. And thus the "door" to the Court
which was opened in 1962to decide the dispute (as the function of the
Court demands (Article 38 of the Statute)), the decision of which would
have been of vital importance for the peoples of South West Africa
and to peoples of other countries where an officia1policy of racial
discrimination still exists, was locked by the Court with the same key
which had opened it in 1962.
Has the 1962 Judgment of the Court a binding force for the Court
itself?

The Judgment has not only a binding force between the parties (Article
59 of the Statute), it is &na1(Article 60 of the Statute). Being final, it is
-one may say-final for the Court itself unless revised by the Court
under the conditions and in accordance with the procedure prescribed
in Article 61 of theStatute and Article 78 of the Rules of Court.
In discussing the meaning of the principle of res judicata, and its
applicability in international judicial practice, its significance is often
limited by the statement that a givenjudgment could not be considered
as binding upon other States or in other disputes. One may sometimes
easily fail to take into consideration the fact that resjudicata has been
said to be not only pro obligationehabetur,but pro veritate as well. And
it cannot be said that what today was for the Court a veritas, will to-
morrow be a non-veritas.A decision binds not only the parties to a given
case, but the Court itself. One cannot forget that the principle ofmuta-

238bility, of the consistency of finaljudicial decisions,which is soimportant
for national courts, is still more important for international courts.
The practice of the Permanent Court and of this Court shows the great
attention they pay to former judgments, their reasons and opinions.
Consideration must be given even to the, question whether an advisory
opinion oftheCourt, whichis not binding forthe body whichrequested it,
is binding for the Court itself not only vi rationisbut ratione vis as well.

Could it possibly be considered that in a judgment only its operative
part but not the reasons for it has a binding force? It could be said that
the operative part of ajudgment seldom contains points of law. Moreover,
the reasons, motives, grounds, for a given judgment may be said to be
the "reasons part" of the judgment. The two parts of a judgment-the
operative part and the reasons-do not "stand apart" one from another.
Each of them is a constituent part of the judgment in its entirety. It
will be recalled that Article 56 of the Statute says: "The judgment shall
state the reasons on wjzichit is based" (italics added). These words are

evidence that the reasons have a binding force as an obligatory part of
a judgment and, at the same time, they determine the clzaracter of
reasons which should have a binding force. They are reasons which
substantiate the operative conclusion directly ("on which it is based").
They have sometimes been called "consideranda". These are reasons
which play a role as the grounds of a given decision ofthe Court-a role
such that if these grounds were changed or altered in such a way that
this decision in its operative part would be left without grounds on
which it was based, the decision would fa11to the ground like a building
which has lost its foundation.
To define the binding force of the reasons for a judgment a reference
has sometimes been made to the Advisory Opinion of the Permanent
Court relating to PolishPostal Service in Danzig(1925,P.C.I.J., Series B,
No. II, p. 30). But the Permanent Court said on that occasion "by no
means ... every reason given in a decision constitutes a decision". It
is evident that the Court did not assert then that reasoils-as a part of
a decision-have no binding force at al]. It considered thatnot al1reasons
for a decision constitute a binding part of it. Somewhat earlier it con-
trasted "binding" reasons and "non-binding" ones; it said: "it is certain
that the reasons contained in a decision, at least in so far as they go
beyond the operative part, have no binding force as between the parties
concerned."

The reason of the 1962Judgment relating to "a legal right or interest"
of the Applicants served as a ground for the Court's decision to dismiss
the third preliminary objection submitted by the Respondent. And
what was then decided with the reasons "on which it is based" is finally
not provisionally decided. And 1 repeat that these reasons cannot be
reversed inthe way chosen by the Court.
239 The 1962 Judgrnent met with a somewhat widespread response in
legal periodicals.1 consider it worthwhile to cite at least from one
article as it camefromjuridical circlesin South Africa. have in mind an
article which was published in The South Africa Law Journal, 1964.
The author (R. Ballinger) said there, almost paraphrasing the words of
the Judgment :
"The broad, clear and precise language (of Article 7) made it
obvious that Members of the League had been understood to have
a legal interest in the observance of its obligations towards the
inhabitants of South West Africa by the Mandatory." (P. 46.)

And some pages later he wrote, evaluating the Judgment in a general
way :
"We must accept that one thing has been iînally settled in inter-
national law by the Judgment on the Preliminary Objections:

the Mandate as a whole is still legally in force and the Republic
cannot unilaterally rule in the territory."

But since the Court based its judgrnent on the assumption of an
absence of any legal right or interest on the part of the Applicants in
their claims andsince they, in the Court's words "cannot be considered
to have establishedany legal right or interest appertaining to them in the
subject-matter of thepresent claims. .."onehas to return to the question
of the nature of the Applicants'interest in their claims.

One might accept an old principle '>as d'intérêtp,as d'action". But
the question is how to define a notion of "interest" and how to Say
what an interest is about. Should we have recourse to the notion which
was developed in civil law doctrine and practice, of which the inherent
characteristic was and still isto regard1interestsin the light ofmaterial,
property interest, a man's persona1 (subjective), proper, own interest
(which, though sometimes a moral interest, is more often expressed
"in cash" as well)?
Long ago there were warnings against the danger of an unreserved
transference of the principles of civil law and process into international

(public) law and into the procedure of international courts. Here the
character of relations and rights is of another kind. Here one cannot
think in civil law categories. The notion of a "general interest" finds
wider scope in international law. It may be seen that the notion of a
"general interest" and actions in a general interest are now not alien
to national law systems (particularly in socialist law systems, even in
their civil-lawprocedures).

The French authors H. Solus and R. Perrot (in their Droitjudiciaire
privé, 1961), speaking (p. 98) about the Roman principle "no right,no actiony'-"this early concept of the action lived on after the Roman
procedure, and endured through the passing centuries3'-have noted
further :

[Translationj
"Throughout the whole of the nineteenth century, this concept
was admitted without difficulty by private law theorists until the
time when the intense development of contentious business in the
administrative courts, at the beginning of the twentieth century,
made it necessary for the theorists to reconsider the traditional

concept, which was a legacyfrom Roman law and which the classical
doctrine had conserved. It was indeed no longer adapted to pro-
ceedings ultra vires the essential object of which is not to settie
a dispute between two individuals who claim concurrent rights,
but to ensure respect for legality", ... and, for that purpose, "it
was necessary to assimilate proceedings ultra vires to a real action
at law; the theorists of public law strove to fit the structure of those
proceedings into the notion of action but concerned themselves
only with the seisin of the court and carefully avoided al1reference
to any subjective rigl~t" (italics added).

Might one Say,paraphrasing the Solus-Perrot words, that the essential
object of the Applicants was to ensure respect for a proper interpretation
and application of the provisions of the Mandate and that they had and
have a right to apply to the Court without making any reference to "any
subjective right"?
It is necessary to turn to the history of the inclusion of:the juris-
dictional clause in the mandate instrument. It is a fact that the Mandates
Commission (usually called the Milner Commission) was set up in June
1919 for the purpose of drafting mandates instruments 'B' and 'C'.
Thereweretwotendencies that arose at once (a) to defend first of al1the
interests of commercial and industrial circles (this was reflected in
seeking to include in the drafts clauses concerning the "open-door",

and "commercial equality"), and (b) to protect indigenous peoples.
The French member of the Commission (M. Simon) expressed the view
"that the idea of commercial equality preceded that of the Mandates,
that it embraced the whole theory of the Mandates, that the Mandates
had been devised to ensure: (1) commercial equality; (2) the protection
of indigenous populations" and that "the Mandate could not exist
without those two conditions". [Translation.] But the President of the
Commission (Lord Milner) did not agree with this.
He said:

[Translation]
"He maintained that the 'C' Mandate differed from the 'B'
Mandate precisely in respect of commercial equality. Territories

which came within the category of the 'C' Mandate were attached
to the State of the mandatory Power and were consequently subject
241 only to the stipulations concerning theprotection of indigenous
peoples ..." (italics added).
And this difference between the two kinds of mandates 'B' and 'C'
resulted in two kinds of jurisdictional clauses in drafts relating to them.

The draft of mandate 'B'had Article 15which consisted of two para-
graphs: one which corresponds to the present Article 7(2) of the Mandate
and a second which read as follows :

[Translation]
"The subjects or citizens of States Members of the League of
Nations may likewise bring claims concerning infractions of the
rights conferred on them by Articles 5, 6, 7, 7a and 7b of this
Mandate before the said Court for decision."

The draft of mandate 'C'contained a jurisdictional clause (Article VI)
consisting of one paragraph only, which repeated the wording of the
corresponding (first) paragraph of Article 15of the draft of mandate 'B'.

As this might have some importance for the interpretation of Article
7 (2) of the present Mandate it is worthy of note that Article 15 (2)
dealt not with national rights of member States but with the rights of
nationals of such States. An attempt was then made on the basis of
this paragraph to allow private persons and companies to be parties
in cases before the Court. But that idea met with strong objection, and
then, on Lord Cecil's proposal, the paragraph was drafted as follows:

[Translation]
"The Members of the League of Nations will likewise be entitled
on behalf of their subjects or citizens to refer claims for breaches
of their rights, etc."

This was a typical formula for a clause providing for diplomatic
(judicial) intervention.
The Cecil formula did not omit any references (see "etc.") to Article 5
(about the commercial and industrial rights of citizens), Article6 (about
the freedom of conscienceand religion),Article 7(about equal treatment),
Article 7a (about concessions), Article 7b (about tariffs), and it is clear
that possible claims based on those Articles, which were transformed by
the new text from being rights of nationals of member States to being
national (special) rights of these States, did not and do not limit the
rights of member States which were envisaged in other Articles of the
drafts,such as Articles 3, 4 and 10 (obligations in relation to indigenous
peoples), Article 8 (about the prohibition of the traffic in opium), etc.
The wording of paragraph 2 was omitted in the subsequent texts of
the Mandates (except that of Tanganyika) but one cannot interpret the
omission as a ground for asserting that Article7 (2)confers on a member
State the right to submit to the Court a dispute with the Mandatory
relating to the interpretation and application of the Mandate only if

242245 SOUTH WEST AFRICA(DISS. OP. KORETSKY)

it can establish its own legal right or interest in its claim. The Court
in its 1962 Judgment stated rightly in this connection: "Protection of
the material interests of the Members or their nationals is of course
included within its [Article 71compass, but the well-being and develop-
ment ofthe inhabitants of the Mandated territory arenot lessimportant."
(P. 344.)
Al1 this relates to a 'B' mandate. A 'C' mandate had (and has) no
provisions which could be connected (directly at least) with the specific
legal riphts and interests of member States or their nationals (save
perhaps in some measure Article 5, which was added for reasons which
were not aimed at protecting direct State interests). And accordingly the

draft of a 'C' mandate had no paragraph 2 analogous to that of a 'B'
mandate.

But why at that time was a system of judicial supervision in regard
to the correctness of the interpretation and the application of the pro-
visions of the Mandate introduced into the mandates system?

Some general considerations are necessary by way of explanation.
The mandates system arose in the conflicting conditions of the post-
War 1international situation, when the Principal Allied and Associated
Powers, or some of them, realized that they should try-parallel with
their endeavour to reconcile their contradictions-to mitigate the colon-
ial forms of undisguised domination, to respond, intheepochofnational
liberation movements in colonial territories, to the struggle of dependent

peoples striving for independence, to pacify them, to give a hope tohose
peoples that they would be able to achieve their freed,om by peaceful
means, through the mandates system. It was then that the notion of a
sacred trust of civilization found expression.

This made it possible forthe Court to Sayinits 1950Advisory Opinion
(p. 132): "The Mandate was created in the interest of the inhabitants of
the territory and of humanity in general, as an international institution
with an international object-a sacred trust of civilization." Reference
was made in the Court to President Wilson's words: "The fundamental
idea would be that the world was acting as trustee through a mandatory."

To defend such a system (as created in the interest of indigenous

peoples), seemed to some to be a "common cause".
Two kinds of securities for the performance of this trust were created:
(a) political supervision by the Council of the League of Nations, to
whose satisfaction the Mandatory was required to make an annual
report, and (b) judicial supervision by the Permanent Court, which had
to decide whether the Mandatory's interpretation or application of the
provisions of the Mandate were correct.

It is not necessary to dwell at any length on the concrete reasons why

243the task of supervision was divided between the Council of the League
and the Permanent Court. It was said that it was rather difficult to settle
disputes relating to the Mandate in the Council as under the unanimity
rule the vote of a Mandatory was a deciding one, that it would sometimes
be more convenient to turn a dispute relating to the interpretation or
the application of the provisions of the Mandate into the channel of
calm judicial consideration.
But who was entitled to institute proceedings against a Mandatory?
Neither the League itself nor its Council could bring an action in the
Court. And then the right to apply to the Court in defending the "com-
mon cause" was entrusted to any Member of the League.

Was this something strange at that time? 1venture to cite an excerpt
from a pamphlet of the League: La Cour permanente de Justice inter-
nationale (Geneva, 1921,p. 19) :

[Translation]
"The question has been raised whether the principal organs of
the League-above all, the Council-should not be able, as such,
to be a party to a dispute before the Court. This ideahas, however,
been discarded both by the Council at its Brussels meeting and by
the Assembly. On the other hand, it is understood, as is expressly
stated in the report on the Statute approved by the Assembly, that
groups of States may appear as a party. Consequently, there is
nothing to prevent the individual States represented at a given
moment on the Council from instituting an action collectively,

but not as the Council of the League. This possibility may prove
to be ofspecial value when it comes to enforcingcertain stipulations
of the treaties concerning the protection of racial, religious, etc.
minorities."

And one could find in the minorities treaties, which were concluded
afterwards, a jurisdictional clause, for example in the declaration,
concerning the Protection of Minorities in Albania, 2 October 1921,
Article 7.
"Any difference of opinion as to questions of law or fact arising

out of these Articles [of the Treaty] between the Albanian Govern-
ment and any Power a Member of the Council of the League of
Nations, shall be held to be a dispute of an international character
under Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. Any
such dispute shall, if the other party thereto demands, be referred
to the Permanent Court of International Justice ..."

It is important to emphasize that any Member of the Council of the
League had a right to apply to the Permanent Court in regard to ques-
tions connected with any of the provisions of the Treaty without re-
quiring any specificpersonal interest of a given Member or its nationals
in a dispute with the government concerned. The Article mentioned

244 247 SOUTH WEST AFRICA (DISS. OP. KORETSKY)

only "any dzference of opinion as to questions of law or fact ...".
The fact that in the minorities treaties the circle of possible Applicants
was limited does not prevent their jurisdictional clauses from being
considered as a manifestation of a new (in international judicial pro-
cedure) principle of the recognition of actions in a general interest.

This principle had to be developed in the mandates system. And
that was done. It is relevant to cite Judge Oda, who said in his dissenting
opinion in the Mavrommatis case (P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 86):

"Since the Mandate establishes a special legal relationship it is
natural that the League of Nations, which issues the Mandate,
should have rights of supervision as regards the Mandatory. Under
the Mandate, in addition to the direct supervision of the Council
of the League of Nations (Articles 24 and 25) provision is made for
indirectsupervisionby the Court;but the latter may only be exercised
at the request of a Member of the League of Nations (Article 26).
It is therefore to be supposed than an application by such a Member
must be made exclusivelywith a view to the protection of general
interests. ."(Italicsadded.)

These "general interests" in relation to a 'C' mandate might be only
the interest of protecting the indigenous peoples, which were (and
are) under the Mandate. And if the judgment of the Court insists that
the Applicants had to establish their own legal interests in thesubject-
matter of their claims, one might say that the general interest in a proper
observance of the provisions of the Mandate became the interest of
any Member of the League on his own, as his proper interest.
This is conlirmed by what might appear to be merely a detail:
Article 7 (2) of the Mandate puts the word the "provisions of the
Mandate" in the plural-that is to say, the Applicants possessed the

right to apply to the Court on questions relating to the interpretation
or the application of al1 provisions of the Mandate (and not merely
relating to provision 5 (the missionaries clause)).

But this does not mean that the Applicants could be considered as
some kind of individual control organ. The Court itself was and is a
judicial supervisory organ in respect of the questions envisaged in
Article 7 (2) ofthe Mandate, but the right to institute proceedings against
a Mandatory by bringing an application against him was in the hands of
any Member of the League. When Judge Nyholm (P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 11,p. 26) spoke of "a right of control which a State Member of the
League may exercise", he added "by applying to the Court" (italics
added), so a State Member did not "by applying to the Court" convert
itself into an organ of judicial control. It was endowed with a right,
one may say, ofjudicial initiativewithin the limits defined Article 7(2)- To exercisethis judicial initiative was the real interest of tne Applicants
in these cases. They have, from the very beginning, asserted (Memorials,
pp. 91-92)that they have a "legal interest to seeing to it throughjudicial
process that the sacred trust of civilization created by the Mandate is
not violated".
And, to prove the Applicants' right to apply to the Court on this
ground, it is not necessary to assert that the Mandate was established
"on behalf of the Members of the League in their individual capacities"
(Judgment, para. 20), or that the Applicants (as former Members of
the League) were separate parties to the instrument of mandate as such,
that they had a status, analogous to that of a beneficiary or-which is
much the same-that they were tertii infavorem of whom the Mandate'
was instituted. To lay down these conditions would be beside the point
as the Applicants themselves did not rest their right to invoke the
jurisdiction of the Court upon such grounds.

Article 7 (2) does not cal1for such conditions. Its wording is quite
clear to anyone who is not seekingto read into it what it does not contain.
It provides for the subrnission to the Permanent Court of "any dispute
whatever ... between the Mandatory and another Member ofthe League

of Nations relating to the interpretation or the application of the pro-
visions of the Mandate". This is the basic legal criterion (to use the
words of the Judgment in the Mavrommatis case (P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 2, p. 16)) which (as was said there) determined and limited the
jurisdiction of the Court in cases related to Mandates. If one wants to
differentiate in these cases between a right to invoke the jurisdiction of
the Court and the substantive right (which underlies the claims) it is
practically impossible to do so as in these cases the substantive right
of the Applicants, their legal right or interest, in the subject-matter of
the claims, one may say, coincides with their right to submit to the
Court their dispute relating to the interpretation or the application of
the provision. In the Applications they did not seek anything for them-
selves. They asked the Court to declare and adjudge (if we generalize
their finalsubmissions) mainly on the question of the rightful interpre-
tation and application of the provisions of the Mandate, as the Respond-
ent denied that its officia1policy of apartheid is inconsistent with Arti-
cle 22 of the Covenant and more especially with Article 2 of the Man-
date. Here the question is not that of claiming from the Mandatory
the carrying out of the "conduct of the Mandate" provisions of the
Mandate. This would be in some sense a "displacement" of the real
position of the Applicants.
They do not dictate to the Mandatory how to carry out the Mandate;
they have laid before the Court the question of how to interpret the

provisions of the Mandate; whether they are rightly applied by the
Mandatory; whether the Mandatory's policy in the Territory of South
West Africa, which has caused so much concern to world public opinion
and to Members of the United Nations, is consistent with the provisions
of the Mandate and with its purpose and principles. Such a right of
246the Applicants to apply to the Court on these matters was established
not aliter vel aliunde (see para.65), but in Article 7 (2). This right is
a right of judicial initiative, which one might compare mutatis mutandis
with legislativeinitiative.

(Signed) V. KORETSKY.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE KORETSKY

1 can in no way concur in the present Judgment mainly because the
Court reverts in essenceto its Judgment of 21December 1962on the same
cases and in fact revises it even without observing Article 61 of the
Statute and without the procedure envisagedin Article 78 of the Rules of
Court.
The Court has said in the operative part of its Judgment that "the
Applicants cannot be considered to have established any legal right or
interest appertaining to them in the subject-matter of the present
claims .. .".
But the question of the Applicants' "legal right or interest" (referred
to in short as their "interest") in their claims as a ground for instituting
proceedings against the Respondent as Mandatory for South West
Africa was decided already in 1962in the first phase (the jurisdictional
phase) of these cases.

At that time,the Respondent, assertingin its third preliminary objection
that the conflict between the Parties "is by reason of its nature and
content not a 'dispute' as envisagedin Article 7 of the Mandate for

South West Africa", added, "more particularly in that no material
interests of the Governments of Ethiopia and/or Liberia or of their
nationals are involved therein or affected thereby" (italics added).
The adjective "material" (interests) was evidently used not in its narrow
sense-as a property interest.

In dismissing the preliminary objection of the Respondent the Court
then said that "the manifest scope and purport of the provisions of this
Article(i.e.,Article7)indicatethat the Membersofthe Leaguewere under-
stood to have a legalright or interestin the observance by the Mandatory
of its obligations both toward the inhabitants of the mandated territory,
and toward the League of Nations and its Members". (Italics added.)
(P. 343.) And a little later the Court said: "Protection of the material
interests of the Members of their nationals is of course included within
its compass, but the well-being and development of the inhabitants
of the mandated territory are not less important" (p. 344).

So the question of the Applicants' interests in their claimswas decided
as, one might Say, it should have been decided, by the Court in 1962.
The question of an applicant's "interest" (asa question of a "qualité")
even in national-law systems is considered as a jurisdictional question.
For example, "le défautd'intérêt" of an applicant is considered in the
French law system as a ground for "Jin de non-recevoirde procédure". OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. KORETSKY

[Traduction]
Je ne puis en aucune manière m'associer au présent arrêt,principale-
ment parce que la Cour revient pour l'essentiel sur son arrêt rendu le
21 décembre 1962 dans les mêmes affaireset qu'en fait elle le revise

sans même respecterl'article 61 du Statut et sans appliquer la procé-
dure envisagée à l'article 78 du Règlement.
Dans le dispositif de son arrêt, la Cour dit: ((les demandeurs ne
sauraient être considéréscomme ayant établi l'existence à leur profit
d'un droit ou intérêtjuridique au regard de l'objet des présentes
demandes. .»
Cependant, la question de savoir si les demandeurs ont au regard de
leurs demandes un ((droit ou intérêt juridique ))(je dirai pour abréger

un intérêt)leur permettant d'intenter une action en justice contre le
défendeur, en sa qualité de Mandataire pour le Sud-Ouest africain, a
déjàété tranchéeen 1962au cours de la première phase - la phase ju-
ridictionnelle - des présentes affaires.
A cette époque, le défendeur, alléguant dans sa troisième exception
préliminaire que le conflit entre les Parties «n'[était]pas, eu égard à
sa nature et à sa teneur, un ((différend))comme il est prévu à l'article 7
du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain », a ajouté (cetcela plus parti-
culièrement en tant qu'aucun intérêt concret desGouvernements de

1'Ethiopieet/ou du Libériaou de leurs ressortissants n'est en cause ou
n'est affectéen l'espèce )(les italiques sont de nous). II est évident que
l'adjectif ((concret))(qui qualifie le mot ((intérê ))n'était pas employé
en un sens étroit, au sens d'un intérêtpécuniaire.
En rejetant l'exception préliminaire du défendeur, la Cour a dit:
La portée et l'objet manifestes des dispositions de cet article [l'article
indiquent en effet qu'on entendait par là que les Membres de la Société
des Nations eussent un droit ou un intérêtjuridique à ce que le Manda-

taire observât ses obligations à la fois à l'égard deshabitants du terri-
toire sous Mandat et à l'égard dela Société desNations et de ses Mem-
bres. »(Page343 - les italiques sont de nous.) Un peu plus loin la Cour
a déclaré: «Il va de soi que la protection des intérêts concretsdes Mem-
bres ou de leurs ressortissants est comprise dans ce cadre, mais le bien-
êtreet le développement des habitants du territoire sous Mandat ne
sont pas moins importants. ))(P. 344.)
La question de l'intérêd t es demandeurs au regard de leurs demandes

a donc été tranchéepar la Cour en 1962 comme, pourrait-on dire, elle
devait l'être. La question de l'intérêtd'un demandeur (concernant à
ce titre la qualitépour agir) est tenue, mêmedans les systèmesde droit
interne, pour une qiestion juridictionnelle. C'est ainsi que le système
de droit français voit dans le défaut d'intérêtd'un demandeur un
motif justifiant une fin de non-recevoir de procédure.

237 The Rules of Court, and the practice of the Court, do not recognize
any direct line of demarcation between questions of the merits and
those of jurisdiction. The circumstances of the case and the formulation
of the submissions of the parties are ofguiding ifnot decisivesignificance.

The Respondent, as noted above, raised the question of the Appli-
cants' interests. The Court decided this question at that time. It did
not consider it necessary to join it to the merits as the character of the
Applicants' interests in the subject-matter of their claims was evident.
Both Parties dealt with this question in a sufficientlycomplete manner.
The Applicants, as will be noted later, did not seek anything for them-
selves; they asserted only that they have a "legal interest to seeing to it
through judicial process that the sacred trust of civilization created
by the Mandate is not violated". To join the question of the Applicants'
"interests" in their claims to the merits would not "reveal" anything
new, as became evident at this stage of the cases. And it is worthy of
note that in the dissenting opinion of President Winiarski @p. 455 ff.),

in the joint dissenting opinion of Judges Sir Percy Spender and Sir
Gerald Fitzmaurice @p. 548 K.) and in the dissenting opinion of Judge
ad Izocvan Wyk @p. 660 ff.), the question of the Applicants' interests
was considered on a jurisdictional plane.

The Respondent did not raise this question in its final submissions
at this stage of the merits. The Court itself has now raised the question
which was resolved in 1962and has thereby reverted from the stage of
the merits to the stage ofjurisdiction. And thus the "door" to the Court
which was opened in 1962to decide the dispute (as the function of the
Court demands (Article 38 of the Statute)), the decision of which would
have been of vital importance for the peoples of South West Africa
and to peoples of other countries where an officia1policy of racial
discrimination still exists, was locked by the Court with the same key
which had opened it in 1962.
Has the 1962 Judgment of the Court a binding force for the Court
itself?

The Judgment has not only a binding force between the parties (Article
59 of the Statute), it is &na1(Article 60 of the Statute). Being final, it is
-one may say-final for the Court itself unless revised by the Court
under the conditions and in accordance with the procedure prescribed
in Article 61 of theStatute and Article 78 of the Rules of Court.
In discussing the meaning of the principle of res judicata, and its
applicability in international judicial practice, its significance is often
limited by the statement that a givenjudgment could not be considered
as binding upon other States or in other disputes. One may sometimes
easily fail to take into consideration the fact that resjudicata has been
said to be not only pro obligationehabetur,but pro veritate as well. And
it cannot be said that what today was for the Court a veritas, will to-
morrow be a non-veritas.A decision binds not only the parties to a given
case, but the Court itself. One cannot forget that the principle ofmuta-

238 SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (OP. DISS.KORETSKY) 240
Le Règlement et la pratique de la Cour ne reconnaissent aucune sé-
paration nette entre les questions de fond et les questions de compé-
tence. Les circonstances de l'espèceet la présentation des conclusions

des Parties sont plutôt des indications que des éléments d'uneimpor-
tance décisive.
Le défendeur a, comme je l'ai dit, soulevéla question de l'intérêt
des demandeurs. La Cour a tranché cette question en son temps. Elle
n'a pas jugé nécessaire dela joindre au fond car la nature de l'intérêt
des demandeurs au regard de l'objet des demandes était évidente. Les
deux Parties ont traité cette question d'une manière suffisamment
complète. Comme on le verra plus loin, les demandeurs n'ont pas
cherché à obtenir quelque chose pour eux-mêmes; ilsse sont contentés
d'affirmer qu'ils avaient ((un intérêt juridiqàes'assurer par une pro-
cédurejudiciaire que la mission sacréede civilisation crééepar le Man-
dat n'étaitpas violée».Joindre au fond la question de l'intérêt des de-
mandeurs au regard de leurs demandes n'aurait rien révélé de nouveau,

ainsi que cela est clairement apparu au stade actuel de la présente
instance.11convient en outre de noter que, dans l'opinion dissidente
de M. Winiarski (p. 455 et suiv.), dans l'opinion dissidente commune
de sirPercy Spender et de sir Gerald Fitzmaucire (p. 548 et suiv.) et
dans l'opinion dissidente de M. van Wyk, juge ad hoc(p. 660et suiv.),la
question del'intérêt dedsemandeurs aététraitéesur leplan juridictionnel.
Le défendeur n'apas évoquéle problème dans ses conclusions finales
lors de l'examen aufond. C'est la Cour qui a soulevéla question qu'elle
avait résolue en 1962 et qui est ainsi revenue du stade de l'examen au
fond au stade juridictionnel. En conséquence, la porte ouverte en 1962
pour permettre à la Cour de trancher le différend,comme elle en a la
mission selon l'article 38 du Statut, et d'aboutir à une décision qui
aurait eu une importance vitale pour les populations du Sud-Ouest

africain et pour les populations des autres pays pratiquant encore une
politique officielle de discrimination raciale a étéfermée par la Cour
avec la clef même qu'elleavait utiliséepour l'ouvrir en 1962.
L'arrêtrendu par la Cour en 1962a-t-il force obligatoire pour la Cour
elle-même?
Cet arrêtn'est pas seulement obligatoire pour les Parties (article 59
du Statut), il est définitif (article 60 du Statut). Etantdéfinitif, on
peut dire qu'il est définitifpour la Cour elle-même, à moins qu'elle le
revise dans les conditions et conformément à la procédure prescritesà
l'article 61 du Statut etàl'article 78 du Règlement.
Quand on examine le sens du principe de l'autoritéde la chose jugée
et son applicabilitédans la pratique judiciaire internationale, on en limite
souvent la portéeen disant qu'un jugement donnéne peut êtreconsidéré

comme obligatoire pour d'autres Etats ou dans d'autres différends. On
oublie parfois assez facilement que, comme on l'a dit, la chose jugée
doit être tenue non seulement pour une obligation (pro obligatione
habetur) mais aussi pour une vérité(pro veritate). Or, il est impossible
de dire que ce qui est aujourd'hui pour la Cour une véritén'en sera plus
une demain. Une décision lie non seulement les parties à une affaire
238bility, of the consistency of finaljudicial decisions,which is soimportant
for national courts, is still more important for international courts.
The practice of the Permanent Court and of this Court shows the great
attention they pay to former judgments, their reasons and opinions.
Consideration must be given even to the, question whether an advisory
opinion oftheCourt, whichis not binding forthe body whichrequested it,
is binding for the Court itself not only vi rationisbut ratione vis as well.

Could it possibly be considered that in a judgment only its operative
part but not the reasons for it has a binding force? It could be said that
the operative part of ajudgment seldom contains points of law. Moreover,
the reasons, motives, grounds, for a given judgment may be said to be
the "reasons part" of the judgment. The two parts of a judgment-the
operative part and the reasons-do not "stand apart" one from another.
Each of them is a constituent part of the judgment in its entirety. It
will be recalled that Article 56 of the Statute says: "The judgment shall
state the reasons on wjzichit is based" (italics added). These words are

evidence that the reasons have a binding force as an obligatory part of
a judgment and, at the same time, they determine the clzaracter of
reasons which should have a binding force. They are reasons which
substantiate the operative conclusion directly ("on which it is based").
They have sometimes been called "consideranda". These are reasons
which play a role as the grounds of a given decision ofthe Court-a role
such that if these grounds were changed or altered in such a way that
this decision in its operative part would be left without grounds on
which it was based, the decision would fa11to the ground like a building
which has lost its foundation.
To define the binding force of the reasons for a judgment a reference
has sometimes been made to the Advisory Opinion of the Permanent
Court relating to PolishPostal Service in Danzig(1925,P.C.I.J., Series B,
No. II, p. 30). But the Permanent Court said on that occasion "by no
means ... every reason given in a decision constitutes a decision". It
is evident that the Court did not assert then that reasoils-as a part of
a decision-have no binding force at al]. It considered thatnot al1reasons
for a decision constitute a binding part of it. Somewhat earlier it con-
trasted "binding" reasons and "non-binding" ones; it said: "it is certain
that the reasons contained in a decision, at least in so far as they go
beyond the operative part, have no binding force as between the parties
concerned."

The reason of the 1962Judgment relating to "a legal right or interest"
of the Applicants served as a ground for the Court's decision to dismiss
the third preliminary objection submitted by the Respondent. And
what was then decided with the reasons "on which it is based" is finally
not provisionally decided. And 1 repeat that these reasons cannot be
reversed inthe way chosen by the Court.
239 déterminéemais aussi la Cour elle-même.On ne saurait oublier que le
principe de l'immutabilité, de la continuité des décisions judiciaires
définitives,qui a une si grande importance pour les tribunaux nationaux,
est encore plus important pour les tribunaux internationaux. La pra-
tique delaCour permanente etde la Cour actuelle montre toute la valeur
que ces organismes ont attachée ou attachent aux arrêtsantérieurs, à
kurs motifs et aux vues exprimées. Il convient même d'examinerla
question de savoir si un avis consultatif de la Cour, qui n'est pas obli-

gatoire pour l'organisme qui l'a demandé, lie la Cour elle-mêmenon
seulement vi rationis mais également rntione vis.
Peut-on vraiment estimer que, dans un arrêt, seul le dispositif est
obligatoire alors que les motifs ne le sont pas? On pourrait dire que le
dispositif d'un arrêt contient rarement des points de droit. On pourrait
dire en outre que les motifs, les raisons et les justifications d'un arrêt
sont la partie motivéede la décision. Les deuxparties d'un arrêt - le
dispositif et les motifs ne sont pas séparéesl'une de l'autre. Chacune
est un élémentconstitutif du jugement dans son ensemble. On se rap-

pellera qu'il est dit à l'article 56 du Statut: ((L'arrêtest motivé[The
judgment shall state the reasonson whichit is based].»(Les italiques sont
de nous.) Ce texte prouve que les motifs ont force obligatoire en tant
que partie obligatoire de l'arrêt,et il précise en mêmetemps la nature
des motifs qui devraient avoir force obligatoire. Ce sont ceux qui établis-
sement le bien-fondé du dispositif. On les appelle parfois des considé-
rants. Il s'agit des motifs qui constituent les fondements d'une décision
de la Cour et dont le rôle est tel que leur modification ou leur transfor-

mation ôterait toute base à la décision énoncée dans le dispositif et que
cette décision s'écrouleraitcomme un édificesans fondations.

Pour définir laforce obligatoire des motifs d'un arrêt on a parfois
cité l'avisconsultatif de la Cour permanente relatif au Service postal
polonais à Dantzig (1925, C.P.J.I. sérieB no Il, p. 30). Cependant la
Cour permanente a dit à cette occasion: «il ne résulte nullement que

tout motif donnédans une décision,constitue une décision ». Il est évi-
dent que la Cour ne voulait pas dire par là que les motifs, en tant que
partie d'une décision, n'ont aucune force obligatoire. Elle considérait
que tous les motifs d'une décision neconstituent pas des élémentsayant
un caractère obligatoire. Un peu plus haut, elle avait opposé les motifs
((obligatoires» aux motifs (non obligatoires »et déclaré:(cilest certain
que les motifs contenus dans une décision,tout au moins dans la me-
sure où ils dépassentla portéedu dispositif, n'ont pas force obligatoire

entre les Parties iritéressée s.
Le motif de l'arrêt de1962relatif à «un droit ouun intérêt juridique ))
des demandeurs a servi de base à la décisionpar laquelle la Cour a re-
jeté la troisième exception préliminaire pr6sentéepar le défendeur. Ce
qui a alors été décideét ((motivé» l'a étà titre définitifet nonprovisoire.
Je répètequ'il est impossible de revenir sur ce motif de la manière dont
la Cour le fait. The 1962 Judgrnent met with a somewhat widespread response in
legal periodicals.1 consider it worthwhile to cite at least from one
article as it camefromjuridical circlesin South Africa. have in mind an
article which was published in The South Africa Law Journal, 1964.
The author (R. Ballinger) said there, almost paraphrasing the words of
the Judgment :
"The broad, clear and precise language (of Article 7) made it
obvious that Members of the League had been understood to have
a legal interest in the observance of its obligations towards the
inhabitants of South West Africa by the Mandatory." (P. 46.)

And some pages later he wrote, evaluating the Judgment in a general
way :
"We must accept that one thing has been iînally settled in inter-
national law by the Judgment on the Preliminary Objections:

the Mandate as a whole is still legally in force and the Republic
cannot unilaterally rule in the territory."

But since the Court based its judgrnent on the assumption of an
absence of any legal right or interest on the part of the Applicants in
their claims andsince they, in the Court's words "cannot be considered
to have establishedany legal right or interest appertaining to them in the
subject-matter of thepresent claims. .."onehas to return to the question
of the nature of the Applicants'interest in their claims.

One might accept an old principle '>as d'intérêtp,as d'action". But
the question is how to define a notion of "interest" and how to Say
what an interest is about. Should we have recourse to the notion which
was developed in civil law doctrine and practice, of which the inherent
characteristic was and still isto regard1interestsin the light ofmaterial,
property interest, a man's persona1 (subjective), proper, own interest
(which, though sometimes a moral interest, is more often expressed
"in cash" as well)?
Long ago there were warnings against the danger of an unreserved
transference of the principles of civil law and process into international

(public) law and into the procedure of international courts. Here the
character of relations and rights is of another kind. Here one cannot
think in civil law categories. The notion of a "general interest" finds
wider scope in international law. It may be seen that the notion of a
"general interest" and actions in a general interest are now not alien
to national law systems (particularly in socialist law systems, even in
their civil-lawprocedures).

The French authors H. Solus and R. Perrot (in their Droitjudiciaire
privé, 1961), speaking (p. 98) about the Roman principle "no right, L'arrêtde 1962a provoquédes réactionsd'une certaine ampleur dans
les revues juridiques.Il me semble valoir la peine de citer au moins un
article émanant des milieuxjuridiques sud-africains. Je veux parler d'un

article publié dans le South Africa Law Journal de 1964. Paraphrasant
presque les termes de l'arrêt,l'auteur, R. Ballinger, s'exprime ainsi:

aLes termes larges, clairs, et précis [de l'article 71 indiquaient
nettement qu'on entendait par là que les Membres de la Société

des Nations eussent un intérêt juridique à ce que le Mandataire
observât ses obligations à l'égard deshabitants du Sud-Ouest
africain.» (P. 46.)
Evaluant d'une façon générale l'importancede l'arrêt,il écrit un peu
plus loin:

((Nous devons convenir qu'une chose a été définitivemenrtéglée
en droit international par l'arrêtsur les exceptions préliminaires:
le Mandat dans son ensemble estencore juridiquement envigueur et
la Républiquene peut gouvernerunilatéralement dans leterritoire. ))

Cependant, étantdonné quela Cour a fondé sonarrêt surl'hypothèse
d'une absence de droit ou intérêt juridique chez les demandeurs au re-
gard de l'objet des demandes et que, pour reprendre les termes mêmes
de la Cour, les demandeurs «ne sauraient êtreconsidérés commeayant
établi l'existence leur profit d'un droit ou intérêt juridiqueau regard
de l'objet des présentes demandes 1)il nous faut revenir à la question
de la nature de l'intérêt ded semandeurs au regard des demandes.
On peut accepter le vieil adage pas d'intérêtp ,as d'action. Mais la
question qui se pose est de savoir comment définirla notion d'intérêt

et comment indiquer sur quoi il porte. Devons-nous recourir àla notion
que l'on trouve dans la doctrine et la pratique du droit civil et dont la
caractéristique consistait et consiste encore à considérer tout intérêt
sous l'angle d'un intérêtconcret, d'un intérêtpécuniaire, d'unintérêt
personnel (subjectif) et propreà une personne, intérêt quit,out en étant
parfois moral, s'exprime le plus souvent «en espècesn?
On a signalé depuis longtempsle danger qu'il y avait à transposer
sans réserveles principes du droit civil et de la procédurecivile dans le
droit international public et dans la procédure des tribunaux inter-

nationaux. Dans ce dernier cas, la nature des relations et des droits
est différenteet l'on ne peut reprendre les catégories du droit civil.
La notion d'intérêt généa ralune portée beaucoup plus large en droit
international. On s'aperçoit que la notion d'intérêt général et d'action
intentée dans un intérêtgénéral n'est plusmaintenant étrangèreaux
systèmes de droit national (particulièrement aux systèmes de droit
socialiste, mêmedans leur procédure de droit civil).
Dans leur Droit judiciaire privéparu en 1961, les auteurs français
H. Solus et R. Perrot ont dit,à la page 98, à propos de l'adage romainno actiony'-"this early concept of the action lived on after the Roman
procedure, and endured through the passing centuries3'-have noted
further :

[Translationj
"Throughout the whole of the nineteenth century, this concept
was admitted without difficulty by private law theorists until the
time when the intense development of contentious business in the
administrative courts, at the beginning of the twentieth century,
made it necessary for the theorists to reconsider the traditional

concept, which was a legacyfrom Roman law and which the classical
doctrine had conserved. It was indeed no longer adapted to pro-
ceedings ultra vires the essential object of which is not to settie
a dispute between two individuals who claim concurrent rights,
but to ensure respect for legality", ... and, for that purpose, "it
was necessary to assimilate proceedings ultra vires to a real action
at law; the theorists of public law strove to fit the structure of those
proceedings into the notion of action but concerned themselves
only with the seisin of the court and carefully avoided al1reference
to any subjective rigl~t" (italics added).

Might one Say,paraphrasing the Solus-Perrot words, that the essential
object of the Applicants was to ensure respect for a proper interpretation
and application of the provisions of the Mandate and that they had and
have a right to apply to the Court without making any reference to "any
subjective right"?
It is necessary to turn to the history of the inclusion of:the juris-
dictional clause in the mandate instrument. It is a fact that the Mandates
Commission (usually called the Milner Commission) was set up in June
1919 for the purpose of drafting mandates instruments 'B' and 'C'.
Thereweretwotendencies that arose at once (a) to defend first of al1the
interests of commercial and industrial circles (this was reflected in
seeking to include in the drafts clauses concerning the "open-door",

and "commercial equality"), and (b) to protect indigenous peoples.
The French member of the Commission (M. Simon) expressed the view
"that the idea of commercial equality preceded that of the Mandates,
that it embraced the whole theory of the Mandates, that the Mandates
had been devised to ensure: (1) commercial equality; (2) the protection
of indigenous populations" and that "the Mandate could not exist
without those two conditions". [Translation.] But the President of the
Commission (Lord Milner) did not agree with this.
He said:

[Translation]
"He maintained that the 'C' Mandate differed from the 'B'
Mandate precisely in respect of commercial equality. Territories

which came within the category of the 'C' Mandate were attached
to the State of the mandatory Power and were consequently subject
241pas de droit,pas d'action: ((cette conception initiale de l'action survécut
à la procédure romaine, et se perpétua à travers les siècle))et ils ont
ajouté :

((Pendanttout le cours du XIXe siècle, cette conception fut
admise sans difficultépar les théoriciens du droit privé jusqu'au
jour où l'intense développement du contentieux administratif,
au début du XXe siècle, obligea la doctrine à reconsidérer le con-
cept traditionnel que le droit romain avait léguéet que la doctrine
classique avait conservé. Il ne s'adaptait plus, en effet, au recours
pour excèsde pouvoir dont l'objectif essentiel n'estpas de trancher
un litige entre deux particuliers qui se réclament de droits concur-
rents, mais de veiller au respect de la légalité) )..et comme pour

cela (cilétait nécessaire d'assimiler lerecours pour excès de pou-
voir à une véritable action en justice, les théoriciensdu droit public
s'efforcèrent de calquer la notion d'action sur la structure de ce
recours, en ne s'attachant qu'à la saisine du juge, et en évitant
soigneusement toute réfé~ence à un droit subjectif quelconque))
(les italiques sont de nous).

Pourrait-on dire, paraphrasant MM. Solus et Perrot, que l'objectif
essentiel des demandeurs était de veiller au respect de l'interprétation
et de l'application correctes des dispositions du Mandatet qu'ils avaient
et ont le droit de saisir la Cour sans se référer «à un droit subjectif
quelconque »?
Il nous faut revenir à l'historique de l'inclusion de la clause juridic-
tionnelle dans l'acte de Mandat. Il est exact que la Commission des
Mandats (généralement appelée CommissionMilner) a étécrééeen
juin 1919en vue d'établirles projets de Mandats B et C. Deux tendances
se sont immédiatement manifestées: a) défendretout d'abord les intérêts

des milieux commerciaux et industriels (c'est ce qui ressort du fait que
l'on a cherché à incorporer dans les projets des clauses concernant la
porte ouverte et l'égalitécommerciale); b) protéger les populations
autochtones. Le membre français de la Commission, M. Simon, a
exprimé l'avis «que l'idée d'égalité commerciale est antérieure à celle
des Mandats, qu'elle englobe toute la théorie dts Mandats, que les
Mandats avaient été conçus pdur prévoir: 1) l'égalitécommerciale;
2) la protection des indigènes ))et que ((le Mandat ne pourrait exister
sans ces deux conditions ))Mais le président de la Commission, lord
Milner, ne partageait Ras cet avis.
Il a dit:

«le Mandat C diffère précisémentdu Mandat B par rapport à
l'égalité commerciale. Lesterritoires rentrant dans la catégorie
du Mandat C sont rattachés à 1'Etat de la Puissance mandataire
et ne sont soumis en conséquence qu'aux stipulations concer-

241 only to the stipulations concerning theprotection of indigenous
peoples ..." (italics added).
And this difference between the two kinds of mandates 'B' and 'C'
resulted in two kinds of jurisdictional clauses in drafts relating to them.

The draft of mandate 'B'had Article 15which consisted of two para-
graphs: one which corresponds to the present Article 7(2) of the Mandate
and a second which read as follows :

[Translation]
"The subjects or citizens of States Members of the League of
Nations may likewise bring claims concerning infractions of the
rights conferred on them by Articles 5, 6, 7, 7a and 7b of this
Mandate before the said Court for decision."

The draft of mandate 'C'contained a jurisdictional clause (Article VI)
consisting of one paragraph only, which repeated the wording of the
corresponding (first) paragraph of Article 15of the draft of mandate 'B'.

As this might have some importance for the interpretation of Article
7 (2) of the present Mandate it is worthy of note that Article 15 (2)
dealt not with national rights of member States but with the rights of
nationals of such States. An attempt was then made on the basis of
this paragraph to allow private persons and companies to be parties
in cases before the Court. But that idea met with strong objection, and
then, on Lord Cecil's proposal, the paragraph was drafted as follows:

[Translation]
"The Members of the League of Nations will likewise be entitled
on behalf of their subjects or citizens to refer claims for breaches
of their rights, etc."

This was a typical formula for a clause providing for diplomatic
(judicial) intervention.
The Cecil formula did not omit any references (see "etc.") to Article 5
(about the commercial and industrial rights of citizens), Article6 (about
the freedom of conscienceand religion),Article 7(about equal treatment),
Article 7a (about concessions), Article 7b (about tariffs), and it is clear
that possible claims based on those Articles, which were transformed by
the new text from being rights of nationals of member States to being
national (special) rights of these States, did not and do not limit the
rights of member States which were envisaged in other Articles of the
drafts,such as Articles 3, 4 and 10 (obligations in relation to indigenous
peoples), Article 8 (about the prohibition of the traffic in opium), etc.
The wording of paragraph 2 was omitted in the subsequent texts of
the Mandates (except that of Tanganyika) but one cannot interpret the
omission as a ground for asserting that Article7 (2)confers on a member
State the right to submit to the Court a dispute with the Mandatory
relating to the interpretation and application of the Mandate only if

242 narztla protection des indigènes ..» (les italiques sont de nous).

C'est cette différence entre les deux catégories de Mandats B et C
qui està l'origine des deux catégories declausesjuridictionnelles figurant
dans les projets.
Le projet de Mandat B contenait un article 15 qui comprenait deux
alinéas: le premier correspondait au deuxième alinéa de l'article 7 du
Mandat actuel et le second était ainsi conçu:

«Les sujets ou citoyens des Etats Membres de la Société des
Nations peuvent égalementporter des réclamations en ce qui con-
cerne des infractions aux droits qui leur sont conféréspar les
articles 5, 6,, 7 a) et 7 b) de ce Mandat devant ladite Cour pour
décision.»
Le projet de Mandat C contenait une clausejuridictionnelle (article VI)
comprenant un seul alinéa, qui reprenait le texte correspondant (pre-
mier alinéa) de l'article 15 du projet de Mandat B.

Comme cela peut avoir quelque importance pour l'interprétation du
deuxième alinéa de l'article 7 du Mandat actuel, il convient de noter
que le second alinéa de l'article 15avait trait non aux droits nationaux
des Etats Membres, mais aux droits des ressortissants de ces Etats.
On s'est efforcé,sur la base de cet alinéa, de faire admettre que des
particuliers et des sociétés privées pourraient être parties aux affaires
portées devant la Cour. Cette idée s'est toutefois heurtée à de fortes
objections et c'est alors que, sur la proposition de lord Cecil, l'alinéa
a été rédigécomme suit:

cLes Membres de la Sociétédes Nations pourront également,
pour le compte de leurs sujets ou citoyens, porter des réclamations

pour infractions à leurs droits, etc.))
C'étaitlà une formule typique pour une clause prévoyant une inter-
vention (judiciaire) diplomatique.
La formule de lord Cecil, qui se terminait par etc., n'excluait aucune
référenceaux articles 5 (droits commerciaux et industriels des ressor-
tissants), 6 (liberté deconscience et de religion),(égalitéde traitement),
7 a) (concessions) et 7 b) (tarifs); il est en outre évidentque la possibilité
de présenter des réclamations fondéessur ces articles, qui, d'après le

nouveau texte, ne constituait plus un droit des ressortissants des Etats
Membres mais un droit national (particulier) de ces Etats, ne limitait
pas et ne limite pas les droits des Etats Membres mentionnés dans
d'autres articles des projets, comme les articles 3, 4 et 10 (obligations
envers les indigènes),8 (suppression du trafic de l'opium), etc.
Le texte du second alinéadu projet a étéomis des textes ultérieurs
des Mandats, sauf du Mandat sur le Tanganyika, mais on ne peut se
fonder sur cette omission pour dire que le deuxièmealinéade l'article 7
ne confère à un Etat Membre le droitde soumettre à la Cour un différend
l'opposant au Mandataire et relatif à l'interprétation ouà l'application

242245 SOUTH WEST AFRICA(DISS. OP. KORETSKY)

it can establish its own legal right or interest in its claim. The Court
in its 1962 Judgment stated rightly in this connection: "Protection of
the material interests of the Members or their nationals is of course
included within its [Article 71compass, but the well-being and develop-
ment ofthe inhabitants of the Mandated territory arenot lessimportant."
(P. 344.)
Al1 this relates to a 'B' mandate. A 'C' mandate had (and has) no
provisions which could be connected (directly at least) with the specific
legal riphts and interests of member States or their nationals (save
perhaps in some measure Article 5, which was added for reasons which
were not aimed at protecting direct State interests). And accordingly the

draft of a 'C' mandate had no paragraph 2 analogous to that of a 'B'
mandate.

But why at that time was a system of judicial supervision in regard
to the correctness of the interpretation and the application of the pro-
visions of the Mandate introduced into the mandates system?

Some general considerations are necessary by way of explanation.
The mandates system arose in the conflicting conditions of the post-
War 1international situation, when the Principal Allied and Associated
Powers, or some of them, realized that they should try-parallel with
their endeavour to reconcile their contradictions-to mitigate the colon-
ial forms of undisguised domination, to respond, intheepochofnational
liberation movements in colonial territories, to the struggle of dependent

peoples striving for independence, to pacify them, to give a hope tohose
peoples that they would be able to achieve their freed,om by peaceful
means, through the mandates system. It was then that the notion of a
sacred trust of civilization found expression.

This made it possible forthe Court to Sayinits 1950Advisory Opinion
(p. 132): "The Mandate was created in the interest of the inhabitants of
the territory and of humanity in general, as an international institution
with an international object-a sacred trust of civilization." Reference
was made in the Court to President Wilson's words: "The fundamental
idea would be that the world was acting as trustee through a mandatory."

To defend such a system (as created in the interest of indigenous

peoples), seemed to some to be a "common cause".
Two kinds of securities for the performance of this trust were created:
(a) political supervision by the Council of the League of Nations, to
whose satisfaction the Mandatory was required to make an annual
report, and (b) judicial supervision by the Permanent Court, which had
to decide whether the Mandatory's interpretation or application of the
provisions of the Mandate were correct.

It is not necessary to dwell at any length on the concrete reasons why

243 SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (OP. DISS. KORETSKY) 245
du Mandat que si cet Etat peut établirl'existence d'un droit ou intérêt
propre au regard de la demande. Dans son arrêtde 1962la Cour a dit

avec justeraisolià ce sujet: ((11va de soi que la protection des intérêts
concrets des Membres ou de leurs ressortissants est comprise dans
ce cadre, mais le bien-êtreet le développement des habitants du terri-
toire sous Mandat ne sont pas moins importants. » (P. 344.)
Tout ce qui précèdese rapporte aux Mandats B. Les Mandats C ne
contenaient et ne contiennent aucune disposition qui puisse êtrerat-
tachée, dumoins directement, auxdroits et intérêtsjuridiques particuliers
des Etats Membres ou de leurs ressortissants, sauf peut-être dans une
certaine mesure l'article 5 qui a été ajoutépour des raisons ne visant
pas la protection des intérêts directsdes Etats. En conséquencele projet

de Mandat C ne comportait pas de second alinéa analogue à celui du
projet de Mandat B.
Mais pourquoi a-t-on introduit à cette époque dans le système des
Mandats un mécanisme de surveillance judiciaire destiné à assurer
l'exacte interprétation et la bonne application des dispositions des
Mandats?
Certaines considérations d'ordre général l'expliquent.
Le système des Mandats a été instituéau milieu des contradictions
que présentait la situation internationale après la première guerre mon-
diale: les Principales Puissances alliéeset associées,ou certaines d'entre

elles, se rendaient compte qu'elles devaient essayer tout en s'efforçant
de concilier leurs contradictions - d'atténuer les formes coloniales
d'une domination non déguiséed ,e répondre, à uneépoqueoù desmouve-
ments de libération nationale se faisaient jour dans les territoires colo-
niaux, aux efforts des peuples dépendants qui luttaient pour leur indé-
pendance, de les pacifier, de leur donner l'espoir qu'ils pourraient ob-
tenir leur liberté par des moyens pacifiques dans le cadre du système
des Mandats. C'est alors que la notion de mission sacréede civilisation
a trouvéson expression.
La Cour a donc pu dire dans son avis consultatif de 1950 (p. 132):

«Le Mandat a étécréé,dans l'intérêt deh sabitants du territoire et de
l'humanité en général,comme une institution internationale à laquelle
était assignéun but international: une mission sacréede civilisation. ))
On a rappelé devant la Cour les paroles du président Wilson: ((L'idée
fondamentale serait que le mondeagissecomme tuteur par l'intermédiaire
d'un Mandataire. ))
La défense d'un tel système,créédans l'intérêtdes autochtones,
semblait représenter pour certains un «but commun)).
Deux sortes de garanties ont été instituéespour l'accomplissement

de cette mission: a) une surveillance politique exercéepar le Conseil
de la Sociétédes Nations, auquel le Mandataire devait présenter un rap-
port annuel donnant satisfaction à cet organe; b) une surveillance judi-
ciaire exercéepar la Cour permanente, qui devait déterminer si le Man-
dataire interprétait ou appliquait correctement les dispositions du
Mandat.
Il est inutile de s'étendrelonguement sur les raisons pratiques pour

243the task of supervision was divided between the Council of the League
and the Permanent Court. It was said that it was rather difficult to settle
disputes relating to the Mandate in the Council as under the unanimity
rule the vote of a Mandatory was a deciding one, that it would sometimes
be more convenient to turn a dispute relating to the interpretation or
the application of the provisions of the Mandate into the channel of
calm judicial consideration.
But who was entitled to institute proceedings against a Mandatory?
Neither the League itself nor its Council could bring an action in the
Court. And then the right to apply to the Court in defending the "com-
mon cause" was entrusted to any Member of the League.

Was this something strange at that time? 1venture to cite an excerpt
from a pamphlet of the League: La Cour permanente de Justice inter-
nationale (Geneva, 1921,p. 19) :

[Translation]
"The question has been raised whether the principal organs of
the League-above all, the Council-should not be able, as such,
to be a party to a dispute before the Court. This ideahas, however,
been discarded both by the Council at its Brussels meeting and by
the Assembly. On the other hand, it is understood, as is expressly
stated in the report on the Statute approved by the Assembly, that
groups of States may appear as a party. Consequently, there is
nothing to prevent the individual States represented at a given
moment on the Council from instituting an action collectively,

but not as the Council of the League. This possibility may prove
to be ofspecial value when it comes to enforcingcertain stipulations
of the treaties concerning the protection of racial, religious, etc.
minorities."

And one could find in the minorities treaties, which were concluded
afterwards, a jurisdictional clause, for example in the declaration,
concerning the Protection of Minorities in Albania, 2 October 1921,
Article 7.
"Any difference of opinion as to questions of law or fact arising

out of these Articles [of the Treaty] between the Albanian Govern-
ment and any Power a Member of the Council of the League of
Nations, shall be held to be a dispute of an international character
under Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. Any
such dispute shall, if the other party thereto demands, be referred
to the Permanent Court of International Justice ..."

It is important to emphasize that any Member of the Council of the
League had a right to apply to the Permanent Court in regard to ques-
tions connected with any of the provisions of the Treaty without re-
quiring any specificpersonal interest of a given Member or its nationals
in a dispute with the government concerned. The Article mentioned

244 SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (OP. DISS. KOKE~SKY~ 246

lesquelles la tâche de surveillance a été partagée entrele Conseil et la
Cour permanente. On a dit qu'il étaitassez difficilede réglerau Conseil
les différendsrelatifs au Mandat, car en vertu de la règlede l'unanimité

le vote des Mandataires étaitdécisif,et qu'ilétaitparfois plus commode
de régler un différend relatif à l'interprétation ou à l'application des
dispositions du Mandat par la voie calme d'un examen judiciaire.

Mais qui était fondéà intenter une action judiciaire contre un Manda-
taire? Ni la Société elle-même n,i le Conseil ne pouvaient introduire
une instance devant la Cour. C'est pourquoi le droit de saisir la Cour
pour défendrele ((but commun » a étéconfiéà tout Membre de la Société
des Nations.

Etait-ce une chose étrange à l'époque?Je me permettrai de citer un
passage d'une brochure de la Société desNations intitulée La Cour
permanente de Justice internationale(Genève, 1921, p. 19) :

(La question a été soulevédee savoir siles organismesde la Société
et, avant tout, le Conseil ne pouvaient pas êtrepartie dans un

conflit porté devant la Cour. Cette idée a cependant été écartée
tant par le Conseil à sa réunion deBruxelles, que par l'Assemblée.
D'autre part, il est entendu - et ceci est expressémentmentionné
dans le rapport relatif au statut approuvé par l'Assemblée - qu'un
groupe d'Etats peut paraître en qualité de partie. Par conséquent,
il n'y a rien qui empêche lesEtats individuellement représentés
au Conseil à un moment donné, d'instituer collectivement un
procès devant la Cour; seulement, ceci faisant, le groupe n'est plus
qu'un groupe d'Etats et non pas le Conseil de la Société.La possi-

bilitéen question peut, cependant, êtred'une grande valeur lorsqu'il
s'agira de faire appliquer certaines dispositions des traités con-
cernant la protection des minorités ethniques, religieuses, etc.)
On trouve une clause juridictionnelle dans les traités de minorités
qui ont été conclus ultérieurement,par exemple à l'article 7 de la dé-
claration du 2 octobre 1921 concernant la protection des minorités en
Albanie.

«En cas de divergence d'opinion sur des questions de droit ou
de fait concernant ces articles [du Traité], entre l'Albanie et l'une
quelconque des Puissances, Membre du Conseil de la Société des
Nations, cette divergence sera considéréecomme un différendayant
un caractère international selon les termes de l'article4 du Pacte
de la Société desNations. Tout différendde ce genre sera, si l'autre
Partie le demande, déféré à la Cour permanente de Justice inter-

nationale.»
Il importe de souligner que tout membre du Conseil avait donc
le droit de saisir la Cour permanente de questions touchant à l'une
quelconque des dispositions du traité, sans qu'un intérêt propredéter-
minéfût exigéde 1'Etat Membre ou de son ressortissant au regard du
différend avec le Gouvernement intéressé.Le texte dit simplement: 247 SOUTH WEST AFRICA (DISS. OP. KORETSKY)

only "any dzference of opinion as to questions of law or fact ...".
The fact that in the minorities treaties the circle of possible Applicants
was limited does not prevent their jurisdictional clauses from being
considered as a manifestation of a new (in international judicial pro-
cedure) principle of the recognition of actions in a general interest.

This principle had to be developed in the mandates system. And
that was done. It is relevant to cite Judge Oda, who said in his dissenting
opinion in the Mavrommatis case (P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 86):

"Since the Mandate establishes a special legal relationship it is
natural that the League of Nations, which issues the Mandate,
should have rights of supervision as regards the Mandatory. Under
the Mandate, in addition to the direct supervision of the Council
of the League of Nations (Articles 24 and 25) provision is made for
indirectsupervisionby the Court;but the latter may only be exercised
at the request of a Member of the League of Nations (Article 26).
It is therefore to be supposed than an application by such a Member
must be made exclusivelywith a view to the protection of general
interests. ."(Italicsadded.)

These "general interests" in relation to a 'C' mandate might be only
the interest of protecting the indigenous peoples, which were (and
are) under the Mandate. And if the judgment of the Court insists that
the Applicants had to establish their own legal interests in thesubject-
matter of their claims, one might say that the general interest in a proper
observance of the provisions of the Mandate became the interest of
any Member of the League on his own, as his proper interest.
This is conlirmed by what might appear to be merely a detail:
Article 7 (2) of the Mandate puts the word the "provisions of the
Mandate" in the plural-that is to say, the Applicants possessed the

right to apply to the Court on questions relating to the interpretation
or the application of al1 provisions of the Mandate (and not merely
relating to provision 5 (the missionaries clause)).

But this does not mean that the Applicants could be considered as
some kind of individual control organ. The Court itself was and is a
judicial supervisory organ in respect of the questions envisaged in
Article 7 (2) ofthe Mandate, but the right to institute proceedings against
a Mandatory by bringing an application against him was in the hands of
any Member of the League. When Judge Nyholm (P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 11,p. 26) spoke of "a right of control which a State Member of the
League may exercise", he added "by applying to the Court" (italics
added), so a State Member did not "by applying to the Court" convert
itself into an organ of judicial control. It was endowed with a right,
one may say, ofjudicial initiativewithin the limits defined Article 7(2)- SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (OF. DES. KORETSKY)
247
(]Encas de divergence d'opinion sur des questions de droit ou de fai..))
Lefait que, dans les traitésdes minorités,le cercle des demandeurs éven-
tuels ait été limité n'empêche de considélre esr clauses juridictionnelles

de ces traitéscomme l'expression (dans la procédure judiciaire interna-
tionale) d'un noiiveau principe, celui de la reconnaissance des actions
introduites dans un intérêtgénéral.
Ce principe appelait une application dans le système des Mandats.
C'est ce qui s'est produit. Il convient de citer M. Oda qui a dit en
sor, opinion dissidente relativà l'affaire des ConcessionsMavrommatis
(C.P.J.I. sérieA no 2, p. 86):

ccEtant donné que le Mandat institue des rapports juridiques
spéciaux,ilestnaturel que la SociétédesNations qui est le Mandant,
ait des droits de surveillance envers le Mandataire. Suivant le
Mandat, outre le droit de surveillance directe du Conseil de la So-
ciété desNations (articles 24 et5), un droit de surveillanceindirecte
est donné à la Cour, à la condition qu'il puisse êtreexercéseule-

ment à lademande d'un Membredela Sociétédes Nations (article26).
Il faut donc considérerque la requête decelui-ci doit êtreprésen-
tée exclusivementen vue de sauvegarder un intérêg ténéral..»(Les
italiques sont de nous.)

En ce qui concerne les Mandats C, cet ((intérêg ténéral»pourrait n'être
que l'intérêà la protection des autochtones auxquels le Mandat s'appli-
quait et continueà s'appliquer. Si la Cour soutient dans son arrêtque
les demandeurs doivent établirl'existencede leur intérêtjuridiquepropre
au regard de l'objet des demandes, on peut dire que l'intérêtgénéral
au respect des dispositions du Mandat est devenu l'intérêt propre,l'in-
térêtpersonnel de tout Membre de la Société desNations.
Cette façon de voir est confirméepar ce qui pourrait sembler n'être
qu'un détail:au deuxibme alinéade l'article 7 du Mandat, le mot ((dis-
positions» dans l'exvrzssion «dispositions du Mandat »est au pluriel;

autrement dit, les demandeurs avaient le droit de saisir la Cour de ques-
tions relatives I'interprétation ouà l'application de toutes les dispo-
sitions du Mandat, et point seulement de celles qui se rapportaient à
l'article 5 (clause des missionnaires).
Cela ne signifietoutefois jas que les demandeurs puissent êtreconsi-
dérés commeune sorte d'organe individuel de contrôle. C'est la Cour
elle-mêmequi était et qui est l'organe de surveillance judiciaire pour
les questions envisagéesau deuxième alinéade l'article 7 du Mandat,
mais le droitd'introhire une instance contre un Mandataire en présen-

tant une requêtecontre lui appartenait à tout Membre de la Société
des Nations. Lorsque M. Nyholm (C.P.J.I. série A no11, p. 26) a parlé
d'un ((droit de contrôle» que tout Membre de la Société desNations
pouvait ((exercer», il a ajouté ((devant la Cour» (les italiques sont de
nous), de sorte qu'en exerçant ce droit ((devant la Cou» l'Etat Membre
ne se transformait pas en un organe de contrôle judiciaire. On peut
dire qu'il possédaitun droit d'initiative judiciaire dans les limites défi-
nies au deuxième alinéa deI'article 7.

245 To exercisethis judicial initiative was the real interest of tne Applicants
in these cases. They have, from the very beginning, asserted (Memorials,
pp. 91-92)that they have a "legal interest to seeing to it throughjudicial
process that the sacred trust of civilization created by the Mandate is
not violated".
And, to prove the Applicants' right to apply to the Court on this
ground, it is not necessary to assert that the Mandate was established
"on behalf of the Members of the League in their individual capacities"
(Judgment, para. 20), or that the Applicants (as former Members of
the League) were separate parties to the instrument of mandate as such,
that they had a status, analogous to that of a beneficiary or-which is
much the same-that they were tertii infavorem of whom the Mandate'
was instituted. To lay down these conditions would be beside the point
as the Applicants themselves did not rest their right to invoke the
jurisdiction of the Court upon such grounds.

Article 7 (2) does not cal1for such conditions. Its wording is quite
clear to anyone who is not seekingto read into it what it does not contain.
It provides for the subrnission to the Permanent Court of "any dispute
whatever ... between the Mandatory and another Member ofthe League

of Nations relating to the interpretation or the application of the pro-
visions of the Mandate". This is the basic legal criterion (to use the
words of the Judgment in the Mavrommatis case (P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 2, p. 16)) which (as was said there) determined and limited the
jurisdiction of the Court in cases related to Mandates. If one wants to
differentiate in these cases between a right to invoke the jurisdiction of
the Court and the substantive right (which underlies the claims) it is
practically impossible to do so as in these cases the substantive right
of the Applicants, their legal right or interest, in the subject-matter of
the claims, one may say, coincides with their right to submit to the
Court their dispute relating to the interpretation or the application of
the provision. In the Applications they did not seek anything for them-
selves. They asked the Court to declare and adjudge (if we generalize
their finalsubmissions) mainly on the question of the rightful interpre-
tation and application of the provisions of the Mandate, as the Respond-
ent denied that its officia1policy of apartheid is inconsistent with Arti-
cle 22 of the Covenant and more especially with Article 2 of the Man-
date. Here the question is not that of claiming from the Mandatory
the carrying out of the "conduct of the Mandate" provisions of the
Mandate. This would be in some sense a "displacement" of the real
position of the Applicants.
They do not dictate to the Mandatory how to carry out the Mandate;
they have laid before the Court the question of how to interpret the

provisions of the Mandate; whether they are rightly applied by the
Mandatory; whether the Mandatory's policy in the Territory of South
West Africa, which has caused so much concern to world public opinion
and to Members of the United Nations, is consistent with the provisions
of the Mandate and with its purpose and principles. Such a right of
246 Le véritable intérêdt es demandeurs en l'espèceconsistait à exercer
cette initiative judiciaire. Ils ont soutenu dès ledébut (mémoires, p.-
92) qu'ils avaient «un intérêtjuridique à s'assurer par une procédure
judiciaire que la mission sacréede civilisation crépar le Mandat n'était
-pas violée-)).
Pour prouver le droit des demandeurs à saisir la Cour de ce chef,
il n'est pas nécessaire de démontrer que le Mandat a été établi ((au

nom des Membres de la Société desNations à titre individuel))(arrêt,
paragraphe 20), ni que les demandeurs, en tant qu'anciens Membres de
la Société desNations, étaient à titre individuel parties à l'acte de
Mandat en tant que tel ni qu'ils avaient un statut analogueà celui d'un
bénéficiaireni, ce qui revient à peu près au même,qu'ils étaient des
tiers en faveur desquels le Mandat avait été institué.Imposer ces con-
ditions serait sans pertinence puisque ce n'est pas là-dessus que les
demandeurs eux-mêmesont fondéleur droit à invoquer la compétence
de la Cour.
Le deuxième alinéa de l'article 7 n'impose pas de telles conditions.
Ses termes sont clairs pour quiconque ne cherche pas à y introduire

ce qu'il ne contient pas.l prévoitque ((tout différend,quel qu'il soi...
entre [le Mandataire] et un autre Membre de la Société desNations
relatifà l'interprétation ouà l'application des dispositions du Mandat »
sera soumis àla Cour. Tel est, pour employer les termes de l'arrêtrendu
en l'affaire des Concessions Mavromr?zatis(C.P.J.I. sérieA no 2, p. 16),
le critère juridique fondamental qui, comme le dit cet arrêt, détermine
et limite la compétence dela Cour dans les affaires concernant lesMan-
dats. Vouloir établir une distinction entre le droit d'invoquer la compé--
tence de la Cour et le droit touchant au fond sur lequel les demandes
reposent est pratiquement impossible, puisque dans ces affaires le
droit de fond des demandeurs, leur droit ou intérêtjuridique au regard
de l'objet des demandes, coïncide, peut-on dire, avec leur droit de sou-

mettre à la Cour un différend relatifà l'interprétation oà l'application
d'une disposition. Dans leurs requêtes, lesdemandeurs n'ont pas cher-
ché à obtenir quelque chose pour eux-mêmes. Ilsont demandé à la
Cour (si l'on présente en termes généraux leurs coilclusions finales)
de se prononcer principalement sur la question de l'exacte interpréta-
tion et de la bonne application des dispositions du Mandat, le défen-
deur ayant nié que sa politique ofncielle d'apartheid fût incompatible
avec l'article 22 du Pacte et, plus particulièrement, avec l'article 2 du
Mandat. Il ne s'agit pas ici d'exiger du Mandataire l'exécution des dis-
positions du Mandat ((relativesà la gestion».Il y aurait là, dans un
certain sens, un déplacement de la position réelle des demandeurs.

Les demandeurs n'imposent pas au Mandataire une certaine manière
d'exécuterle Mandat; ils ont posé àla Cour certaines questions: com-
ment faut-il interpréter les dispositions du Mandat? Le Mandataire
les applique-t-il correctement? Sa politique dans le territoire du Sud-
Ouest africain, qui a tant préoccupé l'opinion publique mondiale et
les Membres des Nations Unies, est-elle compatible avec les dispositions
du Mandat et avec son but et ses principes? Le droit des demandeursthe Applicants to apply to the Court on these matters was established
not aliter vel aliunde (see para.65), but in Article 7 (2). This right is
a right of judicial initiative, which one might compare mutatis mutandis
with legislativeinitiative.

(Signed) V. KORETSKY.de soumettre ces questions à la Cour est établiau deuxième alinéade
l'article (arrêt, paragraphe 65) et non pas en dehors de cet alinéa.Il
s'agit d'un droit d'initiative judiciaire que l'on pourrait comparer
mutatis mutandis à l'initiative en matièrelégislative.

(Signe) V. KORETSKY.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Koretsky

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