Dissenting Opinion by Judges Hackworth, Badawi, Levi Carneiro and Sir Benegal Rau

Document Number
011-19520827-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
011-19520827-JUD-01-00-EN
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DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGES HACKWORTH,

BADAWI, LEVI CARNEIRO AND SIR BENEGAL RAU

We feel bound to dissent from the Court on the conclusions
relating to consular jurisdiction, fiscal immunity and the inter-
pretation of Article 95 of the Act of Algeciras.

Consulaj rurisdiction

The Court has found that the United States is not entitled
to exercise, as of right, consular jurisdiction in the French Zone
of Morocco in cases other than those expressly provided for in the
Treaty of 1836 (Articles 20 and 21)and in the Act of Algeciras.

There is hardly anyone to-day who will question the general
proposition that what is known as the capitulatory regime is an
anachronism which should be brought to a speedy end, wherever
it exists. In fact the United States Government itself has at al1
times been ready to negotiate with both France and Morocco a new
arrangement or agreement "to replace and recast in a form more
properly adapted to present circumstances the treaty bounds origi-
nally contracted with the State of Morocco". (Rejoinder, page 43.)

The question in the present case is not whether the capitulatory

regime is good or bad, but whether and to what extent it subsists
on a legal basis in respect of United States nationals in Morocco.
This is the issue raised in the first Submission of the French Covern-
ment and the third Submission of the United States Government.
In both Submissions the reference is to Morocco.

The judgment of the Court is concerned with consular jurisdiction
only in the French Zone.
The Court holds that except for the limited consular jurisdiction
aforesaid, the United States claim to such jurisdiction came to an
end with the termination of the capitulatory rights and privileges
of Great Britain in that Zone by virtue of the Anglo-French Conven-
tion of 1937. We cannot accept this view.

By Article 10 of the Anglo-French Convention of 1937,the United

Kingdom agreed that henceforth it could not involte that Article
or Article20 (a most-favoured-nation clause) of the Anglo-Moroccan
General Treaty of 1856 for the purpose of claiming the "jurisdic-
tional privileges accorded on the basis of existing treaties concluded
by His Majesty the Sultan of Morocco and the United States of
America". Article 16 of the same Convention contains a similar
provision referring to "jurisdictional privileges enjoyed by the
Gnitcd States under treaties at present in force". It mentions
43Article 20 of the General Treaty oi 1856 and also Article 13, another
most-favoured-nation clause. From these provisions it appears that
in the opinion of the parties to the Convention, that is to Say, in
the opinion of the French Government and the British Govern-
ment, the United States would continue to enjoy "jurisdictional
privileges", as of right, in Morocco, even after the Anglo-French
Convention of 1937 came into force.
After the signature of the Convention, the French Ambassador
in Washington wrotc to the Secrctary of State on August 26th,
1937 : "The Cnited States enjoys in Morocco the capitulatory
regime by virtue of the Treaty concluded between the two Powers
on September 16th, 1836." He then referred to Article 25 of the
Treaty of 1836 and continued : "The above-inentioned Convention
between the I:nited States and Rlorocconot having been denounced,
the Vnited States continues to benefit by the capitulatory regime
in Morocco. In fact, following the conclusioii of the Franco-Britan-
ilic Agreement (of 1937), it remains to-day the last Power in a

position to avail itself of that regime. In advising Your Excellency
of the desire of my Government to conclude with the Americaii
Government an agreement which would put an end to this regime,
1 take the liberty of recalling to Your Excellency that during the
Conference of Montreux, which ended the regime of the capitula-
tions in Egypt, the representative of the American Government
made declarations indicating the conciliatory spirit in which the
American Government intended to settle this question ....These
declarations have given my Government reason to think that, like
the British Government, the American Government will be willing
to consent to the abolition of the regimc of capitulations in
hlorocco."
In the light of these statemeilts, it seeins clear that in 1937, the
French Government regarded the United States as entitled to avail
itself of the capitulatory regime even after the Anglo-French Conven-
tion of 1937. We concur in this view and consider that the "juris-
dictional privileges" referred to in Articles IO and 16 of the Anglo-
French Convention of 1937 can mean nothing else than full consular

jurisdiction. According to those Articles, these jurisdictional privi-
leges rested "on tlie basis of existing treaties". This brings us to the
most important of these treaties, viz., the Act of Algeciras.

We regard the Act of Algeciras as so fundamental that "every
article arid clause thercof must be observed and fulfilled with good
faith". These were the words addresred to the United States and
its citizens by President Tlieodore Roosevelt wlier! causing the Act
to be made public in 1907. The importance of the Act and of the
principlcs which it embodies has been ackno\vledged by all. We217 DISS. OPIN. (u.s.NATIONALS IN I~IOROCCO)

therefore consider that in interpreting the Act due effect must be
given not only to its express provisions but also to the underlying
implications which lend coherence and meaning to the express pro-
visions. Otherwise the entire structure of the Act may be under-
mined. So far as the United States is concerned, none of its provi-
sions have been abrogated or renounced.
The Act of Algeciras is a great multilateral convention directly
binding upon Morocco and the United States as well as the other
signatory Powers. Its status in regard to the old bilateral treaties,
as an independent and superior act, is formally expressed in its last
Article 123. The sclieme of rights and obligations which it estab-
lished, whether expressly or by necessary implication, as between

Morocco and the United States can not, therefore, be allowed to be
impaired by any transactions concluded between any of the other
signatories without the concurrence of both Morocco andthe United
States. Thisappears to us to befundamental.
At the date of the Act of Algeciras, al1 the foreign signatory
States had acquired, by usage or by treaty and usage, full consular
jurisdiction in Morocco. The system in its entirety had been well
established for at least fifty years, as shown by the Anglo-Moroccan
General Treaty of 1856. The Act adopted the system as it stood and,
far from seeking to end it or to modify it in aiiy way, extended it to
the new criminal prosecutions and civil suits that might arise under
the Act. We need not enumerate al1the articles of the Act in which
this has been done, but shallmention only the salient ones. Article 29
extends the consular system to prosecutions for violations of the
Regulations in Chapter II of the Act, and Articles IOI and 102 to
those of the Regulations in Chapter V. Article 45 extends the system

to actions instituted by the State Bank of Morocco against foreign
nationals. The extent to which the capitulatory system, with al1its
implications, is embedded in the Act is indicated by the fact that
when Great Britain renounced the system in the French Zone by
the Convention of 1937, the effect was declared in the Protocol of
Signature of the Convention to be "to involve the renunciation by
His Majesty the King of the right to rely upon" no less than 78
articles out of the 123 articles of the Act.

We consider that the Act has adopted the system. It was the
naturnl thing ro do at that date and it was an obvious inducement
to the foreign signatory Powcrs not only to assent to al1 the laws
and regulations made by or under the Act, but to uphold what was
of paramount importance to the ruler of Morocco at that time,
namely, "the triple principle of the sovereignty and independence
of H.M. the Sultan, the integrity of his domains and economic

libertywithout any inecluality", which was declared in the Preamble
of the Act to be the foundation of a new order.218 DISS. OPIN. (u.s. N.4TIONALS IN J'IOROCCO)

The consular system has been adopted in the Act,not so much by
express provision as by necessary implication. It would have
occurred to no one to do so except by implication, because the
system \vas part of the established order at that time. To give effect
to the bare provisions of the Act and ignore this basic implication
in respect of al1 other cases of the exercise of consular jurisdiction
~vouldresult in curious anomalies. For example, it is admitted that
actions against a United States national by the State Bank of
liorocco must, under Article 45 of the Act, be brought before the

Lnited States consular court ; but not any other civil action by a
hloroccan or a foreigner. Ilihat is there peculiar to the Bank's actions
that they and they alone should be tried by the consular court ?
Similarly, mrhat is the special feature of prosecutions for breach of
customç and arms regulations that they and they alone should be
dealt with by the consular court under Chapters II and V of the
.Act ?Furthermore, what is there peculiarly onerous about the taxes
mentioned in Chapter IV of the Act that they and only they should
be leviable froin foreign nationals subject tothe safeguardsprovided
in that Chapter, while other and perhaps heavier taxes may be
freely levied ? It is difficult to find a satisfactory answer to these
clucstions.

It seems to iis that if the Act of Algeciras is to be maintained as

n logical and coherent structure, the full consular system cmbedded
iri it must be adopted.
Tliere is no danger that this adoption ~vould confer upon the
system any longer lease of life thm it would otherwise have had.
For, even without the Act, the system, being based inter alia upon
long-established usage, which is only another name for agreement
by conduct, can only be terminated in the way in which interna-
tional agreements can be terminated ;and its adoption in the Act
makes no difference in this respect.

VITenow come to the implications of another important multi-
lateral treaty, the Convention of Madrid. Article 5 of the Conven-
tion makes special l>rovision for the trial of civil suits against
protégés commcnced before protection is granted arid against
ex-protégés before protection is withdrawn ; it also provides that

the right of protection shall not be exercised towards protégés under
prosecution for a crime before they have been tried by the author-
ities of the country or before their sentence has been executed.
These provisions necessarily imply that civil suits and prosecutions
ngairist the protégésof any foreign Potver that signed the Conven-
tion are normally to be tried by the consular courts of that Power ;
othcrwise the Article, which prescribes special rules for pending
cases, tvoiild be unintelligible. Amongst the protégésare not only
40Moorish subjects cmployed by the legation and the consular officers
of the foreign Power, but also a certain number of Moorish factors,
brokers, or agents employed by foreign merchants for their business
affairs. Articles I and IO of the Convention maintain thc position
of these factors, brokers and agents unchanged.

The Convention in still in force, so far as the United States is
concerned, so that United States protégésare still entitled to its
benefits. If such is the position of United States protégés, who are
Moroccan subjects, a fortiori must it be the position of United
States nationals, who are in some cases their employers in business.
This was the view of the French Government itself in 1905, as
evidenced by a despatch dated August z~st, 1905, addressed by
the President of the French Cabinet to the French Iliplomatic
Representatives in London, Petrograd, Berlin, Rome, Vienna,

Washington, Brussels, The Hague, Copenhagen, Stockholm and
Lisbon.
"Our Minister at Tangier informs me that the Shereefian Govern-
ment has iniprisoned one of Our Algerian subjects ....and made
linown its intention to remove him from our jurisdiction.
This fact is a violation of treaties.

1111the Powers signatories with hZoroccoto the Madrid Conven-
the respect of the principles w1iic:hare put in issue. Ry virtue of a
rule recognizedby this international instrument, Moroccan protégés
are removed from Moroccan jurisdiction ; a fortiorthe foreigners,
subjects of the Powers, must benefit of the same advantage.
1 would appreciate your indicating to the Government to which
you are accredited the point of view of the Government of the
[French] Republic ...."(Rejoinder, p.34.)

At thedate of the Madrid Convention, the signatory Powers were,
independently of the Convention, entitled to claim full consular
jurisdiction for their nationals, and therefore it was not necessary
to mention this right separately in the Convention itself. But even
where the external sources of the right have ceased, the right
continues to flow from the express provisions which have been
inserted in the Convention itself in respect of protégés.

The Court has rejected the contention of the United States
Government basing its claim to consular jurisdiction and other
capitulatory rights in Morocco on "custom and usage". The rejec-
tion appears to proceed on the ground that sufficient evidence hasnot been produced in support of the claim. We considcr that the
evidence available is sufficient.
Usage is an established source of extraterritorial jurisdiction and
has, for example, been enumerated as a lawful source in the
Preamble to the British Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1890, which
recites that "by treaty, capitulation, grant, usage, sufferance and
other lawful means, Her Majesty the Queen has jiirisdiction within
divers foreign countries". Usage and sufferance are only different
names for agreement by prolonged conduct, which may be no less
binding than agreement by the written word. The full consular
jurisdiction which the 'C'nitedStates in fact exercises in Morocco
to this day has been in existence for nearly a hundred years, if not
longer ; and during this long period both treaties and usage, in the
broad sense of these terms, have contributed to the total result in
varying measure. It is not possible, nor is it of any practical inter-
est, at this distance of time, to isolate and assess separately the
contribution made by each of these sources. Both were at work
supplementing each other.

The first treaty in which full consular jurisdiction was conceded
by the,ruler of Morocco to a foreign Power appears to be the Anglo-
Moroccan General Treaty of 1856. It is admitted in the French
Government's Reply to the Counter-Riemorial of the United States
Government that this Treaty incorporated existing usages, which
necessarily implies that usage was at work even before 1856. It is
true that the admission has been made for the purpose of contend-
ing that after incorporation the usages shared the fate of the Treaty,
a contention with which we do not agree ; nevertheless, there is
the admission that the Treaty incorporated prior usage.

Article XIV of that Treaty and Article XVI of the Treaty of
1861 between Morocco and Spain are, equally, evidence that usage
was at work before, as well as during, the period of these two
Treaties. These Articles provide that litigation between British sub-
jects or Spanish subjects and other forcigners shall be decided solely
in the tribunal of the foreign consuls \vithout the interference of
the hioorish Government "according to the established usages which
have hitherto been acted upon or may hereafter be arranged between

such consuls", or "could according to established forms, or accord-
ing to those which may be agreed upon among the said consuls".
This shows that usage \vas operating and was supplementing
treaties both before and after 1856 and 1861.
It is also significant that United States Congressional legislation
has, ever since 1860, invested the consular courts in hlorocco with
jurisdiction in both criminal and civil matters "so far as the same
is allowed by treaty, and in accordance with the usages of the
countries in their intercource with the Franks or other Christian
ilntions". In other words, the Cnited States has been openly relying
4son usage as one of the sources of its jurisdiction ever since 1860.

Even after 1937, when, according to the French Government, the
benefits of the capitulatory provisions of the Treaties of 1856 and
1861 were no longer available to the United States, the French
Government has been transmitting Moroccan taxation and other
laws to the United States Government in order to have them made
applicable to United States nationals in the French Zone. The
assent of the United States to taxation laws was sought in this
way some twenty-three times in the period 1938-1948. This could
only be on the ground that jurisdiction to enforce these laws
against United States nationals lay with the United States consular
courts.
The conduct of the French Government was not due merely
to what was described during the hearings as "gracious tolerance".
As early as October 1937, the Secretary of State of the United

States wrote as follows to the French Ambassador in Washington :
"1 observe that in your Note [of August 26, 19371,reference is
made to Article 25 of thc American-Moroccan Treaty of Septem-
ber 16, 1836,which provides for the termination of the Trcaty upon
one year's notice given by either party. In order that there may
be no misunderstanding, 1 think it is pertinent to point out that
American capitulatory rights in hlorocco are derived not only
from the American-MoroccanTreaty of 1836, but also from other
treaties, conventions, or agreements and confirmed by long-
established custom and usage."
Thus the French Government knew in 1937 that the United States
was asserting usage as at least one legal basis of its rights, and
in spite of this knowledge, the French Government continued the
old practice without any reservation. It \vas not, therefore, a
case of mere "gracious tolerance". As we have shown, usage has
been continuously at work, in varying measure, during a period
of nearly a hundred years, if not longer, and, therefore, what has

been happening since 1937 is evidence of a continuous process
which began nearly a century before that date.

It is significant thatring the years 1914-1916, France negotiated
a series of agreements with foreign States by which they renounced
claiming their "rights and privileges arising out of the regime of
capitulations" in the French Zone. Some of these States, such as
Switzerland, Greece and Japan, had never entered into treaty
relations of any sort with Morocco. Only through usage could
these States have acquired the rights which they undertook not
to claim. The position of the United States can not be worse
merely because it had treaties with Morocco containing most-
favoured-nation clauses. It has often been said in the course of this case that the United

States is now the only Power that has not renounced its capitulatory
rights in Morocco. This is hardly accurate. The renunciation by
Great Britain in the Aiiglo-French Convention of 1937 is confined
to the French Zone ;so too is the renunciation (such as it is) by
Spain in the Franco-Spanish Ileclaration of 1914. Keither of
these renunciations extcnds to the whole of 14orocco which the
llnited States still treats as a single country. Moreover, there
are still "French tribunals" in the French Zone and "Spanish
tribunals" in the Spanish Zone. Thesc, it may be noted, are the
names used in the Franco-Spanish Declaration of 1914.Technically,
the French tribunals are not consular courts ; but in fact they
exercise, as part of their functions, the jurisdiction formerly
exercised by the Frencli consular courts. The Cnited States is
not therefore claiming a uiiique position. Such inequality as may
appear to exist is the result, not of the claim of the United States,
but of attempts to secure piecemeal reniinciatioii, from each
signatory Power, of rights which had accrued to al1 of tliem
cqually through usage and treatics, particularly the Convention

of Madrid and the Act of :Ilgcciras. This appears to be admittcd
in the Mernorial of the French Governinent :

"hlorco\.er,iiiMorocco especially, tlie disappearance of c;rpitul-
atory privi1egc.sin general had logically to result frosimultaneous
action Dy ~~1 1oreign I'owers. Otlierwisc, inequalitics of status
would havc rcsulted which would have been in contradiction witli
tlie gcsneral contractiial principles governing the international
statiis of the Shereefian Empire." (Mernorial,1).47.)

Our conclusion, upon this part of the case, is that the third
Sub~riissioiiof the Government of the Gnited States, which relates
to its jurisdictional privileges, must be accepted, even apart from
the effect of the most-favoured-nation clauses in its Treaty of
1836 with hIorocco.

Fiscal Imnzz~~zity

The right to tax necessarily implies the right to take coercive
ineasures in case of non-payment. It follo\vs from what tve have
said on the issue of consular jurisdiction that no coercive measures
can be taken against the person or property of nationals of the
United States except with the aid of the consular courts of the
Vnitcd States, which, in the ultimate analysis, means the assent
of the Cnited States. In this sense, and to this extent, thercfore,
thcy enjoy a general immunity from Rloroccan taxation, apart
fro11-ithe effcct of any most-favoured-nation clause. We need not repeat our arguments regarding consular juris-

diction based on the Convention of Madrid and the Act of
Algeciras. But there are certain special provisions both in the
Convention and the Act which relate to taxes on foreigners and
to which we would invite attention.
The Convention of Madrid provides for the levy of two taxes
on foreigners, the agricultural tax and the gate tax. Article 12
deals with the agricultural tax and is in the following terms :
"Foreigners and protected persons who are the owners or tenants
of cultivated land, as well as brokers engaged in agriculture, shall
pay the agricultural tax. They shall send to their Consul annually,
an exact statement of what they possessdelivering into his hands the
amount of the tax.
He who shall make a false statement shall be fined double tlie
amount of the tax that he would regularly have been obliged to
pay for the property not declared. 111case of repeated offense this
fine shallbc doubled.
The nature, method, date and apportionment of this tax shall
form the subject of a specialregulation between the Representatives
of the Powers and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of His Shereefian
Majesty."
Article 13 deals with the gate tax and runs thus :

"Foreigners, protected persons and brokers owning beasts of
burden shall pay what is called the gate-tax. The apportionment
and the manner of collecting this tax which ispaid alikeby foreigners
and natives, shall likewise form the subject of a special regulation
Foreign Affairs of His Shereefian Majesty.and the hlinister of
The said tax shall not be increased without a new agreement
with the Representatives of the Powers."

Chapter IV of the Act of Algeciras provided for the levy of some
additional taxes from foreigners. In the case of every one of these
new taxes, as in the case of those provided for in the Convention of
Madrid, special safeguards are prescribed. The "tertib" leviable
under Article 59 is not to be applied to foreign subjects except under
the conditions stipulated by the Regulations of the Diplornatic
Body at Tangier on November 23rd, 1903. This Regulationprovided,
inter alia, that if a foreigner or protégé refused to pay the tax in
time and coercive Ineasures became necessary, these measures
would be taken exclusively through the consular authorities. Safe-

guards are provided under Article 61 in respect of the building
taxes ;under Article 64 in respect of certain taxes on trades, indus-
tries, and professions ; under Article 65 in respect of the stamp tax,
the transfer tax on the sale of real estate, the statistical and weighing
tax and the wharfage and lighthouse dues ; under Article 70 in
respect of harbour dues ; under Article 71 in respect of customs-
storage dues.been abrogated by the Declarations of 1914 made by Spain and
France on behalf of Rlorocco.

In view of the fact that Spain was not represented before the
Court during the hearings, we think it inadvisable to base any
conclusion upon a definite finding that any part of the Treaty of
1861 with Spain has been abrogated or that it has not been abro-
gated. Without pronouncing any definite opinion one way or the
other, we may point out that the abrogation of the Treaty is more
than doubtful.
Article 63 provides :
"It is agreed that aftcr IO years have transpired from the day
the excliange of the ratifications of the present Treaty, eitfier
the two contracting Parties sliall have a right to demand the
modification of the Treaty ; but until such nzodification shall have
tnken filace by nzufual agreemen!, or a new treaty shall have been
concluded and ratified, the firpsent one skull conti~tucilu11 force
and vigozu,."

Neither the Convention of 1912 between France and Spain, nor
the Declarations of 7th March and of 14th November 1914, seem
to accomplish the modification of the Treaty by mutual agreement,
since in neither of them did France purport to act on behalf of
Morocco. The letter of the French Embassy of 10th January 1917
to the Department of State (see Annexes to Counter-Memorial,
P. z77), referring to the Spanish rights mentioned in Article I of
the Treaty of Fez, specifies expressly that they were defined "by
an agreement between the Governments, not of Morocco, but of
France and Spain".
On the otl-iër hand, these agreements do not seem to stipulate any
renunciation by either of the two Governments of its capitulatory
rights in the other zone, in the Ray the United Kingdom renounced

its own rights by the 1937 Convention. The difference between the
formula adopted in the Declarations of 1914 and that of the 1937
Convention is not without significance. To renounce claiming a
right may be nothing more than the suspension of the exercise of
that ri"iht.
The renunciation was made in view of the guarantees of judicial
cquality offered to foreigners by the French or Spanish tribunals
respcctively. It may therefore be considered as subject to a condi-
tion. In this case, each of the two Governments would be entitled
to re-open the question of its rights in the event of the guarantees
proving to be ineffective, or the tribunals ceasing to exist or being
substantially modified, or in the event of a change in the political
position of either of tliem.
It has hcen contended that there is no difference between thc
two formulas, that the choice of the wording of the Declarationsof
1914 is merely due to considerations of diplornatic convenience, and finally that it was the same formula \\,hich was used by France in

more than 20 1)eclarations hy which it obtained bctrvcen 1914 and
1916 the renunciation of the Po\vers subscribing to these 1)eclara-
tions. It is asserted that France was ciitircly free to clioose either
of the two formulas, and that its choice must thercfore be construed
as evidence of their perfect equivalence.
In fact, these 20 1)eclarations which are posterior to the Spanish
Ileclaration, have simply followed the pattern of that Ileclar t' ion.

They woiild not, by themselves, impair any conclusion which may
be draw~i from the wording of their model.
In these conditions, the most-favoiired-nation clauses grantcd to
the Cnited States by the Treaty of 1836 l, \vhen applied to the
Treaty of 1861, viewed in the light of the 1914 Declarations, ma'
have the cffect of extending to the lTnited States al1 the rights and
favours granted 1)vthat Treaty, notwithstanding the suspension of

their exFrcise by Spain.
It is recognized that the failure by a Powcr, to which a favoiir
has been grantecl, to exercise that favour tloes not affect or prcjudicc,
right of any othcr Pou~ercntitlcd to that favour by virtue of a
most-favoured-nation claiise. For al1 useful purposcs, siispcnding
the exercise of a falrour is equivalent to failure to exercise it. Thcre-

forc, nothing would or should preclude the Cnited States from cxcr-
cising the capitulatory rights granted 11ythe Treaty of 1861.

T'hisconclusion may be considered to 1)csupportcd bjr a ~Iccision
of 12th .July 1924, delivered by the Court of Appeal of Rabat, the
highcst French judicial authority in Rlorocco (sce I>alloz, Recrleil
fikvio(/iqzle,1925, Part II, p. 35).

RJTthis decision the Court grantcd an exeq~tntl~(rrxecutory title)
for the cxecution of a judgmcnt bj- one of thc national i\~loroccaii
tribunals in a case relating to a matter of rcal property, a matter
wliich had always bcen considered in the capitulntory regime to bv
~vithin their exclusive jurisdiction. This regilîle had, lio\ve!.er,
cle\~eloped an indirect control on the cxercise of that jurisdiction,

113.subjecting the execution of such judgments to an exequatz~rto
be granted by the consul.
According to the decision of the Court of Rabat, this riglit for
the consul derives from Article 5 of the Sreaty of 1861 bctween
nforocco and Spain and has been extentled to al1 the other capitiil-
atory Powers by virtue of the most-favoured-nation clause.
In exercising that right in 1924, the Court must therefore have

lic~ldthat at that period both the French and Spanish Capitulations
\zrcrc still iri force in the Frcricli Zonci of Rforocco. The Spanish
('apitirlations continiicd theri to I)e a source of thnt right in that

'L'licniost-fa\-oiirc(IIn:claiisiii.2rticl(2.4of tlic 'frcatof 1930 r~insas
fr>llons":...ancl it is Iiirtlicr tlcclarc(l tliat intliilgcncc., in tr;itl(: or otlicr-
wisc,, sliall t)c jirato any of ttic ChristianI>o\\.rrs, tlic citioftlii. I.nitc.(l
States sliall l>c cqualcntitlt-cl to tliciri".
5 1Zone, ~vhilethe French Capitulations, by virtue of the most-favoured
nation clause, made it possible for the French Court of Rabat,
successor of the French consular court, to receive and exercise that
right.

Article 95
Both France and the United States agree that Article 95 of the
Act of Algcciras defines the value on the basis of which the ad
valorervtduties of 124 % are to be liquidated. Each of them gives
an intcrpretation of this provision, as regards imported goods, dif-
ferent from the other's and each disputes the other's interpretation.

That the two Governments are justified in considering that
Article 95 defines that value is borne out by Article 96, which,
while setting up a committee on valuations, requires that com-
mittee to appraise the value of the chief articles of merchandise
dutiable in the Moorish customs 14nderthe conditions specifiedin the
foregoing article.Article 95 must therefore be considered to have
laid down the definition of that value.
Which, then, of the two interpretations is the correct one?
France interprets the value in question to be the local market
value, while the United States interprets it to be the export value
plus freight, insurance and similar expenses.

Both methods of valuation have been and are known in Morocco
as well as in other countries, either as exclusive or as combined

mcthods. In Morocco, the local market value had been adopted by
the Cierman Treaty of 1890 (Article 2). The greater number of
countries adopt, however, the other method of valuation. Some-
times, the local market value is adopted when the export or foreign
market value can not be ascertained, or when it is desired to adopt
l~rotectionist measures or to conceal a higher customs duty under
the guise of a moderate one.

The point which concerns us here is what the framers of the Act
of Algeciras intended to establish by Article 95, and how this
provision was understood by the Moroccan authorities from 1906
to 1912 and has been understood by the Protectorate authorities
since.
In Article 95 two phrases are the subject of contention between
the Parties. In the following sentence they are underlined :

"The wholesale value of tlie merchandise delivered in the
custom-house alidfree /rom cz~stonzdutics and storugedues."

If the natural sense of these two phrases yields a coherent and
reasonable proposition, then this proposition can only be set aside
55if sufficient evidence is adduced to prove that it could not have
been contemplated.
The first phrase refers to transportation of merchandise from
the place of origin to the custom-house and thereby conveys an
indication of the two elements of the value inseparably connected,
viz., export value and expenses of transportatiori.
The second phrase describes, in the technical language of

customs, an article of merchandise without or before the levj.
of customs dues. This description excludes any connection with
local inarket value, since the latter includes customs dues and
can only be used as a basis for valuation after these dues have
been deducted. The usual expression in this case would be "after
deduction of customs duties" (see below Tieaty of Commerce of
1938 between the United Kingdom and Morocco, signed but
not ratified).
Both phrases, therefore, point to the export or foreign market
value of country of origin plus freight and insurance.

It is truc that Article 95 applies to exports and imports, but
this double function must imply that the terms employed refer
equally to both operations. In fact, local market value for exports
would correspond perfectly to market value of the country of
origin.
It must be noted that Article 95 does not provide for the whole
procedure of valuation. To ascertain this procedure, Article 95
must be read in conjunction with Article 96. This last provision
sets up a committee on customs valuations to appraise annually
the chief articles of merchandise dutiable in the Moorish customs.
This appraisal is, however, to be made ztnderthe conditions specified
inArticle 95. Article 96 does not prescribe the establishnient of
minimum and maximum values, but the schedule referred to in
that Article has contained both, either to allow for the different
qualities or for the different countries of origin of goods, or for

any other reason.

In any case, two inethods of valuation have been adopted in
the execution of the Act of Algeciras, one for the chief articles
of merchandise and another for others. Both these methods have
a common basis.
In Our view, this common basis is the market value of the
country of origin. Any necessary guidance for verifying declared
values is provided for by the Schedule of Values fixed under
Article 96.
This brings us to the provisions relating to declarationscontaincd
in Articles 82 to 86.
Article 82 of the Act requircs importers to file in the custoin-
house a dcclaration stating, inter alia, the value of the nierchandisc. -4rticles 83 to 86 provide penalties for inaccurate statements
by the importer concerning the kind, quality or value of imported
goods.
As to value, Article 85 states that if the declaration should
be fourid to be inaccurate as to the "declared value" and the
declarant should be unable to prove his good faith, certain results
shall follow.
Now it would be reasonable to suppose that had it been intended
that the market value in Morocco should be the basis for deter-
mining the customs duty, there could have been little purpose
in attaching such importance to a declaration by the importer.

Moreover, the market value in Morocco would reflect many
charges attaching to the goods after leaving the custom-house,
such as transportation, warehousing, handling, commissions and
other expenses incident to placing the goods on the market, and
the profit realized by the importer and by any brokers or middle-
men. Obviously, there is room for a wide difference between the
local market value of goods and the value at the time of delivery
to the custom-house. Local market values may fluctuate, depending
upon the plenitude or scarcity of the goods at a given time.

In conclusion, the text of Article 95 presents no ambiguity,
unless we do violence to the word "rendue" to find therein a
reference to the local market or to the word "frnnche" by making
it synonymous with "déductionfaite".

Assuming that the text is ambiguous, the examination of the
travaux préparatoiresmight throw some light on its interpretation.
The original draft (Art. 19) siibmittcd to the Conference of
Algeciras provided :

"Les droits ad valoremseront liquidéset payésd'aprèsla valeur
cn gros et ail comptant de la n-iarcliandiseau pdetdébarquement
ou au bureau d'entrbc s'il s'agitd'importation."
[Translation]
"The ad valor~wcduties shall be liquidated and paid according
to the wholesale value of tlie merchandise at the port of landing.
or at the biireaii of entry, in the case of imports."

The provision contrasts with that in the older treaties, especially
the Treaty between Morocco and Germany (1890). Tt does not
make the market value either of the port of landing or the bureau
of entry the basis of liquidation of customs duties. The reference
to the port or to the bureau relates simply to the destination
of the merchandise and is clearly made with a view to including
the expenses incurred in transporting the merchandise up to the
port or to the bureau. This reference naturally implies the adoption
of thc market value of the countrjr of origin. To this draft an amendment was proposed by the delegate of
Great Britain at the 8th sitting of the Conference and was accepted.
It simply replaced "at the port of landing or at the bureau of
entry, in the case of imports," by the words "au bztrea5~de doziane

et franche des droits de doz~a?ze".([Tralzslationj-".4t the custom-
house and free from customs duties".) Later, at the 15th sitting,
the German and British delegates deposited amendments, not to
Article 19 but to Article 20, which has become Article 96 of thc
Act of Algcciras.
The German amendment reads as follows :

[Translation]
"Tlic: diititjs ai't7/0~cmlevied in Alorocco on iniports sliall bc

calculated or. the value wliich the importctd article haa in the place
of loatling or huying, iricreased liy expenses for transportation
and insurance to the port of unloacling in Morocco.
In order to fixfor a s1)eîificdperiod thc value in the port of entry
of the more important articles wliicli are taxed, the Aforoccan Cus-
toms Administration will invite the principal merchants interested
in the import trade to procecd iii agrcc.ment with it, to the establisli-
ment of a tariff for a period not to escced twelve months. The tariff
so estalilished shall be coinmuiiicaled by the Moroccan Customs to
tlie Diplomatie Body and shall at the s:imc time be officially
pul~lished.
It will be consideretl officially recognized so far as conccriis
the products of the ressortissants of signütorv States, in so far
;is no mc~nljerof the Diplornatic Body wil! liave formally opposed it
during the two weel<swhicli will follo\v tlie official publicaticn arid
:lie communication addresscd to tlic Diplomatie Body."

'l'licamendment not only provides for a procedure for establish-
iiig a tariff for a specificd pcriod, which was the subject-matter cf
the proxkiions of the original Article 20, but takes up again the
question of fixation of value, whicli had already heen decided at
the 8th sitting.
This amendm.cnt raised the objcctioii of the French delegate, not

as regards tI-icmethod of fixation of value, which no one opposecl,
but as regards the composition of the body or corninission for the
establishment of the tariff. The two amendments were referred to
thc I?rafting Committee, which adopted a text based on the British
amendment to the sanie Article (Art. 20). Thereforc, al1 that can
I)e said in respect of the first paragraph of the German amendment

is that it was not maintaincd by the Ilrafting Committee. But the
rcason for this lies in the fact that the question raised in that para-
graph had already been adopted as Article 19, which has become
Article 95. It can not then be said that it has been rejccted on the
ground that it statcd a rule which the Conference was unwilling to
adopt. In fact, it rcpeated in more detailed forni the purport of the

1:ritish l)ropusal presented at the 8th sitting.
j6: In short, the German amendment was not adopted, not because

it was controverted on the point with which we are now concerned,
but because of its other unsatisfactory features.
In the final draft, Articles 19 and 20 of the draft of Customs

regulations (which became in the final Act of Algeciras Articles 95
and 96) were slightly modified, the first by the addition of the word
"rendue" before the words "au bureau" and the second by the

addition of the phrase "dans les coltditions specifiéesIi l'article pré-
cédent",thus linking the two provisions.

As regards the practice followed in the period subsequent to the
Act of Algeciras, the evidence resulting from the documents filed
by the Parties is in favour of the interpretation put forward by the

United States in respect of the measures adopted during the period
of 1908-1912. It is even decisive in respect of the period following the

Protectorate up to 1928. The letter of 1912 of M. Luret, the chief
representative in Morocco of French bondholders in control of the
Moroccan Customs Administration 1, as well as the Regulations

publislied by the Customs Administration in 1928 2, relevant
extracts of which are reproduced below, can leave no doubt in this
respect.

1 "Following a complaint from the American Minister concerning customs
duties assessed against inlports of the Vacuum Oil Company, hc wrote to the Amer-
ican Minister that the Company liad failed to furnish the original invoiceswhich
could be checked againstquotationson the market of originand defined the dutiable
value of imported merchandise under Article 95 of the Act of Algeciras thus :

[Translation]

"This value comprises tlie purchase price of the petroleum f.0.b. New York
increased by al1 expenses subsequent to the purchase, such as outgoing dues
paid at foreign custom-liouses, transportation, packing, freiglitinsurance,
manipulation, landing, et cetera, in a word, everything that contributes to
constitute, at the moment of presentation at the custom-house, the cash
wholesale value of the product, on the basis of which, according to Article 95

of the Act of Algeciras, the duties must be paid." (Translation ;quoted in the
Note dated November 13, 1947, from the American Consul General at Casa-
blanca to the Diplornatic Counsellor of the French Residency ; Annex 59.)

[Translation] " (81) Merchandise taxed on value :

By the terms of Article 95 of the Act of Algeciras, the duties ad valorem
are liquidated according to the cash wholesale value of the merchandise
dclivered to the custom-house and free from customs duties and storage fees.
The value of this mercliandise for the application of the tariffis consequently
that which it has in the place and at the moment it is presented for payment
of duties. It comprises, therefore, in addition to tlie purchase price in tlie However, since 1930 a new policy of valuation based, more or
less, on the local market value has been asserted by draft regula-
tions prepared by the Protectorate authorities. They have given
rise to protests from various foreign Powers and bodies. As evi-

denced by the documents filed by the Parties, the same policy was
equally asscrted in the proceedings of the Committee on Valuation
instituted by Article 50 of the Statute of Tangiers to replace that
provided for by Article 96 of the Act of Algeciras. It gave rise to
conflicting attitudes by the member representing the International
Zone of Tangier and the twoother members representing the French

and Spanish Zones. The two sides sustained the two interpretations
put forward in the present instance, without the issue being settled
in one way or the other. The Committee had no authority to decide
the issue, but the concrete decisions on valuation were generally
taken by a majority vote of the French and Spanish members.

This part of the history of Article 95, revealed by the documents
filed at the end of the oral proceedings, brings no contribution to
the interpretation of that provision. It merely shows that the conflict
gors as far back as 1930. However, a document referred to in the
annexes of the Counter-Rlemorial throws great light on this matter

of interpretation. It is the Treaty of Commerce of 1938 between
Riioroccoand the Cnited Kingdom, signed but not ratified. It had
been communicated to the United States in order to be considered
with the 1937 Anglo-French Convention as models for a double
convention of the same nature between Morocco and the United

States (Annexes to Counter-Mernorial, p. 322).
There was an exchange of Notes between the French and British
Governments at th? time of the signature of the Convention on
July 18th, 1938. In its Note (No. 5) of that date, the British
Government states that it has been informed by the French Govern-
ment that thc provisions contained in Chapter V of the Act of

Algeciras (which includes Article 95) are, in the opinion of that
Government, incompatible with modern conditions and that the
said Government has communicated to it certain provisions which
it intends to incorporate in the customs legislation. It also states
that the Government of the United Kingdom is prepared to give
its consent to the abrogation of the provisions contained in the

said Chapter. A new text is annexed to this Note which is intended
to be substituted for the provision of Article 95 and which sets out

foreign country, the expenses following the purchase such as the export
dutics paid to foreigncustoms, the transportationor freight, insurance,
expenses for unloading,ina word al1 wliich contributeto form upon arriva1
in Morocco the wliolcsale value of tlic merclian(exceptingcustoms duties
and storage fees), thais tlic currrnpricc of the ~ii<.rcliandisc in tlie place
wherc the customs dutiesare assessed."the view now put forward by France. (Command 5823 (1938),
PP, 49-54.)
-411this shows that the view now put fcnvard by France as an
interpretation of Article was described by France and the United
Kingdom in 1938 as an abrogation of that Article.

Accordingly we find that, in applying Article95 01 the Act of
Algeciras, the only value to beaken account of is the value in the
country of origin plus expenses incident to transportatioto the
custom-house in Morocco.

(Signed) Green H. HACKWORTH.
(Signed) A. BADAWI.

(Signed)LEVICARNEIRO.

(Signed)B. N. RAU.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGES HACKWORTH,

BADAWI, LEVI CARNEIRO AND SIR BENEGAL RAU

We feel bound to dissent from the Court on the conclusions
relating to consular jurisdiction, fiscal immunity and the inter-
pretation of Article 95 of the Act of Algeciras.

Consulaj rurisdiction

The Court has found that the United States is not entitled
to exercise, as of right, consular jurisdiction in the French Zone
of Morocco in cases other than those expressly provided for in the
Treaty of 1836 (Articles 20 and 21)and in the Act of Algeciras.

There is hardly anyone to-day who will question the general
proposition that what is known as the capitulatory regime is an
anachronism which should be brought to a speedy end, wherever
it exists. In fact the United States Government itself has at al1
times been ready to negotiate with both France and Morocco a new
arrangement or agreement "to replace and recast in a form more
properly adapted to present circumstances the treaty bounds origi-
nally contracted with the State of Morocco". (Rejoinder, page 43.)

The question in the present case is not whether the capitulatory

regime is good or bad, but whether and to what extent it subsists
on a legal basis in respect of United States nationals in Morocco.
This is the issue raised in the first Submission of the French Covern-
ment and the third Submission of the United States Government.
In both Submissions the reference is to Morocco.

The judgment of the Court is concerned with consular jurisdiction
only in the French Zone.
The Court holds that except for the limited consular jurisdiction
aforesaid, the United States claim to such jurisdiction came to an
end with the termination of the capitulatory rights and privileges
of Great Britain in that Zone by virtue of the Anglo-French Conven-
tion of 1937. We cannot accept this view.

By Article 10 of the Anglo-French Convention of 1937,the United

Kingdom agreed that henceforth it could not involte that Article
or Article20 (a most-favoured-nation clause) of the Anglo-Moroccan
General Treaty of 1856 for the purpose of claiming the "jurisdic-
tional privileges accorded on the basis of existing treaties concluded
by His Majesty the Sultan of Morocco and the United States of
America". Article 16 of the same Convention contains a similar
provision referring to "jurisdictional privileges enjoyed by the
Gnitcd States under treaties at present in force". It mentions
43OPINION DISSIDENTE DE MBI. HACKWORTH, BADAWI,

LEVI CAIXNEIRO ET SIR BENEGAL RAU
[Traduction]
Nous sommes obligésde nous écarter de la Cour sur les conclu-
sions relatives à la1 juridiction consulaire, à l'immunité fiscale,
ainsi qu'à l'interprétation de l'article 95 de l'acte d'Algésiras.

Juridiction consulaire

La Cour dit que les États-unis d'Amérique ne sont pas fondés
à exercer de plein droit la juridiction consulaire, dans la zone
française du Maroc, dans d'autres affaires que celles qui sont
expressément prévues dans le traité de 1836 (articles 20 et 21)
et dans l'acte d'Algtisiras.
On ne contestera pliis guère aujourd'hui l'idée généraleque ce
qui est connu sou:; le nom de ccrégime capitulaire » forme un
anachronisme auquel une fin rapide devrait être apportée là où

il existe. En réalité, le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis s'est lui-
même, entout temps, déclaréprêt à négocier, tant avec la France
qu'avec le BIaroc, uri nouvel arrangement ou accord ccpour rempla-
cer et refondre sous une forme mieux adaptée aux circonstances
actuelles les liens conventionnels primitivement conclus avec
1'Etat du Maroc 1)(Duplique, p. 43.)
La question qui se pose en l'espècen'est pas de savoir si le régime
capitulaire est bon ou mauvais, mais si, et dans quelle mesure,
i! subsiste sur une lbase juridique à l'égard des ressortissants des
Etats-Unis au Maroc:.Telle est la question soulevéedans la première

conclusion du Gouvernemenf français et dans la troisième conclu-
sion du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis. Dans les deux conclusions,
c'est au Rlaroc que l'on se réfère.
L'arrêt de la Cour ne concerne la juridiction consulaire que
dans la zone française.
La Cour estime qu'à l'exception de la juridictiqn consulairè
limitée mentionnée ci-dessus, la prétention des Etats-Unis à
exercer une telle juridiction a pris fin au moment où la convention
franco-anglaise de 1:937 a abrogé les droits et privilèges capitu-
laires dont jouissait la Grande-Bretagne dans cette zone. Nous

ne pouvons nous rallier à cette opinion.
Par l'article IO tie la convention franco-anglaise de 1937, le
Royaume-Uni est convenu qu'à l'avenir il ne pourrait invcquer
cet article ni l'article 20 (clause de la nation la plus favorisée)
du traité général a:nglo-marocain de 1856,,aux fins de réclamer
(les privilèges de juridiction accordés aux Etats-Unis d'Amérique
d'après les traités en vigueur ))L'article 16 de la mêmeconvention
contient une dispositio? analogue visant ((les privilèges de juri-
diction accordés aux Etats-LTnis d'Amérique d'aprts les traités
en vigueur 11Cet article vise l'article20 du traité généralde 18j6Article 20 of the General Treaty oi 1856 and also Article 13, another
most-favoured-nation clause. From these provisions it appears that
in the opinion of the parties to the Convention, that is to Say, in
the opinion of the French Government and the British Govern-
ment, the United States would continue to enjoy "jurisdictional
privileges", as of right, in Morocco, even after the Anglo-French
Convention of 1937 came into force.
After the signature of the Convention, the French Ambassador
in Washington wrotc to the Secrctary of State on August 26th,
1937 : "The Cnited States enjoys in Morocco the capitulatory
regime by virtue of the Treaty concluded between the two Powers
on September 16th, 1836." He then referred to Article 25 of the
Treaty of 1836 and continued : "The above-inentioned Convention
between the I:nited States and Rlorocconot having been denounced,
the Vnited States continues to benefit by the capitulatory regime
in Morocco. In fact, following the conclusioii of the Franco-Britan-
ilic Agreement (of 1937), it remains to-day the last Power in a

position to avail itself of that regime. In advising Your Excellency
of the desire of my Government to conclude with the Americaii
Government an agreement which would put an end to this regime,
1 take the liberty of recalling to Your Excellency that during the
Conference of Montreux, which ended the regime of the capitula-
tions in Egypt, the representative of the American Government
made declarations indicating the conciliatory spirit in which the
American Government intended to settle this question ....These
declarations have given my Government reason to think that, like
the British Government, the American Government will be willing
to consent to the abolition of the regimc of capitulations in
hlorocco."
In the light of these statemeilts, it seeins clear that in 1937, the
French Government regarded the United States as entitled to avail
itself of the capitulatory regime even after the Anglo-French Conven-
tion of 1937. We concur in this view and consider that the "juris-
dictional privileges" referred to in Articles IO and 16 of the Anglo-
French Convention of 1937 can mean nothing else than full consular

jurisdiction. According to those Articles, these jurisdictional privi-
leges rested "on tlie basis of existing treaties". This brings us to the
most important of these treaties, viz., the Act of Algeciras.

We regard the Act of Algeciras as so fundamental that "every
article arid clause thercof must be observed and fulfilled with good
faith". These were the words addresred to the United States and
its citizens by President Tlieodore Roosevelt wlier! causing the Act
to be made public in 1907. The importance of the Act and of the
principlcs which it embodies has been ackno\vledged by all. Weainsi que l'article 1.3,lecluel comporte une autre clause de la nation
la plus favorisée. I)e ces dispositions, il ressort que, de l'avis des
parties à la convention, c'est-à-dire de l'avis du Gouvernement
français et du Goilvernement britannique, les Etats-L-nis conti-
nueraient à jouir de plein droit des ((privilèges de juridiction »
au Maroc, mêmea1-r;~ l'entrée en vigueur de la convention franco-
anglaise de 1937.

Après la signature de la convention, I'ainbassadcur de France
à Washington écrivit ce qui suit au secrétaire d'Etat, ,le 26 août
1937 : (1Les Etats-1Jnis jouissent au Maroc du régime capitulaire
en vertu du traité conclu eiitre les deux Puissances le 16 septembre
1836. 1)Puis, se référant à l'article25 du trajté de 1836, il continue
ainsi l : (La convention précitéeentre les Etats-Cnis et le Maroc

n'ayant pas étédénoncée, les Etats-Lnis continuent à b6néficicr
du régime capitulaiire au Maroc. En fait, à la suite de la conclusion
de la convention franco-anglaise (de 1937)~ilsdenieurent aujourd'hui
la dernière Puissance en mesure de se prévaloir de ce régimc. En
portant à la connu.issance de Votre Excellence le désir de mon
gouvernement de conclure avec le (;ou\.ernement américain un
accord ayant pour objet de mettre fin à ce régime, j'ai l'honneur

de rappeler à Votre Excellence que pendant la conf6rence de
Montreux, qui mit fin au régime des capitulations en Egypte, le
représentant du Gouvernement américain prononça des déclara-
tions indiquant l'esprit de conciliation dans lequel le Gouvernement
américain entendait résoudre cette question.. .. Ces déclarations
ont donné à mon gouvernement raison de croire que, de mêmeque
le Gouvernement britannique, le Gouvernement américain sera

disposé à consentir 2 l'abolition du régime des capitulations au
Maroc. 1)
A la lumière de ces déclarations, il paraît c!air qu'en 1937 le
Gouvernerncnt franpis estimait que les Etats-Unis 6taient fondés
à se prévaloir du régimc capitulaire, mêmeaprès la conclusion de
la convention franco-anglaise de 1937. Noussommes du meme

avis ; selon nous, les privilèges j~~ridictionnels visésaux articles 10
et 16 de la co~ivcntion franco-anglaise de 1937 ne peuvent avoir
d'autre signification cluc la pleine juridiction corisulairc. Selon ccs
articles, ces privilc'gthsjuridictionnels oxistaicnt ecl'api-6sles traités
en vigueur n.Cela nous arnCne au plus important de ccs traités, à
savoir l'acte d'Algésiras.
A notre avis, 1'aci.ed'Algésiras cst si fondamental (lue ((chacun

de ses articles ct de scs clauscs cioit ctrc rcsl>ectéet accoml~li de
bonne foi P.C'est $.ns ces termils qi~c 1" Président Th. Rooscvclt
s'est adresse, ;LUX Etats-L7nis et :ilcurs citoyens en procédant à la
~>ublication de cet acte, cn 1907. Toiis ont recoiiiiii l'iinl>ortaiiccxcli,
l'acte ct des principes ausquc~ls il donne corl~s.Xous ~~stii~ioiic sloric
-~
1 Ccttc nut~~.(Iorit l'oriqiiral a\.<iii-CtCfi-;iiiy:a CtC \crsCc au d0ssii.r
cii tracluctiari~laisc seiileiiL'6:xtr:iit cit~.stiiiivcrsioii frnn~nisc établie
d'aprc's la trndiict[*\.',,ted~t Gvcifc.,'217 DISS. OPIN. (u.s.NATIONALS IN I~IOROCCO)

therefore consider that in interpreting the Act due effect must be
given not only to its express provisions but also to the underlying
implications which lend coherence and meaning to the express pro-
visions. Otherwise the entire structure of the Act may be under-
mined. So far as the United States is concerned, none of its provi-
sions have been abrogated or renounced.
The Act of Algeciras is a great multilateral convention directly
binding upon Morocco and the United States as well as the other
signatory Powers. Its status in regard to the old bilateral treaties,
as an independent and superior act, is formally expressed in its last
Article 123. The sclieme of rights and obligations which it estab-
lished, whether expressly or by necessary implication, as between

Morocco and the United States can not, therefore, be allowed to be
impaired by any transactions concluded between any of the other
signatories without the concurrence of both Morocco andthe United
States. Thisappears to us to befundamental.
At the date of the Act of Algeciras, al1 the foreign signatory
States had acquired, by usage or by treaty and usage, full consular
jurisdiction in Morocco. The system in its entirety had been well
established for at least fifty years, as shown by the Anglo-Moroccan
General Treaty of 1856. The Act adopted the system as it stood and,
far from seeking to end it or to modify it in aiiy way, extended it to
the new criminal prosecutions and civil suits that might arise under
the Act. We need not enumerate al1the articles of the Act in which
this has been done, but shallmention only the salient ones. Article 29
extends the consular system to prosecutions for violations of the
Regulations in Chapter II of the Act, and Articles IOI and 102 to
those of the Regulations in Chapter V. Article 45 extends the system

to actions instituted by the State Bank of Morocco against foreign
nationals. The extent to which the capitulatory system, with al1its
implications, is embedded in the Act is indicated by the fact that
when Great Britain renounced the system in the French Zone by
the Convention of 1937, the effect was declared in the Protocol of
Signature of the Convention to be "to involve the renunciation by
His Majesty the King of the right to rely upon" no less than 78
articles out of the 123 articles of the Act.

We consider that the Act has adopted the system. It was the
naturnl thing ro do at that date and it was an obvious inducement
to the foreign signatory Powcrs not only to assent to al1 the laws
and regulations made by or under the Act, but to uphold what was
of paramount importance to the ruler of Morocco at that time,
namely, "the triple principle of the sovereignty and independence
of H.M. the Sultan, the integrity of his domains and economic

libertywithout any inecluality", which was declared in the Preamble
of the Act to be the foundation of a new order.qu'en interprétant l'acte, il faut dûment donner effet non seulement
à ses dispositions ex:presses mais également aux principes implicites
qui lui servent de base et qui prêtent cohérence et signification
aux dispositions expresses. Autrement tpute la structure de l'acte
serait sapée. En ce qui concerne les Etats-Unis, aucune de ses
dispositions n'a fait l'objet d'une abrogation ou d'une renonciation.
L'acte d'Algésiras est une grande convention multilatérale liant
directement le Maroc et les Etats-Unis de même que les autres
Puissances signataires. Son statut d'acte indépendant et supérieur,
par rapport aux anciens traités bilatéraux, est formellement exprimé
dans son dernier article, l'article123. On ne saurait donc permettre

que le réseau de droits et d'obligations qu'il établit expressément
ou par implication nécessaire, entre le Maroc et les États-Unis,
soit altéré par des arrangements onc cl eusre d'autres signataires,
sans l'accord du Maroc et des Etats-Unis. Cela nous paraît être
fondamental.
A ladate de l'acte d'Algésiras,tous les États étrangers signataires
avaient acquis, par usage ou par traité et usage, pleine juridiction
consulaire au Maroc. Le système, dans son intégralité, avait été
bien établi pendant cinquante ans au moins, comme le montre le
traité généralanglo-marocain de 1856. L'acte reprit le système
tel qu'il existait et,ioinde chercher à y mettre fin ou à le modifier
en rien, il l'étendit aux nouvelles poursuites criminelles et actions
civiles qui pourraie:nt avoir lieu en vertu de l'acte. Point n'est
besoin d'énumérertous les articles de l'acte où il en fut fait ainsi ;

nous ne mentionnerons que les plus importants d'entre eux.
L'article 29 étend le système de juridiction consulaire aux pour-
suites pour infractions au règlement établi dans le chapitre II de
l'acte, et les articles01 et 102 pour infractions au règlement établi
au chapitre V. L'article 45 étend le système aux actions intentées
par la Banque cl'Eta~tdu Maroc contre les ressortissants étrangers.
La mesure dans laquelle le régime capitulaire, avec toutes ses
implications, est incorporé dans l'acte, ressort du fait qu'au moment
où la Grande-Bretagne, par la convention de 1937, renonça à ce
régime dans la zone française, il a étéénoncédans le protocole de
signature de la convention que l'effet de celle-ci était (d'entraîner
la renonciation de S. M. le Roi à se prévaloir ))de non moins de
78 articles parmi les 123 que compte l'acte.
Nous estimons que l'acte a adopté le régime. C'était la chose

naturelle à faire à cctte date, cela devait encourager nettement les
Puissances étrangères, non seulement à donner leur assentiment
aux lois et règlements établis par l'acte ou en vertu de celui-ci,
mais à maintenir ce qui, pour le souverain du Maroc, présentait
à l'époque une importance primordiale, à savoir (le triple principe
de la souveraineté, 'et de l'indépendance de S. M. le Sultan, de
l'intégrité de ses Etats et de la liberté économique sans aucune
inégalité »,principe dont le préambule de l'acte déclare qu'il est
le fondement de l'ordre nouveau.
45218 DISS. OPIN. (u.s. N.4TIONALS IN J'IOROCCO)

The consular system has been adopted in the Act,not so much by
express provision as by necessary implication. It would have
occurred to no one to do so except by implication, because the
system \vas part of the established order at that time. To give effect
to the bare provisions of the Act and ignore this basic implication
in respect of al1 other cases of the exercise of consular jurisdiction
~vouldresult in curious anomalies. For example, it is admitted that
actions against a United States national by the State Bank of
liorocco must, under Article 45 of the Act, be brought before the

Lnited States consular court ; but not any other civil action by a
hloroccan or a foreigner. Ilihat is there peculiar to the Bank's actions
that they and they alone should be tried by the consular court ?
Similarly, mrhat is the special feature of prosecutions for breach of
customç and arms regulations that they and they alone should be
dealt with by the consular court under Chapters II and V of the
.Act ?Furthermore, what is there peculiarly onerous about the taxes
mentioned in Chapter IV of the Act that they and only they should
be leviable froin foreign nationals subject tothe safeguardsprovided
in that Chapter, while other and perhaps heavier taxes may be
freely levied ? It is difficult to find a satisfactory answer to these
clucstions.

It seems to iis that if the Act of Algeciras is to be maintained as

n logical and coherent structure, the full consular system cmbedded
iri it must be adopted.
Tliere is no danger that this adoption ~vould confer upon the
system any longer lease of life thm it would otherwise have had.
For, even without the Act, the system, being based inter alia upon
long-established usage, which is only another name for agreement
by conduct, can only be terminated in the way in which interna-
tional agreements can be terminated ;and its adoption in the Act
makes no difference in this respect.

VITenow come to the implications of another important multi-
lateral treaty, the Convention of Madrid. Article 5 of the Conven-
tion makes special l>rovision for the trial of civil suits against
protégés commcnced before protection is granted arid against
ex-protégés before protection is withdrawn ; it also provides that

the right of protection shall not be exercised towards protégés under
prosecution for a crime before they have been tried by the author-
ities of the country or before their sentence has been executed.
These provisions necessarily imply that civil suits and prosecutions
ngairist the protégésof any foreign Potver that signed the Conven-
tion are normally to be tried by the consular courts of that Power ;
othcrwise the Article, which prescribes special rules for pending
cases, tvoiild be unintelligible. Amongst the protégésare not only
40 OPIN. DISS. (RESSORTISSANTS É.-U.AU MAROC) 218

L'acte a adopté le régime de juridiction consulaire non point
tant par disposition expresse que par implication nécessaire.
Personne n'aurait pensé à le faire autrement que par implication
parce que le systéme faisait partie de l'ordre reconnu à l'époque.
Donner effet à la lettre des dispositions de I'acte et méconnaître
cette implication fondamentale pour tous les autres cas d'exercice
de la juridiction consulaire, aboutirait à des anomalies curieuses.
Pa; exemple, il est admis que les actions intentées par la Banque
d'Etat du Maroc contre un ressortissant des Etats-U.nis doivent
êtreportées, selon l'article 45 de l'acte, devant le tribunal consu-
laire des Etats-Unis ;mais il n'en est pas de mêmede toute autre
action civile intentée par un I\iaroca.in ou un étranger. Qu'est-ce
que les actions introduites par la Banque ont de si particulier
qu'elles, et elles seules, devraient êtrejugéespar le tribunal consu-
laire? De même, quel est l'aspect si particulier que présentent

les poursuites pour infractions aiix règlements relatifs aux douanes
et aux armes pour qu'elles, et elles seules, doivent être jugées
par le tribunal consulaire, en vertu des chapitres II et V de l'acte?
Ou, par ailleurs, en quoi les impôts visésau chapitre IV de l'acte
sont-ils si particulièrement lourds qu'eux seuls puissent être perçus
sur les ressortissar~ts étrangers, sous réserve des garanties prévues
dans ce chapitre, alors que d'autres impôts, peut-être plus lourds,
peuvent être perçus librement ? 11 est difîici.le de donner à ces
questions une réponse satisfaisante.
A notre avis, si l'acte d'Algésiras doit êtremaintenu comme une
construction logique et cohérente, il faut adopter tout le régime
(le juridiction consulaire qui s'y trouve incorporé.
Il n'y a pas lieu de craindre que l'adoption de ce système lui
confère une existence plus longue que celle qu'il aurait eue autre-
ment. En effet, mCsmeen l'absence de l'acte d'Algésiras, le régi~re,

étant fondé, entre autres, sur un usage bien établi (ce qui n'est
qu'une autre manière de désigner un accord se manifestant par
la conduitfi), peut seulement êtreabrogéselon les méthodes permet-
tant d'abroger les accords internationaux. T,'adoption du régime
dans l'acte ne cr6e aucune différence à cet égard.
Nous en arrivons maintenant aux implications d'un autre traité
multilatéral important, 1ü convention de Madrid. L'article 5. de
la coilventiori confjacre une disposition spéciale aux procès civils
engagés contre de:; protégésavant que la protection leur ait été
accordée ct contre ses ex-protégés avant que la protection eût
cessé pour eux. Il prévoit également que le droit de protection
ne pourra être exercé à l'égard des protégés poursiiivis pour un
délit avant qu'ils n'aicnt ét6 jugés par les aiitorités dii 11aj.sc,t
qu'ils n'aicnt accompli leiir ~wine. Ccs dispositions impliqucrit
n6cessairemc.nt (lue les 1)roci.s civils et les poursuites engagés

contre Ics protég6s d'iine Piiissance étrangère ayant signé la con-
vention doivrnt c'tre normalenirnt jugés par lcs tribunaux consri-
1airc.s de ccttcx Puissance ; nuti-cnicnt l'article,cliii pré\-oit <lesMoorish subjects cmployed by the legation and the consular officers
of the foreign Power, but also a certain number of Moorish factors,
brokers, or agents employed by foreign merchants for their business
affairs. Articles I and IO of the Convention maintain thc position
of these factors, brokers and agents unchanged.

The Convention in still in force, so far as the United States is
concerned, so that United States protégésare still entitled to its
benefits. If such is the position of United States protégés, who are
Moroccan subjects, a fortiori must it be the position of United
States nationals, who are in some cases their employers in business.
This was the view of the French Government itself in 1905, as
evidenced by a despatch dated August z~st, 1905, addressed by
the President of the French Cabinet to the French Iliplomatic
Representatives in London, Petrograd, Berlin, Rome, Vienna,

Washington, Brussels, The Hague, Copenhagen, Stockholm and
Lisbon.
"Our Minister at Tangier informs me that the Shereefian Govern-
ment has iniprisoned one of Our Algerian subjects ....and made
linown its intention to remove him from our jurisdiction.
This fact is a violation of treaties.

1111the Powers signatories with hZoroccoto the Madrid Conven-
the respect of the principles w1iic:hare put in issue. Ry virtue of a
rule recognizedby this international instrument, Moroccan protégés
are removed from Moroccan jurisdiction ; a fortiorthe foreigners,
subjects of the Powers, must benefit of the same advantage.
1 would appreciate your indicating to the Government to which
you are accredited the point of view of the Government of the
[French] Republic ...."(Rejoinder, p.34.)

At thedate of the Madrid Convention, the signatory Powers were,
independently of the Convention, entitled to claim full consular
jurisdiction for their nationals, and therefore it was not necessary
to mention this right separately in the Convention itself. But even
where the external sources of the right have ceased, the right
continues to flow from the express provisions which have been
inserted in the Convention itself in respect of protégés.

The Court has rejected the contention of the United States
Government basing its claim to consular jurisdiction and other
capitulatory rights in Morocco on "custom and usage". The rejec-
tion appears to proceed on the ground that sufficient evidence has OPIN. 1)ISS. (RESSORTISSANTS É.-U. AU MAROC)
21g
règles particulières pour les affaires pendantes, serait incomprc!-
hensible. Parmi les protégés, il y a non seulement les sujets maro-
cains au service de la légation et les fonctionnaires consulaires
de la Puissance étrangère, mais également un certain nombre de
facteurs, courtiers ou agents marocains employés par des négociants
étrangers pour leurs affaires commerciales. Les articles I et IO
de la convention maintiennent sans changement la position de

ces facteurs, courtiers et agents.
La convention est encore en vigueur en ce qui concerne les États-
Unis, en sorte que les protégés de ce pays continuent à pouvoir
e,n invoquer le bknéfice. Si telle est la position des protégés des
Etats-Unis, qui sont sujets marocains, telle doit être a foïtiori
la position des ressortissants des États-unis qui, dans certains
cas, sont leurs employeurs commerciaux. Telle était en 1905
l'opinion du Gouvernement français lui-même, ce qui ressort d'une
dépêche,en date du 21 août 1905, adressée par le président du
cabinet français aux représentants diplomatiques de France à
Londres, Pétrograde, Berlin, Rome, Vienne, Washington, Bruxelles,
La Haye, Copenhague, Stockholm et Lisbonne.

«Notre ministre àTanger vient de me faire connaître que le Gou-
vernement ch6rifien a emprisonné un de nos sujets algériens ....
en marquant son intention de le soustraire ànotre juridiction.
Ce fait constitue une violation des traités.

Toutes les Puissances signataires avec le Maroc de la convention
de Madrid du :;juillet 1880ou y ayant adhéréont d'ailleurs intérêt
au respect des principes qui se trouvent ainsi mis en cause. En
vertu d'une règlereconnue par cet acte international, les Marocains
protégéséchappent à la juridiction marocaine; a fortiorles étran-
geJe vous serai très obligé d'indiquer au Goiivernement auprèse.
duquel vous êtesaccréditéle point de vue où se place le Gouverne-
ment de la République [française]....)(Duplique, p. 34.)

A la date de la convention de Madrid, les Puissances signataires
étaient, indépendiîmment de la convention, fondées à réclamer
le droit d'exercer Ilajuridiction consulaire pour leurs ressortissants.
Il n'était donc pas nécessaire de faire séparément mention de ce
droit dans la convention elle-même. Mais mêmelorsque les sources
extérieures du droit se sont taries, le droit a continué de découler
des dispositions expresses qui avaient été inséréesdans la conven-
tion elle-même à l'égard des protégks.

La Cour a rejeté la thèse du Gouvernement des États-unis
tendant à fonder :;a prétention à l'exercice de la juridiction consu-
laire et des autre!; droits capitulaires au Maroc sur (la coutume
et l'usage ».La Cour paraît être partie de l'idéeque cette prétentionnot been produced in support of the claim. We considcr that the
evidence available is sufficient.
Usage is an established source of extraterritorial jurisdiction and
has, for example, been enumerated as a lawful source in the
Preamble to the British Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1890, which
recites that "by treaty, capitulation, grant, usage, sufferance and
other lawful means, Her Majesty the Queen has jiirisdiction within
divers foreign countries". Usage and sufferance are only different
names for agreement by prolonged conduct, which may be no less
binding than agreement by the written word. The full consular
jurisdiction which the 'C'nitedStates in fact exercises in Morocco
to this day has been in existence for nearly a hundred years, if not
longer ; and during this long period both treaties and usage, in the
broad sense of these terms, have contributed to the total result in
varying measure. It is not possible, nor is it of any practical inter-
est, at this distance of time, to isolate and assess separately the
contribution made by each of these sources. Both were at work
supplementing each other.

The first treaty in which full consular jurisdiction was conceded
by the,ruler of Morocco to a foreign Power appears to be the Anglo-
Moroccan General Treaty of 1856. It is admitted in the French
Government's Reply to the Counter-Riemorial of the United States
Government that this Treaty incorporated existing usages, which
necessarily implies that usage was at work even before 1856. It is
true that the admission has been made for the purpose of contend-
ing that after incorporation the usages shared the fate of the Treaty,
a contention with which we do not agree ; nevertheless, there is
the admission that the Treaty incorporated prior usage.

Article XIV of that Treaty and Article XVI of the Treaty of
1861 between Morocco and Spain are, equally, evidence that usage
was at work before, as well as during, the period of these two
Treaties. These Articles provide that litigation between British sub-
jects or Spanish subjects and other forcigners shall be decided solely
in the tribunal of the foreign consuls \vithout the interference of
the hioorish Government "according to the established usages which
have hitherto been acted upon or may hereafter be arranged between

such consuls", or "could according to established forms, or accord-
ing to those which may be agreed upon among the said consuls".
This shows that usage \vas operating and was supplementing
treaties both before and after 1856 and 1861.
It is also significant that United States Congressional legislation
has, ever since 1860, invested the consular courts in hlorocco with
jurisdiction in both criminal and civil matters "so far as the same
is allowed by treaty, and in accordance with the usages of the
countries in their intercource with the Franks or other Christian
ilntions". In other words, the Cnited States has been openly relying
4sn'avait pas étéétablie par des preuves suffisantes. A notre avis,

les meuves ~roduites sont suffisantes.
L'usage estune sciurcereconnue de la juridiction extraterritoriale ;
il a par exemple étécité comme source légale dans le préambule
du British Foreign Jurisdiction Act de 1890, où il est énoncéque
((par traité. capitulation, octroi, usage, tolérance et autres moyens
légaux, Sa Majesté la Reine exerce la juridiction dans divers pays
étrangers ))L'usage et la tolérance ne sont qu'une manière différente

de désigner un accord se manifestant par une conduite prolongée,
accord qui peut nJ18trepas moins obligatoire qu'un accord écrit.
La pleine juridiction consulairr que les Etats-Cnis ont, en fait,
exercée au Maroc jusqu'à ce jour, a existé pendant près de cent
ans, sinon davantage. Pendant cette longue période, tant les traités
que l'usage au sens large de ces termes, ont contribué, dans une
mesure variable, au résultat total. Il ne serait pas possible, et

d'ailleurs sans intérêt pratique, d'isoler et d'évaluer après une si
longue période séparément la contribution provenant de chacune
de ces sources. Toutes les deux ont opéréen se complétant l'une
l'---~e.
Le premier traité par lequel pleine juridiction consulaire ait
étéaccordée à une Puissance étrangère par le souverain du Maroc
paraît être le traité général anglo-marocain de 1856. Dans sa

ré1liaIe au contre-mémoire du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis. le
Gouvernement français paraît admettre que ce traité incorporait
des usages existants, ce qui implique nécessairement que l'usage
déployait scs effets mêmeavant 1856. Assurément, cette admissiun
est intervenue pour soutenir qu'après incorporation, les usages
ont partagé le sort du traité, thèse à laquelle nous ne saurions nous
rallier. Quoi qu'il en soit, cela comporte l'admission que le traité

incorporait un usage antérieur.
L'article XIV de ce traité et l'article XVI du traité de 1861
entre le Maroc et l'Espagne apportent également la preuve que
l'usage déployait ses effets avant et pendant la période couverte
par ces deux traités. Ces articles prévoyaient que les litiges entre
sujetsbritanniquesousujets espagnols et d'autres étrangers seraient
tranchés seulement par le tribunal des consuls étrangers sans
intervention du Goluvernement marocain (selon les usages établis

qui ont étéobservés jztsqzi'iciou qui seront à L'azleniradoptés par
ces consuls », ou ((suivant les usages établis ou les arrangements
à concerter entre lesdits consuls 1).Cela démontre que l'usage
déployait ses effets et complétait des traités tant avant qu'a11ri.s
1856 et 1861.
11 est non ,moins significatif que la législation adoptée par le
Congrès des Etats-Unis, dès 1860 et sans interruption depuis lors,

ait conféréaux tribunaux consulaires au Maroc la juridiction civile
et criminelle, ((dans la mesure où celle-ci est autorisée par traité
et conformkment ailx usages des pays dans leur rapport avec les
nations franques ou autres nations chrétiennes 1). En d'autrcson usage as one of the sources of its jurisdiction ever since 1860.

Even after 1937, when, according to the French Government, the
benefits of the capitulatory provisions of the Treaties of 1856 and
1861 were no longer available to the United States, the French
Government has been transmitting Moroccan taxation and other
laws to the United States Government in order to have them made
applicable to United States nationals in the French Zone. The
assent of the United States to taxation laws was sought in this
way some twenty-three times in the period 1938-1948. This could
only be on the ground that jurisdiction to enforce these laws
against United States nationals lay with the United States consular
courts.
The conduct of the French Government was not due merely
to what was described during the hearings as "gracious tolerance".
As early as October 1937, the Secretary of State of the United

States wrote as follows to the French Ambassador in Washington :
"1 observe that in your Note [of August 26, 19371,reference is
made to Article 25 of thc American-Moroccan Treaty of Septem-
ber 16, 1836,which provides for the termination of the Trcaty upon
one year's notice given by either party. In order that there may
be no misunderstanding, 1 think it is pertinent to point out that
American capitulatory rights in hlorocco are derived not only
from the American-MoroccanTreaty of 1836, but also from other
treaties, conventions, or agreements and confirmed by long-
established custom and usage."
Thus the French Government knew in 1937 that the United States
was asserting usage as at least one legal basis of its rights, and
in spite of this knowledge, the French Government continued the
old practice without any reservation. It \vas not, therefore, a
case of mere "gracious tolerance". As we have shown, usage has
been continuously at work, in varying measure, during a period
of nearly a hundred years, if not longer, and, therefore, what has

been happening since 1937 is evidence of a continuous process
which began nearly a century before that date.

It is significant thatring the years 1914-1916, France negotiated
a series of agreements with foreign States by which they renounced
claiming their "rights and privileges arising out of the regime of
capitulations" in the French Zone. Some of these States, such as
Switzerland, Greece and Japan, had never entered into treaty
relations of any sort with Morocco. Only through usage could
these States have acquired the rights which they undertook not
to claim. The position of the United States can not be worse
merely because it had treaties with Morocco containing most-
favoured-nation clauses.termes, les États-17nis se fondaient ouvertement, dès 1860, et sans
interruption depuis lors, sur l'usage comme étant l'une des sources
de leur juridiction.
M&meaprès 1937, date à laquelle, selon le Gouvernement français,
les Etats-Unis ne bénéficiaient plus dcs dispositions capitulaires
des traités de 1856 et de, 1861, le Gouvernement français a transmis
au Gouvernement des Etats-Unis des lois, fiscales ou autres, afin
qu'elles soient rend.ues applicables aux ressortisçants des Etats-Unis

dans la zone française. L'assentiment des Etats-Unis aux lois
fiscales futsollicitk de cette manière à vingt-trois reprises environ
pendant la période allant de 1938 à 1948. Cela n'a pu se faire qu'en
partant de l'idée que la compétence pour appliquer ces lois à
l'encontre des ressortiçsants des Etats-Unis appartenait aux tribu-
naux consulaires d,esEtats-Unis.
L'attitude du Gouvernement français n'était pas due simplement
à ce que l'on a qualifié en plaidoirie de (:tolérance gracieuse n. Des
octobre 1937, le secrétaire d'Etat des Etats-Unis écrivait ce qui
suit à l'ambassadeiir de France à Washington :

((Je constate que dans votre note [du 26 août 19371,référence
est faireà l'article25 du traité conclu entre les Etats-Unis et le
hlnrocle 16 septenbre 1836,lequel prévoitque chaque partie peut
le dénoncermoyennant préavis d'unan. Afin qu'il n'y ait pas de
maleritendu, il rn,eparaît utile de faire remarquer que les droits
capitulaires des Etats-Unis au hlaroc ne découlentpas seulement
du traité de 1836 mais égalementdes autres traités, coriventions,
établisdepuis longtemps.n))confirméspar une coutume et un usage

Le Gouvernement français savait donc en 1937 que les États-
Unis affirmaient que l'usage était tout au moins un fondement
juridique de leurs droits, et malgré cette information, le Gouverne-
ment français a co:ntinuéd'appliquer l'ancienne pratique sans faire
aucune réserve. Il. ne s'agit donc pas d'une simple c(tolérance
gracieuse ».Ainsi que nous l'avons montré, l'usage a fonctionné

continuellement, à. des degrés d'ailleurs variables, pendant une
période de près de cent ans, sinon plus longtemps. Par conséquent,
les faits qui se sont passés depuis 1937 apportent la preuve d'une
évolution continuelle commencée près d'un siècle avant cette date.
Il est significatif, que pendant les années 1914-1916 la France a
négociéavec des Etats étrangers une série d'accords par lesquels
ceux-ci renonçaien-t à réclamer l'exercice des (droits et privilèges
découlant du régime des capitulations 1) dans la zone française.
Certains de ces Éitats, tels que la Suisse, la Grèce et le Japon,
n'avaient jamais eu de rapports conventionnels quelconques avec
le Maroc. Ce n'est que par l'usage que ces Etats ont pu acquérir
des droits qu'ils se sont engagés à ne pas réclamer. La position des
Etats-Unis ne saurait donc être pire, pour le simple fait qu'ils

avaient conclu avec le Maroc des traités contenant des clauses de
la nation la plus favorisée. It has often been said in the course of this case that the United

States is now the only Power that has not renounced its capitulatory
rights in Morocco. This is hardly accurate. The renunciation by
Great Britain in the Aiiglo-French Convention of 1937 is confined
to the French Zone ;so too is the renunciation (such as it is) by
Spain in the Franco-Spanish Ileclaration of 1914. Keither of
these renunciations extcnds to the whole of 14orocco which the
llnited States still treats as a single country. Moreover, there
are still "French tribunals" in the French Zone and "Spanish
tribunals" in the Spanish Zone. Thesc, it may be noted, are the
names used in the Franco-Spanish Declaration of 1914.Technically,
the French tribunals are not consular courts ; but in fact they
exercise, as part of their functions, the jurisdiction formerly
exercised by the Frencli consular courts. The Cnited States is
not therefore claiming a uiiique position. Such inequality as may
appear to exist is the result, not of the claim of the United States,
but of attempts to secure piecemeal reniinciatioii, from each
signatory Power, of rights which had accrued to al1 of tliem
cqually through usage and treatics, particularly the Convention

of Madrid and the Act of :Ilgcciras. This appears to be admittcd
in the Mernorial of the French Governinent :

"hlorco\.er,iiiMorocco especially, tlie disappearance of c;rpitul-
atory privi1egc.sin general had logically to result frosimultaneous
action Dy ~~1 1oreign I'owers. Otlierwisc, inequalitics of status
would havc rcsulted which would have been in contradiction witli
tlie gcsneral contractiial principles governing the international
statiis of the Shereefian Empire." (Mernorial,1).47.)

Our conclusion, upon this part of the case, is that the third
Sub~riissioiiof the Government of the Gnited States, which relates
to its jurisdictional privileges, must be accepted, even apart from
the effect of the most-favoured-nation clauses in its Treaty of
1836 with hIorocco.

Fiscal Imnzz~~zity

The right to tax necessarily implies the right to take coercive
ineasures in case of non-payment. It follo\vs from what tve have
said on the issue of consular jurisdiction that no coercive measures
can be taken against the person or property of nationals of the
United States except with the aid of the consular courts of the
Vnitcd States, which, in the ultimate analysis, means the assent
of the Cnited States. In this sense, and to this extent, thercfore,
thcy enjoy a general immunity from Rloroccan taxation, apart
fro11-ithe effcct of any most-favoured-nation clause. On a souvent répétéau cours de l'affaire, que les États-unis
sont maintenant la seule I'uissance qui n'ait pas renoncé à ses
droits capitulaires au Maroc. Ceci n'est pas exact. La reconciation
faite par la Grande-Bretagne dans la convention anglo-française

de 1937 est limitée à la zone française ; il en est de même dc la
renonciation (telle qu'elle est conçue) faite par l'Espagne dans la
déclaration franco-espagnole de 1913 Aucune de ces renonciations
ne s'étend à l'ensemble du Rlaroc que les Etats-Unis continuent
de considérer corrime un seul na1s.r'n outrc. il existe encore des
(<tribunaux franç,~isJI dans la zone française et dcs (tribunaux
espagnols 1)clans la zone espagnole. Telles sont, remarquons-le, les
désignations emplloyées dans la déclaration franco-espagnole dc
1914. Techniquement, les tribunaux français nc sont pas des

tribunaux consulaires ; mais ils exercent cil fait, comme faisant
partie intégrante cileleurs attributions, la juridiction ,qu'exerçaient
auparavant les tribunaux consulaires français. Les Etats-Unis ne
revendiquent donc pas une position unique. Dans la meçure où on
peut voirTici quelque inégalité, celle-ci ne provient pas de la préten-
tion des Etats-Cnis mais des efforts en vue d'obtenir une renoncia-
tion par fragments, de chacune des I'uissances signataires, aux droits
dont elles avaient toutes bénéficié également en vertu de l'usage
et des traités et, (enparticulier, de la convention de Madrid et de

l'acte d'Algésiras. Ceci paraît avoir étéadmis dans le mémoire
du Gouvernement français, qui indique :
((On doit mêmeajouter que, spécialement auMaroc, la disparition
des privilèges capitulaires en gknéral devait êtrelogiquement lc
fait sirnulta~zc'e tous les Etats ittraiigers, soiis pcinc de voir se
creusvr entre eux dcs inégalitks de statut cri contradiction avec
les principes généraux conventionnels qui régissent la situation
intcrnationale de l'Empire chérifien. 1(Mémoire,1).47.)

Nous estimons donc, sur ce point de l'affaire, que la troisicme
conclusion du Gouvernement des États-Unis visant les privilèges
juridictionnels doit êtreaccueillie, indépendainment niême del'effet
des clauses de la nation la plus favorisée figurant dans le traité
conclu par ce pay:s avec le Maroc en 1836.

L'irnrnzmitéfiscal,?
Le droit d'impc~ser suppose nécessairement le droit de prendre

des mesures de coi~trainte en cas de défaut de paiement. 11 découlc
de ce que nous avons dit au sujet de la juridiction consulairc
qu'aucune mesure de contrainte ne peut êtreprise sur la personne
ou sur les biens des ressortissants des Etats-Lnis, sinon avec le
concours des tribunaux consulaires des Etats-Unis, cc qui, en
dernière analyse, signifie l'assentiment des Etats-Unis. Dans ce
sens et en cette mesiirc, ils jouissent donc d'une exemption générale
des impôts marocains, sans égard à l'effet d'aiicune clause dc la
nation la plus favorisée. We need not repeat our arguments regarding consular juris-

diction based on the Convention of Madrid and the Act of
Algeciras. But there are certain special provisions both in the
Convention and the Act which relate to taxes on foreigners and
to which we would invite attention.
The Convention of Madrid provides for the levy of two taxes
on foreigners, the agricultural tax and the gate tax. Article 12
deals with the agricultural tax and is in the following terms :
"Foreigners and protected persons who are the owners or tenants
of cultivated land, as well as brokers engaged in agriculture, shall
pay the agricultural tax. They shall send to their Consul annually,
an exact statement of what they possessdelivering into his hands the
amount of the tax.
He who shall make a false statement shall be fined double tlie
amount of the tax that he would regularly have been obliged to
pay for the property not declared. 111case of repeated offense this
fine shallbc doubled.
The nature, method, date and apportionment of this tax shall
form the subject of a specialregulation between the Representatives
of the Powers and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of His Shereefian
Majesty."
Article 13 deals with the gate tax and runs thus :

"Foreigners, protected persons and brokers owning beasts of
burden shall pay what is called the gate-tax. The apportionment
and the manner of collecting this tax which ispaid alikeby foreigners
and natives, shall likewise form the subject of a special regulation
Foreign Affairs of His Shereefian Majesty.and the hlinister of
The said tax shall not be increased without a new agreement
with the Representatives of the Powers."

Chapter IV of the Act of Algeciras provided for the levy of some
additional taxes from foreigners. In the case of every one of these
new taxes, as in the case of those provided for in the Convention of
Madrid, special safeguards are prescribed. The "tertib" leviable
under Article 59 is not to be applied to foreign subjects except under
the conditions stipulated by the Regulations of the Diplornatic
Body at Tangier on November 23rd, 1903. This Regulationprovided,
inter alia, that if a foreigner or protégé refused to pay the tax in
time and coercive Ineasures became necessary, these measures
would be taken exclusively through the consular authorities. Safe-

guards are provided under Article 61 in respect of the building
taxes ;under Article 64 in respect of certain taxes on trades, indus-
tries, and professions ; under Article 65 in respect of the stamp tax,
the transfer tax on the sale of real estate, the statistical and weighing
tax and the wharfage and lighthouse dues ; under Article 70 in
respect of harbour dues ; under Article 71 in respect of customs-
storage dues. OPIN. DISS. (RESSORTISSANTS É.-U. AU MAROC)
223
Nous n'avons pas besoin de répéter nos arguments relatifs à la
juridiction consula.ire fondée sur la convention de Madrid et l'acte
d'Algésiras. Mais certaines dispositions spéciales contenues à la
fois dans la convention et dans l'acte sont relatives aux inipôts

sur les étrangers, et ce sont elles que nous signalons à l'attention.
La convention de Madrid dispose que deux taxes seront perçues
sur les étrangers, l'impôt agricole et la taxe des portes. L'article 12
traite de l'impôt agricole et est ainsi conçu :
a Les étrangers et les protégés propriétaires ou locataires de
terrains cultivés, ainsi que les censaux admis àl'agriculture, paieront
l'impôt agricole. Ils remettront chaque année à leur consul la note
exacte de ce qu'ils possbdent, en acquittant entre ses mains le
montant de l'impôt.
Celui qui fera une fausse déclaration paiera, à titre d'amende,
le double de l'impôt qu'il aurait dû régulièrement verser pour les
biens non dkclarés.En cas de récidive, cette amende sera doublée.
La nature, le mode, la date et la quotité de cet impôt seront
l'objet d'un règlement spécialentre les représentants des l'uissances
et le ministre des Affaires étrangèresde Sa Majesti. chérifienne. ))

L'article 13 traite de la taxe des portes et est ainsi conçu

((Les étrangers, les protégéset les censaux propriétaires de bêtes
de sornnie paieront la taxe dite des portes. La quotité et le mode
de perception d.ecette taxe commune aux étrangerset nilx indigènes
seront égxlenient l'objet d'un règlement spécialentrc les représen-
tants des Puissances et le ministre des Affaires étrangères de Sa
Majesté chérifienne.
Ladite taxe ne pourra etre augmentéesans un nouvel accord avec
les représentacits dcs Puissances. 1)
Le chapitre IV de l'acte d'Algésiras prévoyait la perception de
certaines taxes additionnelles sur les étrangers. Dans le cas de

chacune de ces.noilvelles taxes, comme dans le casde celles prévues
par la convention de Madrid, des garanties spéciales sont prescrites.
Le (tertil)», perçu en vertu de l'article 59, ne doit pas s'appliquer
aux ressortissants étrangers, sinon conformément aux conditions
posées par Ics r6glements du 23 novembre 1903 du Corps diploma-
tique à Tanger. Ce ri-glement dispose, entrc autres, que siun btranger
ou protégé refuse de payer l'impôt Litemps et si des mesures de
contrainte s'imposent, ces mesures seront prises exclusivenient par
les soins de l'autorité consulaire. L)esgarantiessont prévues e~ivertu

de l'article 61 au sujet des taxes sur les constructions ; en vertu
de l'article 04 au sujet de certaiiics taxes sur les commerces, les
industries et les pi-ofessions; cri vertu de l'article 65 aussi, à propos
du droit dc timbre, du droit de mutation sur les ventes immobiliiirc.~,
du droit de statistiqiie et de page, et c1c.sdroits cle cluai ot (le
phares ; en vertu de I'article 70 au sujet dvs droits de lmrt ;cil vertu
de l'article 71 au sujet des droits de magasinage en douane. Sous attirons particiilièrement l'attention sur le second para-
graphe de l'article 64 :
((Si, 1~lasuite dc l'ap~)licatior,de ces taws aux siijets niarocains,
le Corps diplonintique à Tanger estimait qu'il y a lieu de le<c'tendre
aux ressortissxntç étrangers, ilest dès à présent spi~ciliqiic lesdites
taxcs seront evclusivement municipalcs. 1)

Cet article doit être lu en liaison a\-ec l'article 76, d'où il ressort
(lue, aux fins de l'article 64, mêmeune décision prise à la majorité

par le Corps diploinaticlue ne serait pas suffisante. Rien ne ~~ourrait
indiquer plus clairement que les étrangers ne devaient pas Ctre
soumis à l'impôt sans le consentement de leur gouvernement.
Aussi longteinps que les dispositions dc:la convention de Matfric1
ct de l'acte d'A1~;bsirasauxqitelles nous avons fait allusion soiit
(in vigueur, attendu ,qu'elles sont sans aucun doute en vigueur en
cc qui concerne les Etats-Unis, une immunité généraledécoule dc,
cvs dispositions I)ar oie d'implication nécessaire. Car il serait
inutile d'énumérer certaines taxes spéciales ct (le prévoir des
garanties pour leur perception sur des ressortissaiits étrangers, si

lc reste du domaine d'imposition dans son ensemble rcstait librc.
A l'époque de la c:onveiition de Madrid et de l'acte d'Algésiras, lcs
ressortissaiits étrangers jouissaient d'une immunité fiscale géncrale.
I>c ce fait, les taxes éniiméréesdans ces traitts constituaient une
exception à une rt;gle gbnéralement admise et on doit les interpréter
maintenant comrrie si la ri.& générale était incorporée dans les
traités.
Notre conclusion sur ce sujet est que les ressortissants des États-
Lynisont droit à ilne immunité fiscale générale à l'exception des
taxes expresséme~it admises par la convention de Madrid, l'acte

d'Algésiras ct tout: autre traité ou accord pertinent.
Nous estimons donc que les taxes dc consomn~ation prévues 1)ür
le dahir du 28 février 1948 ont été recouvrées à tort sur les ressor-
tissants des Etats-Cnis, jusqu'au 15 août 1950, date à laquelle les
Etats-Unis ont co'nsenti à ces taxes. Mais nous rie disposons pas
de données suffisantes sur lesquelles fonder notre conclusioii cluüiit
au rcinbourscnic~it des taxes déjà payées.

\'u Ics consiclérations ~>rbcbtlc~iitcs,les États-~nis ii'oiit 1);~s
I)csoin, i i~otre avis, cl'invoquer le trait6 espagnol de 1861, coinnicl
(,tarit l'un des (1traités en vigueur 1)riiiscluc~lsil a &téfait allusion
ailx articles Io ct 16 dc la corivc~ntioiiangio-frailqaisc dc 1937, t't
tloiit les Etats-Cliis tirent leur juricliction consulaire, litsCtcntluc
c,t l(ur ,iiiitniinitC liscalo. (.lrtijlc)tIO.)
I*c>Etats-Lnis ajxiit iii\,ocluC tnit6 (1;uisIc'i~rc~xl)osi~1,;~C.0111.
a jugé ~iiccss:~irc de se I>roiioncer sur cettc 1)rétciition ct ln
rejctcr pour le iiio1:if(lue la 1)artic.~)crti~ic,iitcd,u traité a StéüI)ro;iCcbeen abrogated by the Declarations of 1914 made by Spain and
France on behalf of Rlorocco.

In view of the fact that Spain was not represented before the
Court during the hearings, we think it inadvisable to base any
conclusion upon a definite finding that any part of the Treaty of
1861 with Spain has been abrogated or that it has not been abro-
gated. Without pronouncing any definite opinion one way or the
other, we may point out that the abrogation of the Treaty is more
than doubtful.
Article 63 provides :
"It is agreed that aftcr IO years have transpired from the day
the excliange of the ratifications of the present Treaty, eitfier
the two contracting Parties sliall have a right to demand the
modification of the Treaty ; but until such nzodification shall have
tnken filace by nzufual agreemen!, or a new treaty shall have been
concluded and ratified, the firpsent one skull conti~tucilu11 force
and vigozu,."

Neither the Convention of 1912 between France and Spain, nor
the Declarations of 7th March and of 14th November 1914, seem
to accomplish the modification of the Treaty by mutual agreement,
since in neither of them did France purport to act on behalf of
Morocco. The letter of the French Embassy of 10th January 1917
to the Department of State (see Annexes to Counter-Memorial,
P. z77), referring to the Spanish rights mentioned in Article I of
the Treaty of Fez, specifies expressly that they were defined "by
an agreement between the Governments, not of Morocco, but of
France and Spain".
On the otl-iër hand, these agreements do not seem to stipulate any
renunciation by either of the two Governments of its capitulatory
rights in the other zone, in the Ray the United Kingdom renounced

its own rights by the 1937 Convention. The difference between the
formula adopted in the Declarations of 1914 and that of the 1937
Convention is not without significance. To renounce claiming a
right may be nothing more than the suspension of the exercise of
that ri"iht.
The renunciation was made in view of the guarantees of judicial
cquality offered to foreigners by the French or Spanish tribunals
respcctively. It may therefore be considered as subject to a condi-
tion. In this case, each of the two Governments would be entitled
to re-open the question of its rights in the event of the guarantees
proving to be ineffective, or the tribunals ceasing to exist or being
substantially modified, or in the event of a change in the political
position of either of tliem.
It has hcen contended that there is no difference between thc
two formulas, that the choice of the wording of the Declarationsof
1914 is merely due to considerations of diplornatic convenience, andpar les déclarations faites en 1914 par l'Espagne et la France au
nom du Maroc.
Vu le fait que l'Espagne n'était pas représentée devant la Cour
pendant les audiences, nous estimons qu'il ne convient pas de
fonder une conclusion sur l'affirmation catégorique qu'une partie
quelconque du traité de 1861 avec l'Espagne ait étéabrogée ou
non. Sans nous prononcer de façon définitive dans un sens ou
dans l'autre, nous pouvons souligner que l'abrogation du traité

est plus que douteuse.
L'article 63 dispose :
(Afin qiie les Hautes Parties c~ntractar~tespuissent dorénavant
traiter et conv(:nird'aiitrêsarrctngeinentspropres3 faciliter davan-
tage encore leurs relation5 miituelles et favoriser les intérêtsdc
leurs siijets respectifsil cst stipul6 que, passé dix ans après le
jour de l'écharigedes ratifications du présent traité, chacune des
deux Parties contractantes aura ledroit d'en demander la modifi-
cationà l'autre; niais tant que cettemodificationn'aura fiétéfaite:
ou qu'un nouveau traitén'aura $as été co~zclzet raiifiélefirise~zt
traitédemeure~aen filsi~zcvigiteu~))
Ni la convention de 1912 entre la France et l'Espagne, ni les

déclarations du 7 mars et di1 14 novembre 1914, ne
opérer de modification du traité par voie d'accord mutuel, car
dans aucune d'entre elles la France n'a prétendu agir au nom du
Maroc. La lettre cle l'ambaçsade de France, en date du 19 janvier
1917, au Département d'Etat (voir annexes au contre-mémoire,
p. 277), visant les droits espagnols mentionnés à l'articleI du traité
de Fez, précise expressément que ces droits étaient définis (par
un accord entre les gouverncmrnts, non pas du Maroc, mais de
la France et de 1'E;spagne 1).
D'autre part, ces accords ne paraissent pas stipuler de renon-
ciation de la part. de l'un des deux gouvernements à ses droits
capitulaires dans l'autre zone, analogue à la renonciation du

Royaume-Uni à ses propres droits, par la convention de 1937.
La différence entre la formule adoptée dans les déclarations de
1914 et celle de la convention de 1937 n'est pas dépourvue de
signification. La renonciation à réclamer un droit peut n'être
rien de plus que la suspension de l'exercice de ce droit.
La renonciation a étéfaite en vue des garanties d'égalitéjudi-
ciaire offertes aux étrangers par les tribunaux français ou espagnols
respectivement. On peut donc la considérer comme assortie d'une
condition. Dans ce cas, chacun des deux gouvernements serait
fondé à poser à nouveau la question de ses droits au cas où les
garanties se révéleraient inefficaces, au cas où les tribunaux cesse-

raient d'exister 011seraient profondément modifiés, ou en cas de
changement dans la situation politiqiie de l'un d'entre eux.
On a soutenu qu'il n'existe pas de différence entre les deux
formules, que le choix des termes des déclarations de 1914 n'est
dû qu'à cles considérations de convenance diplomatique, et enfin finally that it was the same formula \\,hich was used by France in

more than 20 1)eclarations hy which it obtained bctrvcen 1914 and
1916 the renunciation of the Po\vers subscribing to these 1)eclara-
tions. It is asserted that France was ciitircly free to clioose either
of the two formulas, and that its choice must thercfore be construed
as evidence of their perfect equivalence.
In fact, these 20 1)eclarations which are posterior to the Spanish
Ileclaration, have simply followed the pattern of that Ileclar t' ion.

They woiild not, by themselves, impair any conclusion which may
be draw~i from the wording of their model.
In these conditions, the most-favoiired-nation clauses grantcd to
the Cnited States by the Treaty of 1836 l, \vhen applied to the
Treaty of 1861, viewed in the light of the 1914 Declarations, ma'
have the cffect of extending to the lTnited States al1 the rights and
favours granted 1)vthat Treaty, notwithstanding the suspension of

their exFrcise by Spain.
It is recognized that the failure by a Powcr, to which a favoiir
has been grantecl, to exercise that favour tloes not affect or prcjudicc,
right of any othcr Pou~ercntitlcd to that favour by virtue of a
most-favoured-nation claiise. For al1 useful purposcs, siispcnding
the exercise of a falrour is equivalent to failure to exercise it. Thcre-

forc, nothing would or should preclude the Cnited States from cxcr-
cising the capitulatory rights granted 11ythe Treaty of 1861.

T'hisconclusion may be considered to 1)csupportcd bjr a ~Iccision
of 12th .July 1924, delivered by the Court of Appeal of Rabat, the
highcst French judicial authority in Rlorocco (sce I>alloz, Recrleil
fikvio(/iqzle,1925, Part II, p. 35).

RJTthis decision the Court grantcd an exeq~tntl~(rrxecutory title)
for the cxecution of a judgmcnt bj- one of thc national i\~loroccaii
tribunals in a case relating to a matter of rcal property, a matter
wliich had always bcen considered in the capitulntory regime to bv
~vithin their exclusive jurisdiction. This regilîle had, lio\ve!.er,
cle\~eloped an indirect control on the cxercise of that jurisdiction,

113.subjecting the execution of such judgments to an exequatz~rto
be granted by the consul.
According to the decision of the Court of Rabat, this riglit for
the consul derives from Article 5 of the Sreaty of 1861 bctween
nforocco and Spain and has been extentled to al1 the other capitiil-
atory Powers by virtue of the most-favoured-nation clause.
In exercising that right in 1924, the Court must therefore have

lic~ldthat at that period both the French and Spanish Capitulations
\zrcrc still iri force in the Frcricli Zonci of Rforocco. The Spanish
('apitirlations continiicd theri to I)e a source of thnt right in that

'L'licniost-fa\-oiirc(IIn:claiisiii.2rticl(2.4of tlic 'frcatof 1930 r~insas
fr>llons":...ancl it is Iiirtlicr tlcclarc(l tliat intliilgcncc., in tr;itl(: or otlicr-
wisc,, sliall t)c jirato any of ttic ChristianI>o\\.rrs, tlic citioftlii. I.nitc.(l
States sliall l>c cqualcntitlt-cl to tliciri".
5 1 que c'est de cette inêinc formule que la France s'est servie dans

plus de vingt clécla.rations par lesquelles elle a obtenu, entre 1914
et 1916, la renonciation des Puissances ayant souscrit à ces décla-
rations. On a soute ni^ ciue la 1;sancc était entièrement libre dc
choisir l'une ou l'autrc des deiis forinules et que son choix devrait
donc être interprété comme i~tablissant leur 4(luivalencc parfait?.
En fait, les vingt déclarations. postérieures à la déclaration
espagnole, ont siinplcinent siii1.i lc modele de cettc déclaration.

Elles n'iraient par elles-mêmes à l'encontre tl'aucuiic conclusion
que l'on pourrait tirer de leur iiiotlClc.
Dans ces 'conditions, les clauscs de la iiatio~i la plus favoriséc,
octroyées aux Etats-Unis par le traite (1c 1836 l, lorsclu'elles sont
appliquées au traitti de 1861 en\.isagé à la lumit'rc des cléclaratioiis
de 1914, peuvent avoir pour effet d'étendre aux Etats-Lnis tous
les droits et faveurs accordés par ce traité, nonobstant la suspen-

sion de leur exercic,e par I'Espagnc elle-même.
Il est admis que le défaut, de la part d'une Puissance.à Iaquellc
une faveur a été accordée, d'exercer cette faveur, n'affecte ni
ne préjuge le droit d'une autre Puissance fondée à bénéficier tlcl
cette faveur en vertu d'une clause de la nation In plus favoriséci.
A toutes fins utiles, la suspension de l'exercice d'une faveur kqui-
vaut au defaut de l'exercer., En conséquence, rien n'empêcherait

ou ne devrait empticher les IZtats-Unis d'exercer 1c.sdroits capitu-
laires octroyés par le traité de 1861.
On eut considérer cette conclusion comme corroborée Dar la
décision du 12 juillet 1924, rclndue par la Cour d'appel de Iiabat,
la plus haute autorité judiciaire au Maroc (hlloz, Keczieil flévio-
digue, 1925, z1llCpartie, p. 35).
Par cette. décision. la Cour a accordé un exeauatur vour l'exé-

cution d'un jugement rendu par un des tribunaux marocains dans
une affaire relative à une ciuestion de nroI~ri'téfonciere. matit'rc
qui a toujours étéconsidérbe, sous le régime capitulaire, coinmc
relevant de leur juridiction exclusivc~. Ce régime avait toutefois
crééun contrcile indirect de l'exer~ic~ (le cette juridiction en sou-
mettant l'cxéciitiori de ces jugerncnts ?ilin cxcqiiatur accordé
par le consiil.

Suivant la décision de la Cour de Rabat, cc droit du consul
découle de l'article 5 di1 traité de 1861 entre le Maroc et l'Espagne
et a étéétendu à toutes les autres Puissances canitiilaires cil vc,rtii
de la clause dc la ncttioil la plus favorisét,.
En exerçant ce droit en 1924, la Cour a donc dû considérer qu'i
cette époque les capitulations françaises et espagnoles étaient
toutes deux encore en vigueur dans la zone française du Maroc.

Les capitulations espagnoles continuaient alors (l'être la soiircc.
La claiisrde la tiation la plufa\.orii:contcniirtlnns 1';rrtic14 est aiiisi
conçue : ...ilest en oiitrc dCclarC que toiitc fn\.ciir, cri ni;~tiitrc ((III(iii1iiicrcc
autre,qiii vieiiclril Ctrc accortlCc h iiiic niitrc 1'iiis~;ince clii-Cticrine s'a])pli<]iicr;r
Cgalemcnt aux citoyrns clcs Rtats-l'i>n.Zone, ~vhilethe French Capitulations, by virtue of the most-favoured
nation clause, made it possible for the French Court of Rabat,
successor of the French consular court, to receive and exercise that
right.

Article 95
Both France and the United States agree that Article 95 of the
Act of Algcciras defines the value on the basis of which the ad
valorervtduties of 124 % are to be liquidated. Each of them gives
an intcrpretation of this provision, as regards imported goods, dif-
ferent from the other's and each disputes the other's interpretation.

That the two Governments are justified in considering that
Article 95 defines that value is borne out by Article 96, which,
while setting up a committee on valuations, requires that com-
mittee to appraise the value of the chief articles of merchandise
dutiable in the Moorish customs 14nderthe conditions specifiedin the
foregoing article.Article 95 must therefore be considered to have
laid down the definition of that value.
Which, then, of the two interpretations is the correct one?
France interprets the value in question to be the local market
value, while the United States interprets it to be the export value
plus freight, insurance and similar expenses.

Both methods of valuation have been and are known in Morocco
as well as in other countries, either as exclusive or as combined

mcthods. In Morocco, the local market value had been adopted by
the Cierman Treaty of 1890 (Article 2). The greater number of
countries adopt, however, the other method of valuation. Some-
times, the local market value is adopted when the export or foreign
market value can not be ascertained, or when it is desired to adopt
l~rotectionist measures or to conceal a higher customs duty under
the guise of a moderate one.

The point which concerns us here is what the framers of the Act
of Algeciras intended to establish by Article 95, and how this
provision was understood by the Moroccan authorities from 1906
to 1912 and has been understood by the Protectorate authorities
since.
In Article 95 two phrases are the subject of contention between
the Parties. In the following sentence they are underlined :

"The wholesale value of tlie merchandise delivered in the
custom-house alidfree /rom cz~stonzdutics and storugedues."

If the natural sense of these two phrases yields a coherent and
reasonable proposition, then this proposition can only be set aside
55de ce droit dans cette zone, tandis que les capitulations françaises,
en vertu de la clause de la nation la plus favorisée, permettaient
à la Cour française de Rabat, successeur du tribunal consulaire
français, d'être investie de ce droit et de l'exercer.

Article95
La France et les États-unis sont d'accord pour admettre que
l'article 95 de l'acte d'Algésiras définitla valeur sur la base de
laquelle les droits de 12- % ad valorem doivent être liquidés.
Chacun des deux Etats donne de cette disposition, en ce qui
concerne les marchandises importées, une interprétation différente
et chacun conteste l'interprétation proposée par l'autre.

L'article 96, quii, en instituant une commission des valeurs
douanières, la charge de déterminer la valeur des principales mar-
chandises taxées par les douanes marocaines, dans les conditions
spécifiéesà L'article précédent, démontre que les deux gouverne-
ments sont fondés 1~considérer que l'article 95 définit cette valeur.
L'article 95 doit donc êtreconsidéré commeayant poséla définition
de cette valeur.
Quelle est donc celle des deux interprétations qui est exacte ?
La France interprète la valeur dont il s'a,git comme étant la
valeur sur lemarchi: local, tandis que pour les Etats-Unis il s'agirait
de la valeur d'exportation majorée des frais de transport, d'assu-
rance, et charges analogues.
Les deux méthodes d'évaluation ont étéet sont connues au
Maroc, de même que dans d'autres pays, soit à titre exclusif,
soit combinées l'une à l'autre. Au Maroc, la valeur sur le marché

local a étéadoptée par le traité conclu avec l'Allemagne en 1890
(article 2). Un plus grand nombre de pays adoptent toutefois
l'autre méthode d'évaluation. Parfois, la valeur sur le marché
local est adoptée lc~rsquela valeur d'exportation ou la valeur sur
le marché étranger ne peut pas être déterminée, ou lorsque l'on
désire adopter des mesures protectionnistes, ou dissimuler une
augmentation des droits de douane sous le manteau d'un droit
modéré.
Le point qui nous intéresse ici est de savoir ce que les auteurs
de l'acte d'Algésiras entendaient établir par l'article 95, et com-
ment cette disposition a étécomprise par les autorités marocaines
de 1906 à 1912, et par les autorités du protectorat depuis lors.

Deux membres de phrase de l'article 95 forment l'objet d'une

controverse entre 1r:sParties. Dans la citation suivante, ces mern-
brcs de phrase sont soulignés :
((La valeur ein gros de la marchandise rendue au hureazt de
d0uan.eet franch.ede droits de douane et de m.agaslna)).

Si le sens naturel de ces deux membres de phrase aboutit
à une idée cohérente et raisonnable, ccttc idée rie pciit êtrc
55if sufficient evidence is adduced to prove that it could not have
been contemplated.
The first phrase refers to transportation of merchandise from
the place of origin to the custom-house and thereby conveys an
indication of the two elements of the value inseparably connected,
viz., export value and expenses of transportatiori.
The second phrase describes, in the technical language of

customs, an article of merchandise without or before the levj.
of customs dues. This description excludes any connection with
local inarket value, since the latter includes customs dues and
can only be used as a basis for valuation after these dues have
been deducted. The usual expression in this case would be "after
deduction of customs duties" (see below Tieaty of Commerce of
1938 between the United Kingdom and Morocco, signed but
not ratified).
Both phrases, therefore, point to the export or foreign market
value of country of origin plus freight and insurance.

It is truc that Article 95 applies to exports and imports, but
this double function must imply that the terms employed refer
equally to both operations. In fact, local market value for exports
would correspond perfectly to market value of the country of
origin.
It must be noted that Article 95 does not provide for the whole
procedure of valuation. To ascertain this procedure, Article 95
must be read in conjunction with Article 96. This last provision
sets up a committee on customs valuations to appraise annually
the chief articles of merchandise dutiable in the Moorish customs.
This appraisal is, however, to be made ztnderthe conditions specified
inArticle 95. Article 96 does not prescribe the establishnient of
minimum and maximum values, but the schedule referred to in
that Article has contained both, either to allow for the different
qualities or for the different countries of origin of goods, or for

any other reason.

In any case, two inethods of valuation have been adopted in
the execution of the Act of Algeciras, one for the chief articles
of merchandise and another for others. Both these methods have
a common basis.
In Our view, this common basis is the market value of the
country of origin. Any necessary guidance for verifying declared
values is provided for by the Schedule of Values fixed under
Article 96.
This brings us to the provisions relating to declarationscontaincd
in Articles 82 to 86.
Article 82 of the Act requircs importers to file in the custoin-
house a dcclaration stating, inter alia, the value of the nierchandisc. écartée que si l'on dispose de preuves sufisantes pour démontrer
qu'elle n'a pas pu êtreenvisagée.
Le premier membre de phrase vise le transport de la marchandise

du lieu d'origine ,au bureau de douane, donnant ainsi une indi-
cation des deux élémentsde valeur inséparablement liés, à savoir
la valeur d'exportation et les frais de transport.
Le second membre de phrase définit, dans le langage technique
des douanes, un article de marchandise sans prélèvement de droits
de douane ou avant ce prélèvement. Cette définition -exclut tout
lien avec la valeur sur le marché local, puisque celle-ci comprend
les droits de douarie et ne peut êtreutilisée comme base d'évalua-
tion qu'après dédiiction de ces droits. L'expression usuelle dans
ce dernier cas se-rait «a~riis déduction des droits de douane 1)
Z
(voir ci-dessous le traité de commerce entre le Royaume-Uni
et le Maroc signéen 1938 mais non ratifié).
Par conséquent, les deux membres de phrase visent la valeur
sur le marché d'exportation ou le marché étranger du pays d'ori-
gine, majorée des frais de transport et d'assurance.
Il est vrai que l'article 95 s'applique aux exportations et impor-
tations, mais cette double fonction doit signifier que les termes
employés visent également les deux opérations. En fait, la valeur
des exportations sur le marché local correspondrait parfaitement
3 la valeur du marché dans le pays d'origine. '
Il faut noter que l'article 95 ne prévoit pas toute la procédure

d'évaluation. Pour établir cette procédure, l'article 95 doit être
lu conjointement avec l'article 96. Cette dernière disposition
prévoit l'établissernent d'une commission des valeurs douanil3res
qui déterminera chaque année la valeur des principales marchan-
dises taxées par les douanes marocaines. Cette évaluation doit
néanmoins se faire daus les condifioîzs spécifiées ri L'article 95.
1,'article 96 ne prescrit pas l'établissement de valeurs minima et
maxima, mais le .tarif visé dans cet article a contenu les deux
valeurs, soit pour tenir coinpte' de différences dc qualité, ou de la
diversité des pays d'origine (les marchandises, soit pour toute

autre raison.
Quoi qu'il en soit, deux méthodes d'évaluation ont étéadoptées
dans l'application lie l'acte d'i\lgésiras, la première pour les prin-
cipales marchandisc:~, la seconde poiir les autres. Ces deux méthodes
ont une base comrriune.
A notre avis, cette base commune est la valeur du marché
dans le pays d'origine. Le tarif des valeurs fixéen vertu de l'arti-
cle 96 apporte les indications néccssaircs pour vérifier les \.aleurs
déclarées.
Cela nous amène ails t1isl)ositioiis des articles 82 3 S6 relatives

ailx déclarations.
1,'article82 de l'acte ol~lig,.1c.siinl)ortatciià-scli~l)osc;ii1)iii-c~aii
de douane une déclaration imoiiçüiit, cntrc aiitrcs choses, la ~~alcur
de la marcliandise. -4rticles 83 to 86 provide penalties for inaccurate statements
by the importer concerning the kind, quality or value of imported
goods.
As to value, Article 85 states that if the declaration should
be fourid to be inaccurate as to the "declared value" and the
declarant should be unable to prove his good faith, certain results
shall follow.
Now it would be reasonable to suppose that had it been intended
that the market value in Morocco should be the basis for deter-
mining the customs duty, there could have been little purpose
in attaching such importance to a declaration by the importer.

Moreover, the market value in Morocco would reflect many
charges attaching to the goods after leaving the custom-house,
such as transportation, warehousing, handling, commissions and
other expenses incident to placing the goods on the market, and
the profit realized by the importer and by any brokers or middle-
men. Obviously, there is room for a wide difference between the
local market value of goods and the value at the time of delivery
to the custom-house. Local market values may fluctuate, depending
upon the plenitude or scarcity of the goods at a given time.

In conclusion, the text of Article 95 presents no ambiguity,
unless we do violence to the word "rendue" to find therein a
reference to the local market or to the word "frnnche" by making
it synonymous with "déductionfaite".

Assuming that the text is ambiguous, the examination of the
travaux préparatoiresmight throw some light on its interpretation.
The original draft (Art. 19) siibmittcd to the Conference of
Algeciras provided :

"Les droits ad valoremseront liquidéset payésd'aprèsla valeur
cn gros et ail comptant de la n-iarcliandiseau pdetdébarquement
ou au bureau d'entrbc s'il s'agitd'importation."
[Translation]
"The ad valor~wcduties shall be liquidated and paid according
to the wholesale value of tlie merchandise at the port of landing.
or at the biireaii of entry, in the case of imports."

The provision contrasts with that in the older treaties, especially
the Treaty between Morocco and Germany (1890). Tt does not
make the market value either of the port of landing or the bureau
of entry the basis of liquidation of customs duties. The reference
to the port or to the bureau relates simply to the destination
of the merchandise and is clearly made with a view to including
the expenses incurred in transporting the merchandise up to the
port or to the bureau. This reference naturally implies the adoption
of thc market value of the countrjr of origin. OPIN. DES. (RESSORTISSANTS É.-U. AU MAROC) 229

Les articles 83 à 86 prévoient des sanctions pour les déclara-
tions inexactes de la part de l'importateur sur la nature, la qualité
ou la valeur des marchandises importées.
En ce qui concerne la valeur, l'article 85 énonce que dans le
cas où la déclaration serait reconnue inexacte quant à la ((valeur
déclarée ))et si le déclarant ne eut iustifier de sa bonne foi. il
s'ensuivra certaines conséquences.

Il serait raisonnable de suIIser aue si l'on avait voulu choisir
la valeur sur le niarché marocain comme base de dktermination
des droits de douame, il n'y aurait guère eu de raison d'attacher
une telle importance à la déclaration de l'importateur.
En outre, la valeur sur le marché marocain sera influencée par
de nombreux frais qui viennent s'ajouter après que les marchan-
dises ont quitté le bureau de douane, tels que le transport, le

magasinage, la ma.nutention, les commissions et autres dépenses
afférentes à la mise des marchandises sur le marché, ainsi que les
bénéfices réalisés par l'importateur, courtier ou intermédiaire. De
toute évidence, il y a place pour une grande différence entre la
valeur des marchi~ndises sur le marché local et leur valeur au
moment de la remise au bureau de douane. La valeur sur le marché
local peut fluctuer, dépendant de l'abondance ou de la pénurie

de la marchandise à un moment déterminé.
En conclusion, le texte de l'article (35ne présente aucune arnbi-
guïté, à moins qut: nous ne forcions le sens du terme ((rendue 11,
pour trouver en lui une référenceau marché local, ou du terme
c(franche 1) en le rendant synonyme de l'expression i(déduction
faite n.
Dans l'hypothèse où le texte serait ambigu, l'examen des travaux
préparatoires pourrait éclairer son interprétation.

Le projet original de l'article 19, soumis à la conférence d',41gé-
siras, prévoyait ce qui suit :
((Les droits ad valorerrseront !iquidéset paybs d'après lavaleur
en gros etau comptant de la marchandise au port de dbbarquement
ou ait bureau Cl'cntrée s'ils'agit d'importation.))

Cette dispositiori contraste avec celle des traités plus anciens,
notamment le traité de 1890 entre le Rlaroc et l'Allemagne. Elle
ne fait pas de la valeur sur le marché, soit au port dedébarquement,
soit au bureau des douanes, la base de liquidation des droits de

douane. La référenceau port ou au bureau, qui vise simplement
la destination de la marchandise, a nettement pour objet d'inclure
les frais entraînés par le transport de la marchandise jusqu'au port
ou au 1)urc.a~.Cette référenceimpliclue naturellenient IJadol)tion
tle 13valcur au pays d'origine.

57 To this draft an amendment was proposed by the delegate of
Great Britain at the 8th sitting of the Conference and was accepted.
It simply replaced "at the port of landing or at the bureau of
entry, in the case of imports," by the words "au bztrea5~de doziane

et franche des droits de doz~a?ze".([Tralzslationj-".4t the custom-
house and free from customs duties".) Later, at the 15th sitting,
the German and British delegates deposited amendments, not to
Article 19 but to Article 20, which has become Article 96 of thc
Act of Algcciras.
The German amendment reads as follows :

[Translation]
"Tlic: diititjs ai't7/0~cmlevied in Alorocco on iniports sliall bc

calculated or. the value wliich the importctd article haa in the place
of loatling or huying, iricreased liy expenses for transportation
and insurance to the port of unloacling in Morocco.
In order to fixfor a s1)eîificdperiod thc value in the port of entry
of the more important articles wliicli are taxed, the Aforoccan Cus-
toms Administration will invite the principal merchants interested
in the import trade to procecd iii agrcc.ment with it, to the establisli-
ment of a tariff for a period not to escced twelve months. The tariff
so estalilished shall be coinmuiiicaled by the Moroccan Customs to
tlie Diplomatie Body and shall at the s:imc time be officially
pul~lished.
It will be consideretl officially recognized so far as conccriis
the products of the ressortissants of signütorv States, in so far
;is no mc~nljerof the Diplornatic Body wil! liave formally opposed it
during the two weel<swhicli will follo\v tlie official publicaticn arid
:lie communication addresscd to tlic Diplomatie Body."

'l'licamendment not only provides for a procedure for establish-
iiig a tariff for a specificd pcriod, which was the subject-matter cf
the proxkiions of the original Article 20, but takes up again the
question of fixation of value, whicli had already heen decided at
the 8th sitting.
This amendm.cnt raised the objcctioii of the French delegate, not

as regards tI-icmethod of fixation of value, which no one opposecl,
but as regards the composition of the body or corninission for the
establishment of the tariff. The two amendments were referred to
thc I?rafting Committee, which adopted a text based on the British
amendment to the sanie Article (Art. 20). Thereforc, al1 that can
I)e said in respect of the first paragraph of the German amendment

is that it was not maintaincd by the Ilrafting Committee. But the
rcason for this lies in the fact that the question raised in that para-
graph had already been adopted as Article 19, which has become
Article 95. It can not then be said that it has been rejccted on the
ground that it statcd a rule which the Conference was unwilling to
adopt. In fact, it rcpeated in more detailed forni the purport of the

1:ritish l)ropusal presented at the 8th sitting.
j6: A la 8llle séance de la conférence, le délégué de la Grande-
Bretagne proposa à.ce texte un amendement qui fut adopté.
Cet amendement remplaçait simplement les mots cau port de
débarquement ou au bureau d'entrée s'il s'agit d'importations D,
par les mots Nau bureau de douane et franche des droits de douane )).

Plus tard, à la 15lILCséance, le déléguéde I'Alleinagne déposa dcs;
arnendemcnts, non point à l'article 19 mais A l'article20, (luiest
cle\renu l'article96 de l'acte d'Algésiras.

L'amendement allemand est conçu comme suit :

c(Les droits ad valo~,enzperçus ai? Illaroc siir lrs in:j)ortatioiis
seront calciiléssur la valeur que l'article importe a dans le licii dc:
chargcrneiit oii d'achat, avec majoration des frais de transport ct
d'assurance jiisciu'au point de déchargement au Maroc.
Afin de fixer pour une période déterminée la valeur dans les
ports t1'entrC.edes principaux articles taxes, l'administratioii des
douaiîes marocaines invitera les principaux commerçants étrangers
intbress6s dans le commerce d'importation à procéder, eii cornmiLi1
avec elle, à 1'i.tablisseincnt d'un tarif pour une période n'excédant
pas douze mois. Le tarif ainsi Ctabli sera communiqué par la douane
marocaine au Corps diplomatirlue et sera en mêmetemps officiellc-
ment publié.
Il scra considt.récomme officiel!en~entreconnu en ce cliiiconcerne

lcs protluits et rrssortissants des Etats signataires, en tant clu'aucuii
membr~i di1 COI~Sdiplomatiqiic n'v fait une formelle opposition
pendant la qiiinzainc (lui suivra la piiblication officielle et la commu-
iiication confori-ne adressée au Corl~sdij~lomaticlue. 1)(Actes de la
conférence d'Algi.siras, annexe 11"7 au protocole 15.)

L'amendement nie prévoit pas seulement une 1)rocédure d'éta-
blissement d'uiî tar1.f pour une période spécifiée, cequi faisait l'objet
des disl)ositions de l'article 20 primitif ; il reprend à nouveau la

question de l'évaluation, déjà tranchée à la huitième séance.
Cet amen(1crni~nt a soulevé l'objection du déléguéfrançais, noii
pas iipropos de la méthode d'évaluation, à lacluelle personntl iiv
s'est ol)posé, inais propos de la composition de l'organe ou de la
connnission de fixa.tioii du tarif. Les deux amendements ont étC

reii\~oyés au comité de rédaction qui adopta un texte fondé .sur
l'amendement hrit;innicliieau inêrnc article (art. 20). Donc, la
seule chose (lue l'on puisse dire ciu premier paragraphe de 1'amendc.-
inciit alleinand, c'cst clu'il n'a pas été conservé par le conlit4 de
rédaction. hlais la i-aisoli cil csst la suivaiitc : la (luestion cxanîin6~

dans cc j)aragral,lic. ü\.aitdéjh étéadol)tée dans l'article 19, dc17c.n~
l'article 95. 011 iic saurait dirc clii'eile aiété rejetée parce clii'cllc
posait iiiie rilglc (lu!' la confércncr n'était I)ns tlisl)o&~ A an<iol)tc,r.
En fait, (t11crc.1,i-i.iiait soiis iinc. foriiic. 1)liis cii.t:iilli,cxI'ol)j(st cl(, la
prol)ositioii 1)rit:~riiiiclucl)ri~sc~5~1;~S1li'séance. In short, the German amendment was not adopted, not because

it was controverted on the point with which we are now concerned,
but because of its other unsatisfactory features.
In the final draft, Articles 19 and 20 of the draft of Customs

regulations (which became in the final Act of Algeciras Articles 95
and 96) were slightly modified, the first by the addition of the word
"rendue" before the words "au bureau" and the second by the

addition of the phrase "dans les coltditions specifiéesIi l'article pré-
cédent",thus linking the two provisions.

As regards the practice followed in the period subsequent to the
Act of Algeciras, the evidence resulting from the documents filed
by the Parties is in favour of the interpretation put forward by the

United States in respect of the measures adopted during the period
of 1908-1912. It is even decisive in respect of the period following the

Protectorate up to 1928. The letter of 1912 of M. Luret, the chief
representative in Morocco of French bondholders in control of the
Moroccan Customs Administration 1, as well as the Regulations

publislied by the Customs Administration in 1928 2, relevant
extracts of which are reproduced below, can leave no doubt in this
respect.

1 "Following a complaint from the American Minister concerning customs
duties assessed against inlports of the Vacuum Oil Company, hc wrote to the Amer-
ican Minister that the Company liad failed to furnish the original invoiceswhich
could be checked againstquotationson the market of originand defined the dutiable
value of imported merchandise under Article 95 of the Act of Algeciras thus :

[Translation]

"This value comprises tlie purchase price of the petroleum f.0.b. New York
increased by al1 expenses subsequent to the purchase, such as outgoing dues
paid at foreign custom-liouses, transportation, packing, freiglitinsurance,
manipulation, landing, et cetera, in a word, everything that contributes to
constitute, at the moment of presentation at the custom-house, the cash
wholesale value of the product, on the basis of which, according to Article 95

of the Act of Algeciras, the duties must be paid." (Translation ;quoted in the
Note dated November 13, 1947, from the American Consul General at Casa-
blanca to the Diplornatic Counsellor of the French Residency ; Annex 59.)

[Translation] " (81) Merchandise taxed on value :

By the terms of Article 95 of the Act of Algeciras, the duties ad valorem
are liquidated according to the cash wholesale value of the merchandise
dclivered to the custom-house and free from customs duties and storage fees.
The value of this mercliandise for the application of the tariffis consequently
that which it has in the place and at the moment it is presented for payment
of duties. It comprises, therefore, in addition to tlie purchase price in tlie Bref, l'amendement allemand n'a pas été adopté,non parce qu'il
était combattu sur le point qui nous occupe maintenant, mais en

raison de ses autres faiblesses.
Dans le projet final, les articles 19 et 20 du projet de Règlement
des douanes (devenus dans l'acte final d'Algésiras les articles 95

et 96), ont étélégèrement modifiés, le premier par l'addition du
mot ((rendue » avant les mots ccau bureau » et le second par
l'addition de la phrase « dans les conditions spécifiéesà l'article
précédent 1)reliant ainsi les deux dispositions.

Quant à la pratique suivie au cours de la période postérieure à
l'acte d'Algésiras, le sens qui se dégagedes documents déposés par

les Parties témoigne en faveur de l'interprétation avancée par lcs
Etats-Unis au sujet des mesures adoptées au cours de la période
1908-1912. Il est décisifen ce qui est de la période qui a suivi le

Protectorat jusqu'en 1928. Ni la lettre écrite en 1912 par M. Luret,
déléguégénéral au Maroc des porteurs français de bons de la
dette marocaine contrôlant l'administration des douanes maro-

caines l, ni la réglementation publiée en 1928 par l'administra-
tion des douanes :2,dont des extraits pertinents sont reproduits
ci-dessous, ne laissent de doute à ce sujet.

1 A la suite d'une rtclamation du ministre américain concernant les droits de
douane imposés sur les importations de la Vacuum Oil Company, M. Luret écrivait
au ministre américain que la Compagnie avait omis de produire les factures originales
qui pouvaient êtrevériiiéesd'après les offres de prix du marchéd'ovigine. II donna la
définition suivante, d'aprèsl'article5 de l'acte d'Algésiras, de la valeur imposable
de la marchandise importée :

« Cette valeur comporte le prix d'achat du pétrole f.0.b. New-York augmenté
de tous les frais posttrieursà l'achat, tels que les droits de sortie acquittés
aux douanes étrangères, le transport, l'emballage, le fret, l'assurance,les
manipulations, le clébarquement, etc., en un mot tout ce qui contribueà former,
au moment de la présentation au bureau de douane, la valeur au comptant et
en gros du produit suivant laquelle doivent, d'après l'article95 de l'acte
d'Algésiras, êtreli(1uidés les droi1)(Voir note, en date du 13 novembre 1947,
du consul général aniéricain à Casablanca au conseiller diplomatique de la
Résidence de France ; annexe 59.)

hs 81) Marchandises taxées à la valeur :

Aux termes de l'article 95 de l'acte d'..llgésiras, les droits ad ualorem sont
liquidés suivant labvaleur au comptant et en gros de la marchandise rendue
au bureau des docianes et franche des droits de douane et de magasinage. La
valeur des marchandises pour l'application du tarif est en conséquence celle
qu'elles ont dans Io lieu et au moment où elles sont ~>r&sentécspour I'acquitte-
iiient des droits.1311ecomprend donc, outre le prix d'achat à l'étranger, les However, since 1930 a new policy of valuation based, more or
less, on the local market value has been asserted by draft regula-
tions prepared by the Protectorate authorities. They have given
rise to protests from various foreign Powers and bodies. As evi-

denced by the documents filed by the Parties, the same policy was
equally asscrted in the proceedings of the Committee on Valuation
instituted by Article 50 of the Statute of Tangiers to replace that
provided for by Article 96 of the Act of Algeciras. It gave rise to
conflicting attitudes by the member representing the International
Zone of Tangier and the twoother members representing the French

and Spanish Zones. The two sides sustained the two interpretations
put forward in the present instance, without the issue being settled
in one way or the other. The Committee had no authority to decide
the issue, but the concrete decisions on valuation were generally
taken by a majority vote of the French and Spanish members.

This part of the history of Article 95, revealed by the documents
filed at the end of the oral proceedings, brings no contribution to
the interpretation of that provision. It merely shows that the conflict
gors as far back as 1930. However, a document referred to in the
annexes of the Counter-Rlemorial throws great light on this matter

of interpretation. It is the Treaty of Commerce of 1938 between
Riioroccoand the Cnited Kingdom, signed but not ratified. It had
been communicated to the United States in order to be considered
with the 1937 Anglo-French Convention as models for a double
convention of the same nature between Morocco and the United

States (Annexes to Counter-Mernorial, p. 322).
There was an exchange of Notes between the French and British
Governments at th? time of the signature of the Convention on
July 18th, 1938. In its Note (No. 5) of that date, the British
Government states that it has been informed by the French Govern-
ment that thc provisions contained in Chapter V of the Act of

Algeciras (which includes Article 95) are, in the opinion of that
Government, incompatible with modern conditions and that the
said Government has communicated to it certain provisions which
it intends to incorporate in the customs legislation. It also states
that the Government of the United Kingdom is prepared to give
its consent to the abrogation of the provisions contained in the

said Chapter. A new text is annexed to this Note which is intended
to be substituted for the provision of Article 95 and which sets out

foreign country, the expenses following the purchase such as the export
dutics paid to foreigncustoms, the transportationor freight, insurance,
expenses for unloading,ina word al1 wliich contributeto form upon arriva1
in Morocco the wliolcsale value of tlic merclian(exceptingcustoms duties
and storage fees), thais tlic currrnpricc of the ~ii<.rcliandisc in tlie place
wherc the customs dutiesare assessed." Cependant, depuis 1930, une nouvelle politique d'évaluation
plus ou moins fondée sur la valeur sur le marché local, a été éta-
blie par des projets de règlement préparés par les autorités du
protectorat. Ceux-ci ont donné lieu à des protestations de la part
de diverses puissarices et organes étrangers. Ainsi qu'il ressort des
documents déposéspar les Parties, la même politique a également
étéétablie au cour:; des débats de la Commission des Valeurs insti-
tuée par l'article 50 du statut de Tanger pour remplacer celle qui

était prévue par l'article 96 de l'acte d'Algésiras. Cette politique
a donné lieu à des conflits entre le membre représentant la zone
internationale de Tanger et les deux autres membres représentant
les zones française et espagnole. Les deux partis défendaient les
deux interprétations soutenues dans la présente expèce, sans que
la auestion ait étéré~lée dans un sensni dans l'autre. La cominission
n'avait pas pouvoir pour trancher la question, mais les décisions

pratiques ti'éva1ual:ionétaient généralement prises par un vote à
la majorité des meinbres français et espagnol.
Cette partie de l'historique de l'article 95, qui ressort des docu-
ments déposés à la fin de la procédure orale, n'apporte aucune
contribution à l'interprétation de cette disposition. Elle montre
simplement que le conflit remonte jusqu'à 1930. Toutefois, un
document, mentionné aux annexes du contre-mémoire, jette une

vive lumière sur cette question d'interprétation. C'est le traité
de commerce de 1938 entre le Maroc et les Etat~~Unis, traité signé
mais non ratifié. Il avait été communiqué aux Etats-Unis afin de
servir avec la convention anglo-française de 1937 de modèle,pour
une double convention de mêmenature entre le Maroc et les Etats-
Unis (Annexes au contre-mémoire, p. 322).
Un échangede notes eut lieu entre les Gouvernements français et

britannique lors de la signature de la convention du 18 juillet 1938.
Dans sa note (no5) de la mêmedate, le Gouvernement britannique
déclare avoir étéinformé par le Gouvernement français que les
dispositions contenues au chapitre V de l'acte d'Algésiras (lequel
comprend l'article 95) ne sont plus, de l'avis de ce gouvernement,
compatibles avec les conditions de la vie moderne et que ledit
gouvernement lui a communiqué certaines dispositions qu'il se

propose d'incorporer dans la législation douanière. Il indique égale-
ment que le Gouvernement du Royaume-C'ni est disposé à donner
son consentement à l'abrogationdes dispositions contenues dans
ledit chapitre. Un nouveau texte, destiné à remplacer la disposition
de l'article 95, est annexé à cette note et expose la thèse que la

frais postérieuà l'achattels que les droits de soacquittés aux douanes
étrangères, le transpoou fret, l'assuranles frais debarquemcnt,en un
mot tout ce qui contribuà former à l'arrivée, au Maroc, le prix en gros de la
marchandise (droit:j d'entrée et de magasinagecompris), soit le prix cou-
rant de la marchandise dans le lieu oii elle est douan»eRégle~rieiitntiorz
douanière(édition1928).the view now put forward by France. (Command 5823 (1938),
PP, 49-54.)
-411this shows that the view now put fcnvard by France as an
interpretation of Article was described by France and the United
Kingdom in 1938 as an abrogation of that Article.

Accordingly we find that, in applying Article95 01 the Act of
Algeciras, the only value to beaken account of is the value in the
country of origin plus expenses incident to transportatioto the
custom-house in Morocco.

(Signed) Green H. HACKWORTH.
(Signed) A. BADAWI.

(Signed)LEVICARNEIRO.

(Signed)B. N. RAU.France soutient maintenant. (Command 5823 (1938)~ pp. 49-54.)

Tout cela montre que la thèse que la France présente maintenant
comme une interprétation de l'article 95 était considéréeen 1938,
par la France et 11:Royaume-Uni, comme une abrogation de cet
article.
En conséquence, nous concluons que, dans l'application de l'arti-
cle 95 de l'acte d'Algésiras, la seule valeur dont on doive tenir
compte est la valeur dans le pays d'origine, majorée des frais

afférentsau transport jusqu'au bureau de douane au Maroc.
(Signé) GreenH. HACKWORTR.

(Signé) A.BADAWI.

(Signé)LEVICARNEIRO.
(Siigné)B. N.RAU.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion by Judges Hackworth, Badawi, Levi Carneiro and Sir Benegal Rau

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