Dissenting opinion by Judge ad hoc Daxner

Document Number
001-19480325-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
001-19480325-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. IGOR DAXNER.

1am unable to concur in the present judgment on the Prelimin-
ary Objection submitted by the Govemment of the People's Repub-
lic of Albania in the Corfu Channel case.
Of the many different points in the judgment upon which 1
differ from the Court, 1shall confme myself to referring to certain
of the more important in the opinion which follows :

1. In support of its Application, the Govemment of the United
Kingdom invoked certain provisions of the Charter of the United
Nations and of the Statute of the Court to establish in the present
case the existence of a case of compulsory jurisdiction. The Court
does not consider that it needs to express any opinion on thispoint,
since, according tothe Court, the letter of July 2nd, 1947,addressed
by the Albanian Government to the Court., constitutes a voluntary
acceptance of its jurisdiction.
In the opinion of the Court, theletter of July and, 1947, in spite

of the reservation made therein, the exact scope of which the Court
considers later, removes al1 difficulties concerning the question of
the admissibility of the Application and the question of the juris-
diction of the Court.
It was contended by the Government of the United Kingdom
that the recommendation made by the Security Council under
Chapter VI of the Charter, and more particularly under Article 36,
paragraph 3, is ipso facto obligatory for the parties to whom it is
addressed. The compulsory jurisdiction of the Court would thus
be established in virtue of the recommendation of 9th April for the
United Kingdom and Albania in the present case. Special stress
was laid in this connexion by the representative of the United
Kingdom on Article 25 of the Charter, the recommendation under
Article 36 (3)of the Charter being construed in virtue ofArticle(2)
of the Charter as decisions of the Security Council of obligatory
character.

In my opinion such a construction of Article 25 of the Charter
and, in general, the obligatory character of a recammendation
under Article 36 (3) of the Charter, is inadmissible.
The term "recommendation" as used by tlie Charter is by no
means a new one. It appeared especially in the Covenant of the
League of Nations. The voluntary and not obligatory charactei-
of a recommendation made by the Council of the League, even
unanimously, was expressly defined in Advisory Opinion No. 12
of the Permanent Court (pp. 27-28). The recommendations put
forward by the Assembly of the League were called in French DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 34

"les vŒux" (seeAlbanian document, Annex No. 2). Al1comment-
ators on the work of the League of Nations agree that there was
no obligatory force (see Lauterpacht, M. Ray).

The term "to recommend" was described by a distinguished
Frenchman as follows : "ce n'est pas proposer, c'est encore moins
ordonner, ce n'est pas indiquer. C'est faire une recommandation
dans le sens français du mot, mais un peu pressante ...." (Doyen

Larnaude, p. 37 de la publication :La Société des Nations, Paris,
1920.) The meaning thus attacl-ied to the word "recommendation"
does not permit it to be regarded as an obligatory decision. More-
over, the Covenant distinguished between a "decision" (Article 5
of the Covenant) and a "recornmendation" (see, for instance,
Article 15), and the Charter of the United Nations also makes a
distinction (seeArticles 39,40, "Security Council shall make recom-
mendations or decide what measures ...."Article 94, paragraph 2,
of the Charter).

The Albanian documents (see especially Annexes 1,4, 5, 6, 7)
submitted to the Court some evidenêeof a general consensus of
opinionprevailing as regards the voluntarycharacter of recommend-
ations made under Chapter VI of the Charter. More documentary
evidence could easily be found. 1 would recall only that the official
British commentary on the Charter (H.M. Stationery Office,
Cmd. 6666, p. 8) makes no mention of any compulsory character
attaching to Chapter VI of the Charter.

Some authoritative statements were made already durii-ig the
San Francisco Conference concerning the voluntary character of
recommendations (see Belgian amendment in this connexion as
reproduced in Vol. XII, p. 66,of the officialedition of the SanFran-
cisco Conference, and in the same sense also Vol. XI, p. 84). Some
documentary evidence directly concerns the voluntary character
of Article 36 (3) of the Charter (seeop. cit.Vol. XII, pp. 108-109,
P- 137).
The travaux #réBaratoires of the San Francisco Conference
establish also thât Ârticle 25 of the Charter must not be applied
indifferently as meaning ipso facto"obligatory decisions". Refer-
ring to the Belgian amendment, it was emphasized at the Confer-
ence "that the Charter must be construed in its entirety" and that
"there were special provisions which would override general provi-
sions" (op. cit.V,ol. XI, p. 375). The British representatives

contended that Article 25 would have no sense and efficiency if the
recommendations made under Chapter VI of the Charter were not
obligatory decisions. They overlooked that Chapter VI1 of the
Charter is of the greatest importance in view of the functions of the
Security Council, and that the specific powers granted the Security
Council as laid down in Chapter VI1 include the power to take
23 DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 3.j
decisions wliich are obligatory and must be carried out by members.

The character of recommendations made by the Security Council
under Chapter VI of the Charter being purely voluntary, it is
evident also that the recommendation, addressed under Article 36
(3) of the Charter by the Security Council to the Governments of
the United Kingdom and Albania on 9th April, 1947, could not
involve any obligation for both Governments to go before the
Court and that no question whatsoever of the compulsory juris-

diction of the Court can be raised in the present case in virtue of
Article 36 (3) or any other article of the Charter.

II. The foregoing point must be considered as of special import-
ance in view of the question of the admissibility of the British
Application of 13th May.

According to Article 40 (1)of the Statute, 'cases are brought
before the Court, as the case may be, either by the notification of
the special agreement; or by written application". There was no
question whatsoever of a special agreement between the Govern-
ments of Albania and of the United Kingdom, not even if the
tenn special agreement should be construed as a concluding fact or
in some oiher non-forma1 way. The United Kingdom Government
was therefore by no means in a position to notify the Court of an
agreement reached with Albania to brii~gthe case before the Court.
Was then the United Kingdom Government justified in bringing

the case before the Court by means of a "written application" ?
Article 40 of the Statute does not itself say expressly which is the
case for application. But it should not be difficult to understand
that this is the procedure where there is compulsory jurisdiction.
There cannot be any doubt that "the notification of the special
agreement" which Article 40 (1) of the Statute has in view, covers
the cases of voluntary, optional jurisdiction. In the terms of
Article 36 (1) of the Statute, there are "al1 cases which the parties
refer to the Court". The compulsory jurisdiction of the Court is
another part of its jurisdiction. In the words of Article 36 (1)
of the Statute, under this jurisdiction fall"...al1matters specially
provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties
and conventions in force". The notification of the special agree-

ment covering, according to Article 40 of the Statute, the cases
of optional jurisdiction, the application, requêtea,ppears necessarily
to be the forma1 instrument to bring before the Court the matters
of compulsory jurisdiction.
In my opinion, there was never ariy serious doubt on this point.
The travaux préparatoiresin connexion with Article 40 of the
Statute point out that the words "as the case may be" (selon le DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 36
cas) were intended to cover the following two cases : 1) "la Cour
est saisie unilatéralement par une des parties ; 2) il y a un accord

spécial entre les parties" (cf. p. 368, Procès-verbauxdes Séances
de la Troisième Commission,Première Assemblée, S. d.N.). The
documents submitted on behalf of the Albanian Government to the
Court include under Annex 12 the opinions of some judges of the
Permanent Court and of the Registrar which, in 1926, confirm
that "the Court on the basis of Article 40 of the Statute, had
always called requête the document instituting proceedings filed

by a party which claimed that the Court had compulsory juris-
diction in regard to the subject of a dispute ; the corresponding
word in English had been 'application' ". (Permanent Court, Series
D., Add. 2, pp. 177 et sqq.) It was always so held by the Permanent
Court, as e.g. the Revision of the Rules 1934-1936 passim confirms.
In spite of the documentary evidence in this sense, al1 this is,
according to the judgment, only "a mere assertion which is not
justified" either by Article 40 (1)or Article 36 (1)of the Statute.

According to the judgrnent, Article 32 (2) of the Rules of Court,
which contains the phrase "as far as possible", "clearly implies
both by its actual terms and by the consideration which inspired
its framing, that the institution of proceedings by application is
not exclusively reserved for the domain of compulsory jurisdic-
tion". In my opinion, Article 32 (2) of the Rules cannot be
considered as supporting such a view. The ratiolegisof this provi-
sion as concerns the words "as far as possible", was to make possible
the institution of the forum prorogatu~n ; this was the reason why
it was thought not desirable to insist on the application containing
reference to the treaty clause upon which it was based. (See

among the Albanian documents submitted to the Court Annex 14,
especially pp. 69, 157 ,f the Publications of thePermanent Court.
Series D., Third Addendum to No. 2.) The fact that the applic-
ation should, as far as possible, specify the provision on which the
applicant founds the jurisdiction of the Court, is not sufficient in
itself to decide the question of the admissibility or inadmissibility
of the application. Article 32 (2) prescribes al1 forma1 points
which an application either must or should contain. It does not
Say that an application which does not specify the provision
presumably founding the jurisdiction of the Court, is inadmissible ;
on the other hand, it does not follow from Article 32 (2)of the
Rules that the application which thus specifies the presumed
jurisdiction of the Court, is ipso facto admissible. To decide the

question, whether a case has been duly brought before the Court,
Article qo (1) of the Statute must be taken into consideration.
Only if this Article did not specify that "cases are brought before
the Court, as the casemay be" (selonle cas), would it be possible
to assert that an application can be presented to the Court even
in a case of optional jurisdiction.
25 DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 37

Since cases of compulsory jurisdiction are brought before the
Court, according to Article 40 of the Statute, by means of an
application, the point is made that the British application of
13th May, 1947, was prima facie irregular.

III. The only way which was open to the Government of the
United Kingdom was to submit the dispute to the Court in agree-
ment with Albania, unless the Albanian Government gave its
consent to the application a posteriori. 1 will mention this point
later on, in connexion with the letter of 2nd July.

It is to be presumed that the Resolution of the Security Council
of April 9th must be in harmony with the above-mentioned
requirements of Article 40 of the Statute, since a recommendation
of the Security Council under Article 36 (3) of the Charter cannot
deviate from the terms of the Statute of the Court.

Now the Resolution of April 9th recommends the Govern-
ments of the United Kingdom and Albania to submit their dispute
to the Court "in accordance with the provisions of the Statute
of the Court". It is easily understood that the recommendation
could not propose to the said Governments any procedure other
than the only valid procedure, i.e. "in accordance with the
Statute". The recommendation of April 9th necessarily again
confronts both Govemments with Article 40 of the Statute and
points to the "notification of the special agreement" as being
the only way in which the dispute can be brought before the
Court, there being no provision of compulsory jurisdiction upon

which either the United Kingdom or Albania could rely.
As proceedings could not be instituted before the Court by
unilateral application, the acceptance of the recommendation
by the Albanian Govemment in the letter of July 2nd could not,
and did not, by itself in any uray affect the position regarding
the admissibility of the British Application of May 13th.
It should also be evident that the acceptance of the recom-
mendation by the Albanian Govemment on July 2nd did not
by itself irnplement the recornmendation. The Governments
of Albania and the United Kingdom having both accepted the
recommendation of April gth, are from now on bound to submit
the dispute to the Court "according to the provisions of the
Statute". A pactum de contrahendois established between them
from now on to bring the dispute before the Court by appropriate
means ; but the dispute is not yet brought before the Court by
these reciprocal promises. A dictum of Lord Phillimore of 1920,
which concerns Articles 13 and 14 of the Covenant, is to be found :

"....a clear distinction should be drawn between the duty one
has to submit a case to the Court and the means by which this
submission should be carried out : Article 13 establishes the
obligation of submitting disputes. Article 14 states-here he
26 UISSESTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNEE 3a
based his argument on the English text-that the consent of

both parties is necessary before the case can be dealt with." The
dictum of Lord Phillimorc can bc applied exactly to the prescrit.
case. The recommendation of April ;th establishes the obliga-
tion of the United Kingdoni and Albani2 .io subrnit their dispute
to the Court "according- to the provisions of the Statute of the
Court", i.e. according to its Article 40, the consent of both parties
being necessary before the case can be dealt with by the Court.
In this connexion, the term "by the parties" which occurs
in Article 36 (3) of the Charter, should also be mentioned. Lt

was the Norwegian amendment which brought these words inio
Article 36 (3), and the documentary evidence of the San Francisc~
Conferencc shows that it was done "in order to make it perfectly
clear that the Secirrity Council had no right or dut'y to refer
justiciable disputes to the Court." (09 cit., Vol. XII, p. 137.)

The point was made, on behalf of the Albanian Government,
that the term "the parties" does not imply the right of one party

to sunimon another to appear before the Court, but "that the
consent of both parties is necessary before a case can be taken
before the Court" (see Lord Phillimore in Annex 2 of the Albanian
document). The phrase in Article 36 (3) of the Charter "according
to the Statute" on the one hand, and the phrase "by the parties",
on the other hand, are in perfect harmony and mutually com-
plementary.
The consent of the parties to the dispute wl-iich is necessary
in order correctly to implement the recommenda.tion and to bring

the case before the Court in co~iformitv with Article 40 of the
Statute, may be reached and expressedi in a different hay. As
the Permanent Court stated in Judgment No. 12 :"The acceptance
by a State of the Court's jurisdiction in a particular case is not,
under the Statute, subordinated to the observance of certain
forms, such as, for instance, the previous conclusion of a special
agreement." (P. 23,l. c.) On the other hand, there cannot be any
doubt that the consent of the parties to the dispute must be
obtained and expressed with necessary precision.

IV. It is from this point of view that, in my opinion, the

Albanian letter of July znd, 1947, should be read.
First, 1 must point out that it is necessary to make a clear
difference between two notions :
I. Ability to appear before the Court ;
2. Competence of the Court.
Ability to appear before the Court depends on the fulfilment
of two conditions: (a) only States (Article 34 (1) of the Statute)
and not other juridical nor physical persons may appear before DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 3 9

the Court ; (b) such States must be parties to the Statute, Le.,
must accept the jurisdiction of the Court.

,4ccording to Article 35 (1) of the Statute, "the Court shalI
be open" to these States.
Other States which-because they are not parties to the

Statute-have not accepted the jurisdiction of the Court, are
not admitted to appear before the Court. In order to render
it possible for States which are not parties to the Statute also
to be admitted to appear before the Court, Article 35 (2)of the
Statute lays down that any such Statc will acquire the ability
to do so on condition (in conformity with the Resolution of the
Security Council of October 15th, 1946) that it accepts the
jurisdiction of the Court. Such a declaration should be made
at the moment of the notification of its Agent (Article 36 of the
Rules).
Accordingly, for every State which is not a party to the Statute,
the acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Court is a preliniinary

condition to be able to appear before the Court. Such a State
acquires by this declaration al1 rights and is subject to al1
obligations, which, in the case of parties to the Statute derive
from the Statute and Rules because they are parties to the
Statute. As, in conformity with Article 62 of the Rules, parties
to the Statute have the right to present any preliminary objection,
this right also belongs to States not parties to the Statute as
soon as they have accepted the jurisdiction of the Court. Were
it not so, then the fundamental principle of the full equality
of the parties would be violated.
In my opinion, the word "jurisdiction" has two fundamenta1
meanings in international law. This word is used :

(1) to recognize the Court as an organ i~istituted for the
purpose jas dicere and in order to acquire tlie ability to appear
before it ;
(2) to determine the competence of the Court, i.e., to invest
the Court with the right to solve concrete cases.
In the first meaning, the word jurisdiction has been used iii
the Protocol of Signature of December 16th, 1920. By thiç
Protocol, the States accepted "the jurisdiction of the Court",
but nobody has ever been of the opinion that this should be
construed ac acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of tlie
Court for a concrete case. With the same nieanirig, the word
jurisdiction has been used in the Resolution of the Couiicil of

the League of Nations of May 17th, 1922, as well as in the Iieso-
lution of the Security Council of October 15th, 1946. Accordiiig
to these resolutions, the acceptance of the jurisdictioii of the
Court is a preliminary condition to be able to appear before the
Court. By this act (declaratioii), the competence of tlie Court
is not of course yet establislied. The condition for the estriblisli-
28 DISSENTING OPlNION BY Dr. DAXNER -#O

nient of the conipetence of the Court is a special agreement
(compromis) or the acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction in
treaties or conventions (Article 36 (1) and 36 (2) of the Statute).
-4ccordingly, a State not a party to the Statute which recognizes
the jurisdiction of the Court by this fact acquires the juridical
position of al1 other States parties to the Statute. In particular,
such a State has the right to present a preliminary objection on

the ground of "the inadmissibility of the application", because
the recognitioil of the jurisdiction, in order to acquire ability
to appear before the Court, does not involve ipso facto recognition
of the Court's competence.
It is true that, according to my opinion, it may happen that
a State which makes a declaration in conformity with the Keso-
lution of the Security Council of October 15th, 1946, is either
directly cited by an application (requête)or itself directly cites
another State which recognizes the jurisdiction of the Court, in
spite of the fact that this had not yet been established. But it
is evident that in such a case, the cited party can successfully
preserit a preliminary objection to the competence of the Court.
On the other hand, such a State cited by means of an application

which is not valid can either expressly confer validity on the
application by accepting the competence or simply argue the
inerits of the case without raising any objection. In both cases
(the acceptance expressis verbis or tacit) the competente will be
established and the written application will be made valid.
Biit this validity does not derive from the recognition of the
jurisdiction (wl-iichfor a State not a party to the Statute is a
preliminary condition to appear before the Court), but oii the
contrary, the competence is established by the fact that a State
has expressly made valid the written application, or has com-
menced the argument of the case on the merits withoz~traising
any objection.
The letter of July 2nd appears, in the light of tliese consider-
ations, as a recognition of the jurisdiction of the Court for the

purpose of enabling Albania to appear before it (se présenter
devant la Cour).
As the Albanian Government at the same time have made
"the most explicit reservations respecting the manner in which
the Governmerit of the United I<iïigdom has brought tlie case
before the Court", it is evident that by these reservations this
Government have retained the right to oppose the "admissi-
bility" of the written application within the time fixed by Article 62
of the Rules of Court.
The Albanian Government had pointed out that it "would be
within its rights in holding that the Government of the United
Kingdom was not entitled to bring the case before the Court by
unilateral application". This sentence is to be found at the end

of the third paragraph of the above-mentioned letter. The first DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 4I

three paragraphs briefly indicate the meaning of the Resolution
of the Security Council of April 9th and the means by which
the dispute should have been brought before the Court in con-
formity with this Resolution. In the opinion of the Albanian
Government a special agreement was clearly necessary for this

purpose.
As a coilsequence of the reasons given in the first three para-
graphs, the Albanian Government declares that it "would be
within its rights ....",etc. The explanation of these words is
very clear and simple : the Albanian Government would have
been able to proceed, as if the written application had not been
made, i.e., this Government would have been able completely
to ignore it and not to appear before the Court. By this sentence
the Albanian Government evidently desired to point out its
potential right not to take into consideration the British applic-
ation which it considered null and void. The conditional mood
was rightly used in that sentence to express this attitude on the
part of the Albanian Government, because the conditional is
the only grammatical form which expresses a possibility. Such
a possibility really existed on July 2nd for the Albanian Govern-
ment, but that Government did not use its right completely

to ignore a null and void application.

Let us examine why Albania, in spite of its right to ignore
the application, agreed to appear before the Court. As a small
country of scarcely a million inhabitants, Albania could not, by
itsrefusal, adopt a position which might have been easily adopted
by a great Power, such as England for instance, in a similar
case. Moreover, in the eyes of the world, Albania has hitherto
been considered (wrongly of course) as one of the countries of
the Balkans, so often described as the "powder-keg" of Europe.
Its refusal to appear before the Court would have contributed
to confirm this unfounded reputation as a backward country
which refused to recognize the institutions of the civilized world
by an act which might have been interpreted as involving con-
tempt of Court. In such circumstances, therefore, Albania chose

not to invoke its right, as a great Power might easily have done
without incurring the criticism of the world, and agreed to appear
before the Court.
Therefore it decided to appear before the Court in spite of this
irregulanty ; but it reserved to itself the right to present the
preliminary objection against the irregularity of the United
Kingdom's Application. The Albanian Government has exercised
this right so reserved within the tirne fixed by Article 62 of the
Rules.
In order to avail itself of its reservations, i.e., in order to be
able to present the preliminary objection to the Court, Albania

30 DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 42

had first to appear before the Court, that is to Say it had to
accept the jurisdiction of the Court. As pointed out above, it
is evident that a State not a party to the Statute cannot appear
before the Court without having previously made such a declar-
ation. In the present case, taking into consideration the whole
contents of the letter of July and and especially the explicit
reservations of the Albanian Government, the recognition of the
jurisdiction of the Court is for the purpose of enabling it "to

appear before the Court".
The recognition of the jurisdictio~i of the Court consequently
confers ability to be a party in the present case and thereby
enables effect to be given to the declaration : "is prepared ...
to appear before the Court".
As the Albanian Government would have had the right to
ignore the United Kingdom Application, but decided to appear
before the Court, in spite of the irregularity of this Application,
and to attack this irregularity before the Court, it considered
it necessary to point out that its recognition of the jurisdiction
of the Court "cannot constitute a precedent for the future".
This in effect means that the Albanian Government reserved
the right not to reply, to ignore completely any identical or
similar written applications, which in future might be directed
against her.
1 do not find any other meaning in the letter of July 2nd than
that which 1 have tried to define, being anxious to avoid any
interpretation which would conflict with the facts.

V. Since the judgment places such importance on the inter-
pretation of the letter and the reservations contained therein, 1
shall now examine these reservations in greater detail.

According to the judgment, it is the letter of the Albanian
Government of July znd, 1947, which removes all difficulties,
both regarding the question of the admissibility of the Application
and the question of the Court's jurisdiction.
The judgment gives on page 28 its explanation why this is the
case "in spite of the reservations stated" in the letter of July 2nd.
The judgment examines here "the scope of the reservations". In
its view, "this reservation is the only limit set by the Albanian
Govemment eitlier to its acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction,
or to its abandonment of any objection to the admissibility of
the proceedings". And the judgment holds the following opinion
concerning this reservation : "It is clear that the reservation
contained in the letter is intended only to maintain a principle
and to prevent the establishment of a precedent as regards the
future." The conclusion is: "The reservation in the letter of
July znd, 1947 herefore does not enable Albania to raise a preliinin-
ary objection based on an irregularity of procedure, or to dispute
thereafter the Court's jurisdiction on the merits."

31 DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 43

In my view, the judgment passes over this important question
of the reservation in a more than summary and very incomplete
way.
The reservation is expressed in a special sentence and in the
present tense of the indicative mood : "the Albanian Govern-
ment makes ....reservations". The sentence immediately follows
the declaration also expressed in the present tense of the indicative
mood that the Albanian Government "is prepared, notwithstanding

this irregularity in the action by the Government of the United
Kingdom, to appear before the Court". The reservation is imme-
diately connected to this preceding sentence by the word "Never-
theless". A sentence starting with "Nevertheless" is surely
not one standing by itself but presupposes a preceding one.
Neither in the sentence containing the reservation or in the
preceding one, is there any allusion whatsoever to a future case.
Also there is not the slightest indicationthatthe reservation which
the Albanian Government makes, should not have its effect in
the present case. The reader passes from the preceding phrase
to the reservation without observing any difference in time in
these two phrases. The Albanian Government is ready to go
before the Court, "Nevertheless" at the same time it expresses
some reservation.
Such a grammatical and logical meaning of these sentences of
the letter of July and appears so natural that, in fact, the judgment

cannot quote anything from them in support of its assertion that
the reservation was meant only to apply to a new casein the future.
It is only in the following phrase starting with the words "The
Albanian Government wishes to emphasize.. .."that the judgment
believes it finds the grounds for its interpretation.

Now it happens that this, in the view of the judgment, "ver':
important phrase beginning with the words 'The Albanian Govem-
ment wishes to emphasize' ..." does not mention the reservation
expressed in the preceding phrase, in any way. The whole phrase
refers only to the "acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction in the
present case" and says that it should not be considered in the
future as a precedent. Manifestly the acceptance of the juris-
diction of the Court for the present case and a reservation expressed
and concerning two special points of the case, are two different

things. The phrase refers only tothe acceptance of the jurisdiction
of the Court for the present case and does not refer to the reserv-
ation.
The question may also be raised whether there would have beeri
any point in making the reservations which were formulated
merely in view of a new case in the future. The reservations are
made in respect of the Application of the United Kingdom of
May 1947 concerning a concrete and unique case and in respect
of definite special grouiids put forward to support it, aiid tlic DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 44
reservations cannot apply to any other case. In any other nen-

case, new reservations must necessarily be made, which must be
formulated afresh as the new case may require.
In this connexion, it must also be taken into consideration
that the whole phrase beginning with the words "The Albanian
Government wishes t O emphasize.. ." does not contain any
definite provision of law at al1 and is to be appreciated rather as
a political and diplomatic declaration.
The acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Court in one particular
case, evidently cannot serve as a legal, binding precedent for
any future case. Also the phrase follows the preceding phrase
only as a sort of addendum.
The conclusion is : if the reservation expressed in the letter
of July and is to have any meaning, it must not be considered
in the light of another phrase referring to a new case in the future,
but rather in its proper place and context and with due regard
to its purpose in the present case.

The final phrase of paragraph 3 of the letter of July 2nd
beginning with the words "In these circumstances, the Albanian

Goverilment would be within its rights ...."does not weaken
in any way the reservation under discussion and expressed later
in paragraph 4 of the letter.
It is agreecl that the United Kingdom Application of May 13th
could be made valid by means nf consent to it given by the
Albanian Government, even n posteriori. The judgment expresses
the opinion that the letter of July 2nd declared such an intention
of the Albanian Government. The judgment quotes, on this
point, the phrase of the letter "The Albanian Government would
be witliin its rights" and the phrase "it is prepared, notwith-
standing this irregularity...." and comes to the conclusion :
"This language used by the Albanian Governriient cannot be
understood otherwise than as a waiver of the right subsequently
to raise an objection directed against the admissibility of the
Application founded on the alleged procedural irregularity of
that instrument ."
It is evident tliat such a conclusion is made possible only by
a complete disregard of the reservation expressed in the letter

of July 2nd. As soon as the reservation is recognized as operative
in the present case, the Application cannot be considered as
validated. The reservation is made in order to limit the accept-
ance of the jurisdiction of the Court by the Albanian Govern-
ment and it excludes a forum prorogatum on the basis of an
irregular application, which was not subsequently made valid.
To the foregoing observations, 1wish to add only the following :
In view of my reading of the letter of July znd, 1 was not obliged
to make use of the rules of interpretatioiiigz dubio strict,sensfi, DISSENTING OPINION 13Y Dr. DAXNER 45

etc., the rules which should undoubtedly be applied, if necessary,
in the present case. On the other hand, it would be well for
the majority of the Court to read and interpret the letter of
July 2nd stricto sensu. But it is sufficiently manifest that these
rules of interpretation were not applied.

As, according to my opinion, the British ~vritten Application
was irregular ab initio, and as the Albanian Governinent has
not either expressis verbis or tacitly done anything to make the
application valid, 1 consider that the Court for the tz~nebeing is
not competent to judge the merits and that the preliminary

objection should have been upheld.

(Signed) Dr. DAXNER.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DU Dr IGOR DAXNER

[Traduction.]
Je ne puis me rallier au présent arrêt, rendu sur l'exception
préliminaire qu'a présentée le Gouvernement de la République
populaire d'Albanie, dans l'affaire du détroit de Corfou.
Parmi les nombreux points sur lesquels ma manière de voir
diffèrede celle de la Cour, je me borneraià examiner les plus impor-

tants dans l'opinion exposée ci-après.
1.A l'appui de sa requête,le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni
a invoqué certaines dispositions de la Charte des Nations unies et
du Statut de la Cour, afin de prouver, dans la présente espèce,
l'existence d'une juridiction obligatoire. La Cour n'a pas considéré
qu'elle soit tenue d'exprimer une opinion quelconque sur ce point,

puisque, selon sa manière de voir, la lettre dujuillet 1947,adressée
à la Cour par le Gouvernement albanais, constitue une acceptation
volontaire de la juridiction de celle-ci.
De l'avis de la Cour, la lettre du juiIIet 1947, maIgréla réserve
qui y est énoncée - et dont la Cour examine plus loin la portée
exacte -, écarte toutes les difficultésquant à la recevabilité de la
requête et à la compétence de la Cour.

Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni a soutenu que les recomman-
dations faites par le Conseil de Sécurité,en vertu du chapitre VI
de la Charte et, plus particulièrement, en vertu de l'article 36,
paragraphe 3, de celle-ci, sont ipso factoobligatoires pour les parties
auxquelles ces recommandations sont adressées. La juridiction

obligatoire de la Cour serait donc établie, pour le Royaume-Uni
et l'Albanie, dans la présente espèce, en vertu de la recommanda-
tion du 9 avril. Le représentant du Royaume-Uni a particulièrement
insisté à cet égard sur l'articl25 de la Charte, la recommandation
faite sur la base de l'article 36 (3) étant interprétée, en vertu de
l'article24 (2)de la Charte, comme une décision du Conseil de
Sécuritéprésentant un caractère obligatoire.
A mon avis, pareille interprétation de l'article 25 de la Charte
et, en général, lecaractère obligatoire d'une recommandation faite
en vertu de l'article 36 (3) de la Charte, ne sauraient être admis.
Le terme «recommandation », dont se sert la Charte, n'est
nullement nouveau. Il figurait notamment dans le Pacte de la
Société desNations. Le caractère volontaire et non obligatoire

des recommandations faites par le Conseil de la Société desNations,
même à l'unanimité, a étéexpressément reconnu dans 1'4vis consul-
tatifno 12 de la Cour permanente (pp. 27-28). Les recommanda-
tions de l'Assembléede la Sociétédes Nations étaient appeléesen DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. IGOR DAXNER.

1am unable to concur in the present judgment on the Prelimin-
ary Objection submitted by the Govemment of the People's Repub-
lic of Albania in the Corfu Channel case.
Of the many different points in the judgment upon which 1
differ from the Court, 1shall confme myself to referring to certain
of the more important in the opinion which follows :

1. In support of its Application, the Govemment of the United
Kingdom invoked certain provisions of the Charter of the United
Nations and of the Statute of the Court to establish in the present
case the existence of a case of compulsory jurisdiction. The Court
does not consider that it needs to express any opinion on thispoint,
since, according tothe Court, the letter of July 2nd, 1947,addressed
by the Albanian Government to the Court., constitutes a voluntary
acceptance of its jurisdiction.
In the opinion of the Court, theletter of July and, 1947, in spite

of the reservation made therein, the exact scope of which the Court
considers later, removes al1 difficulties concerning the question of
the admissibility of the Application and the question of the juris-
diction of the Court.
It was contended by the Government of the United Kingdom
that the recommendation made by the Security Council under
Chapter VI of the Charter, and more particularly under Article 36,
paragraph 3, is ipso facto obligatory for the parties to whom it is
addressed. The compulsory jurisdiction of the Court would thus
be established in virtue of the recommendation of 9th April for the
United Kingdom and Albania in the present case. Special stress
was laid in this connexion by the representative of the United
Kingdom on Article 25 of the Charter, the recommendation under
Article 36 (3)of the Charter being construed in virtue ofArticle(2)
of the Charter as decisions of the Security Council of obligatory
character.

In my opinion such a construction of Article 25 of the Charter
and, in general, the obligatory character of a recammendation
under Article 36 (3) of the Charter, is inadmissible.
The term "recommendation" as used by tlie Charter is by no
means a new one. It appeared especially in the Covenant of the
League of Nations. The voluntary and not obligatory charactei-
of a recommendation made by the Council of the League, even
unanimously, was expressly defined in Advisory Opinion No. 12
of the Permanent Court (pp. 27-28). The recommendations put
forward by the Assembly of the League were called in French34 OPINION DISSIDENTE DU Dr DAXNER
francais des « vŒux ))(voir document albanais, annexe no 2). Tous
les commentateurs de l'Œuvre de la Société desNations recon-

naissent que ces recommandations étaient dépourvues de force
obligatoire (voir Lauterpacht et M. Ray).
L'expression ((recommander » a été définie par un éminent
auteur français de la manière suivante :« ce n'est pas proposer,
c'est encore moins ordonner, ce n'est pas indiquer. C'est faire une
recommandation dans le sens français du mot, mais un peu pres-
sante ...» (Doyen Larnaude, p. 37 de la publication La Société
des Nations, Paris, 1920.) Le sens ainsi donné au mot (recomman-
dation » ne permet pas de considérer celle-ci comme une décision

obligatoire. Le Pacte de la Sociétédes Nations, Iui aussi, distin-
guait entre la « décision » (article 5 du Pacte) et la « recomman-
dation » (voir, par exemple, article 15) ; on trouve également une
distinction entre ces deux termes dans la Charte des Nations unies
(voir articles 39-40, ((Le Conseil de Sécuritéfait des recomman-
dations ou décide quelles mesures.. ..» ; article 94, paragraphe 2,
de la Charte).
Dans les documents albanais (voir notamment annexes I, 4, 5,

6, 7), la Cour a pu trouver certaines preuves de l'existence d'un
consenszls général relativement au caractère ((volontaire » des
recommandations faites en vertu du chapitre VI de la Charte. Il
serait facile de recueillir un plus grand nombre de preuves docu-
mentaires. Je voudrais rappeler seulement que le commentaire
britannique officielsur la Charte(H. M. Statio~zeryOfice, Cmd.6666,
p. 8) ne fait aucune mention d'un caractère obligatoire quelconque
du chapitre VI de la Charte.
Certaines déclarations faisant autorité en la matière ont déjà
étéfaites durant la Conférence de San-Francisco, au sujet du

caractère « volontaire » des recommandations. (Voir à cet égard
l'amendement belge, vol. VII, p. 66, de l'édition officielle des
documents de la Conférence de San-Francisco et, dans le même
sens, vol. XI, p. 84.) Certaines preuves documentaires ont trait
directement au caractère « volontaire » de l'article 36, paragraphe 3,
de la Charte (voir op. cit.,vol. XII, pp. 108-109, p. 137).
Il ressort également des travaux préparatoires de la Conférence
de San-Francisco que l'on ne doit pas appliquer indifféremment

l'article 25 de la Charte comme signifiant toujours ipso facto des
« décisionsobligatoires ». Pour ce qui est de l'amendement belge,
on souligna, à la Conférence,que « la Charte doit être interprétée
dans son ensemble » et quY«il y a des dispositions spéciales qui
l'emporteraient sur les dispositions générales » (op. cit.,vol. XI,
p. 388). Les représentants du Royaume-Uni ont soutenu que
l'article25 serait dépourvu de sens et d'efficacitési les recomman-
dations faites en vertu du chapitre VI de la Charte n'étaient pas
des décisionsobligatoires. Mais il leur a échappé que lechapitre VI1

de la Charte est de la plus grande importance, étant données les
fonctions du Conseil de Sécurité,et que les pouvoirs spécifiques,
23 DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 34

"les vŒux" (seeAlbanian document, Annex No. 2). Al1comment-
ators on the work of the League of Nations agree that there was
no obligatory force (see Lauterpacht, M. Ray).

The term "to recommend" was described by a distinguished
Frenchman as follows : "ce n'est pas proposer, c'est encore moins
ordonner, ce n'est pas indiquer. C'est faire une recommandation
dans le sens français du mot, mais un peu pressante ...." (Doyen

Larnaude, p. 37 de la publication :La Société des Nations, Paris,
1920.) The meaning thus attacl-ied to the word "recommendation"
does not permit it to be regarded as an obligatory decision. More-
over, the Covenant distinguished between a "decision" (Article 5
of the Covenant) and a "recornmendation" (see, for instance,
Article 15), and the Charter of the United Nations also makes a
distinction (seeArticles 39,40, "Security Council shall make recom-
mendations or decide what measures ...."Article 94, paragraph 2,
of the Charter).

The Albanian documents (see especially Annexes 1,4, 5, 6, 7)
submitted to the Court some evidenêeof a general consensus of
opinionprevailing as regards the voluntarycharacter of recommend-
ations made under Chapter VI of the Charter. More documentary
evidence could easily be found. 1 would recall only that the official
British commentary on the Charter (H.M. Stationery Office,
Cmd. 6666, p. 8) makes no mention of any compulsory character
attaching to Chapter VI of the Charter.

Some authoritative statements were made already durii-ig the
San Francisco Conference concerning the voluntary character of
recommendations (see Belgian amendment in this connexion as
reproduced in Vol. XII, p. 66,of the officialedition of the SanFran-
cisco Conference, and in the same sense also Vol. XI, p. 84). Some
documentary evidence directly concerns the voluntary character
of Article 36 (3) of the Charter (seeop. cit.Vol. XII, pp. 108-109,
P- 137).
The travaux #réBaratoires of the San Francisco Conference
establish also thât Ârticle 25 of the Charter must not be applied
indifferently as meaning ipso facto"obligatory decisions". Refer-
ring to the Belgian amendment, it was emphasized at the Confer-
ence "that the Charter must be construed in its entirety" and that
"there were special provisions which would override general provi-
sions" (op. cit.V,ol. XI, p. 375). The British representatives

contended that Article 25 would have no sense and efficiency if the
recommendations made under Chapter VI of the Charter were not
obligatory decisions. They overlooked that Chapter VI1 of the
Charter is of the greatest importance in view of the functions of the
Security Council, and that the specific powers granted the Security
Council as laid down in Chapter VI1 include the power to take
23 OPINION DISSIDENTE DU D* DAXNER
35
énoncésdans le chapitre VII, qui sont conférésau Conseil de Sécu-
rité, comprennent celui de prendre des décisions obligatoires et
exécutoires pour les Membres de l'organisation.

Les recommandations faites par le Conseil de Sécurité envertu
du chapitre VI de la Charte étant dépourvues de force obligatoire,
il est évident que la recommandation adressée par le Conseil de
Sécurité, le 9 avril 1947, aux Gouvernements du Royaume-Uni et
de l'Albanie, en vertu de l'article 36, paragraphe 3, de la Charte,
ne pouvait, elle non plus, impliquer une obligation quelconque pour
les deux Gouvernements de se présenter devant la Cour, et l'on ne

peut, dans la présente espèce, parler d'une compétence obligatoire
pour la Cour en vertu de l'article 36, paragraphe 3, ou de tout autre
article de la Charte.

II. Le point qui précèdedoit êtreconsidérécomme particulière-
- -
ment im~brtant. étant donnéela auestion relative à la-recevabilité
de la requête du Royaume-Uni en date du 13 mai.
Selon l'article 40, paragraphe 1, du Statut, « les affaires sont
portées devant la Cour, selon le cas, soit par notification du com-
promis, soit par une requête ». Il n'a pas étéquestion d'un
compromis entre les Gouvernements de l'Albanie et du Royaume-
Uni, mêmesi l'on pouvait interpréter l'expression «compromis ))

comme comprenant un acte probant ou toute autre méthode non
formelle. Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni ne pouvait donc
en aucune manière notifier à la Cour un compromis conclu avec
l'Albanie aux fins de la soumission du différend à la Cour. Le
Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni était-ildonc fondéàporter l'affaire
devant la Cour par une « requête 1? L'article 40 du Statut ne
mentioririe pâs expressément dans quel cas une affaire peut être
introduite par requête, mais il n'est pas difficilede comprendre que
ce cas est celui de la juridiction obligatoire. Il n'est pas douteux

que la « notification du compromis », qu'envisage l'article 40,
paragraphe 1,du Statut, couvrelescas de juridiction « volontaire »,
facultative, c'est-à-dire, selonles termes de l'article 36, paragraph1,
du Statut, « toutes les affaires que les parties ....soumettront ))
à la Cour. La jilridiction obligatoire de la Cour est l'autre aspect de
la compétence de la Cour. Selonl'article 36, paragraphe 1,elle s'étend
« ....à tous les cas spécialement prévus par la Charte des Nations
unies ou dans les traités et conventions en vigueur 1).La notifica-
tion du compromis s'étendant, selon l'article 40 du Statut, à tous

les cas dans lesquels la compétence est facultative, la requête
semble être nécessairement l'instrument formel destiné à porter
devant la Cour les affaires dans lesquelles celle-ci a juridiction obli-
"atoire.
A mon avis, aucun doute sérieux n'a jamais régnésur ce point.
Les travaux préparatoires afférents à l'article 40 du Statut font
ressortir que les mots « selon le cas » étaient destinés à viser les DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 3.j
decisions wliich are obligatory and must be carried out by members.

The character of recommendations made by the Security Council
under Chapter VI of the Charter being purely voluntary, it is
evident also that the recommendation, addressed under Article 36
(3) of the Charter by the Security Council to the Governments of
the United Kingdom and Albania on 9th April, 1947, could not
involve any obligation for both Governments to go before the
Court and that no question whatsoever of the compulsory juris-

diction of the Court can be raised in the present case in virtue of
Article 36 (3) or any other article of the Charter.

II. The foregoing point must be considered as of special import-
ance in view of the question of the admissibility of the British
Application of 13th May.

According to Article 40 (1)of the Statute, 'cases are brought
before the Court, as the case may be, either by the notification of
the special agreement; or by written application". There was no
question whatsoever of a special agreement between the Govern-
ments of Albania and of the United Kingdom, not even if the
tenn special agreement should be construed as a concluding fact or
in some oiher non-forma1 way. The United Kingdom Government
was therefore by no means in a position to notify the Court of an
agreement reached with Albania to brii~gthe case before the Court.
Was then the United Kingdom Government justified in bringing

the case before the Court by means of a "written application" ?
Article 40 of the Statute does not itself say expressly which is the
case for application. But it should not be difficult to understand
that this is the procedure where there is compulsory jurisdiction.
There cannot be any doubt that "the notification of the special
agreement" which Article 40 (1) of the Statute has in view, covers
the cases of voluntary, optional jurisdiction. In the terms of
Article 36 (1) of the Statute, there are "al1 cases which the parties
refer to the Court". The compulsory jurisdiction of the Court is
another part of its jurisdiction. In the words of Article 36 (1)
of the Statute, under this jurisdiction fall"...al1matters specially
provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties
and conventions in force". The notification of the special agree-

ment covering, according to Article 40 of the Statute, the cases
of optional jurisdiction, the application, requêtea,ppears necessarily
to be the forma1 instrument to bring before the Court the matters
of compulsory jurisdiction.
In my opinion, there was never ariy serious doubt on this point.
The travaux préparatoiresin connexion with Article 40 of the
Statute point out that the words "as the case may be" (selon le36 OPINION DISSIDENTE DU Dr DAXNER

deux cas suivants :1) ((La Cour est saisie unilatéralement par une
des parties ;2) il y a un accordspécial entre les parties ))(cf. p. 368,
Procès-Verbaux des séances de la Troisième Commission, Première
Assemblée, S. d. N.). Dans les documents albanais, à l'annexe 12,
on trouve exprimées les opinions de certains juges de la Cour
permanente, ainsi que du Greffier, qui confirma, en 1926, ((que

la Cour, se basant sur l'article 40 du Statut, a toujours appelé
((requête )la pièce introductive d'instance déposéepar une partie
prétendant qu'il y avait juridiction obligatoire sur I'objet du
litige; le terme correspondant en anglais a étéapplication ». (Cour
permanente, Série D, add. 2, pp. 177 et suivantes.) La Cour

permanente a toujours conservé cette manière de voir, ainsi que
le confirme la Revision du Règlement (1934-1936, passim).

Malgréles preuves documentaires qui existent sur ce point, tout
ceci ne serait, selon l'arrêt,qu'une simple affirmation qui ne serait

justifiée ni par l'article 40 (1) ni par l'article 36 (1) du Statut.
Selon l'arrêt, l'article 32 (2) du Règlement de la Cour, avec les
mots ((autant que possible ))qui s'y trouvent, ((paraît bien impli-
quer, par lui-même et par les considérations qui ont inspiré sa
rédaction, que la voie de la requête n'est pas exclusivement réservée

au domaine de la juridiction obligatoire ».A mon avis, on ne peut
considérer l'article 32 (2) du Règlement comme venant à l'appui
de cette manière de voir. La ratio legis de cette disposition, en ce
qui est des mots autant que possible », visait à permettre l'insti-
tution du forum prorogatum ; c'est là le motif pour lequel il n'a pas
étéjugé désirable d'insister pour que la requête contienne une
référence àla clause de traité sur laquelle elle se fonde. (Voir notam-

ment parmi les documents produits devant la Cour par l'Albanie,
annexe 14, pp. 69, 157, des Publications de la Cour permanente,
Série D, no 2, 3rneadd.) Le fait que la requête doit, autant que
possible, contenir la mention de la disposition par laquelle le requé-
rant prétend établir la compétence de la Cour, ne peut décider de
la recevabilité ou de l'irrecevabilité de la requête. L'article 32 (2)
énonce toutes les conditions de forme auxqueIIes doit ou devrait

se conformer la requête. 11ne dit pas qu'une requête, où ne serait
pas mentionnée la disposition par laquelle le requérant prétend
établir la compétence de la Cour, serait irrecevable. D'autre part,
il ne découle pas de l'article 32 (2) du Règlement que la requête
qui satisfait à cette condition soit ipso facto recevable. Pour décider
si une affaire a étédûment portée devant la Cour, on doit prendre
en considération l'article 40 (1) du Statut. C'est seulement si cet

article ne disposait pas que les affaires sont portées devant la Cour
((selon le cas. ... », qu'il serait possible d'affirmer que la requête
peut servir à introduire une affaire devant la Cour, mêmedans les
cas où la juridiction est facultative. DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 36
cas) were intended to cover the following two cases : 1) "la Cour
est saisie unilatéralement par une des parties ; 2) il y a un accord

spécial entre les parties" (cf. p. 368, Procès-verbauxdes Séances
de la Troisième Commission,Première Assemblée, S. d.N.). The
documents submitted on behalf of the Albanian Government to the
Court include under Annex 12 the opinions of some judges of the
Permanent Court and of the Registrar which, in 1926, confirm
that "the Court on the basis of Article 40 of the Statute, had
always called requête the document instituting proceedings filed

by a party which claimed that the Court had compulsory juris-
diction in regard to the subject of a dispute ; the corresponding
word in English had been 'application' ". (Permanent Court, Series
D., Add. 2, pp. 177 et sqq.) It was always so held by the Permanent
Court, as e.g. the Revision of the Rules 1934-1936 passim confirms.
In spite of the documentary evidence in this sense, al1 this is,
according to the judgment, only "a mere assertion which is not
justified" either by Article 40 (1)or Article 36 (1)of the Statute.

According to the judgrnent, Article 32 (2) of the Rules of Court,
which contains the phrase "as far as possible", "clearly implies
both by its actual terms and by the consideration which inspired
its framing, that the institution of proceedings by application is
not exclusively reserved for the domain of compulsory jurisdic-
tion". In my opinion, Article 32 (2) of the Rules cannot be
considered as supporting such a view. The ratiolegisof this provi-
sion as concerns the words "as far as possible", was to make possible
the institution of the forum prorogatu~n ; this was the reason why
it was thought not desirable to insist on the application containing
reference to the treaty clause upon which it was based. (See

among the Albanian documents submitted to the Court Annex 14,
especially pp. 69, 157 ,f the Publications of thePermanent Court.
Series D., Third Addendum to No. 2.) The fact that the applic-
ation should, as far as possible, specify the provision on which the
applicant founds the jurisdiction of the Court, is not sufficient in
itself to decide the question of the admissibility or inadmissibility
of the application. Article 32 (2) prescribes al1 forma1 points
which an application either must or should contain. It does not
Say that an application which does not specify the provision
presumably founding the jurisdiction of the Court, is inadmissible ;
on the other hand, it does not follow from Article 32 (2)of the
Rules that the application which thus specifies the presumed
jurisdiction of the Court, is ipso facto admissible. To decide the

question, whether a case has been duly brought before the Court,
Article qo (1) of the Statute must be taken into consideration.
Only if this Article did not specify that "cases are brought before
the Court, as the casemay be" (selonle cas), would it be possible
to assert that an application can be presented to the Court even
in a case of optional jurisdiction.
25 OPINION DISSIDENTE DU Dr DAXNER
37
Les affaires dans lesquelles la juridiction est obligatoire étant,
conformément à l'article 40 du Statut, celles qui sont introduites
devant la Cour par requête, il est démontré que la requête du
Royaume-Uni, en date du 13mai 1947 ,tait,prima facie,irrégulière.

III. La seule voie qui s'ouvrît au Gouvernement britannique
était celle de la soumission du différend à la Cour, d'accord avec
l'Albanie, à moins que le Gouvernement albanais ne consentit
a posteriori au dépôt de la requête. Je reviendrai plus tard sur ce
point, à propos de la lettre du 2 juillet.
On doit s'attendre à ce que la Résolution du Conseil de Sécurité,
en date du g avril, soit constatée êtreen harmonie avec les condi-
tions prévues à l'article 40 du Statut, une recommandation faite
par le Conseil de Sécurité,en vertu de l'article 36, paragraphe 3,

de la Charte, ne possédant pas le pouvoir de déroger au Statut
de la Cour.
Or, la Résolution du g avril recommande aux Gouvernements
du Royaume-Uni et d'Albanie de soumettre leur différend à la
Cour conformément aux dispositions du Statut ))de celle-ci.
On comprend aisément que la recommandation n'ait pu proposer
d'autre procédure auxdits Gouvernements que la seule qui soit
douéede validité, c'est-à-dire (conformément ...au Statut B. La
recommandation du g avril ramène nécessairement les deux Gou-
vernements à l'article 40 du Statut et indique que la ((notification
du compromis )est la seule méthodepar laquellele différendpuisse

êtreporté devant la Cour, ni le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni
ni le Gouvernement albanais ne pouvant entre eux invoquer une
riispnsition qui fasse intervenir la juridiction obligatoire.
La requêteunilatérale n'étant pas admissible en tant que moyen
de porter le différenddevant la Cour, l'acceptation de la recomman-
dation par le Gouvernement albanais, selon la lettre du 2 juillet,
ne pouvait modifier et n'a pas modifiéla situation touchant l'admis-
sibilité de la requête britannique du 13 mai.
11devrait également êtreévident que l'acceptation de la recom-
mandation par le Gouvernement albanais, à la date du 2 juillet,
n'a pu, par elle seule, parfaire la reccmmandation. Les Gouver-

nements dc l'Albanie et du Royaume-Uni, ayant tous deux accepté
la recommandation du g avril, sont désormais tenus de soumettre
leur différendàla Cour ((conformément aux dispositions du Statut a.
Un pactz~mde contrahendoexiste désormais entre eux pour porter
le différend devant la Cour par des moyens appropriés ; mais le
différendn'est pas encore devant la Cour en vertu de cette promesse
réciproque. Rappelons ce qu'a dit, en 1920, lord Phillimore, au
sujet des articles13 et 14 du Pacte : ((11conviendrait d'établir une
distinction bien nette entre le devoir qu'un État a de soumettre
une affaire à la Cour et les moyens par lesquels l'affaire doit être

soumise : l'articl13 énoncel'obligation de soumettre les différends
à la Cour. L'article 14 dispose - ici lord Phillimore fondait son
26 DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 37

Since cases of compulsory jurisdiction are brought before the
Court, according to Article 40 of the Statute, by means of an
application, the point is made that the British application of
13th May, 1947, was prima facie irregular.

III. The only way which was open to the Government of the
United Kingdom was to submit the dispute to the Court in agree-
ment with Albania, unless the Albanian Government gave its
consent to the application a posteriori. 1 will mention this point
later on, in connexion with the letter of 2nd July.

It is to be presumed that the Resolution of the Security Council
of April 9th must be in harmony with the above-mentioned
requirements of Article 40 of the Statute, since a recommendation
of the Security Council under Article 36 (3) of the Charter cannot
deviate from the terms of the Statute of the Court.

Now the Resolution of April 9th recommends the Govern-
ments of the United Kingdom and Albania to submit their dispute
to the Court "in accordance with the provisions of the Statute
of the Court". It is easily understood that the recommendation
could not propose to the said Governments any procedure other
than the only valid procedure, i.e. "in accordance with the
Statute". The recommendation of April 9th necessarily again
confronts both Govemments with Article 40 of the Statute and
points to the "notification of the special agreement" as being
the only way in which the dispute can be brought before the
Court, there being no provision of compulsory jurisdiction upon

which either the United Kingdom or Albania could rely.
As proceedings could not be instituted before the Court by
unilateral application, the acceptance of the recommendation
by the Albanian Govemment in the letter of July 2nd could not,
and did not, by itself in any uray affect the position regarding
the admissibility of the British Application of May 13th.
It should also be evident that the acceptance of the recom-
mendation by the Albanian Govemment on July 2nd did not
by itself irnplement the recornmendation. The Governments
of Albania and the United Kingdom having both accepted the
recommendation of April gth, are from now on bound to submit
the dispute to the Court "according to the provisions of the
Statute". A pactum de contrahendois established between them
from now on to bring the dispute before the Court by appropriate
means ; but the dispute is not yet brought before the Court by
these reciprocal promises. A dictum of Lord Phillimore of 1920,
which concerns Articles 13 and 14 of the Covenant, is to be found :

"....a clear distinction should be drawn between the duty one
has to submit a case to the Court and the means by which this
submission should be carried out : Article 13 establishes the
obligation of submitting disputes. Article 14 states-here he
26 OPINION DISSIDENTE DU Dr DAXNEE
38
argument sur le texte anglais - qu'il faut le consentement des
deux parties avant que l'affaire puisse êtreexaminée. » L'opinion
de lord Phiiiimore trouve exactement son appIication dans l'affaire

présente. La recommandation du 9 avril créepour le Royaume-Uni
et l'Albanie l'obligation de soumettre leur différend à la Cour
«conformément aux dispositions du Statut de la Cour ))c'est-à-
dire que, selon l'article 40, il faut le consentement des deux parties
avant que l'affaire puisse être traitée par la Cour.
A cet égard, il convient de mentionner également I'expression
«par les parties » qui figure à l'article 36, paragraphe 3, de la

Charte. C'est à la suite d'un amendement norvégien que ces mots
furent insérésdansl'article 36,paragraphe 3, et ilressort des preuves
documentaires fournies par les comptes rendus de la Conférence
de San-Francisco, que ces mots furent insérés «pour que l'on
comprenne nettement que le Conseil de Sécuritén'a ni le droit
ni le devoir de référer des différends justiciables à la Cour inter-

nationale de Justice »(op. cit.,vol.XII, p. 141).
Les représentants du Gouvernement albanais ont démontréque
l'expression « les parties »ne signifie pas qu'uiie partie ait le droit
d'en citer une autre en justice, mais que « le consentement des
deux parties est nécessaire avant qu'une affaire puisse êtreportée
devant la Cour ». (Voir lord Phillimore, document albanais,

annexe 2.) La disposition de l'article 36, paragraphe 3, de la Charte,
« conformément aux dispositions du Statut de la Cour », d'une
part, et l'expression«par les parties», d'autre part, sont en parfaite
harmonie et se complètent.
Le consentement des parties au différend,qui est nécessairepour
donner correctement suite à la recommandation et peut porter
l'affaire devant la Cour conformément à l'article 40 du Statut,
peut êtreréaliséet exprimé de différentes manières. Ainsi que l'a
dit la Cour permanente, dans son Arrêt no 12 (p. 23, Z.c.),

« L'acceptation, par un État, de la juridiction de la Cour dans un
cas particulier, n'est pas, selon le Statut, soumise à l'observation
de certaines formes, comme, par exemple, l'établissement d'un
compromis formel préalable. ))D'autre part, on ne saurait douter
que le consentement des parties au différenddoive êtreobtenu et
exprimé avec la précision nécessaire.

IV. C'est à ce point de vue qu'il faut, à mon avis, lire la lettre
du Gouvernement albanais, en date du 2 juillet 1947.
Il est nécessaire en premier lieu de distinguer clairement entre

les deux notions suivantes :
I. Qualité pour paraître devant la Cour ;
2. Compéteiice de la Cour.
Pour avoir qualité pour se présenter devant la Cour, deux condi-
tions doivent êtreremplies :a) cette qualité appartient aux Etats
seulement (art. 34 (1)du Statut) et non à d'autres personnes juri-

27 UISSESTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNEE 3a
based his argument on the English text-that the consent of

both parties is necessary before the case can be dealt with." The
dictum of Lord Phillimorc can bc applied exactly to the prescrit.
case. The recommendation of April ;th establishes the obliga-
tion of the United Kingdoni and Albani2 .io subrnit their dispute
to the Court "according- to the provisions of the Statute of the
Court", i.e. according to its Article 40, the consent of both parties
being necessary before the case can be dealt with by the Court.
In this connexion, the term "by the parties" which occurs
in Article 36 (3) of the Charter, should also be mentioned. Lt

was the Norwegian amendment which brought these words inio
Article 36 (3), and the documentary evidence of the San Francisc~
Conferencc shows that it was done "in order to make it perfectly
clear that the Secirrity Council had no right or dut'y to refer
justiciable disputes to the Court." (09 cit., Vol. XII, p. 137.)

The point was made, on behalf of the Albanian Government,
that the term "the parties" does not imply the right of one party

to sunimon another to appear before the Court, but "that the
consent of both parties is necessary before a case can be taken
before the Court" (see Lord Phillimore in Annex 2 of the Albanian
document). The phrase in Article 36 (3) of the Charter "according
to the Statute" on the one hand, and the phrase "by the parties",
on the other hand, are in perfect harmony and mutually com-
plementary.
The consent of the parties to the dispute wl-iich is necessary
in order correctly to implement the recommenda.tion and to bring

the case before the Court in co~iformitv with Article 40 of the
Statute, may be reached and expressedi in a different hay. As
the Permanent Court stated in Judgment No. 12 :"The acceptance
by a State of the Court's jurisdiction in a particular case is not,
under the Statute, subordinated to the observance of certain
forms, such as, for instance, the previous conclusion of a special
agreement." (P. 23,l. c.) On the other hand, there cannot be any
doubt that the consent of the parties to the dispute must be
obtained and expressed with necessary precision.

IV. It is from this point of view that, in my opinion, the

Albanian letter of July znd, 1947, should be read.
First, 1 must point out that it is necessary to make a clear
difference between two notions :
I. Ability to appear before the Court ;
2. Competence of the Court.
Ability to appear before the Court depends on the fulfilment
of two conditions: (a) only States (Article 34 (1) of the Statute)
and not other juridical nor physical persons may appear before 39 OPINION DISSIDENTE DU Dr DAXNER
diques ou physiques ; b) elle, appartient uniquement aux parties
au Statut, c'est-à-dire aux Etats qui acceptent la juridiction de

la Cour.
Selon l'article 35, paragraphe 1, «la Cour est ouverte » à ces
États.
D'autres États qui - n'étant pas parties au Statut - n'ont
pas accepté la juridiction de la Cour, ne sont pas admis à ester
devant elle. Afin de permettre également aux Etats qui ne sont
pas parties au Statut d'êtreadmis à se présenter deyant la Cour,
l'article5, paragraphe 2,du Statut dispose qu'un tel Etat acquerra
qualité pour ester devant la Cour, à la condition (conformément

àla Résolutionadoptéepar le Conseilde Sécuritéle 15 octobre 1946)
d'accepter la juridiction de la Cour. Cette déclaration doit être
faite au moment où 1'Etat notifie la désignation de son agent
(article36 du Règlement).

En conséquence, pour tout État qui n'est pas partie au Statut,
l'acceptation de la juridiction de la Cour est la condition prélimi-
naire de sa capacité d'ester devant celle-ci. Un tel Etat acquiert,
par cette déclaration, tous les droits et est soumis à toutes les
obligations quirésultent, pour les Etats parties au Statut, du Statut

et du Règlement, par le fait qu'ils sont parties au Statut. Comme
les parties au Statut ont le droit, conformément à l'article 62
du Règlement, de soulever toute exception préliminaire qu'elles
désirent présenter,ce droit appartient également aux Etats qui ne
sont pas parties au Statut, à partir du moment où ils ont accepté
la juridiction de la Cour. S'il n'en était pas ainsi, le principe fonda-
mental de la pleine égalitéentre les parties ne serait pas respecté.
Selon moi, le mot «juridiction » possède en droit international
deux acceptions essentielles. Ce mot sert :
1) à reconnaître la Cour en tant qu'organe institué pour ((dire
le droit » et afin d'acquérir qualité pour ester devant elle ;

2) à déterminer la compétence de la Cour, c'est-à-dire à conférer
à la Cour le droit de résoudre des cas concrets.
Dans le premier sens, le terme « juridiction » a étéemployé
dans le Protocole de signature du 16 décembre 1920. AUXtermes
de ce Protocole, les Etats ont déclaré accepter «la juridiction de
la Cour »,mais personne n'a jamais pensé que ce dernier fait pût
être interprétécomme conférant une compétence obligatoire à la
Cour pour connaître d'une question concrète en litige. C'est dans

le mêmesensque l'on s'est servi du mot « juridiction )dans la Réso-
lution du Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations, en date du 17mai 1922,
ainsi que dans la Résolution du Conseil de Sécurité, en date du
15 octobre 1946. Selon ces résolutions, l'acceptation de la juridic-
tion de la Cour est une condition préliminai deela capacité d'ester
devant la Cour. Mais par cet acte (la déclaration) la compétence
de la Cour n'a naturellement pas encore étéétablie. Pour que la

28 DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 3 9

the Court ; (b) such States must be parties to the Statute, Le.,
must accept the jurisdiction of the Court.

,4ccording to Article 35 (1) of the Statute, "the Court shalI
be open" to these States.
Other States which-because they are not parties to the

Statute-have not accepted the jurisdiction of the Court, are
not admitted to appear before the Court. In order to render
it possible for States which are not parties to the Statute also
to be admitted to appear before the Court, Article 35 (2)of the
Statute lays down that any such Statc will acquire the ability
to do so on condition (in conformity with the Resolution of the
Security Council of October 15th, 1946) that it accepts the
jurisdiction of the Court. Such a declaration should be made
at the moment of the notification of its Agent (Article 36 of the
Rules).
Accordingly, for every State which is not a party to the Statute,
the acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Court is a preliniinary

condition to be able to appear before the Court. Such a State
acquires by this declaration al1 rights and is subject to al1
obligations, which, in the case of parties to the Statute derive
from the Statute and Rules because they are parties to the
Statute. As, in conformity with Article 62 of the Rules, parties
to the Statute have the right to present any preliminary objection,
this right also belongs to States not parties to the Statute as
soon as they have accepted the jurisdiction of the Court. Were
it not so, then the fundamental principle of the full equality
of the parties would be violated.
In my opinion, the word "jurisdiction" has two fundamenta1
meanings in international law. This word is used :

(1) to recognize the Court as an organ i~istituted for the
purpose jas dicere and in order to acquire tlie ability to appear
before it ;
(2) to determine the competence of the Court, i.e., to invest
the Court with the right to solve concrete cases.
In the first meaning, the word jurisdiction has been used iii
the Protocol of Signature of December 16th, 1920. By thiç
Protocol, the States accepted "the jurisdiction of the Court",
but nobody has ever been of the opinion that this should be
construed ac acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of tlie
Court for a concrete case. With the same nieanirig, the word
jurisdiction has been used in the Resolution of the Couiicil of

the League of Nations of May 17th, 1922, as well as in the Iieso-
lution of the Security Council of October 15th, 1946. Accordiiig
to these resolutions, the acceptance of the jurisdictioii of the
Court is a preliminary condition to be able to appear before the
Court. By this act (declaratioii), the competence of tlie Court
is not of course yet establislied. The condition for the estriblisli-
28 DISSENTING OPlNION BY Dr. DAXNER -#O

nient of the conipetence of the Court is a special agreement
(compromis) or the acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction in
treaties or conventions (Article 36 (1) and 36 (2) of the Statute).
-4ccordingly, a State not a party to the Statute which recognizes
the jurisdiction of the Court by this fact acquires the juridical
position of al1 other States parties to the Statute. In particular,
such a State has the right to present a preliminary objection on

the ground of "the inadmissibility of the application", because
the recognitioil of the jurisdiction, in order to acquire ability
to appear before the Court, does not involve ipso facto recognition
of the Court's competence.
It is true that, according to my opinion, it may happen that
a State which makes a declaration in conformity with the Keso-
lution of the Security Council of October 15th, 1946, is either
directly cited by an application (requête)or itself directly cites
another State which recognizes the jurisdiction of the Court, in
spite of the fact that this had not yet been established. But it
is evident that in such a case, the cited party can successfully
preserit a preliminary objection to the competence of the Court.
On the other hand, such a State cited by means of an application

which is not valid can either expressly confer validity on the
application by accepting the competence or simply argue the
inerits of the case without raising any objection. In both cases
(the acceptance expressis verbis or tacit) the competente will be
established and the written application will be made valid.
Biit this validity does not derive from the recognition of the
jurisdiction (wl-iichfor a State not a party to the Statute is a
preliminary condition to appear before the Court), but oii the
contrary, the competence is established by the fact that a State
has expressly made valid the written application, or has com-
menced the argument of the case on the merits withoz~traising
any objection.
The letter of July 2nd appears, in the light of tliese consider-
ations, as a recognition of the jurisdiction of the Court for the

purpose of enabling Albania to appear before it (se présenter
devant la Cour).
As the Albanian Government at the same time have made
"the most explicit reservations respecting the manner in which
the Governmerit of the United I<iïigdom has brought tlie case
before the Court", it is evident that by these reservations this
Government have retained the right to oppose the "admissi-
bility" of the written application within the time fixed by Article 62
of the Rules of Court.
The Albanian Government had pointed out that it "would be
within its rights in holding that the Government of the United
Kingdom was not entitled to bring the case before the Court by
unilateral application". This sentence is to be found at the end

of the third paragraph of the above-mentioned letter. The first4I OPINION DISSIDENTE DU Dr DAXNER

est le sens de la Résolution du Conseil de Sécurité du g avril, et
quels sont les moyens par lesquels le différendaurait dû être porté
devant la Cour conformément à cette Résolution. De l'avis du
Gouvernement albanais, un compromis était évidemment nécessaire
à cet effet.

Comme conséquence des motifs exposés dans les trois premiers
paragraphes, le Gouvernement albanais déclare qu'il ((serait en
droit....», etc. Ces mots s'expliquent très clairement et très

simplement : le Gouvernement albanais aurait été en mesure de
procéder comme si la requête écriten'avait pas existé, c'est-à-dire
que le Gouvernement albanais aurait pu ignorer complètement
cette requêteet ne pas se présenter devant la Cour. Par cette phrase,
le Gouvernement albanais désirait évidemment faire ressortir son
droit virtuel de ne prendre aucunement en considération la requête
écrite du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, que le Gouvernement
albanais considère comme entachée de nullité absolue. L'emploi
du conditionnel, dans cette phrase, destinéàexprimer cette manière
de voir du Gouvernement albanais, est juste, parce que le condi-
tionnel est la forme grammaticale qui exprime une possibilité. A
la date du 2 juillet, une telle possibilité existait réellement pour le

Gouvernement albanais, mais le Gouvernement albanais n'a pas
exercé son droit d'ignorer complètement une requête qui était
absolument nulle.
Examinons pourquoi l'Albanie, nonobstant son droit d'ignorer
la requête, a accepté de se présenter devant la Cour. Petit pays
ccmptant à peine un million d'habitants, l'Albanie ne pouvait,
en refusant, adopter l'attitude qu'aurait pu prendre une grande
Puissance, telle que l'Angleterre, dans un cas de mêmeordre. En
outre, aux yeux du monde, l'Albanie a étéconsidéréejusqu'à ce
jour (à tort, bien entendu) comme un des pays de ces Balkans si
souvent qualifiésde tonneau de poudre de l'Europe. En refusant
de se présenter devant la Cour, l'Albanie aurait fourni de nouvelles
raisons à l'appui de cette réputation, non fondée, d'être unpays

retardé et qui se refuse à reconnaître les institutions du monde
civilisé.C'eût étéun acte qui aurait pu être interprétécomme une
offense à la Cour. L'Albanie choisit, en l'occurrence, de se présenter
devant la Cour et préférane pas se prévaloir de son droit, ce qu'une
grande Puissance aurait pu faire facilement sans s'attirer les
l'iitiques de l'opinion publique.
L'Albanie décida donc de se présenter devantla Cour, nonobstant
crrrégularitéprécitée, maiselle se réserva le droit de soulever une
exception préliminaire en invoquant l'irrégularité dela requêtedu
Royaume-Uni. Du droit qu'il s'étaitainsi réservé,le Gouvernement
albanais a fait usage dans le délaiprévuà l'article 62 du Règlement.

Pour mettre en application ces réserves,c'est-à-dire pour obtenir
la possibilité de soulever une exception préliminaire, le Gouver- DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 4I

three paragraphs briefly indicate the meaning of the Resolution
of the Security Council of April 9th and the means by which
the dispute should have been brought before the Court in con-
formity with this Resolution. In the opinion of the Albanian
Government a special agreement was clearly necessary for this

purpose.
As a coilsequence of the reasons given in the first three para-
graphs, the Albanian Government declares that it "would be
within its rights ....",etc. The explanation of these words is
very clear and simple : the Albanian Government would have
been able to proceed, as if the written application had not been
made, i.e., this Government would have been able completely
to ignore it and not to appear before the Court. By this sentence
the Albanian Government evidently desired to point out its
potential right not to take into consideration the British applic-
ation which it considered null and void. The conditional mood
was rightly used in that sentence to express this attitude on the
part of the Albanian Government, because the conditional is
the only grammatical form which expresses a possibility. Such
a possibility really existed on July 2nd for the Albanian Govern-
ment, but that Government did not use its right completely

to ignore a null and void application.

Let us examine why Albania, in spite of its right to ignore
the application, agreed to appear before the Court. As a small
country of scarcely a million inhabitants, Albania could not, by
itsrefusal, adopt a position which might have been easily adopted
by a great Power, such as England for instance, in a similar
case. Moreover, in the eyes of the world, Albania has hitherto
been considered (wrongly of course) as one of the countries of
the Balkans, so often described as the "powder-keg" of Europe.
Its refusal to appear before the Court would have contributed
to confirm this unfounded reputation as a backward country
which refused to recognize the institutions of the civilized world
by an act which might have been interpreted as involving con-
tempt of Court. In such circumstances, therefore, Albania chose

not to invoke its right, as a great Power might easily have done
without incurring the criticism of the world, and agreed to appear
before the Court.
Therefore it decided to appear before the Court in spite of this
irregulanty ; but it reserved to itself the right to present the
preliminary objection against the irregularity of the United
Kingdom's Application. The Albanian Government has exercised
this right so reserved within the tirne fixed by Article 62 of the
Rules.
In order to avail itself of its reservations, i.e., in order to be
able to present the preliminary objection to the Court, Albania

30 OPINION DISSIDENTE DU Dr DAXNEK
42
nement albanais devait d'abord se présenter devant la Cour, c'est-à-
dire accepter la juridiction de celle-ci. Comme on l'a soulignéplus

haut, il est évident qu'un Etat qui n'est pas partie au Statut ne
peut aucunement se présenter devant la Cour sans faire préalable-
ment une telle déclaration. Dans le cas présent, si l'on tient compte
du contenu tout entier de la lettre du 2 juillet et notamment des
réserves expresses du Gouvernement albanais, la reconnaissance
de la juridiction de la Cour correspond entièrement aux mots ((à
se présenter devant la Cour n.
La reconnaissancede la juridiction de la Cour a pour conséquence

la capacité d'être partie à la présente affaire et permet ainsi de
réaliser la déclaration qu'« il est prêt ...à se présenter devant la
Cour ».
Comme le Gouvernement albanais aurait eu le droit d'ignorer
la requête du Royaume-Uni, mais qu'il a décidé dese présenter
devant la Cour en dépit de cette irrégularité, et d'invoquer cette
irrégularité devant la Cour, il a jugé nécessairede faire ressortir
que son acceptation de la juridiction de la Cour ((ne peut pas

constituer un précédent pour l'avenir ».Ceci veut dire pratique-
ment que le Gouvernement albanais s'est réservé le droit d'ignorer
complètement et de laisser sans réponse toute requête identique
ou analogue qui pourrait à l'avenir être introduite contre lui.

La lettre du 2 juillet n'a pas,à mon avis, d'autre sens que celui
que j'ai essayé de définir, si l'on ne veut pas aller à l'encontre des

faits ultérieurs.

V. Comme l'arrêtattache une telle importance à l'interprétation
de la lettre et aux réserves qui s'y trouvent, je vais maintenant
examiner ces dernières de plus près.
De l'avis de la Cour, c'est la lettre du Gouvernement albanais,
datée du 2 juillet1947 qui écarte toutes les difficultéstant au point
de vue de la recevabilité de la requête qu'à celui de la juridiction

de la Cour.
A la page 28 de l'arrêt se trouvent énoncées lesraisons pour
lesquelles il en serait ainsi, malgré les réserves qui sont formu-
léesdans la lettre du 2 juillet. L'arrêt examine la (portée de ces
réserves ». Seloxi la Cour, ((cette réserve est l'unique limitation
apportée, par le Gouvernement albanais, tant à son acceptation
de la juridiction de la Cour qu'à sa renonciation à toute exception
d'irrecevabilité 1)Et l'arrêt,au sujet de cette réserve, de continuer

dans ces termes: ((il est manifeste que la réserve [énoncéedans la
lettre] ne vise qu'à maintenir un principe et à empêcherla création
d'un précédent pour l'avenir ». Il conclut : ((La réserve contenue
dans la lettre du 2 juillet1947 ne permettait donc pas au Gouver-
nement albanais de faire valoir ultérieurement une exception préli-
minaire fondée sur un vice de forme, ni davantage de contester
par la suite la juridiction de la Cour pour statuer sur le fond. » DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 42

had first to appear before the Court, that is to Say it had to
accept the jurisdiction of the Court. As pointed out above, it
is evident that a State not a party to the Statute cannot appear
before the Court without having previously made such a declar-
ation. In the present case, taking into consideration the whole
contents of the letter of July and and especially the explicit
reservations of the Albanian Government, the recognition of the
jurisdiction of the Court is for the purpose of enabling it "to

appear before the Court".
The recognition of the jurisdictio~i of the Court consequently
confers ability to be a party in the present case and thereby
enables effect to be given to the declaration : "is prepared ...
to appear before the Court".
As the Albanian Government would have had the right to
ignore the United Kingdom Application, but decided to appear
before the Court, in spite of the irregularity of this Application,
and to attack this irregularity before the Court, it considered
it necessary to point out that its recognition of the jurisdiction
of the Court "cannot constitute a precedent for the future".
This in effect means that the Albanian Government reserved
the right not to reply, to ignore completely any identical or
similar written applications, which in future might be directed
against her.
1 do not find any other meaning in the letter of July 2nd than
that which 1 have tried to define, being anxious to avoid any
interpretation which would conflict with the facts.

V. Since the judgment places such importance on the inter-
pretation of the letter and the reservations contained therein, 1
shall now examine these reservations in greater detail.

According to the judgment, it is the letter of the Albanian
Government of July znd, 1947, which removes all difficulties,
both regarding the question of the admissibility of the Application
and the question of the Court's jurisdiction.
The judgment gives on page 28 its explanation why this is the
case "in spite of the reservations stated" in the letter of July 2nd.
The judgment examines here "the scope of the reservations". In
its view, "this reservation is the only limit set by the Albanian
Govemment eitlier to its acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction,
or to its abandonment of any objection to the admissibility of
the proceedings". And the judgment holds the following opinion
concerning this reservation : "It is clear that the reservation
contained in the letter is intended only to maintain a principle
and to prevent the establishment of a precedent as regards the
future." The conclusion is: "The reservation in the letter of
July znd, 1947 herefore does not enable Albania to raise a preliinin-
ary objection based on an irregularity of procedure, or to dispute
thereafter the Court's jurisdiction on the merits."

3143 OPINION DISSIDENTE DU Dr DAXNER

A mon avis, l'arrêtpasse de manière plus que sommaire et très
incomplète sur la question importante de la réserve énoncéepar
l'Albanie.
Cette réserve est exprimée dans une phrase particulière et au
temps présent du mode indicatif : c(le Gouvernement albanais
fait ...réserves ».Cette phrase suit immédiatement la déclaration

énoncéeégalement au temps présent du mode indicatif, à savoir
que le Gouvernement albanais est prêt « malgré cette irrégularité
commise par le Gouvernement britannique, à se présenter devant
la Cour 1).La réserve se rattache immédiatement à la phrase
précédentepar le mot ((toutefois ». Une phrase commençant par
((toutefois »n'est certainement pas une phrase qui se suffit à elle-
même,mais elle implique une phrase précédente.
Ni dans la phrase énonçant la réserve ni dans la phrase précé-

dente ne se trouve aucune allusion quelconque à une affaire
future. Rien n'indique non plus que la réserve énoncéepar le
Gouvernement albanais ne devrait pas être opérante dans la
préçenteespèce.Le lecteur passe de la phrase précédenteàla réserve
sans remarquer aucune différencede temps entre ces deux phrases.
Le Gouvernement albanais est prêt à se présenter devant la Cour,
« toutefois )il exprime en mêmetemps quelques réserves.

La signification grammaticale et logique des deux phrases préci-
tées de la lettre du 2 juillet apparaît si naturelle que l'arrêt ne
peut, en fait, rien tirer d'autre de ces phrases à l'appui (1isa décla-
ration selon laquelle la réserve ne pouvait viser qu'une affaire
nouvelle et future. C'est d'ailleurs dans la phrase suivante que la
Cour croit trouver Ies motifs à Lappui de son interprétation com-
mençant par les mots. « Le Gouvernement albanais désire sou-
ligner....))
"
Or, il se trouve que cette phrase, très importante selon l'arrêt,
commençant par les mots : « Le Gouvernement albanais désire
souligner ...», ne fait en rien mention de la réserve énoncéedans
la phrase précédente.Toutecette phrase ne vise que (l'acceptation
de la juridiction de la Cour dans la présente affaire ». Elle énonce
que cette acceptation ne devrait pas être considéréeà l'avenir
comme un précédent. Il est manifeste que l'acceptation de la

juridiction de la Cour dans la présente espèce, d'une part, et une
réserve explicite visant à deux points particuliers de l'affaire,
d'autre part, constituent deux choses différentes. La phrase ne
vise que l'acceptation de la juridiction de la Cour dans l'affaire
présente et non point la réserve.
On peut également se demander quel eût été l'objet de
réserves ne visant qu'une affaire nouvelle et future. Les réserves
sont énoncéesau sujet de la requêtedu Royaume-Uni de mai 1947,

et s'appliquent à un cas concret et unique : elles viser: les motifs
particuliers avancés à l'appui de la requête et elles ne sauraient
s'appliquer à un autre cas. Dans toute autre nouvelle affaire il DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 43

In my view, the judgment passes over this important question
of the reservation in a more than summary and very incomplete
way.
The reservation is expressed in a special sentence and in the
present tense of the indicative mood : "the Albanian Govern-
ment makes ....reservations". The sentence immediately follows
the declaration also expressed in the present tense of the indicative
mood that the Albanian Government "is prepared, notwithstanding

this irregularity in the action by the Government of the United
Kingdom, to appear before the Court". The reservation is imme-
diately connected to this preceding sentence by the word "Never-
theless". A sentence starting with "Nevertheless" is surely
not one standing by itself but presupposes a preceding one.
Neither in the sentence containing the reservation or in the
preceding one, is there any allusion whatsoever to a future case.
Also there is not the slightest indicationthatthe reservation which
the Albanian Government makes, should not have its effect in
the present case. The reader passes from the preceding phrase
to the reservation without observing any difference in time in
these two phrases. The Albanian Government is ready to go
before the Court, "Nevertheless" at the same time it expresses
some reservation.
Such a grammatical and logical meaning of these sentences of
the letter of July and appears so natural that, in fact, the judgment

cannot quote anything from them in support of its assertion that
the reservation was meant only to apply to a new casein the future.
It is only in the following phrase starting with the words "The
Albanian Government wishes to emphasize.. .."that the judgment
believes it finds the grounds for its interpretation.

Now it happens that this, in the view of the judgment, "ver':
important phrase beginning with the words 'The Albanian Govem-
ment wishes to emphasize' ..." does not mention the reservation
expressed in the preceding phrase, in any way. The whole phrase
refers only to the "acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction in the
present case" and says that it should not be considered in the
future as a precedent. Manifestly the acceptance of the juris-
diction of the Court for the present case and a reservation expressed
and concerning two special points of the case, are two different

things. The phrase refers only tothe acceptance of the jurisdiction
of the Court for the present case and does not refer to the reserv-
ation.
The question may also be raised whether there would have beeri
any point in making the reservations which were formulated
merely in view of a new case in the future. The reservations are
made in respect of the Application of the United Kingdom of
May 1947 concerning a concrete and unique case and in respect
of definite special grouiids put forward to support it, aiid tlic44 OPINION DISSIDENTE DU Dr DAXNER
faudra nécessairement faire de nouvelles réserves qui devront être
formulées à nouveau, selon les besoins de la nouvelle espèce.

A cet égard, il faut aussi prendre en corisidération que toute la
pbrase commençant Far les mots : ((Le Gouvernement albanais
désire sabiligner...» ne vise aucun texte de loi précis et doit
être interprétee plutôt comme une déclaration politique et
diplomatique.
L'acceptation de la juridiction de la Cour dans un cas déterminé
ne saurait évidemment servir de précédent juridique et obligatoire

pour une afiaire future. En outre, cette phrase n'apparaît, à la
suite de la phrase précédente, que comme une sorte d'addendum.
On aboutit ainsi à la conclusion que, si l'on veut donner un
sens à la réserve énoncéedans la lettre du 2 juillet, il ne faut pas
considérer cette réserve à la lumière d'une autre phrase visant une
affaire nouvelle et future, mais plutôt à la place qui lui est assignée
et dans son contexte, en prenant en considération le but de cette
réserve dans la présente espèce.

La dernière phrase du paragraphe 3 de la lettre du z juillet
commença.nt par les mots : ((Dans ces conditions, le Gouvernement
albanais serait en droit....»,n'enlève rien à la réserve dont il s'agit
et qui est énoncéeplus bas, au paragraphe 4 de la lettre.

Il est exact que ln requête du Royauine-Uni du 13 mai 1947
aurait pu $tre validée par le consentement, même a .hosterzorz,
du Gouvei-nemerii albaiais. L'arrêtconsidère que, par la lettre du

2 juillet, le Gouvernement albanais a erqrjm6 une telle ictenti011.
La Cour citr à cet égard la phrase de lzt lettre « Le Gofiverne-
ment a!b~n.air serait en droit ....))et la phrase « il est prêt....»,
et elle arrive à la conuliision que « Ce langage du Gouvernement
albanais ne pst s'entendre que cornne une renonciation à faire
valoir i11térie~iremen-Itlne exception d'irrecevabilité fondée sur un
prétendu vice dr forme de la requête ».

Il est clair qu'une telle conclusion n'est possible que si l'on
méconnajt compl~tement la réserve exprimCe dans la lettre du
2 juillet.Dès q~'il est admis que la réserve s'applique à la présente
espèce,il n'est plus possible d'estimer que l'irrégularitéa étévdidée.
La réserve a ét6 énoncéeen vue de limiter l'acceptation, par le
Gouvernement albanais. de la iuridiction de ia Cour. et cette
, - , -
réserveexclut l'existence d'un forum prorogatum en vertu d'une
requête dont l'irrégularité n'a pas étéréparée.
J'aimerais ajouter ce qui suit aux remarques précédentes :Dans
mon interprétation de la lettre du 2 juillet, je n'ai pas étéobligé
de recourir à la règle d'interprétation :in dubio stricto sensu, etc. ; DISSENTING OPINION BY Dr. DAXNER 44
reservations cannot apply to any other case. In any other nen-

case, new reservations must necessarily be made, which must be
formulated afresh as the new case may require.
In this connexion, it must also be taken into consideration
that the whole phrase beginning with the words "The Albanian
Government wishes t O emphasize.. ." does not contain any
definite provision of law at al1 and is to be appreciated rather as
a political and diplomatic declaration.
The acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Court in one particular
case, evidently cannot serve as a legal, binding precedent for
any future case. Also the phrase follows the preceding phrase
only as a sort of addendum.
The conclusion is : if the reservation expressed in the letter
of July and is to have any meaning, it must not be considered
in the light of another phrase referring to a new case in the future,
but rather in its proper place and context and with due regard
to its purpose in the present case.

The final phrase of paragraph 3 of the letter of July 2nd
beginning with the words "In these circumstances, the Albanian

Goverilment would be within its rights ...."does not weaken
in any way the reservation under discussion and expressed later
in paragraph 4 of the letter.
It is agreecl that the United Kingdom Application of May 13th
could be made valid by means nf consent to it given by the
Albanian Government, even n posteriori. The judgment expresses
the opinion that the letter of July 2nd declared such an intention
of the Albanian Government. The judgment quotes, on this
point, the phrase of the letter "The Albanian Government would
be witliin its rights" and the phrase "it is prepared, notwith-
standing this irregularity...." and comes to the conclusion :
"This language used by the Albanian Governriient cannot be
understood otherwise than as a waiver of the right subsequently
to raise an objection directed against the admissibility of the
Application founded on the alleged procedural irregularity of
that instrument ."
It is evident tliat such a conclusion is made possible only by
a complete disregard of the reservation expressed in the letter

of July 2nd. As soon as the reservation is recognized as operative
in the present case, the Application cannot be considered as
validated. The reservation is made in order to limit the accept-
ance of the jurisdiction of the Court by the Albanian Govern-
ment and it excludes a forum prorogatum on the basis of an
irregular application, which was not subsequently made valid.
To the foregoing observations, 1wish to add only the following :
In view of my reading of the letter of July znd, 1 was not obliged
to make use of the rules of interpretatioiiigz dubio strict,sensfi, OPINION DISSIDENTE DU Dr IIAXNEK
45
or, c'est là une règle qui s'appliquerait indubitablement à la.
présente espèce, le cas échéant. D'autre part, il conviendrait que
la majorité de la Cour lise et interprète la lettre du 2 juillet
stricto sensu.Il est cependant assez clair que cette règle d'inter-
prétation n'a pas étéobservée.

Comme, selon moi, la requête du Gouvernenleilt britannique
est nb initioirrégulièreet que le Gouvernement albanais ne lui a
en rien conférévalidité par un consentement exprès ou tacite,
j'estime que la Cour n'est pas actueZZement compétente pour
connaître du fond et que l'exception préliminaire aurait dû être

admise.

(Signé)Dr DAXNER. DISSENTING OPINION 13Y Dr. DAXNER 45

etc., the rules which should undoubtedly be applied, if necessary,
in the present case. On the other hand, it would be well for
the majority of the Court to read and interpret the letter of
July 2nd stricto sensu. But it is sufficiently manifest that these
rules of interpretation were not applied.

As, according to my opinion, the British ~vritten Application
was irregular ab initio, and as the Albanian Governinent has
not either expressis verbis or tacitly done anything to make the
application valid, 1 consider that the Court for the tz~nebeing is
not competent to judge the merits and that the preliminary

objection should have been upheld.

(Signed) Dr. DAXNER.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion by Judge ad hoc Daxner

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