Dissenting opinion by Judge ad hoc Ečer (translation)

Document Number
001-19491215-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
001-19491215-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION RY Dr. ECER, JUDGE "-4D HOC"

1 agree with Judge Krylov's declaration for the following
reasons :
(1) Interpretation of Article 53of the Statute
The Judgment gives an interpretation of Article 53 of the
Statute. The dominating idea in this interpretation is, to my mind,
as follows : the default of the respondent-and Albania is the
respondent party in the present stage of proceedings-cannot be
deemed to be a recognition ofthe claim and the facts allegedby the
applicant. Consequently, the Court is compelled by Article 53to
examine the assertions of the applicant and to satisfy itself that the
submissions in the Application are well founded in fact and in law.
But in that case, the Court's rcsponsibility is, so to speak, "dimin-
ished". The Court is not obliged to examine the facts alleged by
the applicant with the same exactness as in the case of an issue
raised by the respondent. But 1 cannot accept this interpretation
of Article 53.To begin with, in this case the Court is not faced
with a simple default, referred to by Article 53in the first place :
the respondent, having reccived a copy of the claim (the Memorial),
does not reply. Further, when convoked to a public Sitting, he
does not appcar, or he appears and remains silent. Albania did
nothing of the sort ; on the contrary, both in the written and in
the oral procediire she disputed the Ilnited I<iiigdom'sclaim in
fact and in lnw. She did not take part in thc present stage of
proceedings for a juridical reason recognizedeven by the minority
of G Judges. The present stage of proceedings is not a new case,
such as, in my view, is primarily referred to in Article 53, but the
final stage in a case that has to be considered as a whole, from
the date of the Application-or at any rate of the Special Agree-
ment-to final judgment.
Ili the present proceedings, therefore, the Court is faced with
a situation somewhat different to that referred to in Article j3.
The interpretation of Article 53therefore, in these proceedings,
cannot be the same as in a case of pure default.
The words in Article 53 :"The Court must ...satisfy itself",
are clear. "Satisfy itself" is only a synonym for the "firm con-
viction" of a Judge. The methods of proof themselvcs are given in
the Kules of Court : documents, witnesses, experts, etc. The whole
constitutes "judicial proof". An interpretation seems to me super-
fluous. The only "penalty" that a defaulting respondent incurs,
according to Article 53 of the Statute, is this: the Court's task
is solcly to consider and give judgment on the submissions of the
12 DISSENTIXG OPINION BY Dr. EEER 253
applicant-whether the claim is well founded in fact and law.
The Court's task is therefore made easier only in the sense that
it does not consider the submissions of the respondent. That is
all. But the Court is obliged to consider the assertions (submiç
sions) of the applicant with just the same care aild precision,
whether the respondent appears or not.

(2) The rule of non ultra petila

This general rule of law within the meaning of Article 3Sinvolves
a question of procedure. After pointing out that the amount of
compensation claimed by the United Kingdom for the loss of the
Saumarez, based on 1946 values, is somewhat lower than that
assessed for the same damage by the experts, the Judgrnent deci-
des that the amount claimed by the Cnited Kingdom Government
is justified because of the de non filtra petita. Thus a problem
rises: can this rule influence the selection of the basis of calcu-
lation (1943-1946-1949),or not. In my opinion, the rule non ultra
petita cannot influencethe Court in this matter. If, in determining
the replacement value of the Sazcmarez,the Court must have
regard to the moment of the unlawful act, or to the moment of
the award of compensation (of the judgment), the problem cannot
be settled with the help of therule above mentioned. In my view,
the Court, without any reference to this rule, must decide, in the
iirst place and on grounds of law. and not of mathematics, what
basis is juridically to be adopted. And if the figure estimated on
this basis is higher than the sum claimed, the Court inust limit
its alvard in accordance with the rule non ~cltrapetita.
(3) The reasons for the Judgment

In my view, the Judgment does not give sufficient grounds for
the amount and the calculation of the compensation for the loss
of the Sarrmarezand the damage to the Volage. The Judgment
compares the United Kingdom figures with those of the experts
and decides in favour of the former. To begin with, the Judgment
makes hardly any reference to the many United Kingdom
documents accepted as evidence of damage. 1 consider that some-
thing should have been said on their value as evidence. Theri,
the Judgment does not submit the expert enquiry to a similar
examination. According to a quite general rule of procedure,
the Court is not bound by the opinion of experts. The Court may
reject or accept it ; but it must always give sufficient reasons.
This was specially necessary, since Albania had inforined the
Court that she had observations to submit on the esperts' Report,
and since even Great Britain informed the Court that it had
observations to make, but did not wish to submit them. DISSENTIKG OPISIOK BY Dr. ECER 254

(4) Amount of compensatioil claimed
This is essentially a point of substaritivc law. It should have
been dealt with less briefly in my opinion, having regard to the
importance of the case. Just a few words were, 1consider, neces-
sary on the law that governs the amount of compensation :
(a) The Judgment of April gth, 1949, stated that "grave omis-
sions" involved the international responsibility of Albania (p. 23).
The consequences were certainly grave. But an omission involving
the responsibility of a State must be a culpable omission.

But what was the degree of cz~lpa? Dolzts,cztlpalata, cztlpalev?s

The words "grave omissions" seem to eliminate cztlpa levis. But
in my view, the Judgment should have been more precise on
this point. A finding as to the degree of culpability (e.g. culpa
lata) would form juridical grounds for the decision on danznzrm
emergens (the positive damage ; out-of-pocket loss). A few words
might thus. be said on the relationship between the degree of
culpability and the amount of compensation.

(b)1-astly, the juridical value of the Judgment would have been
increased by a few short observations on causality as a juridical
element for determining the amount of compensation. 1 consider
it would be useful, and even necessary to state that the United
Kingdom claim amounts to a claim for damnum emergens,a notion
that grossomodo corresponds to those of "direct", or "necessary",
or "inevitable", or "proximate" consequences, used in a number
of decisions of international tribunals.

(5) Estimation of damage

Here 1 confine myself to compensation for the lossofthe Sazlmn-
rez; for that is, in point of law, the vital question. The United
Kingdom claimed &700, 087 under this head. The experts estimated
the damage at & 716,780.

There does not, and cannot exist a universal rule for calculatioil.
Cases differ from one another. Some involve one or several special
circumstances, e.g. the present case, which concerns the loss of a
warship. It is evident tTiat the calculation would be simpler and
the estimate of the damage in figures would be easier if it were a
merchant ship. Commercial values have currency as a common
denominator, and are more susceptible of calculation iil money.
But with al1 reservations and limitations, there are nevertheless
two questions of law common to al1 cases, if something has been
lost through an illegal act,and if restitution in kind is net possible.

as in the present case : (1)the question of the moment to be taken by the judge in
estimating reparation for the loss. Should it be the moment of the
illegal act, or of the court's decision ; or the moment when the

thing was made ?
(2)the question of the conditions under which and the extent
to which a sum corresponding to the depreciation of the thing
(such as would have occurred if the thing had remained in its
owner'shands), should be deducted from the amount of the replace-
ment value.

In regard to (1) the basis of calculation. In the yresent case
there are three possible bases : 1943, 1946, 1949:
(a) The 1943 basis. The order to proceed with the construction
of the Saumarez was given by the United Kingdom Govemment
to a Company at Hebbum-on-Tyne, on January gth, 1941 ; the

vesse1 was handed over after completion and received into the
service of the RoyalNavy on July ~st, 1943 (Mr. Powell's affidavit,
paragraph 4). The actual recorded cost of construction of the
ship was ;t'554,678 (paragraph 5 of affidavit). If the loss of the
Saumarez is calculated in figures corresponding to ship-building
costs in 1943, this decision may be justified by the fact that the
sum represents the actual damage sustained by the United King-
dom. The nse or fa11in prices is a factor not depending on the
author of the illegal act, and therefore one for which he cannot be
llcld responsible. There is no causal connesion between the illegal
act and the rise or da11of prices. For this reason, the cost of

construction actually paid in 1943 might be taken as the figiire
for the actual loss of the Satimarez.

(b) The 1946 or 1949 basis

Salvioli, in his lectures onLa responsabilitédes États, la fixation
des dommages et intérêtp sar les tribtrnazls international~x (Recueil
des Cours, 1929, III, pp. 239-240), says : "The Mixed Arbitral
Tribunals introduced the following distinction : where objects
were intended to be resold, a sum must be awarded which corre-
sponds to the value of the objects at the time of the act which
damaged them-and as regards the decisions mentioned above,
at the time of dispossession ; on the other hand, if the object is
property which the owner would have kepf and i~sedas such, the
replacement value must correspond to its mercantile value at the

date of the award of compensation" (the italics are the author's).
Salvioli expressly refers to the judgment in the Chorzow case.

The grounds for the decisions of the Mised Arbitral Tribunal
and that of the decision of the Permanent Court of International DISSENTING OPINION BY ~r. ECER
2j6
Justice in the Chorzow case, on this subject, are stated in the
decisions themselves and in the works of several writers who have
dealt with the question, and 1 need not quote them.

In my opinion, these reasons are convincing, and there is no
juridical ground for a decision to adopt the moment of the illegal
act in such a case.
But a difficulty arises in determining the commercial value at
the time of the decision, if the property had no commercial value-
as in the present case, where it is a warship that has no commercial
value.
According to Roth (Schadenersatz, 1934, p.102), in such a case,
"the judge must determine the value ex@quo etbono,taking account
of the special circumstances".
The Court places itself at the moment of the illegal act; but the
Judgment gives no juridical reason for this decision.

(2)Depreciation

The question arises whether there are juridical reasons for
deducting a sum in respect of the dépreciation of an object, if that
object remains in the hands of the owner. The international and
national jurisprudence of every country answers this in the affirm-
ative. The experts gave the same reply. They calculated the
compensation for the loss of the Sazimarez in such a way as
to deduct 3% for three years of the vessel's "life" (1943-1946),
from the cost of building in 1946. At the Court's meeting on Decem-
ber 3rd, 1949, they also gave the rate of this depreciation. It seems
that this is quite justified.

1 again refer to Salvioli, who expressed the following opinion :
"The Court must take account of an increase or decrease in value
which the object would have undergone if it had remained in its
owner's hands, and if it had not suffered from the illegal act."

When the Judgment agrees with the figure claimed by the
United Kingdom as compensation for the loss of the Sazcmarez, it
implicitly rejects the rule that a sum in respect of depreciation
must be deducted from the building costs, without assigning any
reason in law for doing so. What would be the effect ofthis principle
in practice is a matter of calculation.

(Signed) Dr. B. ECER

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DU Dr B. ECEK, JUGE ((AD HOC ))

Je m'associe à la déclaration de M. Krylov pour les raisons
suivantes :
I. Interprétation de l'article 53 du Statut

L'arrêt donneune interprétation de l'article 53 du Statut. L'idée
directrice de cette interprétation est, à mon avis, celle-ci : le défaut
du défendeur - et l'Albanie est la partie défenderesse dans la
phase actuelle de l'affaire- ne peut pas êtreconsidérécomme une
reconnaissance de la demandeaet des faits allégués par ledemandeur.
Donc la Cour est obligéeaux termes de l'article 53 d'examiner les
allégations du demandeur et de s'assurer que les conclusions de la

demande sont fondéesen fait et en droit. Mais la Cour a, dans ce
cas-là, une responsabilité pour ainsi dire (diminuée )).Elle n'est pas
obligéed'examiner les faits alléguéspar le demandeur avec la même
précision qu'en cas d'une contestation par le défendeur. Mais je ne
peux pas accepter cette interprétation de l'article 53. Tout d'abord,
dans le cas d'espèce, la Cour n'est pas en face d'un défautpur et
simple, visé à l'article 53 en première place :le défendeur, après
avoir reçu copie de la demande (le Mémoire), ne répond pas. De

plus, convoqué à l'audience publique, il ne comparait pas ou il
comparait mais reste muet. L'Albanie n'a rien fait de la sorte,
au contraire. Elle a contesté, au cours de la procédure écrite et
orale, la demande britannique aussi bien quant au fait que quant
au droit. Elle n'a pas participé à la phase actuelle de l'affaire
pour une raison juridique reconnue même par la minorité des 6
juges. La phase actuelle de l'affaire n'est pas une nouvelle affaire,

visée, à mon avis, en premier lieu par l'article 53, mais la phase
finale d'une affaire qui doit êtreconsidéréecomme un ensemble,
de la date de la requête - ou au moins de celle du dépôt du
compromis - jusqii'à l'arrêt final.
La Cour est donc, dans le cas d'espèce, en face d'une situation
un peu différente de celle visée par l'article 53. Donc, l'interpré-
tation de l'article 53, dans le cas d'espbce, ne peüt êtrela même
qu'au cas d'un défaut pur et simple.

Les mots de l'article 53 «La Coir ....doit s'assurer ))sont
clairs. cS'assurer )) n'est qu'un synonyme de la ccconviction
intime ))d'un juge. Les moyens sont indiqués même dans les
Règles : documents, témoins, experts, etc. Ensemble, c'est la
« preuve judiciaire ».Une interprétation me semble superflue. La
seille ccsanction » qui frappe le défendeur en défaüt, d'après
l'article53 du Statut, est celle-ci : la tache de la Cour se limite

à l'examen et à l'adjudication des conclusions au demandeur -
12 DISSENTING OPINION RY Dr. ECER, JUDGE "-4D HOC"

1 agree with Judge Krylov's declaration for the following
reasons :
(1) Interpretation of Article 53of the Statute
The Judgment gives an interpretation of Article 53 of the
Statute. The dominating idea in this interpretation is, to my mind,
as follows : the default of the respondent-and Albania is the
respondent party in the present stage of proceedings-cannot be
deemed to be a recognition ofthe claim and the facts allegedby the
applicant. Consequently, the Court is compelled by Article 53to
examine the assertions of the applicant and to satisfy itself that the
submissions in the Application are well founded in fact and in law.
But in that case, the Court's rcsponsibility is, so to speak, "dimin-
ished". The Court is not obliged to examine the facts alleged by
the applicant with the same exactness as in the case of an issue
raised by the respondent. But 1 cannot accept this interpretation
of Article 53.To begin with, in this case the Court is not faced
with a simple default, referred to by Article 53in the first place :
the respondent, having reccived a copy of the claim (the Memorial),
does not reply. Further, when convoked to a public Sitting, he
does not appcar, or he appears and remains silent. Albania did
nothing of the sort ; on the contrary, both in the written and in
the oral procediire she disputed the Ilnited I<iiigdom'sclaim in
fact and in lnw. She did not take part in thc present stage of
proceedings for a juridical reason recognizedeven by the minority
of G Judges. The present stage of proceedings is not a new case,
such as, in my view, is primarily referred to in Article 53, but the
final stage in a case that has to be considered as a whole, from
the date of the Application-or at any rate of the Special Agree-
ment-to final judgment.
Ili the present proceedings, therefore, the Court is faced with
a situation somewhat different to that referred to in Article j3.
The interpretation of Article 53therefore, in these proceedings,
cannot be the same as in a case of pure default.
The words in Article 53 :"The Court must ...satisfy itself",
are clear. "Satisfy itself" is only a synonym for the "firm con-
viction" of a Judge. The methods of proof themselvcs are given in
the Kules of Court : documents, witnesses, experts, etc. The whole
constitutes "judicial proof". An interpretation seems to me super-
fluous. The only "penalty" that a defaulting respondent incurs,
according to Article 53 of the Statute, is this: the Court's task
is solcly to consider and give judgment on the submissions of the
12 OPISIOS DISSIDESTE »II Dr EEER
253
si elles sont fondées enfait et en droit. Donc, la tâche de la Cour
est aliégéeseulement dans le sens qu'elle n'examine pas les
conclusions du défendeur. C'est tout. Mais la Cour est obligée
d'examiner les allégations(conclusions)du demandeur exactement
avec le même soinet la mêmeprécisionque le défendeurait com-
paru ou non.

2. La règle.?tonzcltrapetitn

Cette règle généraledu droit dans le sens de l'article 38, pose
un problème procédural. Après avoir constatéque le montant
de l'indemnité réclamépar la Grande-Bretagne pour la perte
du Saumarez sur la base de la valeur en 1946 est quelque
peu inférieur au montant fixépour le mêmedommage par les
experts, 1'arrê.ttient pour justifié le montant réclamépar le
Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni pour la raison non ultra fietita.
Donc un problème se pose : à savoir si cette règlepeut influencer
le choix de la base du calcul (1943-1946-1949)ou non. A mon
avis, la règlezonultra petita ne peut pas influencer la Cour dans
cette question. Si la Cour, en déterminant la valeur de remplace-
ment du Saz4marez,doit se placer au moment de l'acte illicite
ou au moment de l'allocation de la réparation (moment de la
décision),ce problème ne peut pas êtrerésolu à l'aide de cette
règle. La Cour doit, à mon avis, sans aucun égard à cette règle,
décider d'abord par un raisonnement juridique, non mathéma-
tique, quelle base est fondéeen droit. Et si le chiffre calculésur
cette base dépassele montant réclamé, laCour doit limiter l'ad-
judication d'après la règlenon ultra petita.
3. Les motifs de l'arrêt

A mon avis, l'arrêtne prévoit pas de motifs suffisants en cc
qui concerne l'étendueet le calcul des réparations pour la perte
du Saumarez et pour les dommages causés au Volage. L'arrêt
compare les chiffres britanniques et ceux des experts et se décide
pour les chiffres britanniques. Tout d'abord, l'arrêt ne donne
presque aucune appréciation des nombreux documents britan-
niques reçus comme preuve en ce qui concerne ces dommages.
A mon avis, il fallait dire quelque chose sur leur force pro-
bante. Ensuite, l'arrêt ne soumet pas à un examen de la même
nature l'expertise. La Cour n'est pas liée d'après une règle de
droit de procédure vraiment généralepar l'avis des experts. Elle
peut le rejeter ou l'accepter, mais toujours par une décision
suffisamment motivée. C'était d'autant plus nécessaireque l'Al-
banie a fait savoir à la Cour qu'elle avait des observations à
présenter sur le rapport des experts et que mêmela Grande-
Bretagne a fait savoir à la Cour qu'elle a des observations, mais
qu'elle ne désirepas les faire valoir. DISSENTIXG OPINION BY Dr. EEER 253
applicant-whether the claim is well founded in fact and law.
The Court's task is therefore made easier only in the sense that
it does not consider the submissions of the respondent. That is
all. But the Court is obliged to consider the assertions (submiç
sions) of the applicant with just the same care aild precision,
whether the respondent appears or not.

(2) The rule of non ultra petila

This general rule of law within the meaning of Article 3Sinvolves
a question of procedure. After pointing out that the amount of
compensation claimed by the United Kingdom for the loss of the
Saumarez, based on 1946 values, is somewhat lower than that
assessed for the same damage by the experts, the Judgrnent deci-
des that the amount claimed by the Cnited Kingdom Government
is justified because of the de non filtra petita. Thus a problem
rises: can this rule influence the selection of the basis of calcu-
lation (1943-1946-1949),or not. In my opinion, the rule non ultra
petita cannot influencethe Court in this matter. If, in determining
the replacement value of the Sazcmarez,the Court must have
regard to the moment of the unlawful act, or to the moment of
the award of compensation (of the judgment), the problem cannot
be settled with the help of therule above mentioned. In my view,
the Court, without any reference to this rule, must decide, in the
iirst place and on grounds of law. and not of mathematics, what
basis is juridically to be adopted. And if the figure estimated on
this basis is higher than the sum claimed, the Court inust limit
its alvard in accordance with the rule non ~cltrapetita.
(3) The reasons for the Judgment

In my view, the Judgment does not give sufficient grounds for
the amount and the calculation of the compensation for the loss
of the Sarrmarezand the damage to the Volage. The Judgment
compares the United Kingdom figures with those of the experts
and decides in favour of the former. To begin with, the Judgment
makes hardly any reference to the many United Kingdom
documents accepted as evidence of damage. 1 consider that some-
thing should have been said on their value as evidence. Theri,
the Judgment does not submit the expert enquiry to a similar
examination. According to a quite general rule of procedure,
the Court is not bound by the opinion of experts. The Court may
reject or accept it ; but it must always give sufficient reasons.
This was specially necessary, since Albania had inforined the
Court that she had observations to submit on the esperts' Report,
and since even Great Britain informed the Court that it had
observations to make, but did not wish to submit them.254 OPINION DISSIDENTE DU D= EZER

4. L'étendue des répa.rations réclamées

C'est un problème du droit de'fond. Il devrait être examiné,
à mon avis, moins laconiquement vu l'importance de l'affaire.
Il ne fallait, à mon avis, que quelques mots sur les élémentsjuri-
diques qui déterminent l'étendue des réparations :
a) L'Arrêtdu 9 avril 1949 a établi que de ((graves omissions ))
engageaient la responsabilité des autorités albanaises (p. 23).
Quant aux conséquences, elles étaient certainement graves. Mais

une omission qui engage la responsabilité de 1'Etat doit êtreune
omission fautive.
Mais quel était le degré de la faute ? Dolz~s,cz~lpalata, culpa
levis ? Les mots ((omissions graves ))semblent éliminer la cztlpa
levis. Rilais, à mon avis, il serait dans l'intérêt de l'arrêt qu'il
soit plus précissur ce point. La constatation du degréde la faute
(p. e. culpa lata) constituerait un motif juridique pour la décision
concernant le damnztm emergens (le dommage positif - out-of-
pocket loss). Donc, il serait utile de dire quelques mots sur le

problème du rapport de proportionnalité entre le degréde la faute
et l'étendue de la réparation.
b) Enfin, la valeur juridique de l'arrêtserait renforcl'epar quel-
ques considérations, mêmetrès courtes, sur le rapport de causalité
adéquate comme un des éléments juridiques déterminant l'étendue
des réparations. Il serait utile, mêmeà mon avis nécessaire, de
constater quelles réclamations britanniques constituent la récla-
mation du rlamnun~ emergens, - notion qui correspond gvosso
modo aux notions : conséquences c(directes1) ou «nécessaires »

ou (cinévitables ))ou (en anglais) a pvoximate »,employées dans
de nombreuses décisions de tribunaux internationaux.

j. Le calcul des réparations
Ici, je borne mes observations à la réparation des dommages

causéspar la perte du Saumnrez, parce que c'est la question vitale
du point de vue du droit. La Grande-Bretagne réclame de ce
chef le montant de 700.087 livres. Les experts ont évalué le
dommage à 716.780 livres.
Une règle universelle de calcul n'existe pas et ne peut pas
exister. Les cas diffèrent l'un de l'autre. Il y a des cas ayant une
ou plusieurs circonstances spéciales comme, par exemple, le cas
d'espèceoù il s'agit de la perte d'un navire de guerre. Il est évident
que le calcul serait plus simple et que l'évaluation du dommage

en chiffres serait plus facile s'il s'agissait d'un navire de com-
merce. Les valeurs commerciales, dont le dénominateur commun
est la monnaie, sont plus susceptibles d'un calcul monétaire. Mais
avec toutes les réserves et limitations, il y a quand mêmedeux
questions juridiques communes à tous les cas si une chose a été
perdue à cause d'un acte illicite et si la restitution en nature
n'est pas possible, comme dans le cas d'espèce : DISSENTIKG OPISIOK BY Dr. ECER 254

(4) Amount of compensatioil claimed
This is essentially a point of substaritivc law. It should have
been dealt with less briefly in my opinion, having regard to the
importance of the case. Just a few words were, 1consider, neces-
sary on the law that governs the amount of compensation :
(a) The Judgment of April gth, 1949, stated that "grave omis-
sions" involved the international responsibility of Albania (p. 23).
The consequences were certainly grave. But an omission involving
the responsibility of a State must be a culpable omission.

But what was the degree of cz~lpa? Dolzts,cztlpalata, cztlpalev?s

The words "grave omissions" seem to eliminate cztlpa levis. But
in my view, the Judgment should have been more precise on
this point. A finding as to the degree of culpability (e.g. culpa
lata) would form juridical grounds for the decision on danznzrm
emergens (the positive damage ; out-of-pocket loss). A few words
might thus. be said on the relationship between the degree of
culpability and the amount of compensation.

(b)1-astly, the juridical value of the Judgment would have been
increased by a few short observations on causality as a juridical
element for determining the amount of compensation. 1 consider
it would be useful, and even necessary to state that the United
Kingdom claim amounts to a claim for damnum emergens,a notion
that grossomodo corresponds to those of "direct", or "necessary",
or "inevitable", or "proximate" consequences, used in a number
of decisions of international tribunals.

(5) Estimation of damage

Here 1 confine myself to compensation for the lossofthe Sazlmn-
rez; for that is, in point of law, the vital question. The United
Kingdom claimed &700, 087 under this head. The experts estimated
the damage at & 716,780.

There does not, and cannot exist a universal rule for calculatioil.
Cases differ from one another. Some involve one or several special
circumstances, e.g. the present case, which concerns the loss of a
warship. It is evident tTiat the calculation would be simpler and
the estimate of the damage in figures would be easier if it were a
merchant ship. Commercial values have currency as a common
denominator, and are more susceptible of calculation iil money.
But with al1 reservations and limitations, there are nevertheless
two questions of law common to al1 cases, if something has been
lost through an illegal act,and if restitution in kind is net possible.

as in the present case : 1) la question : à quel moment le juge doit-il se placer pour
évaluer la réparation de la perte ? Au moment de l'acte illicite
ou au moment de la décision de la Cour? ou au moment de la
construction de la chose ?
2) la question de savoir sous quelle condition et dans quelle

étendue une somme correspondant à la détérioration de la chose
- si elle était restée entre les mains de son propriétaire - doit
êtredéduite de la somme représentant la valeur de remplacement.

Ad 1) La base de calcul. Dans le cas d'espèce,il y a trois bases

possibles, 1943, 1946, 1949.
a) La base 1943. L'ordre de procéder à la construction du
Saumarez a étédonné par le Gouvernement britannique à une
compagnie à Hebburn-on-Tyne, le 9 janvier 1941 ; le navire a
étélivré après achèvement et sa réception par le service de la
marine britannique date du ~er juillet 1943 (affidavit Powell,

par. 4). Le coût effectivement enregistré de la construction du
navire est de f: 554.678 (par.5 du mêmeaffidavit). Si on évalue
la perte du Saumarez en chiffres qui représentent le prix de cons-
truction en 1943, on peut justifier cette décisionpar le fait que
cette somme représente le véritable dommage positif souffert par
la Grande-Bretagne. La hausse des prix ou la baisse des prix
sont des facteurs qui ne dépendent pas de l'auteur de l'acte illicite,
donc pour lesquels il ne peut pas êtretenu pour responsable. Il
n'y a aucun rapport de causalité entre l'acte illicite et la hausse
des prix, d'une part, ou la baisse des prix, d'autre part. Donc,
on pourrait pour cette raison accepter comme chiffre représentant
la perte réelledu Saunzarez le prix de construction effectivement

payé en 1943.
b) La base de 1946 ou la base de 1949
Salvioli, dans son cours La responsabilitédes États, la fixation

des dommages et intéréts par les tribunaux internationaux
(Recueil des Cours, 1929, 111, pp. 23g-z40), dit: (Les tribunaux
arbitraux mixtes ont introduit à cet effet la distinction suivante:
s'il s'agit de choses qui étaient destinéesà la revente, il faut allouer
une somme représentant la valeur de la chose au moment même
de l'acte qui a frappé la chose - et en ce qui concerne la juris-
prudence signaléeprkcédemment, au moment de la dépossession ;
par contre, s'il s'agit d'un bien que le propriétaire aurait conservé
et utilisécomme tel, la valeur de remplacement doit correspondre
à la valeur marchande de la chose à la date de l'allocation del'indem-
nité » (souligné par l'auteur). Salvioli se réfère expressément à
l'arrêt dansl'affaire de Chorzow.
Les raisons des décisions de tribunaux arbitraux mixtes et de

la décisionde la Cour permanente de Justice internationale dans (1)the question of the moment to be taken by the judge in
estimating reparation for the loss. Should it be the moment of the
illegal act, or of the court's decision ; or the moment when the

thing was made ?
(2)the question of the conditions under which and the extent
to which a sum corresponding to the depreciation of the thing
(such as would have occurred if the thing had remained in its
owner'shands), should be deducted from the amount of the replace-
ment value.

In regard to (1) the basis of calculation. In the yresent case
there are three possible bases : 1943, 1946, 1949:
(a) The 1943 basis. The order to proceed with the construction
of the Saumarez was given by the United Kingdom Govemment
to a Company at Hebbum-on-Tyne, on January gth, 1941 ; the

vesse1 was handed over after completion and received into the
service of the RoyalNavy on July ~st, 1943 (Mr. Powell's affidavit,
paragraph 4). The actual recorded cost of construction of the
ship was ;t'554,678 (paragraph 5 of affidavit). If the loss of the
Saumarez is calculated in figures corresponding to ship-building
costs in 1943, this decision may be justified by the fact that the
sum represents the actual damage sustained by the United King-
dom. The nse or fa11in prices is a factor not depending on the
author of the illegal act, and therefore one for which he cannot be
llcld responsible. There is no causal connesion between the illegal
act and the rise or da11of prices. For this reason, the cost of

construction actually paid in 1943 might be taken as the figiire
for the actual loss of the Satimarez.

(b) The 1946 or 1949 basis

Salvioli, in his lectures onLa responsabilitédes États, la fixation
des dommages et intérêtp sar les tribtrnazls international~x (Recueil
des Cours, 1929, III, pp. 239-240), says : "The Mixed Arbitral
Tribunals introduced the following distinction : where objects
were intended to be resold, a sum must be awarded which corre-
sponds to the value of the objects at the time of the act which
damaged them-and as regards the decisions mentioned above,
at the time of dispossession ; on the other hand, if the object is
property which the owner would have kepf and i~sedas such, the
replacement value must correspond to its mercantile value at the

date of the award of compensation" (the italics are the author's).
Salvioli expressly refers to the judgment in the Chorzow case.

The grounds for the decisions of the Mised Arbitral Tribunal
and that of the decision of the Permanent Court of Internationall'affaire de Chorzow, en ce qui concerne cette question, ont été
exposéesdans les décisionselle-mêmeset dans les ouvrages de
divers auteurs qui se sont occupés decette question, de sorte que
je peux m'abstenir de citation.
A mon avis, ces raisons sont convaincantes, tandis qu'il n'y a
aucune raison juridique pour une décisionde se placer au moment

de l'acte illicite dans ce cas-là.
Mais une difficulté seprésente : celle de déterminer la valeur
marchande au moment de la décision,si le bien n'a pas une valeur
marchande - comme c'est le cas dans l'affaire présente où il
s'agit d'un navire de guerre qui n'a pas une valeur marchande.
D'après Roth (Schadenersatz, 1934, p. 102), dans ce cas-là, «le
juge doit déterminer la valeur ex czqzdoet bono en tenant compte
des circonstances spécialesdu cas )).
La Cour se place au moment de l'acte illicite ; mais l'arrêt
n'indique aucune raison juridique pour cette décision.

2. Détériorations
La question se pose de savoir s'il y a des raisons juridiques
pour la déduction d'une somme représentant la valeur de la
détériorationde la chose, si cette chose était restéeentre les mains
du propriétaire. La jurisprudence internationale et nationale
dans chaque pays répor-d par « oui n. Les experts ont donné
la mêmeréponse. Ils ont calculé l'indemnité pour laperte du
Saz~mnrez, de sorte qu'ils ont déduit 3% pour 3 ans de la (vie ))
du navire (1943-1946)du prix de construction en 1946. De plus,
ils ont indiqué, au cours de la séance du 3 décembre 1949, les
taux de cette détérioration. Il me semble que ce point de vue
est tout à fait justifié.
Je me réfère de nouveau à Salvioli, qui a exprimél'opinion

suivante :« La Cour doit tenir compte soit d'une amélioration,
soit d'une détérioration que la chose aurait subie si elle était
restéeentre les mains de son propriétaire et si l'acte illicite n'avait
pas étéaccompli à son égard. 1,
L'arrêt,en acceptant le chiffre réclamépar la Grande-Bretagne
comme indemnité pour la perte du Saumarez, a implicite rejeté
la règle d'aprhs laquelle il faut déduire du prix de construction
une somme représentant la détérioration, sans indiquer aucune
raison juridique pour cette décision. Quel serait l'effet de ce
principe en pratique est une question de calcul.

(Signé) Dr B. EEER DISSENTING OPINION BY ~r. ECER
2j6
Justice in the Chorzow case, on this subject, are stated in the
decisions themselves and in the works of several writers who have
dealt with the question, and 1 need not quote them.

In my opinion, these reasons are convincing, and there is no
juridical ground for a decision to adopt the moment of the illegal
act in such a case.
But a difficulty arises in determining the commercial value at
the time of the decision, if the property had no commercial value-
as in the present case, where it is a warship that has no commercial
value.
According to Roth (Schadenersatz, 1934, p.102), in such a case,
"the judge must determine the value ex@quo etbono,taking account
of the special circumstances".
The Court places itself at the moment of the illegal act; but the
Judgment gives no juridical reason for this decision.

(2)Depreciation

The question arises whether there are juridical reasons for
deducting a sum in respect of the dépreciation of an object, if that
object remains in the hands of the owner. The international and
national jurisprudence of every country answers this in the affirm-
ative. The experts gave the same reply. They calculated the
compensation for the loss of the Sazimarez in such a way as
to deduct 3% for three years of the vessel's "life" (1943-1946),
from the cost of building in 1946. At the Court's meeting on Decem-
ber 3rd, 1949, they also gave the rate of this depreciation. It seems
that this is quite justified.

1 again refer to Salvioli, who expressed the following opinion :
"The Court must take account of an increase or decrease in value
which the object would have undergone if it had remained in its
owner's hands, and if it had not suffered from the illegal act."

When the Judgment agrees with the figure claimed by the
United Kingdom as compensation for the loss of the Sazcmarez, it
implicitly rejects the rule that a sum in respect of depreciation
must be deducted from the building costs, without assigning any
reason in law for doing so. What would be the effect ofthis principle
in practice is a matter of calculation.

(Signed) Dr. B. ECER

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion by Judge ad hoc Ečer (translation)

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