Dissenting Opinion by Judge Levi Carneiro (translation)

Document Number
019-19540615-JUD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
019-19540615-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION BY JUDGE LEVI CARNEIRO
[Translation]

1 have voted in favour of the first finding of the Judgment but
am, to my regret, unable to agree with the second.
My opinion has been amved at in view of certain considerations
which the Court, in drafting its Judgment, ha not regarded as
relevant. So far asthe first finding is concerned, 1 do not think
that more need be said. But with regard to the second, the consider-
ations which 1 have referred to were dictated by the necessity of
maintaining proper procedural order in the present case and by my
conception of the duty and the function of the Court, and 1 there-
fore find myself obliged to seek to justify them.

2. By its second Submission in the Application, Italy requested
the Court to adjudge and declare
"that Italy's right to receive the said share of monetary gold must
have priority over the claim of the United Kingdom to receive
the gold in partial satisfaction of the Judgment in the CorfuChannel
case".

By the terms of the Washington Statement, Italy was given an
opportunity to make an application to

"the International Court of Justice for the determination of the
as a result of the Albanian law of 13th January 1945,or under thess
provisions of the Italian Peace Treaty, the gold should be delivered
to Italy rather than to Albania"

and an opportunity

"to accept the jurisdiction of the Court to determine the question
whether the claim of the United Kingdom or of Italy to receive
the gold should have priority, if this issue should arise".
Might not the provision as drafted mean that Italy might adopt
two different attitudes or take two different steps, in relation to the
two separate questions involved : in respect of the first, to "make
an application to the Court", in respect of the second, "to accept

the jurisdiction of the Court" ? Do not these two expressions
indicate two attitudes ?
However, the Italian Application presented the two questions
at the same time and asked the Court to adjudicate upon both of
them.
It is true that the Italian Government, in its Application,
incidentally said :
24 "...once it has been established that Italy is entitled to damages
from Albania ...Italy's claim to the gold in question should have
priority over the claim of the United Kingdom....".

This statement did not mean that the Court could not decide the
priority issue before the claim had been held to be well-founded ;
the Applicant, at the time of making the application, set out the
grounds on which it based its claim to priority and indeed to
preference. Thus, it presented the two questions at the same time
and in the same proceedings, making, in its Apfdication, two Sub-
missions relating to the two separate questions. These Submissions
were put fonvard without any link between them,they are entirely
distinct, and the second is in no way subordinate tothe first.Thereis
dot even any form of conjunction between them. Nor, and this to

my mind is decisive, is the word "subsidiairement" (altematively)
useà, asit invariably is, when it is desired to indicate that a question
is subordinate to another which has already been raised, and as
in fact was done by the United Kingdom Govemment in the present
case, in the Submissions which are set out in the Judgment. Yet
the three "Allied Govemments concemed", in their written Obser-
vations on the Preliminary Question, nowhere indicated that the
Application had improperly raised the two questions.
It was after filing its Application that the Italian Government
raised the "Preliminary Question", and asked the Court to decide
asto its competence to adjudicate upon "the first Submission".
Although it indicated that the second question would anse only
after the first had been decided, it referred nevertheless to the first
Submission only. It never said, either when it raised its objection
to the jurisdiction or in its arguments in its written Observations
that, as a result, the present Judgment of the Court should relate
to the second question as well. Again, its Submissions presented
at the end of the oral arguments related exclusively to the first

Submission in the Application.
The second Submission was not, and could not be, discused in
the course ofthe hearings. Here, in particular, the complete independ-
ence of the two questions, from the point of view of their judicial
determination, was made clear.
3. In the written Statement which it submitted to the Court,
the Government of the United States said :

"...it seems doubtful whether Albania must have accepted the
jurisdictionofthe Court and have become a party in the present
case before the Court can properly adjudicate on the clairns of
Italy vis-à-vis the United Kingdom concerning the gold here in
question".
It seems to me that the second Submission in the Application
has precedence over tne first. Counsel ior the Italian Government
(atthe hearing on May 10th) correctly interpreted this statement
when he said:

25 "It istherefore proposed that the priority issueshouldbe consid-
ered quite separately from the issue relating to the international
responsibilityof Albania resulting from the Albanian law."

This, indeed, is what was being done-1 think correctly-
because the second Submission involves the question which ought
first to be decided by the Court. Therefore, even in the absence of
finding in favour of Italy on the first Submission, the Court would,
in the subsequent proceedings, have to adjudicate upon the second
Submission. It has been asked to do so, and there is no reason why
it should not.
In the written Observations the French Government said nothing
to indicate that it considered the two Submissions interdependent :
it merely sought to show that the Court was competent to deal with
them. The oral arguments of its Agent merely related to the juris-
diction of the Court to adjudicate upon a question of international
law-the effects of theAlbanian Nationalization Law.

It was indeed the United Kingdom Agent who, in his written
Observations and in his oral arguments, asserted the complete
dependence of the second Submission upon the first. He asked the
Court to hold that, by reason of the objection to the jurisdiction
raised by Italy, the Italian Application no longer conformed to
the conditions and intentions of the Washington Statement ; that
it had become invalid and void. To justify such a conclusion, it
would be necessary to consider that if the Court could not deal
with the first Submission in the Italian Application, it would
likewisebe unable to pass upon the second Submission. Accordingly,
the Agent of the United Kingdom Government said (at the hearing
on May 12th) that the pnority issue-the issue raised in the second
Submission-would not anse if the Court should refuse to consider
and to adjudicate upon the first Submission relating to Italy's
claim.
This did not, however, prevent the United Kingdom Agent from

saying at the hearing on May 14th that the issue which arose in the
present case was whether a certain quantity of gold should be
transferred to the United Kingdom or to Italy-that is to Say, t$e
second question raised by the Application.
In his Submissions at the close of the hearings, the United King-
dom Agent asked the Court to find "that, if the Court holds, contrary
to the contentions of the United Kingdom, that the Italian Appli-
cation is still valid and subsisting, the Court has jurisdiction to
determine on their merits the questions put to the Court in the
Italian Application". Here he was clearly not saying that the Court
could not adjudicate upon the second Submission until it had
adjudicated upon the first.

4. Counsel for the Italian Government, for his part, in his first
address to the Court, on May 10th-while not modifying the
26Submissions contained in the Application, which 1 have already
referred to-said that he agreed with the United Kingdom Govern-
ment that the second Submission was dependent upon the first
and could not be dealt with before adjudication upon the first.
Mowever, he refused to accept the consequence which the Agent
of the United Kingdom Government contended flowed therefrom,
namely, that the Italian Application was in effect cancelled or
withdrawn.
In his last address to the Court, on May 13th, Counsel for the
Italian Government was much less categorical when he referred
to the alleged dependence of the second Submission on the first ;
he in fact said :

"The secondclaim is distinct !rom the firstIn the Washington
Statementit is saidthat the questionofprioritywould besubmitted
that according to the Statement itself this second question isem
dependent upon the first. In any event, if the Court considers
that the question of riority betweenthe respectiverights of the
United Kingdom anf Italy can be examined in a hypothetical
form, independently ofthe examination of the first Italian claim,
the Italian Government,for its part, would have lzo objection(my
italics.

At the same time, Counsel insisted upon the fact that the Appli-
cation had not been withdrawn.

5. It has been pointed out that the Washington Statement, with
reference to the question of priority, uses the words "if this issue
should arise". It has been contended that, in the view of the
draftsmen of the Statement, the priority issue could only arise
after the Italian claim had been held to be well-founded. This is
being put, but it did not specify when it would arise. The Italian
Government has in fact submitted the question to the Court at
the same time as the other, and the Respondents have raised no
objection to this course, as I have already pointed out.

6. The only way of ensuring that neither question is dealt with
-with the unevitable consequenceofsetting aside both questions-
would be to regard the Application as cancelled or to reject it.
It was because the United Kingdom Agent realized this that he
asked the Court to hold that, by reason of the interdependence
of the two questions, the whole Application was cancelled. The
Court has indeed held that the questions are interdependent, but
it has refused to regard the Application as cancelled. It has finally
refrained from adjudication upon the second Submission in the
Application, on the ground that the Parties themselves had asserted
the dependent character of this Submission. The statements of the Parties have not, however, led me to a
similar interpretation. In my opinion, if the two questions were
inseparably interlinked, the presence of Albania would be just as
necessary to make it possible for the Court to deal with the first
as with the second. But this proposition was not stated either by
the Italian Government, by the Respondent Governments or in the
Judgment of the Court.
1 do not, in any event, consider that the Court would be obliged
to follow any agreement in this connection thought to have been

amved at by the Parties. The Court, having unequivocally decided
that the Application has neither been withdrawn nor cancelled,
retains fuil freedom to decide for itself the question of the inter-
dependence of the two Submissions in this Application.

7. If anyîhing remains of the Application, it is its second
Submission. If the Court is without jurisdiction in respect of the
question raised by the first Submission-on the ground that Italy
has not even named Albania, which is directly interested in this
question as a Respondent-in respect of the second Submission,
Albania has no interest whatsoever.
In short, the pnority issue has been submitted-and remains
submitted-to the Court, and the only States directly interested
in its decision on this question are before the Court. In my opinion,
the Court cannot now refuse this decision on the ground that it
lacks jurisdiction to decide another and quite separate question
raised by the same Application. At the present stage of the proceed-

ings, the Court, in my opinion,having simply to decide the Prelim-
inary Question of its competence to adjudicate upon the first
Submission in the Application, is not entitled to go beyond this
and to hold, at the same time, that it has no jurisdiction to deal
with the second Submission.
Counsel for the Italian Government himself, in the document
entitled "Preliminary Question", has indeed said that "the second
question would raise no $roblem concerning thejurisdiction of th
International Court of Justice". At the same time, he asserted
that the Application had not been withdrawn, that is to say, that
its second Submission remained even if, at this stage of the pro-
ceedings, the first should be set aside.

8. Procedural considerations would have provided the Court
with a good reason for not at present setting aside the second
Submission of the Application ; but there was a better ground
available to it for reserving consideration of, and a decision on, this

other question, that is, the question of priority. The question of
priority does xiot perhaps involve any dispute as to facts, but is
to be resolved simply in the light of legal rules. The Court could
have decided it, riot by basirig itself upon a hypothesis, but by MONETARY GOLD (DISS. OPIN. BY JUDGE LEVI CARNEIRO) 44

dealing with it as a question of abstract law. It could have done
so, subject at most to one condition. It could have decided it quite
simply by recognizing the character of the two claims, without
prejudging the question of the validity of the claim which has not
as yet been established.
1 think it unnecessary to recall the widespread and valuable
practice of "declaratory judgrnents" which is adopted in the United
States and many other countries. It will be enough to point out
that in all civilized countnes there are laws goveming the classifica-
tion of creditors-in cases of bankruptcy, concursus creditorum
following upon insolvency and what in France and other countries

is calied "liquidation judiciaire" (compulsory winding-up). The
law stnctly lays down orders of prionty and of preference. In the
present case, the Court should determine whether there is any
ground for preference and the basis for priority. It would thus
indicate the legal rule to be applied.
In the majonty of cases at least, pnonty is based neither upon
the date nor the amount of the debt, nor even upon the character
of its title, but rather on the nature of the nght itself, its origin,
or the specific relationship which may exist between it and the
property of the debtor. In the present case, the Italian Government
alieges that the two competing rights are identical in origin and
of the same nature ; it has already set out in the Application,
with great precision and clanty, the only argument which it
invokes in support of its claim to priority :it is that Albania's
wrongful act as against Italy was earlier in date than Albania's
wrongful act as against the United Kingdom. The Italian Govern-
ment further deges that its right must benefit from a privilege

by virtue of Article 25 of the Convention of March 15th, 1925.
That is all. In the subsequent proceedings an opportunity would
have been given to the respondent Governments to contest these
allegations, and Albania might have decided to intervene (although
that country is not directly interested) and the Court codd have
adjudicated upon the alleged right to priority even without having
previously recognized the validity of the Italian claim.

g. Such a decision would have provided a valuable contribution
to the solution of the controversy provoked by the question of the
allocation of the monetary gold. It would have been all the more
usefd for having been given before the decision on the first question,
that of the validity of the Italian claim, which involves a number
of questions of fact and of law. Such a course might have avoided
the necessity for evidence and argument which would have ceased
to be relevant.
Anyone who studies the terms of the Submissions in the Appli-
cation of Italy must come to the conclusion that the second Sub-

mission must, as 1have said, be adjudicated upon before the first.
How codd the Court hold that the gold should be "delivered to1taly"-and that is what is asked in the Application-without
having previously found in favour of the right of the Italian claim
to priority ?
Moreover, whatever might have been the Court's decision on the
second Submission, that decision would have provided the "Allied
Governments concerned" with a very valuable orientation. If the
Court had found that the United Kingdom claim was entitled to
priority, the question raised in the first Submission of the Appli-
cation would have lost al1 practical interest, since, according to
statements which have not been disputed, the amount of the United
Kingdom claim is more than twice the value of the gold in question.
If, on the other hand, the Court had upheld the right to priority
of the Italian claim, it would have given the three Powers the
assurance (for which they have asked in one sense or the other)
that the delivery of the gold to the United Kingdom could not
be validly effected before final adjudication upon the merits of the
Italian clairn. Finally, there was a third possible solution, that
neither claim might be held to be entitled to priority;in that case,
if the Italian claim were held to be well-founded, there would be a
proportionate allocation of the gold between the two creditors, it
then being possible to deliver at once to the United Kingdom such
poIn Lny event, the Court, by adjudicating upon the second
Submission in the Application, would mako the solution of the
dispute more simple, clearer and more straightforward. On the
other hand, 1 fear that its refusa1 to intervene in any way, after
the three "Allied Governments concemed" have addressed them-
selves to the Court "asking it to give them guidance", may well
give rise toa deadlock or aggravate the difficulties.

(Signed) LEVICARNEIRO.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. LEVI CARNEIRO

J'ai votéen faveur de la première conclusion de l'arrêt,mais n'ai
pu, à mon regret, accepter la seconde.
Mon opinion a étédéterminéepar des considérations que la Cour,
en élaborant son arrêt, n'a pas cru devoir retenir. Pour ce qui est
de la première conclusion, je crois inutile d'insister. Mais en ce qui
concerne la seconde, les considérations qui m'ont déterminéétaient

dictées tant par le souci de maintenir, en l'affaire actuelle, l'ordre
de la procédure que par ma conception des devoirs et de la mission
de la Cour dans le cas actuel ; je ne puis donc me soustraire à la
tâche de les justifier.
2. Par la seconde conclusion de sa requête, l'Italie a demandé à

la Cour de dire et juger
«que le droit de l'Italià recevoir ladite quote-part d'or monétaire
doit avoir priorité sur la prétention du Royaume-Uni à recevoir
l'or en satisfaction partielle du paiement du jugement de l'affaire
du canal de Corfou a.

Aux termes de la déclaration de Washington, l'Italie avait la
faculté de saisir

«la Cour internationale de Justice en vue de décidersi, du fait
de tous les droits qu'ellesoutient avoir par suite du décretalbanais
du 13janvier 1945 OU des clauses du traité de paix avec l'Italie,
l'or doit êtreremis à l'Italie plutôt qu'à l'Albani))

et la faculté

((d'accepter la juridiction de la Cour pour déciderla question de
savoir sila prétentiondu Royaume-Uni ou cellede l'Italieà recevoir
l'or doit avoir priorité, dans le cas où cette question se poserait

Cette rédaction ne pourrait-elle signifier que l'Italie devrait
adopter deux attitudes, prendre deux initiatives différentes, en ce
qui concerneles deux questions distinctes dont il s'agissait : pour la
première, «saisir la Cour», et, pour la seconde, «accepter la juridic-
tion de la Cour » ?Les deux expressions n'expriment-elles pas deux
attitudes ?
Cependant, la requêteitalienne a poséles deux questionsen même
temps - demandant à la Cour de se prononcer sur l'une comme sur
l'autre.

Il est vrai que, aussi dans sa requête, le Gouvernement italien
faisait observer incidemment :
24 DISSENTING OPINION BY JUDGE LEVI CARNEIRO
[Translation]

1 have voted in favour of the first finding of the Judgment but
am, to my regret, unable to agree with the second.
My opinion has been amved at in view of certain considerations
which the Court, in drafting its Judgment, ha not regarded as
relevant. So far asthe first finding is concerned, 1 do not think
that more need be said. But with regard to the second, the consider-
ations which 1 have referred to were dictated by the necessity of
maintaining proper procedural order in the present case and by my
conception of the duty and the function of the Court, and 1 there-
fore find myself obliged to seek to justify them.

2. By its second Submission in the Application, Italy requested
the Court to adjudge and declare
"that Italy's right to receive the said share of monetary gold must
have priority over the claim of the United Kingdom to receive
the gold in partial satisfaction of the Judgment in the CorfuChannel
case".

By the terms of the Washington Statement, Italy was given an
opportunity to make an application to

"the International Court of Justice for the determination of the
as a result of the Albanian law of 13th January 1945,or under thess
provisions of the Italian Peace Treaty, the gold should be delivered
to Italy rather than to Albania"

and an opportunity

"to accept the jurisdiction of the Court to determine the question
whether the claim of the United Kingdom or of Italy to receive
the gold should have priority, if this issue should arise".
Might not the provision as drafted mean that Italy might adopt
two different attitudes or take two different steps, in relation to the
two separate questions involved : in respect of the first, to "make
an application to the Court", in respect of the second, "to accept

the jurisdiction of the Court" ? Do not these two expressions
indicate two attitudes ?
However, the Italian Application presented the two questions
at the same time and asked the Court to adjudicate upon both of
them.
It is true that the Italian Government, in its Application,
incidentally said :
24 u...Une foisétablile droit de l'Itaàila réparationde la part
de l'Albanie...la demande de l'Italieà recevoir l'or en question
doit avoir priorité sur la prétention du Royaume-Uni...))
Cette déclaration ne signifie pas que la Cour ne pourrait réglerla
question de la priorité qu'après avoir au préalable reconnu la

créance ; en saisissant la Cour, le demandeur a exposéimmédiate-
ment les raisons sur lesquelles il fondait sa prétention à priorité et
aussi à un privilège. Il a présentéles deux questions simultanément,
en une seule instance, posant, dans sa requête,deux conclusions se
rapportant aux deux questions séparément. Il les a présentéessans
aucun lien entre elles, complètement détachées,sans subordination
aucune de la seconde à la première. Il n'y a mêmepas entre elles de
conjonction. Il n'y a pas non plus- ce qui, en l'occurrence, eût été
décisif- le mot «subsidiairement » qu'on emploie pour marquer
qu'une question se subordonne à une autre déjàposée,comme, en
l'affaire actuelle, l'a fait le Gouvernement britannique, dans ses
conclusions, reproduites par l'arrêt.Et pourtant les troi«Gouver-
nements alliés intéressés», dans les observations sur la question
préliminaire, ne signalent nulle part que la requêteavait mal posé
les deux questions.

C'est après la présentation de sa requête que le Gouvernement
italien a soulevé la«question préliminaire »,en invitant la Cour à
décider de sa compétence à statuer sur «la première conclusion ».
Mêmelorsqu'il a donné à entendre que la seconde question ne
se pose pas avant que la première n'ait ététranchée, il ne s'en
réfère pas moins uniquement à la première conclusion. Il n'a
déclaré,ni eh soulevant l'exception d'incompétence, ni en dévelop-
pant ses servations, qu'en conséquence le jugement actuel de
la Cour evait porter sur la seconde question également. Encore à
la fin ,sdébats oraux, ses conclusions se sont rapportées exclusi-
vement à la première conclusion de la requête.
La deuxième conclusion n'a pas été - elle ne pouvait l'être-
discutée aux audiences. Il s'est affirmé mieux que jamais que les
deux questions étaient indépendantes l'une de l'autre, au point de
vue de leur décision judiciaire.

3. Dans les qbservations qu'il a présentéesà la Cour, le Gou-
vernement des Etats-Unis a déclaré :
« Il sembledouteux qu'ilsoit nécessaire que l'Albaait accepté
la compétencede la Couret soit devenue partià la présente affaire
avant que la Cour puisse valablement statuer sur la réclamation
de l'Italie contre le Royaume-Uni concernant l'or en question.»

Par là, il a même,si je ne me trompe, reconnu que la seconde

conclusion de la requêtepassait avant la première. Dans sa plaidoi-
rie du IO mai, le conseil du Gouvernement italien a bien interprété
cette déclaration, en disant: "...once it has been established that Italy is entitled to damages
from Albania ...Italy's claim to the gold in question should have
priority over the claim of the United Kingdom....".

This statement did not mean that the Court could not decide the
priority issue before the claim had been held to be well-founded ;
the Applicant, at the time of making the application, set out the
grounds on which it based its claim to priority and indeed to
preference. Thus, it presented the two questions at the same time
and in the same proceedings, making, in its Apfdication, two Sub-
missions relating to the two separate questions. These Submissions
were put fonvard without any link between them,they are entirely
distinct, and the second is in no way subordinate tothe first.Thereis
dot even any form of conjunction between them. Nor, and this to

my mind is decisive, is the word "subsidiairement" (altematively)
useà, asit invariably is, when it is desired to indicate that a question
is subordinate to another which has already been raised, and as
in fact was done by the United Kingdom Govemment in the present
case, in the Submissions which are set out in the Judgment. Yet
the three "Allied Govemments concemed", in their written Obser-
vations on the Preliminary Question, nowhere indicated that the
Application had improperly raised the two questions.
It was after filing its Application that the Italian Government
raised the "Preliminary Question", and asked the Court to decide
asto its competence to adjudicate upon "the first Submission".
Although it indicated that the second question would anse only
after the first had been decided, it referred nevertheless to the first
Submission only. It never said, either when it raised its objection
to the jurisdiction or in its arguments in its written Observations
that, as a result, the present Judgment of the Court should relate
to the second question as well. Again, its Submissions presented
at the end of the oral arguments related exclusively to the first

Submission in the Application.
The second Submission was not, and could not be, discused in
the course ofthe hearings. Here, in particular, the complete independ-
ence of the two questions, from the point of view of their judicial
determination, was made clear.
3. In the written Statement which it submitted to the Court,
the Government of the United States said :

"...it seems doubtful whether Albania must have accepted the
jurisdictionofthe Court and have become a party in the present
case before the Court can properly adjudicate on the clairns of
Italy vis-à-vis the United Kingdom concerning the gold here in
question".
It seems to me that the second Submission in the Application
has precedence over tne first. Counsel ior the Italian Government
(atthe hearing on May 10th) correctly interpreted this statement
when he said:

25 «Donc, il est proposéd'examiner la question de priorité en la
séparant de la question concernant la responsabilitéinternationale
de l'Albanie à cause de la loi albanaisen

C'est bien ce qu'on était en train de faire - et à mon avis très
sensément - pour la raison que c'est dans la deuxième conclusion
que se présente la première question que la Cour devrait trancher.
Si donc on écartait la première conclusion, la Cour, dans la suite de
la procédure, devrait statuer sur la seconde. Elle a étéinvitée à le

faire et rien ne I'en empêchait.

Le Gouvernement français, dans ses observations, n'a pas écrit
un mot donnant à entendre qu'il reconnaissait l'interdépendance
des deux conclusions :il s'est borné à chercher à établir la compé-
tence de la Cour pour en connaître. La plaidoirie de son agent n'a
porté que sur la compétence de la Cour pour statuer sur un point
de droit international - les effets de la loi albanaise de nationali-
sation.
A vrai dire, c'est l'agent du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uniqui,
tant au cours de ses «observations »que de ses plaidoiries, a affirmé
la subordination complète de la seconde conclusion à la première.

Il a demandé à la Cour de déclarer que, par suite de l'exception
d'incompétencesoulevéepar l'Italie, la requêteitalienne n'était plus
conforme aux conditions et aux intentions de la déclaration de
Washington, qu'elle était entachée d'invalidité et donc nulle et non
avenue. Pour justifier cette conclusion, il fallait établir qu'au cas
où la Cour ne pourrait connaître de la première conclusion de la
requête italienne elle ne pourrait non plus se prononcer sur la
seconde. Aussi l'agent du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni a-t-il dit,
à la séancedu 12 mai, que la question de priorité - poséedans la
deuxième conclusion - ne se présenterait pas si la Cour renonçait
àexaminer la première conclusion relative àla réclamation de l'Italie

et à statuer sur cette conclusion.
Ceci n'a pas empêchéle même agent du Gouvernement du
Royaume-Uni de déclarer, dans sa plaidoirie du 14 mai, que la
question qui se pose en la présente affaire est celle de savoir si une
certaine masse d'or doit être transférée au Royaume-Uni ou à
l'Italie- et c'est là, je suppose, la deuxièmequestion de la requête.
Dans les conclusions prises à la fin des plaidoiries, l'agent du
Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni demandait à la Cour, au cas où,
rejetant la thèse du Royaume-Uni, elle se prononcerait pour la vali-
dité et l'existence de la requête italienne, de se reconnaître com-
pétente «pour statuer au fond sur les questions à elle soumises par

cette requête 1)Ici, il n'a nullement dit que la Cour ne pouvait
statuer sur la deuxième conclusion sans avoir au préalable statué
sur la première.
4. Quant au conseil du Gouvernement italien, en prononçant sa

première plaidoirie du IO mai - sans modifier les conclusions qui
26 "It istherefore proposed that the priority issueshouldbe consid-
ered quite separately from the issue relating to the international
responsibilityof Albania resulting from the Albanian law."

This, indeed, is what was being done-1 think correctly-
because the second Submission involves the question which ought
first to be decided by the Court. Therefore, even in the absence of
finding in favour of Italy on the first Submission, the Court would,
in the subsequent proceedings, have to adjudicate upon the second
Submission. It has been asked to do so, and there is no reason why
it should not.
In the written Observations the French Government said nothing
to indicate that it considered the two Submissions interdependent :
it merely sought to show that the Court was competent to deal with
them. The oral arguments of its Agent merely related to the juris-
diction of the Court to adjudicate upon a question of international
law-the effects of theAlbanian Nationalization Law.

It was indeed the United Kingdom Agent who, in his written
Observations and in his oral arguments, asserted the complete
dependence of the second Submission upon the first. He asked the
Court to hold that, by reason of the objection to the jurisdiction
raised by Italy, the Italian Application no longer conformed to
the conditions and intentions of the Washington Statement ; that
it had become invalid and void. To justify such a conclusion, it
would be necessary to consider that if the Court could not deal
with the first Submission in the Italian Application, it would
likewisebe unable to pass upon the second Submission. Accordingly,
the Agent of the United Kingdom Government said (at the hearing
on May 12th) that the pnority issue-the issue raised in the second
Submission-would not anse if the Court should refuse to consider
and to adjudicate upon the first Submission relating to Italy's
claim.
This did not, however, prevent the United Kingdom Agent from

saying at the hearing on May 14th that the issue which arose in the
present case was whether a certain quantity of gold should be
transferred to the United Kingdom or to Italy-that is to Say, t$e
second question raised by the Application.
In his Submissions at the close of the hearings, the United King-
dom Agent asked the Court to find "that, if the Court holds, contrary
to the contentions of the United Kingdom, that the Italian Appli-
cation is still valid and subsisting, the Court has jurisdiction to
determine on their merits the questions put to the Court in the
Italian Application". Here he was clearly not saying that the Court
could not adjudicate upon the second Submission until it had
adjudicated upon the first.

4. Counsel for the Italian Government, for his part, in his first
address to the Court, on May 10th-while not modifying the
26terminent sa requêteet que j'ai déjàmentionnées - il s'est déclaré
d'accord avec le Gouvemement du Royaume-Uni pour considérer
la deuxième conclusion comme subordonnée à la première, et ne
pouvant êtrejugéeavant elle. Toutefois, il a repousséla conséquence
que l'agent du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni prétendait faire
découler de cet* considération, à savoir que la requête italienne
était en fait annulée ou retirée.

Dans sa dernièreplaidoirie, le 13mai, le conseil du Gouvemement
italien a étébeaucoup moins affirmatif, en parlant de la prétendue

subordination de la deuxième conclusion à la première ;il a dit en
effet:

(La deuxièmedemandeest skfiaréede la première.Dans la d&la-
ration de Washington, il est dit que la question des prioritésserait
soumise à la Cour si cette question se posait. Par conséquent,
d'après la déclaration elle-même,il parait que cette deuxième
question est subordonnée à la première. En tout cas, si la Cour
estime que la question concernant la priorité entre le droit du
hypothétique, en dehors de l'examen de la première question,rmele
Gouvernementitalien, en ceqwile concerne,n'auraitpas d'objection»
(Les passages soulignésl'ont été parmoi.)

En mêmetemps, le conseil a insistésur le fait que la requête n'avait
pas étéretirée.

5. On a signalé que la déclaration de Washington spécifie, à
propos de la question de priorité : «dansle cas où cette question se
poserait ».On a prétendu que, dans l'esprit des auteurs de la décla-
ration, la question depriorité ne pouvait se poser qu'après qu'ait été
reconnue la validité de la réclamation italienne. Il n'en est rien. La
déclaration a prévu que la question pourrait se poser, mais sansdire
quand elle surgirait. Le Gouvemement italien a, effectivement,
porté la question devant la Cour en mêmetemps que l'autre, ce à
quoi les défendeurs ne se sont pas opposés, comme je l'ai déjà fait
remarquer.

6. Le seul moyen d'assurer qu'aucune des deux questions posées
ne soit traitée - avec la conséquence inévitable d'écarter les
deux questions - serait d'annuler ou de rejeter la requête. L'agent
du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni l'a si bien compris qu'il a
demandé à la Cour de dire qu'en raison de l'interdépendance des
deux questions, toute la requête se trouvait annulée. La Cour a
bien affumé l'interdépendance des questions, mais elle a refusé de
considérer la requête conrme annulée. Elle s'abstient, définitive-
ment, de statuer sur la deuxième conclusion de ia requête en se
fondant sur le fait que les Parties onteelles-mêmes affirmé.lecarac-
tère de subordination de cette conclusion.

27Submissions contained in the Application, which 1 have already
referred to-said that he agreed with the United Kingdom Govern-
ment that the second Submission was dependent upon the first
and could not be dealt with before adjudication upon the first.
Mowever, he refused to accept the consequence which the Agent
of the United Kingdom Government contended flowed therefrom,
namely, that the Italian Application was in effect cancelled or
withdrawn.
In his last address to the Court, on May 13th, Counsel for the
Italian Government was much less categorical when he referred
to the alleged dependence of the second Submission on the first ;
he in fact said :

"The secondclaim is distinct !rom the firstIn the Washington
Statementit is saidthat the questionofprioritywould besubmitted
that according to the Statement itself this second question isem
dependent upon the first. In any event, if the Court considers
that the question of riority betweenthe respectiverights of the
United Kingdom anf Italy can be examined in a hypothetical
form, independently ofthe examination of the first Italian claim,
the Italian Government,for its part, would have lzo objection(my
italics.

At the same time, Counsel insisted upon the fact that the Appli-
cation had not been withdrawn.

5. It has been pointed out that the Washington Statement, with
reference to the question of priority, uses the words "if this issue
should arise". It has been contended that, in the view of the
draftsmen of the Statement, the priority issue could only arise
after the Italian claim had been held to be well-founded. This is
being put, but it did not specify when it would arise. The Italian
Government has in fact submitted the question to the Court at
the same time as the other, and the Respondents have raised no
objection to this course, as I have already pointed out.

6. The only way of ensuring that neither question is dealt with
-with the unevitable consequenceofsetting aside both questions-
would be to regard the Application as cancelled or to reject it.
It was because the United Kingdom Agent realized this that he
asked the Court to hold that, by reason of the interdependence
of the two questions, the whole Application was cancelled. The
Court has indeed held that the questions are interdependent, but
it has refused to regard the Application as cancelled. It has finally
refrained from adjudication upon the second Submission in the
Application, on the ground that the Parties themselves had asserted
the dependent character of this Submission. Or, les déclarations des Parties ne m'ont pas amené à la même
interprétation. Je prétends que,si les deux questions étaient insé-
parablement liées,la présencede l'Albanie serait tout aussi néces-
saire pour permettre de statuer sur la premièreque sur la seconde.
Mais cette proposition n'a étéénoncéeni par le Gouvernement
italien, ni par les Gouvernements défendeurs,ni par l'arrêt.

D'autre part, je ne considère pas que la Cour serait obligée
d'accepter en la matière tout accord supposéêtreintervenu entre
les Parties. La Cour ayant jugé,sans équivoque,que la requête n'a
éténi retirée ni annulée,elle garde sa liberté d'appréciationpleine
et entière pour se prononcer sur l'interdépendance desdeux conclu-
sions de ladite requête.

7. S'ilreste quelque chosedela requête,c'estsa deuxième conclu-
sion. Si pour la question poséedans la première conclusionla Cour
est incompétente parce que l'Italie n'a pas mêmefait citer l'Albanie,
qui est directement intéresséedans cette question, pour la seconde
conclusion l'Albanie n'est nullement intéressée.

En somme, la question de priorité a étéposée- et reste posée -
à .la Cour et les seuls États qu'intéresse directement son verdict
sur cette question sont devant elle.J'estime que la Courne pourrait
actuellement se refuser à le rendre, sous le motif qu'elle n'a pas
compétencepourtrancher une autre question, absolument distincte,
présentéedans la mêmerequête. A mon avis, en la phase actuelle
de la procédure,la Cour, alors qu'il s'agissait uniquement pour elle
de trancher la question préliminaire de sa compétencepour statuer
surla première conclusionde la requête,n'étaitpas fondée àdépas-
ser cet objectif et à se dire, du mêmecoup, incompétente pour
connaître de la deuxième coiiclusion.
Le conseil du Gouvernement italien lui-même,dans le document
intitulé (question préliminaire », a signaléprécisémentque :((la
deuxidmeconclusionnesouldveraitaucunproblèmetouchantla compé-
tentede la Cour internationalede Justice n. En mêmetemps, il a
affirméque sa requête n'était pas retirée, c'est-à-dire que sa
deuxième conclusionsubsistait mêmesi, dans cette phase de la
procédure, la première était écartée.

8. Des considérations de procédureauraient fourni à la Cour
conclusion de la requêtene ;amais elle avait mieux pour réserver
l'appréciationet la dCcisionde cette autre question - c'est-à-dire,
la question de priorité.Peut-&trela question de priorité ne fait-elle
surgir aucune controverse sur des faits et ressort-elle seulement de
règlesde droit. La Cour l'aurait tranchée en se fondant, non sur
une hypothèse mais en thèse, et tout au plus sous une condition. The statements of the Parties have not, however, led me to a
similar interpretation. In my opinion, if the two questions were
inseparably interlinked, the presence of Albania would be just as
necessary to make it possible for the Court to deal with the first
as with the second. But this proposition was not stated either by
the Italian Government, by the Respondent Governments or in the
Judgment of the Court.
1 do not, in any event, consider that the Court would be obliged
to follow any agreement in this connection thought to have been

amved at by the Parties. The Court, having unequivocally decided
that the Application has neither been withdrawn nor cancelled,
retains fuil freedom to decide for itself the question of the inter-
dependence of the two Submissions in this Application.

7. If anyîhing remains of the Application, it is its second
Submission. If the Court is without jurisdiction in respect of the
question raised by the first Submission-on the ground that Italy
has not even named Albania, which is directly interested in this
question as a Respondent-in respect of the second Submission,
Albania has no interest whatsoever.
In short, the pnority issue has been submitted-and remains
submitted-to the Court, and the only States directly interested
in its decision on this question are before the Court. In my opinion,
the Court cannot now refuse this decision on the ground that it
lacks jurisdiction to decide another and quite separate question
raised by the same Application. At the present stage of the proceed-

ings, the Court, in my opinion,having simply to decide the Prelim-
inary Question of its competence to adjudicate upon the first
Submission in the Application, is not entitled to go beyond this
and to hold, at the same time, that it has no jurisdiction to deal
with the second Submission.
Counsel for the Italian Government himself, in the document
entitled "Preliminary Question", has indeed said that "the second
question would raise no $roblem concerning thejurisdiction of th
International Court of Justice". At the same time, he asserted
that the Application had not been withdrawn, that is to say, that
its second Submission remained even if, at this stage of the pro-
ceedings, the first should be set aside.

8. Procedural considerations would have provided the Court
with a good reason for not at present setting aside the second
Submission of the Application ; but there was a better ground
available to it for reserving consideration of, and a decision on, this

other question, that is, the question of priority. The question of
priority does xiot perhaps involve any dispute as to facts, but is
to be resolved simply in the light of legal rules. The Court could
have decided it, riot by basirig itself upon a hypothesis, but byElle pourrait la décideren reconnaissant tout simplement le carac-
tèredes deux réclamations,sans préjugerde la validitéde la créance
qui à l'heure actuelle n'a pas encore étéreconnue.

Je crois inutile de rappeler la pratique si étendueet si appréciée
des ((jugements déclaratoires », suivie aux États-unis et dans bien
d'autres pays. Qu'il me suffisede dire que dans tous les pays civi-
lisés ilexiste des lois réglant la clasçifxation des créanciers,dans
les cas de faillite, deconcursuscredZtorum par suite d'insolvabilité
civile, ou de ce qu'en France et dans d'autres pays on appelle la
((liquidation judiciaire 1).La loi établit strictement les priorités
et les privilèges. Dans le cas actuel, la Cour devrait déterminer
s'ily a privilège et quel serait le fondement de la priorité. Elle
indiquerait la règle juridique à appliquer.

Au moins dans la plupart des cas, la prioriténe se fonde ni sur
la date ni sur le montant de la créance,ni mêmesur le caractère
de son titre, mais bien plutôt sur sa nature même,son origine, ou
les rapports spécifiquesqui existent entre elle et les biens du débi-
teur. Dans'le cas actuel, le Gouvernement italien prétend que les
deux créances concurrentes ont des origines identiques et sont de
la mêmenature ;il a déjàexposédans la requête,avec beaucoup
de précisionet de clarté,le seul argument qu'il invoque à l'appui de
sa demande de priorité : c'est que l'acte illicite de l'Albanie contre
l'Italie est antérieuràl'acte illicite de lJAlba?iiecontrele Royaume-

Uni. En outre, le Gouvernement italien prétend que sa créance
bénéficie d'un privilègeen vertu de l'article 25 de la convention du
15 mars 1925. C'est tout. Dam la suite de la procédure,on aurait
donné aux Gouvernements défendeurs opportunité de contester
ces allégations, l'Albanie aurait pu se décider à intervenir (quoi
qu'elle n'y soit pas directement intéressée),et la Cour aurait pu
statuer sur la priorité prétendue, et ce, mêmesans avoir reconnu
auparavant la validité de la créanceitalienne.

g. Cette décision aurait apporté une précieuse contribution à
la solution de la controverse qu'a provoquéela question de l'attri-
bution de l'or monétaire. Elleaurait étéencore plus utile pour avoir
étérendue avant le jugement sur la première question, celle de la
légitimitéde la créanceitalienne; qui dépend de plusieursquestions
de fait et de droit. Cette ligne de conduite aurait peut-être évité
des preuves et des discussions qui seraient rendues inutiles.

Pour qui examine les termes mêmesdes conclusionsde la requête
italienne, il va de soi que la deuxièmeconclusion devrait, comme je
l'ai dit, êtrejugéeavant la première.Comment la Courpourrait-elle
juger que l'or doit être ((remis à l'Italie))- ce qui est demandé MONETARY GOLD (DISS. OPIN. BY JUDGE LEVI CARNEIRO) 44

dealing with it as a question of abstract law. It could have done
so, subject at most to one condition. It could have decided it quite
simply by recognizing the character of the two claims, without
prejudging the question of the validity of the claim which has not
as yet been established.
1 think it unnecessary to recall the widespread and valuable
practice of "declaratory judgrnents" which is adopted in the United
States and many other countries. It will be enough to point out
that in all civilized countnes there are laws goveming the classifica-
tion of creditors-in cases of bankruptcy, concursus creditorum
following upon insolvency and what in France and other countries

is calied "liquidation judiciaire" (compulsory winding-up). The
law stnctly lays down orders of prionty and of preference. In the
present case, the Court should determine whether there is any
ground for preference and the basis for priority. It would thus
indicate the legal rule to be applied.
In the majonty of cases at least, pnonty is based neither upon
the date nor the amount of the debt, nor even upon the character
of its title, but rather on the nature of the nght itself, its origin,
or the specific relationship which may exist between it and the
property of the debtor. In the present case, the Italian Government
alieges that the two competing rights are identical in origin and
of the same nature ; it has already set out in the Application,
with great precision and clanty, the only argument which it
invokes in support of its claim to priority :it is that Albania's
wrongful act as against Italy was earlier in date than Albania's
wrongful act as against the United Kingdom. The Italian Govern-
ment further deges that its right must benefit from a privilege

by virtue of Article 25 of the Convention of March 15th, 1925.
That is all. In the subsequent proceedings an opportunity would
have been given to the respondent Governments to contest these
allegations, and Albania might have decided to intervene (although
that country is not directly interested) and the Court codd have
adjudicated upon the alleged right to priority even without having
previously recognized the validity of the Italian claim.

g. Such a decision would have provided a valuable contribution
to the solution of the controversy provoked by the question of the
allocation of the monetary gold. It would have been all the more
usefd for having been given before the decision on the first question,
that of the validity of the Italian claim, which involves a number
of questions of fact and of law. Such a course might have avoided
the necessity for evidence and argument which would have ceased
to be relevant.
Anyone who studies the terms of the Submissions in the Appli-
cation of Italy must come to the conclusion that the second Sub-

mission must, as 1have said, be adjudicated upon before the first.
How codd the Court hold that the gold should be "delivered todans la requête - sans reconnaître au préalable la priorité de la
créance italienne ?

D'autre part, quelle qu'aurait pu êtrela décisionde la Cour sur
la seconde conclusion, elle aurait fourni aux«Gouvernements alliés
intéressés» une orientation très utile. Si la Cour avait reconnu la
priorité de la créance britannique, la question posée dans la pre-
mière conclusion de la requête erdait tout intérêt pratique, du
fait que, selon des déclarations non contestées, le montant de la
créancebritannique dépassedeux fois la valeur de l'or en question.
Si, au contraire, la Cour avait affirméla priorité de la prétendue
créance italienne, elle donnait aux trois Puissances l'assurance
(qu'elles lui ont demandé de leur fournir, dans un sens ou dans

l'autre) que la remise de l'or au Royaume-Uni ne pouvait être
effectuéevalablement avant qu'il n'ait étéstatuédéfinitivement au
fond de la prétention italienne. Enfin,il y avait une troisième solu-
tion possible : refuser la priorité à l'une et à l'autre créan;dans
ce cas, si la réclamation italienne était reconnue bien fondée, il y
aurait une distribution proportionnelle de l'or entre les deux créan-
ciers, la partie revenant au Royaume-Uni pouvant lui êtreremise
immédiatement.

De toute façon, la Cour, en statuant sur la seconde conclusion
de la requête, rendait plus simple, plus claire, plus facile, la solution
du différend.Au contraire, je crains que son refus total d'intervenir,
après que les trois«Gouvernements alliésintéressés »se sont adres-
sés à elle en la'« priant de les éclairer)),ne risque de créer une
impasse ou d'aggraver les difficultés.

(SignéL )EVI CARNEIRO.1taly"-and that is what is asked in the Application-without
having previously found in favour of the right of the Italian claim
to priority ?
Moreover, whatever might have been the Court's decision on the
second Submission, that decision would have provided the "Allied
Governments concerned" with a very valuable orientation. If the
Court had found that the United Kingdom claim was entitled to
priority, the question raised in the first Submission of the Appli-
cation would have lost al1 practical interest, since, according to
statements which have not been disputed, the amount of the United
Kingdom claim is more than twice the value of the gold in question.
If, on the other hand, the Court had upheld the right to priority
of the Italian claim, it would have given the three Powers the
assurance (for which they have asked in one sense or the other)
that the delivery of the gold to the United Kingdom could not
be validly effected before final adjudication upon the merits of the
Italian clairn. Finally, there was a third possible solution, that
neither claim might be held to be entitled to priority;in that case,
if the Italian claim were held to be well-founded, there would be a
proportionate allocation of the gold between the two creditors, it
then being possible to deliver at once to the United Kingdom such
poIn Lny event, the Court, by adjudicating upon the second
Submission in the Application, would mako the solution of the
dispute more simple, clearer and more straightforward. On the
other hand, 1 fear that its refusa1 to intervene in any way, after
the three "Allied Governments concemed" have addressed them-
selves to the Court "asking it to give them guidance", may well
give rise toa deadlock or aggravate the difficulties.

(Signed) LEVICARNEIRO.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion by Judge Levi Carneiro (translation)

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