Application instituting proceedings

Document Number
176-20180928-APP-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
APPLICATION
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
filed in the Registry of the Court
on 28 September 2018
RELOCATION OF THE UNITED STATES
EMBASSY TO JERUSALEM
(PALESTINE v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour
le 28 septembre 2018
TRANSFERT DE L’AMBASSADE
DES ÉTATS-UNIS À JÉRUSALEM
(PALESTINE c. ÉTATS-UNIS D’AMÉRIQUE)
APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
To the Registrar of the International Court of Justice,
1. The undersigned, duly authorized by the Government of the State of Palestine,
has the honour to submit to the International Court of Justice, in accordance with
Security Council resolution 9 (1946) and Article 35 (2) of the Statute of the Court,
this Application instituting proceedings against the United States of America.
2. By the present Application, the State of Palestine requests the Court to settle
the dispute it has with the United States of America over the relocation of the
Embassy of the United States of America in Israel to the Holy City of Jerusalem.
In so doing, it places its faith in the Court to resolve the dispute in accordance with
its Statute and jurisprudence, based on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations (VCDR) read in appropriate context.
I. Factual and Legal Background
3. The subject of the dispute being the relocation of the United States Embassy
in Israel to the Holy City of Jerusalem, it is essential to explain the factual and legal
context in which the decision to relocate the United States Embassy and its implementation
took place.
4. The Holy City of Jerusalem is endowed with unique spiritual, religious and
cultural dimensions. This special character of the City continues to prompt the
United Nations to adopt numerous resolutions that aim to protect and preserve its
unique and special status.
5. As early as 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly
adopted the Partition Plan in resolution 181 (II), Future Government of Palestine
providing for “Independent Arab and Jewish States and the Special International
Regime for the City of Jerusalem” in Palestine. It further specified that:
“The City of Jerusalem shall be established as a corpus separatum under
a special international regime . . . The City of Jerusalem shall include the
present municipality of Jerusalem plus the surrounding villages and towns,
the most eastern of which shall be Abu Dis; the most southern, Bethlehem;
the most western, Ein Karim (including also the built-up area of Motsa); and
the most northern Shu’fat.”
6. The principles underlying this resolution, in particular, the need to protect
the special character of the City and the recognition of a specific status within the
set boundaries of the City, have continued to serve as a solid foundation for all
subsequent resolutions relating to Jerusalem since then.
7. Despite the clear special protected status of the City of Jerusalem, Israel, the
occupying power, adopted a set of illegal policies to gradually acquire control over
the territory, including by the illegal use of force and by imposing illegal administrative
and legislative measures, in an attempt to annex the City.
2
2018
General List
No. 176
4
8. During the war that lasted between December 1947 and January 1949, Israeli
forces occupied West Jerusalem, in violation of resolution 181. The Armistice
Agreement of 3 April 1949 lead to the de facto division of the City between East
and West Jerusalem; meanwhile, the UN continued to advocate for the special
status of the City.
9. On 9 December 1949, the General Assembly adopted resolution 303 (IV),
“Palestine: Question of an international regime for the Jerusalem area and the
protection of the Holy Places”, in which it restated
“its intention that Jerusalem should be placed under a permanent international
regime, which should envisage appropriate guarantees for the protection
of the Holy Places, both within and outside Jerusalem, and to confirm
specifically the following provisions of General Assembly resolution
181 (II): (1) the City of Jerusalem shall be established as a corpus separatum
under a special international regime and shall be administered by the United
Nations”.
10. In June 1967, Israel occupied the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including
East Jerusalem. Thereafter, Israel took a number of legislative and administrative
measures in an attempt to extend its jurisdiction over the City of Jerusalem. It
initially utilized local legislation to change the legal status of the entire area of
Jerusalem.
11. In response, on 4 July 1967, the General Assembly held its fifth Emergency
Special Session during which it adopted resolution 2253 (ES-V), “Measures taken
by Israel to change the status of the City of Jerusalem”. In this resolution, the
General Assembly, deeply concerned “at the situation prevailing in Jerusalem as a
result of the measures taken by Israel to change the status of the City”, considered
that these measures were “invalid” and further called upon “Israel to rescind all
measures already taken and to desist forthwith from taking any action which
would alter the status of Jerusalem”.
12. Subsequently, both the Security Council and General Assembly, while consistently
reaffirming the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by use of
force 1, and the overriding necessity of the withdrawal of Israel’s armed forces from
occupied territories 2, censured in the strongest terms all measures taken to change
the status of the City of Jerusalem.
13. On 21 May 1968, the Security Council adopted resolution 252 in which it
inter alia stated that, “all legislative and administrative measures and actions taken
by Israel, including expropriation of land and properties thereon which tend to
change the legal status of Jerusalem are invalid and cannot change that status”.
The Security Council maintained its position and reaffirmed resolution 252
in resolutions 267 of 3 July 1969, 271 of 15 September 1969 and 298 of 25 September
1971.
14. In 1980, the Security Council, in the wake of and then by way of a response
to Israel’s adoption of the “Basic Law” that proclaims Jerusalem to be the “complete
and united capital of Israel”, adopted two very important resolutions concerning
the status of the Holy City of Jerusalem. Resolution 476 (1980):
“3. Reconfirms that all legislative and administrative measures and actions
taken by Israel, the occupying Power, which purport to alter the character
1 See, Security Council (“SC”) resolutions 242 (1967), 252 (1968), 267 (1969), 298 (1971),
476 (180), 478 (1980), and 2334 (2016); General Assembly (“GA”) resolutions 2628 (XXV),
2799 (XXVI), and 2949 (XXVII).
2 See, SC resolutions 242 (1967), 476 (180), GA resolutions 2628 (XXV), 37/86 and
41/162.
6
and status of the Holy City of Jerusalem have no legal validity and constitute
a flagrant violation of the [Fourth] Geneva Convention relative to the
Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War and also constitute a serious
obstruction to achieving a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the
Middle East;
4. Reiterates that all such measures which have altered the geographic, demographic
and historical character and status of the Holy City of Jerusalem
are null and void and must be rescinded in compliance with the relevant
resolutions of the Security Council;
5. Urgently calls on Israel, the occupying Power, to abide by this and previous
Security Council resolutions and to desist forthwith from persisting in the
policy and measures affecting the character and status of the Holy City of
Jerusalem.”
15. Shortly later, the Security Council, in resolution 478, noting that Israel had
not complied with resolution 476 (1980) decided “not to recognize the ‘basic
law’ and such other actions by Israel that, as a result of this law, seek to alter the
character and status of Jerusalem” and, besides, called upon
“(a) All Member States to accept this decision;
(b) Those States that have established diplomatic missions at Jerusalem to
withdraw such missions from the Holy City”.
16. It is particularly worth noting that all those States that had in the meantime
established their embassies in Jerusalem, decided to relocate them elsewhere, in
compliance with that Security Council resolution 3.
17. Chile, Ecuador and Venezuela had announced their decision to withdraw
their diplomatic missions from Jerusalem, and at the time of the resolution’s adoption,
between 22 August and 9 September, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, the
Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, the Netherlands, Panama,
and Uruguay informed the Secretary- General they had decided to also withdraw
their respective embassies from Jerusalem.
18. Most recently, the Republic of Paraguay, who had decided to move its
Embassy to Jerusalem at the same time the decision was taken by the United
States, rescinded its decision and moved its Embassy back to Tel Aviv on 5 September
2018. The Republic of Paraguay noted that it took this decision in line with
its constitutional commitments to respect international law 4.
19. In its more recent resolution 2334 of 23 December 2016, the Security Council
inter alia had reaffirmed its previous resolutions concerning Jerusalem, including
resolution 478 (1980).
20. Both the General Assembly and the Security Council have consistently
stated that actions or decisions purporting to alter the character, status or demographic
composition of the Holy City of Jerusalem are deprived of legal effect and
are null and void under international law.
3 Yearbook of the United Nations, 1980, Part 1, Section 1, Chapter 12: Questions relating
to the Middle East, p. 405.
4 Statement on the location of the Embassy of the Republic of Paraguay to the State of
Israel, 5 September 2018, available at: http://www2.mre.gov.py/application/files/6015/3616/
9800/ComunidadoVersionIngles.pdf.
8
II. Statement of Facts
21. On 6 December 2017, the President of the United States of America unilaterally
recognized the Holy City of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and announced
the relocation of the United States Embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to the Holy
City of Jerusalem 5.
22. On 18 December 2017, due solely to the veto of the United States of America,
the concerned Party to the present dispute, the Security Council failed to adopt
a resolution reiterating that
“any decisions and actions which purport to have altered the character, status
or demographic composition of the Holy City of Jerusalem have no legal
effect, are null and void and must be rescinded in compliance with relevant
resolutions of the Security Council” 6.
23. The Security Council’s failure to discharge its responsibilities on behalf of
all the Member States to maintain international peace and security 7 led the General
Assembly to hold an Emergency Special Session, in which it adopted resolution
ES-10/19 and affirmed
“that any decisions and actions which purport to have altered the character,
status or demographic composition of the Holy City of Jerusalem have no
legal effect, are null and void and must be rescinded in compliance with relevant
resolutions of the Security Council”.
and further called upon “all States to refrain from the establishment of diplomatic
missions in the Holy City of Jerusalem, pursuant to Council resolution 478
(1980)”.
24. On 14 May 2018, the United States of America inaugurated its Embassy in
the Holy City of Jerusalem 8.
III. Jurisdiction of the Court
25. The Court has jurisdiction over the issues addressed in this Application
under Article 1 of the Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes 9.
26. The State of Palestine acceded to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations on 2 April 2014 and to the Optional Protocol on 22 March 2018 whereas
the United States of America has been a party to both these instruments since
13 November 1972.
5 Application, Annex 5.
6 See the meeting record of the Security Council meeting held on 18 December 2017,
“The Situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian Question” (S/PV.8139) and the
press release issued the same day (SC/13125). During this meeting, the draft resolution
S/2017/1060 was vetoed by the United States of America, there was no abstention during
this vote and the 14 other States composing the Security Council voted in favour of the
adoption.
7 Mechanisms established by the United Nations General Assembly in resolution 377 (V),
“Uniting for Peace”, adopted on 3 November 1950.
8 See the press statement by the Secretary of State of the United States of America, Mike
Pompeo, issued on 14 May 2018, available at: https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/
2018/05/282066.htm.
9 Application, Annex 2.
10
27. Article VII of the Optional Protocol provides that it “shall remain open for
accession by all States which may become Parties to the Convention”.
28. As for the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations itself, its Article 48
provides that the Convention
“shall be open for signature by all States Members of the United Nations or
of any of the specialized agencies Parties to the Statute of the International
Court of Justice, and by any other State invited by the General Assembly of
the United Nations to become a Party to the Convention”.
29. Article 50 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations in turn further
provides that “[t]he present Convention shall remain open for accession by
any State belonging to any of the four categories mentioned in Article 48” 10.
30. The State of Palestine submitted on 4 July 2018, in accordance with Security
Council resolution 9 (1946) and Article 35 (2) of the Statute of the Court, a “Declaration
recognizing the Competence of the International Court of Justice” for the
settlement of all disputes that may arise or that have already arisen covered by
Articles I and II of the Optional Protocol 11.
31. Article I of the Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of
Disputes provides that:
“Disputes arising out of the interpretation or application of the Convention
shall lie within the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice
and may accordingly be brought before the Court by an application made
by any party to the dispute being a Party to the present Protocol.”
32. This provision covers any dispute related to the interpretation or application
of the Convention on Diplomatic Relations to which, as stated above,
both the State of Palestine and the United States of America are contracting parties.
33. Article II of the Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement
of Disputes provides that:
“The parties may agree, within a period of two months after one party has
notified its opinion to the other that a dispute exists, to resort not to the International
Court of Justice but to an arbitral tribunal. After the expiry of the
said period, either party may bring the dispute before the Court by an application.”
34. Prior to the implementation of the decision to move the Embassy, through
a Note Verbale, dated 14 May 2018, the State of Palestine formally informed the
State Department of the United States of America of its position that any steps
taken to relocate the Embassy constitute a violation of the VCDR, read in conjunction
with the relevant UNSC resolutions and requested that the United States
inform the State of Palestine of “any steps the United States is considering to
ensure that its actions are in line with the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations” 12.
10 It ought to be noted in that regard that the State of Palestine became a member of
UNESCO effective 31 October 2011, UNESCO being such specialized agency within the
meaning of Article 57 of the Charter of the United Nations.
11 Application, Annex 4.
12 Ibid., Annex 3.
12
35. Not having been informed of any steps taken as requested, the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and Expatriates of the State of Palestine 13 notified the State
Department of the United States of America, through a Note Verbale dated 4 July
2018, of the existence of a dispute between the two Parties, pursuant to Articles I
and II of the Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes,
arising out of the interpretation or application of the Vienna Convention
on Diplomatic Relations 14, read in conjunction with relevant Security Council resolutions
on the alteration of the status of the Holy City of Jerusalem, specifically
resolution 478 (1980) adopted on 20 August 1980.
IV. Legal Grounds for the Claims
36. The relocation of the United States Embassy in Israel to the Holy City of
Jerusalem constitutes a breach of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
of 18 April 1961. It is undeniable that the Convention was conceived as a tool for
the pacification of international relations. This is clear from the Preamble of the
Convention in which the States parties declare:
“Having in mind the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations concerning the sovereign equality of States, the maintenance of international
peace and security and the promotion of friendly relations among nations”.
and
“Believing that an international convention on diplomatic intercourse, privileges
and immunities would contribute to the development of friendly relations
among nations, irrespective of their differing constitutional and social systems”.
37. Article 3, paragraph 1, of the Convention provides that:
“1. The functions of a diplomatic mission consist, inter alia, in:
(a) Representing the sending State in the receiving State;
(b) Protecting in the receiving State the interests of the sending State and of
its nationals, within the limits permitted by international law;
(c) Negotiating with the Government of the receiving State;
(d) Ascertaining by all lawful means conditions and developments in the
receiving State, and reporting thereon to the Government of the sending
State;
(e) Promoting friendly relations between the sending State and the receiving
State, and developing their economic, cultural and scientific relations.”
38. It is clear from this article that one of the main functions of a diplomatic
mission consists in “[r]epresenting the sending State in the receiving State” 15. The
very wording of subparagraph (a) is self-explanatory and leaves no doubt on the
fact that the representational function of any diplomatic mission should be performed
on the territory of the receiving State.
39. In addition to that, out of the four other functions of diplomatic missions
enumerated in Article 3 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, two
functions are to be performed “in the receiving State”.
40. This is true with regards to subparagraph (b), which deals with the function
consisting in “[p]rotecting in the receiving State the interests of the sending State
13 Application, Annex 3.
14 Ibid., Annex 1.
15 Emphasis added.
14
and of its nationals, within the limits permitted by international law” 16, as well as
with regards to subparagraph (d) which provides that one of the functions of a
diplomatic mission consists in “[a]scertaining by all lawful means conditions and
developments in the receiving State, and reporting thereon to the Government of
the sending State” 17.
41. The only functions of a diplomatic mission that are not specifically required
to be performed “in the receiving State” are the negotiation function of subparagraph
(c) and the promotion of friendly relations with the receiving State mentioned
in subparagraph (e).
42. The formula “in the receiving State” is not only used in Article 3 of the
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. It is present in twelve other provisions
of the Convention. This highlights the fact that the diplomatic mission of a
sending State must be established on the territory of the receiving State.
43. The fact that the sending State can only establish a diplomatic mission on
the territory of the receiving State is confirmed by Article 21, paragraph 1, of the
Convention which provides that
“[t]he receiving State shall either facilitate the acquisition on its territory,
in accordance with its laws, by the sending State of premises necessary for its
mission or assist the latter in obtaining accommodation in some other way.” 18
44. A diplomatic mission may have to perform various functions on the territory
of the receiving State, whether or not these functions are mentioned in the
article. Nonetheless, there are clear limitations to the actions of such a mission,
both under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and general international
law to which the Convention refers.
45. Subparagraphs (b) and (d) of Article 3, paragraph 1, of the Convention
provide further limitations for the diplomatic mission of the sending State in performing
specific functions that are expressly required to be performed “in the
receiving State”.
46. Thus, when a diplomatic mission protects the interests and the nationals of
the sending State “in the receiving State”, it may and must only do so “within the
limits permitted by international law” as stated in subparagraph (b).
47. In a similar manner, when a diplomatic mission ascertains conditions and
developments in the receiving State, it is bound to only use “all lawful means” as
required by subparagraph (d).
48. Besides these specific limitations, Article 41, paragraph 3, of the Convention
provides a general limitation and a framework for the action and purpose of a
diplomatic mission. This article reads as follows:
“The premises of the mission must not be used in any manner incompatible
with the functions of the mission as laid down in the present Convention or by
other rules of general international law or by any special agreement in force
between the sending and the receiving State.”
49. It is clear from the above provisions that the Convention on Diplomatic
Relations requires the sending State to establish a diplomatic mission “in the
receiving State” to perform its functions and demands that the diplomatic mission
performs its functions while respecting the rule of law, especially international law.
16 Emphasis added.
17 Emphasis added.
18 Emphasis added.
16
50. The relocation of the US Embassy in Israel to the Holy City of Jerusalem is
in breach of the provisions of the Convention on Diplomatic Relations mentioned
above as well as, more generally, of its object and purpose and of “other rules of
general international law” to which the Convention refers, including rights reiterated
by the Court’s Advisory Opinion of 4 July 2014.
V. Decision Requested
51. By the present Application, the State of Palestine therefore requests the
Court to declare that the relocation, to the Holy City of Jerusalem, of the United
States Embassy in Israel is in breach of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations.
52. The State of Palestine further requests the Court to order the United States
of America to withdraw the diplomatic mission from the Holy City of Jerusalem
and to conform to the international obligations flowing from the Vienna Convention
on Diplomatic Relations.
53. In addition, the State of Palestine asks the Court to order the United States
of America to take all necessary steps to comply with its obligations, to refrain
from taking any future measures that would violate its obligations and to provide
assurances and guarantees of non-repetition of its unlawful conduct.
VI. Reservation of Rights
54. The State of Palestine reserves its rights to supplement or amend the present
Application.
VII. Appointment of Agent and Co-agent
55. The State of Palestine hereby designates as its Agent Ambassador Ammar
Hijazi, Assistant Minister for Multilateral Affairs of the State of Palestine, and as
its Co-Agent Ambassador Rawan Sulaiman, Head of the Palestinian Mission to
the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Permanent Representative of the State of Palestine
to the International Criminal Court, Permanent Court of Arbitration and the
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
VIII. Judge AD HOC
56. In accordance with the provisions of Article 31 (3) of the Statute of the
Court, and Article 35 (1) of the Rules of the Court, the State of Palestine declares
its intention to exercise its right to choose a judge ad hoc.
(Signed) Dr. Riad Malki,
Minister of Foreign Affairs
and Expatriates, State of Palestine.
18
LIST OF ANNEXES* 19
Annex 1. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 18 April 1961.
Annex 2. Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations,
concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes, 18 April 1961.
Annex 3. Note Verbale of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the State of Palestine
addressed to the Department of State of the United States of
America, 14 May 2018.
Annex 4. Note Verbale of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the State of Palestine
addressed to the Department of State of the United States of
America, 4 July 2018.
Annex 5. Declaration recognizing the competence of the International Court of
Justice, 4 July 2018.
Annex 6. Presidential Proclamation recognizing Jerusalem as the Capital of the
State of Israel and relocating the United States Embassy to Israel to
Jerusalem, 6 December 2017.
* Annexes not reproduced in print version, but available in electronic version on the
Court’s website (http://www.icj-cij.org, under “cases”).

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
APPLICATION
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
filed in the Registry of the Court
on 28 September 2018
RELOCATION OF THE UNITED STATES
EMBASSY TO JERUSALEM
(PALESTINE v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour
le 28 septembre 2018
TRANSFERT DE L’AMBASSADE
DES ÉTATS-UNIS À JÉRUSALEM
(PALESTINE c. ÉTATS-UNIS D’AMÉRIQUE)
APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
To the Registrar of the International Court of Justice,
1. The undersigned, duly authorized by the Government of the State of Palestine,
has the honour to submit to the International Court of Justice, in accordance with
Security Council resolution 9 (1946) and Article 35 (2) of the Statute of the Court,
this Application instituting proceedings against the United States of America.
2. By the present Application, the State of Palestine requests the Court to settle
the dispute it has with the United States of America over the relocation of the
Embassy of the United States of America in Israel to the Holy City of Jerusalem.
In so doing, it places its faith in the Court to resolve the dispute in accordance with
its Statute and jurisprudence, based on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations (VCDR) read in appropriate context.
I. Factual and Legal Background
3. The subject of the dispute being the relocation of the United States Embassy
in Israel to the Holy City of Jerusalem, it is essential to explain the factual and legal
context in which the decision to relocate the United States Embassy and its implementation
took place.
4. The Holy City of Jerusalem is endowed with unique spiritual, religious and
cultural dimensions. This special character of the City continues to prompt the
United Nations to adopt numerous resolutions that aim to protect and preserve its
unique and special status.
5. As early as 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly
adopted the Partition Plan in resolution 181 (II), Future Government of Palestine
providing for “Independent Arab and Jewish States and the Special International
Regime for the City of Jerusalem” in Palestine. It further specified that:
“The City of Jerusalem shall be established as a corpus separatum under
a special international regime . . . The City of Jerusalem shall include the
present
municipality of Jerusalem plus the surrounding villages and towns,
the most eastern of which shall be Abu Dis; the most southern, Bethlehem;
the most western, Ein Karim (including also the built‑up area of Motsa); and
the most northern Shu’fat.”
6. The principles underlying this resolution, in particular, the need to protect
the special character of the City and the recognition of a specific status within the
set boundaries of the City, have continued to serve as a solid foundation for all
subsequent resolutions relating to Jerusalem since then.
7. Despite the clear special protected status of the City of Jerusalem, Israel, the
occupying power, adopted a set of illegal policies to gradually acquire control over
the territory, including by the illegal use of force and by imposing illegal administrative
and legislative measures, in an attempt to annex the City.
2
2018
General List
No. 176
REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
[Traduction]
A l’attention de Monsieur le greffier de la Cour internationale de Justice.
1. Le soussigné, dûment autorisé par le Gouvernement de l’Etat de Palestine, a
l’honneur de soumettre à la Cour internationale de Justice, conformément à la résolution
9 (1946) du Conseil de sécurité et au paragraphe 2 de l’article 35 du Statut de la
Cour, la présente requête introductive d’instance contre les Etats‑Unis d’Amérique.
2. Par la présente requête, l’Etat de Palestine prie la Cour de régler le différend
qui l’oppose aux Etats-Unis d’Amérique concernant le transfert de leur ambassade
en Israël dans la ville sainte de Jérusalem ; il s’en remet à elle pour le résoudre
conformément à son Statut et à sa jurisprudence, en s’appuyant sur la convention
de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques (ci‑après, la « convention de Vienne ») lue
dans le contexte approprié.
I. Contexte factuel et juridique
3. L’objet du différend étant le transfert de l’ambassade des Etats‑Unis d’Amérique
en Israël dans la ville sainte de Jérusalem, il est essentiel d’exposer le contexte
factuel et juridique dans lequel ce transfert a été décidé et effectué.
4. La ville sainte de Jérusalem revêt une dimension spirituelle, religieuse et
culturelle unique. Ce caractère particulier continue d’inciter les Nations Unies à
adopter de nombreuses résolutions tendant à protéger et préserver le statut unique
et spécial qui est le sien.
5. Dès le 29 novembre 1947, l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies a adopté,
par sa résolution 181 (II) intitulée « Gouvernement futur de la Palestine », un plan
de partage de la Palestine disposant que « [l]es Etats indépendants arabe et juif
ainsi que le Régime international particulier prévu pour la Ville de Jérusalem »
commenceront d’exister en Palestine. Selon ce plan,
« [l]a Ville de Jérusalem sera constituée en corpus separatum sous un régime
international spécial. … La Ville de Jérusalem comprendra la municipalité
actuelle de Jérusalem plus les villages et centres environnants, dont le plus
oriental sera Abu Dis, le plus méridional Bethléem, le plus occidental
Ein Karim (y compris l’agglomération de Motsa) et la plus septentrionale
Shu’fat. »
6. Les principes sous-tendant
cette résolution, notamment la nécessité de protéger
le caractère spécial de la ville et la reconnaissance du statut particulier de
celle-
ci dans le cadre des frontières fixées, continuent de servir de base solide à
toutes les résolutions adoptées depuis lors concernant Jérusalem.
7. En dépit du statut spécial de protection clairement prévu pour la ville de
Jérusalem, Israël, la puissance occupante, a mis en oeuvre un ensemble de politiques
illégales pour acquérir peu à peu le contrôle du territoire, y compris par le
recours illicite à la force et l’imposition de mesures administratives et législatives
illégales, dans le but d’annexer la ville.
3
2018
Rôle général
no 176
4
8. During the war that lasted between December 1947 and January 1949, Israeli
forces occupied West Jerusalem, in violation of resolution 181. The Armistice
Agreement of 3 April 1949 lead to the de facto division of the City between East
and West Jerusalem; meanwhile, the UN continued to advocate for the special
status of the City.
9. On 9 December 1949, the General Assembly adopted resolution 303 (IV),
“Palestine: Question of an international regime for the Jerusalem area and the
protection of the Holy Places”, in which it restated
“its intention that Jerusalem should be placed under a permanent international
regime, which should envisage appropriate guarantees for the protection
of the Holy Places, both within and outside Jerusalem, and to confirm
specifically the following provisions of General Assembly resolution
181 (II): (1) the City of Jerusalem shall be established as a corpus separatum
under a special international regime and shall be administered by the United
Nations”.
10. In June 1967, Israel occupied the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including
East Jerusalem. Thereafter, Israel took a number of legislative and administrative
measures in an attempt to extend its jurisdiction over the City of Jerusalem. It
initially utilized local legislation to change the legal status of the entire area of
Jerusalem.
11. In response, on 4 July 1967, the General Assembly held its fifth Emergency
Special Session during which it adopted resolution 2253 (ES‑V), “Measures taken
by Israel to change the status of the City of Jerusalem”. In this resolution, the
General Assembly, deeply concerned “at the situation prevailing in Jerusalem as a
result of the measures taken by Israel to change the status of the City”, considered
that these measures were “invalid” and further called upon “Israel to rescind all
measures already taken and to desist forthwith from taking any action which
would alter the status of Jerusalem”.
12. Subsequently, both the Security Council and General Assembly, while consistently
reaffirming the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by use of
force 1, and the overriding necessity of the withdrawal of Israel’s armed forces from
occupied territories 2, censured in the strongest terms all measures taken to change
the status of the City of Jerusalem.
13. On 21 May 1968, the Security Council adopted resolution 252 in which it
inter alia stated that, “all legislative and administrative measures and actions taken
by Israel, including expropriation of land and properties thereon which tend to
change the legal status of Jerusalem are invalid and cannot change that status”.
The Security Council maintained its position and reaffirmed resolution 252
in resolutions
267 of 3 July 1969, 271 of 15 September 1969 and 298 of 25 September
1971.
14. In 1980, the Security Council, in the wake of and then by way of a response
to Israel’s adoption of the “Basic Law” that proclaims Jerusalem to be the “complete
and united capital of Israel”, adopted two very important resolutions concerning
the status of the Holy City of Jerusalem. Resolution 476 (1980):
“3. Reconfirms that all legislative and administrative measures and actions
taken by Israel, the occupying Power, which purport to alter the character
1 See, Security Council (“SC”) resolutions 242 (1967), 252 (1968), 267 (1969), 298 (1971),
476 (180), 478 (1980), and 2334 (2016); General Assembly (“GA”) resolutions 2628 (XXV),
2799 (XXVI), and 2949 (XXVII).
2 See, SC resolutions 242 (1967), 476 (180), GA resolutions 2628 (XXV), 37/86 and
41/162.
5
8. Pendant la guerre qui a duré de décembre 1947 à janvier 1949, les forces israéliennes
ont occupé la partie occidentale de Jérusalem, en violation de la résolution
181. L’accord d’armistice du 3 avril 1949 a abouti à la division de facto de la
ville en deux parties : Jérusalem-Est et Jérusalem-Ouest, tandis que l’Organisation
des Nations Unies continuait de prôner pour la ville un statut spécial.
9. Le 9 décembre 1949, l’Assemblée générale a adopté la résolution 303 (IV),
intitulée « Palestine : question d’un régime international pour la région de Jérusalem
et de la protection des Lieux saints », dans laquelle elle réaffirmait
« son intention de voir instaurer à Jérusalem un régime international permanent
qui prévoie des garanties satisfaisantes pour la protection des Lieux
saints, tant à Jérusalem qu’en dehors de cette ville, et de confirmer expressément
les dispositions suivantes de sa résolution 181 (II) : 1) la Ville de Jérusalem
sera constituée en corpus separatum sous un régime international spécial
et sera administrée par les Nations Unies ».
10. En juin 1967, Israël a occupé la bande de Gaza et la Cisjordanie, y compris
Jérusalem‑Est. Il a ensuite pris un certain nombre de mesures législatives et administratives
pour tenter d’étendre sa juridiction sur la ville de Jérusalem. Il a dans un
premier temps utilisé la législation locale afin de modifier le statut juridique de
l’ensemble de l’agglomération.
11. En réaction, le 4 juillet 1967, lors de sa cinquième session extraordinaire
d’urgence, l’Assemblée générale a adopté la résolution 2253 (ES-V), intitulée
« Mesures prises par Israël pour modifier le statut de la Ville de Jérusalem », et dans
laquelle, se déclarant « profondément préoccupée par la situation qui existe à Jérusalem
du fait des mesures prises par Israël pour modifier le statut de la Ville », elle
a considéré que ces mesures étaient « non valides » et demandé « à Israël de rapporter
toutes les mesures déjà prises et de s’abstenir immédiatement de toute action
qui changerait le statut de Jérusalem ».
12. Par la suite, tout en réaffirmant constamment le caractère inadmissible de
l’acquisition de territoire par la force 1 et la nécessité impérieuse d’un retrait des
forces armées israéliennes des territoires occupés 2, le Conseil de sécurité et l’Assemblée
générale ont tous deux censuré dans les termes les plus énergiques toutes
les mesures prises pour modifier le statut de la ville de Jérusalem.
13. Le 21 mai 1968, le Conseil de sécurité a adopté la résolution 252, dans
laquelle il considérait notamment que « toutes les mesures et dispositions législatives
et administratives prises par Israël, y compris l’expropriation de terres et de
biens immobiliers, qui tendent à modifier le statut juridique de Jérusalem [étaient]
non valides et ne p[ouvaient] modifier ce statut ». Il a maintenu et réaffirmé cette
position dans les résolutions 267 du 3 juillet 1969, 271 du 15 septembre 1969 et 298
du 25 septembre 1971.
14. En 1980, en réaction à la promulgation par Israël de la « loi fondamentale »
faisant de Jérusalem la « capitale entière et réunifiée d’Israël », le Conseil de sécurité
a adopté deux résolutions très importantes sur le statut de la ville sainte. Dans
sa résolution 476 (1980), le Conseil de sécurité
« 3. Confirme à nouveau que toutes les mesures et dispositions législatives et
administratives prises par Israël, la Puissance occupante, en vue de modi-
1 Voir les résolutions 242 (1967), 252 (1968), 267 (1969), 298 (1971), 476 (180), 478 (1980)
et 2334 (2016) du Conseil de sécurité, et les résolutions 2628 (XXV), 2799 (XXVI) et 2949
(XXVII) de l’Assemblée générale.
2 Voir les résolutions 242 (1967) et 476 (180) du Conseil de sécurité, et les résolutions 2628
(XXV), 37/86 et 41/162 de l’Assemblée générale.
6
and status of the Holy City of Jerusalem have no legal validity and constitute
a flagrant violation of the [Fourth] Geneva Convention relative to the
Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War and also constitute a serious
obstruction to achieving a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the
Middle East;
4. Reiterates that all such measures which have altered the geographic, demographic
and historical character and status of the Holy City of Jerusalem
are null and void and must be rescinded in compliance with the relevant
resolutions of the Security Council;
5. Urgently calls on Israel, the occupying Power, to abide by this and previous
Security Council resolutions and to desist forthwith from persisting in the
policy and measures affecting the character and status of the Holy City of
Jerusalem.”
15. Shortly later, the Security Council, in resolution 478, noting that Israel had
not complied with resolution 476 (1980) decided “not to recognize the ‘basic
law’ and such other actions by Israel that, as a result of this law, seek to alter the
character and status of Jerusalem” and, besides, called upon
“(a) All Member States to accept this decision;
(b) Those States that have established diplomatic missions at Jerusalem to
withdraw such missions from the Holy City”.
16. It is particularly worth noting that all those States that had in the meantime
established their embassies in Jerusalem, decided to relocate them elsewhere, in
compliance with that Security Council resolution 3.
17. Chile, Ecuador and Venezuela had announced their decision to withdraw
their diplomatic missions from Jerusalem, and at the time of the resolution’s adoption,
between 22 August and 9 September, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, the
Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, the Netherlands, Panama,
and Uruguay informed the Secretary-General
they had decided to also withdraw
their respective embassies from Jerusalem.
18. Most recently, the Republic of Paraguay, who had decided to move its
Embassy to Jerusalem at the same time the decision was taken by the United
States, rescinded its decision and moved its Embassy back to Tel Aviv on 5 September
2018. The Republic of Paraguay noted that it took this decision in line with
its constitutional commitments to respect international law 4.
19. In its more recent resolution 2334 of 23 December 2016, the Security Council
inter alia had reaffirmed its previous resolutions concerning Jerusalem, including
resolution 478 (1980).
20. Both the General Assembly and the Security Council have consistently
stated that actions or decisions purporting to alter the character, status or demographic
composition of the Holy City of Jerusalem are deprived of legal effect and
are null and void under international law.
3 Yearbook of the United Nations, 1980, Part 1, Section 1, Chapter 12: Questions relating
to the Middle East, p. 405.
4 Statement on the location of the Embassy of the Republic of Paraguay to the State of
Israel, 5 September 2018, available at: http://www2.mre.gov.py/application/files/6015/3616/
9800/ComunidadoVersionIngles.pdf.
7
fier le caractère et le statut de la Ville sainte de Jérusalem n’ont aucune
validité en droit et constituent une violation flagrante de la Convention de
Genève relative à la protection des personnes civiles en temps de guerre et
font en outre gravement obstacle à l’instauration d’une paix d’ensemble,
juste et durable au Moyen-Orient
;
4. Réaffirme que toutes les mesures qui ont modifié le caractère géographique,
démographique et historique et le statut de la Ville sainte de Jérusalem sont
nulles et non avenues et doivent être rapportées en application des résolutions
pertinentes du Conseil de sécurité ;
5. Demande instamment à Israël, la Puissance occupante, de se conformer à la
présente résolution et aux résolutions précédentes du Conseil de sécurité
et de cesser immédiatement de poursuivre la mise en oeuvre de la politique
et des mesures affectant le caractère et le statut de la Ville sainte de
Jérusalem
».
15. Peu après, dans sa résolution 478, le Conseil de sécurité, notant qu’Israël ne
s’était pas conformé à la résolution 476 (1980), a décidé « de ne pas reconnaître la
« loi fondamentale » et les autres actions d’Israël qui, du fait de cette loi, cherch[aient]
à modifier le caractère et le statut de Jérusalem » et a en outre demandé
« a) à tous les Etats Membres d’accepter cette décision ;
b) aux Etats qui [avaient] établi des missions diplomatiques à Jérusalem de
retirer ces missions de la Ville sainte ».
16. Il convient tout particulièrement de relever que tous les Etats qui, dans l’intervalle,
avaient établi leur ambassade à Jérusalem ont décidé de les déplacer,
conformément à cette résolution du Conseil de sécurité 3.
17. Le Chili, l’Equateur et le Venezuela avaient déjà annoncé leur décision de
retirer leur mission diplomatique de Jérusalem et, à la suite de l’adoption de la
résolution, entre le 22 août et le 9 septembre, la Bolivie, la Colombie, le Costa Rica,
El Salvador, le Guatemala, Haïti, le Panama, les Pays-Bas, la République dominicaine
et l’Uruguay ont informé le Secrétaire général qu’ils avaient décidé de retirer
eux aussi leur ambassade de Jérusalem.
18. Tout récemment, la République du Paraguay, qui avait décidé de transférer
son ambassade à Jérusalem en même temps que les Etats-Unis d’Amérique, a rapporté
sa décision et réinstallé son ambassade à Tel Aviv le 5 septembre 2018. Elle a
indiqué qu’elle avait pris cette décision conformément à son engagement constitutionnel
de respecter le droit international 4.
19. Dans sa récente résolution 2334 du 23 décembre 2016, le Conseil de sécurité
a entre autres rappelé ses résolutions précédentes concernant Jérusalem, notamment
la résolution 478 (1980).
20. L’Assemblée générale et le Conseil de sécurité ont tous deux déclaré
à maintes reprises que toute action ou décision visant à modifier le caractère, le
statut ou la composition démographique de la ville sainte de Jérusalem était
dépourvue d’effet juridique et était nulle et non avenue au regard du droit
international.
3 Yearbook of the United Nations, 1980, Part 1, Section 1, Chapter 12: Questions relating
to the Middle East, p. 405.
4 Déclaration sur le siège de l’ambassade de la République du Paraguay en Israël, 5 septembre
2018 ; peut être consultée sur le site Internet : http://www2.mre.gov.py/application/
files/6015/3616/9800/ComunidadoVersionIngles.pdf.
8
II. Statement of Facts
21. On 6 December 2017, the President of the United States of America unilaterally
recognized the Holy City of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and announced
the relocation of the United States Embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to the Holy
City of Jerusalem 5.
22. On 18 December 2017, due solely to the veto of the United States of America,
the concerned Party to the present dispute, the Security Council failed to adopt
a resolution reiterating that
“any decisions and actions which purport to have altered the character, status
or demographic composition of the Holy City of Jerusalem have no legal
effect, are null and void and must be rescinded in compliance with relevant
resolutions of the Security Council” 6.
23. The Security Council’s failure to discharge its responsibilities on behalf of
all the Member States to maintain international peace and security 7 led the General
Assembly to hold an Emergency Special Session, in which it adopted resolution
ES‑10/19 and affirmed
“that any decisions and actions which purport to have altered the character,
status or demographic composition of the Holy City of Jerusalem have no
legal effect, are null and void and must be rescinded in compliance with relevant
resolutions of the Security Council”.
and further called upon “all States to refrain from the establishment of diplomatic
missions in the Holy City of Jerusalem, pursuant to Council resolution 478
(1980)”.
24. On 14 May 2018, the United States of America inaugurated its Embassy in
the Holy City of Jerusalem 8.
III. Jurisdiction of the Court
25. The Court has jurisdiction over the issues addressed in this Application
under Article 1 of the Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes 9.
26. The State of Palestine acceded to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations on 2 April 2014 and to the Optional Protocol on 22 March 2018 whereas
the United States of America has been a party to both these instruments since
13 November 1972.
5 Application, Annex 5.
6 See the meeting record of the Security Council meeting held on 18 December 2017,
“The Situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian Question” (S/PV.8139) and the
press release issued the same day (SC/13125). During this meeting, the draft resolution
S/2017/1060 was vetoed by the United States of America, there was no abstention during
this vote and the 14 other States composing the Security Council voted in favour of the
adoption.
7 Mechanisms established by the United Nations General Assembly in resolution 377 (V),
“Uniting for Peace”, adopted on 3 November 1950.
8 See the press statement by the Secretary of State of the United States of America, Mike
Pompeo, issued on 14 May 2018, available at: https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/
2018/05/282066.htm.
9 Application, Annex 2.
9
II. Exposé des faits
21. Le 6 décembre 2017, le président des Etats‑Unis d’Amérique a unilatéralement
reconnu la ville sainte de Jérusalem en tant que capitale d’Israël et annoncé
le transfert de l’ambassade des Etats‑Unis d’Amérique en Israël de Tel Aviv à
Jérusalem
5.
22. Le 18 décembre 2017, en raison du seul veto des Etats-Unis d’Amérique,
Partie au différend, le Conseil de sécurité n’a pu adopter une résolution affirmant
que
« toute décision ou action qui visent à modifier le caractère, le statut ou la
composition démographique de la Ville sainte de Jérusalem n’ont aucun effet
juridique, sont nulles et non avenues et doivent être rapportées en application
de ses résolutions sur la question » 6.
23. Le manquement du Conseil de sécurité aux responsabilités qui lui incombent
au nom de tous les Etats membres de maintenir la paix et la sécurité 7 a conduit
l’Assemblée générale à adopter, lors d’une session extraordinaire d’urgence, la
résolution ES-10/19 par laquelle elle affirme que
« toute décision ou action qui visent à modifier le caractère, le statut ou la
composition démographique de la Ville sainte de Jérusalem n’ont aucun effet
juridique, sont nulles et non avenues et doivent être rapportées en application
des résolutions sur la question adoptées par le Conseil de sécurité »
et demande en outre « à tous les Etats de s’abstenir d’établir des missions diplomatiques
dans la Ville sainte de Jérusalem, en application de la résolution 478 (1980)
du Conseil ».
24. Le 14 mai 2018, les Etats-Unis d’Amérique ont inauguré leur ambassade
dans la ville sainte de Jérusalem 8.
III. Compétence de la Cour
25. La compétence de la Cour pour connaître des questions abordées dans la
présente requête trouve son fondement dans l’article premier du protocole de
signature facultative à la convention de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques
concernant le règlement obligatoire des différends 9.
26. L’Etat de Palestine a adhéré à la convention de Vienne sur les relations
diplomatiques le 2 avril 2014 et au protocole de signature facultative le 22 mars
2018, les Etats‑Unis d’Amérique étant quant à eux partie à ces deux instruments
depuis le 13 novembre 1972.
5 Annexe 5.
6 Voir le procès-verbal
de la séance que le Conseil de sécurité a tenue le 18 décembre
2017, « La situation au Moyen-Orient,
y compris la question palestinienne » (S/PV.8139),
ainsi que le communiqué de presse publié le même jour (SC/13125). Lors de cette séance, les
Etats-Unis d’Amérique ont opposé leur veto au projet de résolution S/2017/1060, aucun Etat
ne s’est abstenu, et les quatorze autres Etats composant le Conseil de sécurité ont voté en
faveur de ce projet.
7 Mécanismes établis par l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies dans sa résolution
377 (V), « L’union pour le maintien de la paix », adoptée le 3 novembre 1950.
8 Voir le communiqué de presse publié le 14 mai 2018 par le Secrétaire d’Etat des Etats-
Unis d’Amérique, M. Mike Pompeo, qui peut être consulté à l’adresse suivante : https://
www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2018/05/282066.htm.
9 Annexe 2.
10
27. Article VII of the Optional Protocol provides that it “shall remain open for
accession by all States which may become Parties to the Convention”.
28. As for the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations itself, its Article 48
provides that the Convention
“shall be open for signature by all States Members of the United Nations or
of any of the specialized agencies Parties to the Statute of the International
Court of Justice, and by any other State invited by the General Assembly of
the United Nations to become a Party to the Convention”.
29. Article 50 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations in turn further
provides that “[t]he present Convention shall remain open for accession by
any State belonging to any of the four categories mentioned in Article 48” 10.
30. The State of Palestine submitted on 4 July 2018, in accordance with Security
Council resolution 9 (1946) and Article 35 (2) of the Statute of the Court, a “Declaration
recognizing the Competence of the International Court of Justice” for the
settlement of all disputes that may arise or that have already arisen covered by
Articles I and II of the Optional Protocol 11.
31. Article I of the Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of
Disputes provides that:
“Disputes arising out of the interpretation or application of the Convention
shall lie within the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice
and may accordingly be brought before the Court by an application made
by any party to the dispute being a Party to the present Protocol.”
32. This provision covers any dispute related to the interpretation or application
of the Convention on Diplomatic Relations to which, as stated above,
both the State of Palestine and the United States of America are contracting parties.
33. Article II of the Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement
of Disputes provides that:
“The parties may agree, within a period of two months after one party has
notified its opinion to the other that a dispute exists, to resort not to the International
Court of Justice but to an arbitral tribunal. After the expiry of the
said period, either party may bring the dispute before the Court by an application.”
34. Prior to the implementation of the decision to move the Embassy, through
a Note Verbale, dated 14 May 2018, the State of Palestine formally informed the
State Department of the United States of America of its position that any steps
taken to relocate the Embassy constitute a violation of the VCDR, read in conjunction
with the relevant UNSC resolutions and requested that the United States
inform the State of Palestine of “any steps the United States is considering to
ensure that its actions are in line with the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations” 12.
10 It ought to be noted in that regard that the State of Palestine became a member of
UNESCO effective 31 October 2011, UNESCO being such specialized agency within the
meaning of Article 57 of the Charter of the United Nations.
11 Application, Annex 4.
12 Ibid., Annex 3.
11
27. L’article VII du protocole de signature facultative dispose ce qui suit : « Le
présent Protocole restera ouvert à l’adhésion de tous les Etats qui deviendront
Parties à la Convention. »
28. Quant à la convention de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques elle-même,
il est précisé, en son article 48,
« [qu’elle] sera ouverte à la signature de tous les Etats Membres de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies ou d’une institution spécialisée, ainsi que de tout Etat
partie au Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice et de tout autre Etat invité
par l’Assemblée générale de l’Organisation des Nations Unies à devenir partie
à la Convention ».
29. L’article 50 de ce même instrument prévoit en outre que « [l]a présente
Convention restera ouverte à l’adhésion de tout Etat appartenant à l’une des
quatre catégories mentionnées à l’article 48 » 10.
30. L’Etat de Palestine a soumis, le 4 juillet 2018, en application de la résolution
9 (1946) du Conseil de sécurité et du paragraphe 2 de l’article 35 du Statut de
la Cour, une « déclaration reconnaissant la juridiction de la Cour internationale de
Justice » pour le règlement de tous les différends nés ou à naître relevant de l’article
premier et de l’article II du protocole de signature facultative 11.
31. Aux termes de l’article premier de cet instrument,
« Les différends relatifs à l’interprétation ou à l’application de la Convention
relèvent de la compétence obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice,
qui, à ce titre, pourra être saisie par une requête de toute partie au différend
qui sera elle-même Partie au présent Protocole. »
32. Cette disposition couvre tout différend relatif à l’interprétation ou à l’application
de la convention sur les relations diplomatiques à laquelle, ainsi que cela est
exposé ci-
dessus,
l’Etat de Palestine et les Etats‑Unis d’Amérique sont tous deux
parties.
33. L’article II du protocole de signature facultative concernant le règlement
obligatoire des différends est ainsi libellé :
« Les parties peuvent convenir, dans un délai de deux mois après notification
par une partie à l’autre qu’il existe à son avis un litige, d’adopter d’un
commun accord, au lieu du recours à la Cour internationale de Justice, une
procédure devant un tribunal d’arbitrage. Ce délai étant écoulé, chaque partie
peut, par voie de requête, saisir la Cour du différend. »
34. Avant que la décision de transférer l’ambassade à Jérusalem ne soit mise en
oeuvre, l’Etat de Palestine a, par une note verbale en date du 14 mai 2018, formellement
informé le département d’Etat des Etats-Unis d’Amérique qu’il considérait
que toute mesure prise en ce sens constituait une violation de la convention de
Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques, lue conjointement avec les résolutions pertinentes
du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies, et prié les Etats‑Unis d’Amérique
de l’informer des « mesures qu[’ils] envisage[aient] pour s’assurer de la conformité
de leurs actes à la convention de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques » 12.
10 Il convient de noter à cet égard que l’Etat de Palestine est devenu membre de
l’UNESCO à compter du 31 octobre 2011, l’UNESCO étant une institution spécialisée au
sens de l’article 57 de la Charte des Nations Unies.
11 Annexe 4.
12 Annexe 3.
12
35. Not having been informed of any steps taken as requested, the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and Expatriates of the State of Palestine 13 notified the State
Department of the United States of America, through a Note Verbale dated 4 July
2018, of the existence of a dispute between the two Parties, pursuant to Articles I
and II of the Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes,
arising out of the interpretation or application of the Vienna Convention
on Diplomatic Relations 14, read in conjunction with relevant Security Council resolutions
on the alteration of the status of the Holy City of Jerusalem, specifically
resolution 478 (1980) adopted on 20 August 1980.
IV. Legal Grounds for the Claims
36. The relocation of the United States Embassy in Israel to the Holy City of
Jerusalem constitutes a breach of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
of 18 April 1961. It is undeniable that the Convention was conceived as a tool for
the pacification of international relations. This is clear from the Preamble of the
Convention in which the States parties declare:
“Having in mind the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations concerning the sovereign equality of States, the maintenance of international
peace and security and the promotion of friendly relations among nations”.
and
“Believing that an international convention on diplomatic intercourse, privileges
and immunities would contribute to the development of friendly relations
among nations, irrespective of their differing constitutional and social systems”.
37. Article 3, paragraph 1, of the Convention provides that:
“1. The functions of a diplomatic mission consist, inter alia, in:
(a) Representing the sending State in the receiving State;
(b) Protecting in the receiving State the interests of the sending State and of
its nationals, within the limits permitted by international law;
(c) Negotiating with the Government of the receiving State;
(d) Ascertaining by all lawful means conditions and developments in the
receiving State, and reporting thereon to the Government of the sending
State;
(e) Promoting friendly relations between the sending State and the receiving
State, and developing their economic, cultural and scientific relations.”
38. It is clear from this article that one of the main functions of a diplomatic
mission consists in “[r]epresenting the sending State in the receiving State” 15. The
very wording of subparagraph (a) is self‑explanatory and leaves no doubt on the
fact that the representational function of any diplomatic mission should be performed
on the territory of the receiving State.
39. In addition to that, out of the four other functions of diplomatic missions
enumerated in Article 3 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, two
functions are to be performed “in the receiving State”.
40. This is true with regards to subparagraph (b), which deals with the function
consisting in “[p]rotecting in the receiving State the interests of the sending State
13 Application, Annex 3.
14 Ibid., Annex 1.
15 Emphasis added.
13
35. N’ayant reçu aucune réponse à cette demande, le ministère des affaires étrangères
et des expatriés de l’Etat de Palestine 13 a, par une note verbale en date du
4 juillet 2018, informé le département d’Etat des Etats-Unis d’Amérique, conformément
à l’article premier et à l’article II du protocole de signature facultative concernant
le règlement obligatoire des différends, de l’existence, entre les deux Parties,
d’un différend relatif à l’interprétation ou à l’application de la convention de Vienne
sur les relations diplomatiques 14, lue conjointement avec les résolutions pertinentes
du Conseil de sécurité sur la modification du statut de la ville sainte de Jérusalem, et
en particulier la résolution 478 (1980), adoptée le 20 août 1980.
IV. Fondements juridiques des demandes
36. Le transfert dans la ville sainte de Jérusalem de l’ambassade des Etats-Unis
d’Amérique en Israël constitue une violation de la convention de Vienne sur les relations
diplomatiques du 18 avril 1961. Il est indéniable que cet instrument a été conçu
comme un outil destiné à pacifier les relations internationales. Cet objectif ressort
clairement du préambule de la convention, dans lequel les Etats parties se déclarent
« [c]onscients des buts et des principes de la Charte des Nations Unies
concernant
l’égalité souveraine des Etats, le maintien de la paix et de la sécurité
internationales et le développement de relations amicales entre les nations »
et
« [p]ersuadés qu’une convention internationale sur les relations, privilèges et
immunités diplomatiques contribuerait à favoriser les relations d’amitié entre
les pays, quelle que soit la diversité de leurs régimes constitutionnels et sociaux ».
37. Le paragraphe 1 de l’article 3 de la convention est ainsi libellé :
« 1. Les fonctions d’une mission diplomatique consistent notamment à :
a) Représenter l’Etat accréditant auprès de l’Etat accréditaire ;
b) Protéger dans l’Etat accréditaire les intérêts de l’Etat accréditant et de ses
ressortissants, dans les limites admises par le droit international ;
c) Négocier avec le gouvernement de l’Etat accréditaire ;
d) S’informer par tous les moyens licites des conditions et de l’évolution des
événements dans l’Etat accréditaire et faire rapport à ce sujet au gouvernement
de l’Etat accréditant ;
e) Promouvoir des relations amicales et développer les relations économiques,
culturelles et scientifiques entre l’Etat accréditant et l’Etat accréditaire. »
38. Il ressort clairement de cet article que l’une des principales fonctions d’une
mission diplomatique consiste à « [r]eprésenter l’Etat accréditant auprès de l’Etat
accréditaire » 15. Le libellé même de l’alinéa a) se passe d’explications et ne laisse
aucun doute quant au fait que la fonction de représentation de toute mission diplomatique
devrait être exercée sur le territoire de l’Etat accréditaire.
39. De surcroît, sur les quatre autres fonctions des missions diplomatiques énumérées
à l’article 3 de la convention de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques, deux
doivent être exercées « dans l’Etat accréditaire ».
40. Cela est vrai en ce qui concerne l’alinéa b), qui traite de la fonction consistant
à « [p]rotéger dans l’Etat accréditaire les intérêts de l’Etat accréditant et de ses
13 Annexe 3.
14 Annexe 1.
15 Les italiques sont de nous.
14
and of its nationals, within the limits permitted by international law” 16, as well as
with regards to subparagraph (d) which provides that one of the functions of a
diplomatic mission consists in “[a]scertaining by all lawful means conditions and
developments in the receiving State, and reporting thereon to the Government of
the sending State” 17.
41. The only functions of a diplomatic mission that are not specifically required
to be performed “in the receiving State” are the negotiation function of subparagraph
(c) and the promotion of friendly relations with the receiving State mentioned
in subparagraph (e).
42. The formula “in the receiving State” is not only used in Article 3 of the
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. It is present in twelve other provisions
of the Convention. This highlights the fact that the diplomatic mission of a
sending State must be established on the territory of the receiving State.
43. The fact that the sending State can only establish a diplomatic mission on
the territory of the receiving State is confirmed by Article 21, paragraph 1, of the
Convention which provides that
“[t]he receiving State shall either facilitate the acquisition on its territory,
in accordance with its laws, by the sending State of premises necessary for its
mission or assist the latter in obtaining accommodation in some other way.” 18
44. A diplomatic mission may have to perform various functions on the territory
of the receiving State, whether or not these functions are mentioned in the
article. Nonetheless, there are clear limitations to the actions of such a mission,
both under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and general international
law to which the Convention refers.
45. Subparagraphs (b) and (d) of Article 3, paragraph 1, of the Convention
provide further limitations for the diplomatic mission of the sending State in performing
specific functions that are expressly required to be performed “in the
receiving State”.
46. Thus, when a diplomatic mission protects the interests and the nationals of
the sending State “in the receiving State”, it may and must only do so “within the
limits permitted by international law” as stated in subparagraph (b).
47. In a similar manner, when a diplomatic mission ascertains conditions and
developments in the receiving State, it is bound to only use “all lawful means” as
required by subparagraph (d).
48. Besides these specific limitations, Article 41, paragraph 3, of the Convention
provides a general limitation and a framework for the action and purpose of a
diplomatic mission. This article reads as follows:
“The premises of the mission must not be used in any manner incompatible
with the functions of the mission as laid down in the present Convention or by
other rules of general international law or by any special agreement in force
between the sending and the receiving State.”
49. It is clear from the above provisions that the Convention on Diplomatic
Relations requires the sending State to establish a diplomatic mission “in the
receiving State” to perform its functions and demands that the diplomatic mission
performs its functions while respecting the rule of law, especially international law.
16 Emphasis added.
17 Emphasis added.
18 Emphasis added.
15
ressortissants, dans les limites admises par le droit international » 16, ainsi qu’en ce
qui concerne l’alinéa d), aux termes duquel l’une des fonctions d’une mission
diplomatique consiste à « [s]’informer par tous les moyens licites des conditions et
de l’évolution des événements dans l’Etat accréditaire et [à] faire rapport à ce sujet
au gouvernement de l’Etat accréditant » 17.
41. Les seules fonctions d’une mission diplomatique qui ne doivent pas spécifiquement
être exercées « dans l’Etat accréditaire » sont la fonction de négociation
qui fait l’objet de l’alinéa c) et la promotion de relations amicales avec l’Etat accréditaire
mentionnée à l’alinéa e).
42. La formule « dans l’Etat accréditaire » n’est pas seulement employée à l’article 3
de la convention de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques. Elle est présente dans
douze autres dispositions de cet instrument, ce qui souligne le fait que la mission diplomatique
d’un Etat accréditant doit être établie sur le territoire de l’Etat accréditaire.
43. Le fait que l’Etat accréditant ne peut établir une mission diplomatique que
sur le territoire de l’Etat accréditaire est confirmé par le paragraphe 1 de l’article 21
de la convention, aux termes duquel
« [l]’Etat accréditaire doit soit faciliter l’acquisition sur son territoire, dans le
cadre de sa législation, par l’Etat accréditant des locaux nécessaires à sa mission,
soit aider l’Etat accréditant à se procurer des locaux d’une autre manière » 18.
44. Une mission diplomatique peut être amenée à exécuter diverses fonctions
sur le territoire de l’Etat accréditaire, que celles-
ci soient ou non mentionnées dans
l’article. Il existe cependant des limites claires à ce que peut entreprendre une telle
mission, tant en vertu de la convention de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques
qu’en vertu du droit international général auquel renvoie cet instrument.
45. Les alinéas b) et d) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 3 de la convention imposent
des limites supplémentaires à l’exercice de fonctions spécifiques par la mission
diplomatique de l’Etat accréditant, qui doit expressément se faire « dans l’Etat
accréditaire ».
46. Ainsi, lorsqu’une mission diplomatique protège les intérêts et les ressortissants
de l’Etat accréditant « dans l’Etat accréditaire », elle ne peut et ne doit le faire
que « dans les limites admises par le droit international », ainsi qu’il est dit à l’alinéa
b).
47. De même, lorsqu’une mission diplomatique s’informe des conditions et de
l’évolution des événements dans l’Etat accréditaire, elle est tenue de n’employer à
cette fin que « tous les moyens licites », ainsi que l’exige l’alinéa d).
48. En sus de ces limites spécifiques, le paragraphe 3 de l’article 41 de la convention
impose une limite générale et un cadre à l’action des missions diplomatiques,
ainsi qu’aux objectifs qu’elles peuvent poursuivre. Cet article se lit comme suit :
« Les locaux de la mission ne seront pas utilisés d’une manière incompatible
avec les fonctions de la mission telles qu’elles sont énoncées dans la présente
Convention, ou dans d’autres règles du droit international général, ou dans les
accords particuliers en vigueur entre l’Etat accréditant et l’Etat accréditaire. »
49. Il ressort clairement des dispositions ci-
dessus
que la convention sur les relations
diplomatiques impose à l’Etat accréditant d’établir « dans l’Etat accréditaire
» une mission diplomatique aux fins de permettre à celle-
ci de s’acquitter de
ses fonctions et exige qu’elle s’en acquitte dans le respect de l’état de droit et en
particulier du droit international.
16 Les italiques sont de nous.
17 Les italiques sont de nous.
18 Les italiques sont de nous.
16
50. The relocation of the US Embassy in Israel to the Holy City of Jerusalem is
in breach of the provisions of the Convention on Diplomatic Relations mentioned
above as well as, more generally, of its object and purpose and of “other rules of
general international law” to which the Convention refers, including rights reiterated
by the Court’s Advisory Opinion of 4 July 2014.
V. Decision Requested
51. By the present Application, the State of Palestine therefore requests the
Court to declare that the relocation, to the Holy City of Jerusalem, of the United
States Embassy in Israel is in breach of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations.
52. The State of Palestine further requests the Court to order the United States
of America to withdraw the diplomatic mission from the Holy City of Jerusalem
and to conform to the international obligations flowing from the Vienna Convention
on Diplomatic Relations.
53. In addition, the State of Palestine asks the Court to order the United States
of America to take all necessary steps to comply with its obligations, to refrain
from taking any future measures that would violate its obligations and to provide
assurances and guarantees of non‑repetition of its unlawful conduct.
VI. Reservation of Rights
54. The State of Palestine reserves its rights to supplement or amend the present
Application.
VII. Appointment of Agent and Co‑agent
55. The State of Palestine hereby designates as its Agent Ambassador Ammar
Hijazi, Assistant Minister for Multilateral Affairs of the State of Palestine, and as
its Co‑Agent Ambassador Rawan Sulaiman, Head of the Palestinian Mission to
the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Permanent Representative of the State of Palestine
to the International Criminal Court, Permanent Court of Arbitration and the
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
VIII. Judge Ad Hoc
56. In accordance with the provisions of Article 31 (3) of the Statute of the
Court, and Article 35 (1) of the Rules of the Court, the State of Palestine declares
its intention to exercise its right to choose a judge ad hoc.
(Signed) Dr. Riad Malki,
Minister of Foreign Affairs
and Expatriates, State of Palestine.
17
50. Le transfert dans la ville sainte de Jérusalem de l’ambassade des Etats‑Unis
d’Amérique en Israël constitue une violation des dispositions de la convention sur
les relations diplomatiques mentionnées ci-
dessus
ainsi que, plus généralement, de
son objet et de son but et des « autres règles du droit international général » auxquelles
renvoie la convention, y compris les droits réitérés par la Cour dans son
avis consultatif du 4 juillet 2014.
V. Décision sollicitée
51. Par la présente requête, l’Etat de Palestine prie en conséquence la Cour de
dire que le transfert dans la ville sainte de Jérusalem de l’ambassade des Etats-Unis
d’Amérique en Israël constitue une violation de la convention de Vienne sur les
relations diplomatiques.
52. L’Etat de Palestine prie également la Cour de prescrire aux Etats-Unis
d’Amérique de retirer la mission diplomatique de la ville sainte de Jérusalem et de
se conformer aux obligations internationales qui découlent de la convention de
Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques.
53. En outre, l’Etat de Palestine prie la Cour de prescrire aux Etats-Unis d’Amérique
de prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour se conformer aux obligations
qui leur incombent, de s’abstenir de prendre toute nouvelle mesure qui constituerait
une violation de ces obligations et de fournir des assurances et garanties de
non-répétition
de leur comportement illicite.
VI. Réserve de droits
54. L’Etat de Palestine se réserve le droit de compléter ou de modifier la présente
requête.
VII. Désignation d’un agent et d’un coagent
55. L’Etat de Palestine désigne comme agent S. Exc. M. l’ambassadeur Ammar
Hijazi, ministre adjoint chargé des affaires multilatérales de l’Etat de Palestine, et
comme coagent S. Exc. Mme l’ambassadeur Rawan Sulaiman, chef de la mission
palestinienne auprès du Royaume des Pays-Bas, représentant permanent de l’Etat
de Palestine auprès de la Cour pénale internationale, de la Cour permanente
d’arbitrage et de l’Organisation pour l’interdiction des armes chimiques.
VIII. Désignation d’un juge ad hoc
56. Conformément aux dispositions du paragraphe 3 de l’article 31 du Statut de
la Cour et du paragraphe 1 de l’article 35 de son Règlement, l’Etat de Palestine fait
part de son intention d’exercer son droit de désigner un juge ad hoc.
Le ministre des affaires étrangères
et des expatriés de l’Etat de Palestine,
(Signé) M. Riad Malki.
18
LIST OF ANNEXES* 19
Annex 1. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 18 April 1961.
Annex 2. Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations,
concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes, 18 April 1961.
Annex 3. Note Verbale of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the State of Palestine
addressed to the Department of State of the United States of
America, 14 May 2018.
Annex 4. Note Verbale of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the State of Palestine
addressed to the Department of State of the United States of
America, 4 July 2018.
Annex 5. Declaration recognizing the competence of the International Court of
Justice, 4 July 2018.
Annex 6. Presidential Proclamation recognizing Jerusalem as the Capital of the
State of Israel and relocating the United States Embassy to Israel to
Jerusalem, 6 December 2017.
* Annexes not reproduced in print version, but available in electronic version on the
Court’s website (http://www.icj-cij.org, under “cases”).
19
LISTE DES ANNEXES* 19
Annexe 1. Convention de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques (18 avril 1961).
Annexe 2. Protocole de signature facultative à la convention de Vienne sur les
relations diplomatiques concernant le règlement obligatoire des différends
(18 avril 1961).
Annexe 3. Note verbale en date du 14 mai 2018 adressée au département d’Etat
des Etats‑Unis d’Amérique par le ministère des affaires étrangères de
l’Etat de Palestine.
Annexe 4. Note verbale en date du 4 juillet 2018 adressée au département d’Etat
des Etats-Unis d’Amérique par le ministère des affaires étrangères de
l’Etat de Palestine.
Annexe 5. Déclaration du 4 juillet 2018 reconnaissant la juridiction de la Cour
internationale de Justice.
Annexe 6. Proclamation présidentielle du 6 décembre 2017 relative à la reconnaissance
de Jérusalem comme capitale de l’Etat d’Israël et au transfert
à Jérusalem de l’ambassade des Etats‑Unis en Israël.
* Annexes non reproduites en version papier, mais disponibles en version électronique
sur le site Internet de la Cour (http://www.icj-cij.org, onglet « affaires »).
IMPRIMÉ EN FRANCE – PRINTED IN FRANCE

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Application instituting proceedings

Links