Application instituting proceedings

Document Number
171-20180329-APP-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
APPLICATION
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
filed in the Registry of the Court
on 29 March 2018
ARBITRAL AWARD OF 3 OCTOBER 1899
(GUYANA v. VENEZUELA)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour
le 29 mars 2018
SENTENCE ARBITRALE DU 3 OCTOBRE 1899
(GUYANA c. VENEZUELA)
APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
To the Registrar of the International Court of Justice.
The undersigned, duly authorized by the Government of the Co- operative
Republic of Guyana, has the honour to submit to the International Court of Justice,
in accordance with Articles 36 (1) and 40 (1) of the Statute of the Court and
Article 38 of the Rules of Court, this Application instituting proceedings against
the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
I. Introduction
1. By this Application, Guyana requests the Court to confirm the legal validity
and binding effect of the Award regarding the Boundary between the Colony of
British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela, of 3 October 1899 1
(“1899 Award”).
2. Pursuant to the Treaty of Arbitration between Great Britain and the United
States of Venezuela, signed 2 February 1897 at Washington 2 (“Washington
Treaty”), the 1899 Award was “a full, perfect, and final settlement” of all questions
relating to determining the boundary line between the colony of British Guiana
and Venezuela.
3. Between November 1900 and June 1904, an Anglo- Venezuelan Boundary
Commission identified, demarcated and permanently fixed the boundary established
by the 1899 Award. On 10 January 1905, the Commissioners signed a Joint
Declaration and accompanying maps in accordance with the 1899 Award 3 (“1905
Agreement”).
4. At all times following the 1899 Award and 1905 Agreement, until the independence
of Guyana in 1966, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland (“United Kingdom”) accepted that the Award and the Agreement finally
settled all territorial claims and permanently fixed the land boundary between British
Guiana and Venezuela. At all times since its independence in 1966, Guyana has
accepted that the 1899 Award and 1905 Agreement are valid and legally binding
on both Guyana — as successor to the United Kingdom — and Venezuela, and
that the boundary has always been and remains that which was fixed by the
1899 Award and 1905 Agreement.
1 “Award regarding the Boundary between the Colony of British Guiana and the United
States of Venezuela, decision of 3 October 1899” (1899), Reports of International Arbitral
Awards, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 331-340 (Annex 2).
2 United Kingdom Treaty Series (hereinafter UKTS), Vol. 5, p. 67 (Annex 1).
3 The 1905 Agreement was recorded in the official record of the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of Venezuela under “treaties and international agreements in force” as the “Acts of
the Mixed Border Commission that involve international agreement (1900-1905)”. Ministerio
de Relaciones Exteriores, Tratados Públicos y Acuerdos internacionales de Venezuela:
Volumen 3 (1920-1925) [1927], p. 604 (Annex 3).
2
2018
General List
No. 171
4
5. For its part, between 1899 and 1962 Venezuela consistently and repeatedly
expressed its unconditional acceptance of the legal validity and binding force of the
1899 Award and 1905 Agreement, and respected the boundary with British Guiana
that was fixed thereby.
6. Venezuela changed its position in 1962, as the United Kingdom was making
final preparations for the independence of British Guiana. Sixty-three years after
the 1899 Award was issued, Venezuela formally asserted for the first time that the
Award was “arbitrary”, and therefore “null and void”. Venezuela threatened not
to recognize the new State, or its boundaries, unless the United Kingdom agreed to
set aside the 1899 Award and the 1905 Agreement, and cede to Venezuela all of the
territory west of the Essequibo River, which was awarded to British Guiana
in 1899.
7. Negotiations between the United Kingdom and Venezuela led to an Agreement
to Resolve the Controversy between Venezuela and the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland over the Frontier between Venezuela and British
Guiana, signed at Geneva on 17 February 1966 4 (“Geneva Agreement”). It
provided for recourse to a series of dispute settlement mechanisms to finally resolve
the controversy caused by Venezuela’s reversal of position on the validity of the
1899 Award, and its refusal to continue its acceptance of the boundary demarcated
in 1905. Guyana acceded to the Geneva Agreement following its independence on
26 May 1966.
8. For more than 50 years, since the entry into force of the Geneva Agreement,
the Parties have had recourse to the means of settlement specified in the Agreement,
but have failed to resolve the controversy. Throughout this period, until the
present day, Guyana’s sovereignty, security and development have been jeopardized
by Venezuela’s refusal to recognize the long- settled boundary, and its claim to
more than two- thirds of Guyana’s land territory, which is home to more than
one-quarter of its population.
9. Venezuela has never produced any evidence to justify its belated repudiation
of the 1899 Award. Its prolonged acceptance of the Award, from 1899 until 1962,
recalls the Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras
v. Nicaragua), where the Court rejected Nicaragua’s similar contention that
a 1906 Award on the boundary between Nicaragua and Honduras was “null and
void”, because:
“Nicaragua by express declaration and by conduct, recognized the Award as
valid and it is no longer open to Nicaragua to go back upon that recognition
and to challenge the validity of the Award. Nicaragua’s failure to raise any
question with regard to the validity of the Award for several years after the
full terms of the Award had become known to it further confirms the conclusion
at which the Court has arrived.” 5
10. The Geneva Agreement authorized the United Nations Secretary- General,
in the absence of an agreement between the Parties, to “decide” which means of
dispute settlement under Article 33 of the United Nations Charter they must pursue
to achieve a final resolution of the controversy. On signature, the Agreement
was sent to Secretary- General U Thant, who responded on 4 April 1966:
“I have made note of the obligations that eventually can fall on the
Secretary- General of the United Nations by virtue of paragraph 2 of Arti-
4 United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 561, p. 323 (Annex 4).
5 Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1960, at pp. 213-214.
6
cle IV of the Agreement and it pleases me to inform you that the functions are
of such a nature that they can be appropriately carried out by the Secretary-
General of the United Nations.” 6
11. Successive Secretaries- General likewise accepted the authority conferred
and the obligations imposed on them by the Geneva Agreement. As detailed
below, between January 1990 and January 2018, they each chose a “good offices
process”, carried out under their supervision, as the means of peaceful settlement
of the controversy between Guyana and Venezuela over the validity of the
1899 Award and the finality of the boundary established thereunder.
12. On 30 January 2018, nearly 52 years after the signing of the Geneva Agreement,
Secretary- General António Guterres determined that the good offices process
had failed to achieve a peaceful settlement of the controversy. He then took a
formal and binding decision, under Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Agreement, to
choose a different means of settlement under Article 33 of the Charter. In identical
letters to both Parties, he communicated the terms of his decision that, pursuant to
the authority vested in him by the Geneva Agreement, the controversy shall be
settled by recourse to the International Court of Justice. A public statement issued
on his behalf, on the same date, declared that the Secretary- General “has chosen
the International Court of Justice as the means to be used for the solution of the
controversy . . .” 7.
13. Guyana files this Application pursuant to the Secretary- General’s decision.
In so doing, it places its faith in the Court to resolve the controversy in accordance
with its Statute and jurisprudence, based on the fundamental principles of international
law, including the sanctity of boundary treaties, the binding force of arbitral
awards, and respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of States.
II. Jurisdiction of the Court
14. The Court has jurisdiction over the controversy addressed in this Application
under Article 36, paragraph 1, of its Statute, pursuant to the mutual consent
of Guyana and Venezuela, given by them in Article IV, paragraph 2, of the 1966
Geneva Agreement. In that provision of the Agreement, they mutually conferred
upon the Secretary- General of the United Nations the authority to choose the
means of settlement of the controversy and, on 30 January 2018, the Secretary-
General exercised his authority by choosing judicial settlement by the Court.
15. The Geneva Agreement is in force between the Parties, Guyana having
acceded to it upon its independence in 1966 8. Venezuela, too, accepts that the
Geneva Agreement is an “international treaty signed by Venezuela and Guyana
which governs as law the territorial controversy on the Essequibo” 9.
6 Letters from Secretary- General U Thant to Dr. Ignacio Iribarren Borges, Minister of
Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Venezuela, and the Rt. Hon. Lord Caradon, Permanent
Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations, 4 April 1966 (Annex 5).
7 Https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2018-01-30/statement- attributablespokesman-
secretary-general-border.
8 Article VIII of the Geneva Agreement provides that:
“Upon the attainment of independence by British Guiana, the Government of
Guyana shall thereafter be a party to this Agreement, in addition to the Government of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of
Venezuela.”
9 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela, Note Verbale, No. 000322, 28 February 2018.
8
16. Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Geneva Agreement provides, in relevant
part, that if the Parties are unable to arrive at a full agreement for the solution of
the controversy over the validity and binding force of the 1899 Award, and are
further unable to agree on the means of its settlement:
“they shall refer the decision as to the means of settlement to an appropriate
international organ upon which they both agree or, failing agreement on this
point, to the Secretary- General of the United Nations. If the means so chosen
do not lead to a solution of the controversy, the said organ or, as the case may
be, the Secretary- General of the United Nations shall choose another of the
means stipulated in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations, and so on
until the controversy has been resolved or until all the means of peaceful settlement
there contemplated have been exhausted.”
17. In conformity with Article IV, paragraph 2, having failed to resolve the controversy,
Guyana and Venezuela called upon Secretary- General Javier Pérez de
Cuéllar to “choose” a means stipulated in Article 33 of the Charter for the peaceful
settlement of their dispute. On 31 August 1983, he responded by sending the
Under- Secretary-General for Special Political Affairs, Diego Cordovez, to visit
Caracas and Georgetown “for the purpose of ascertaining the position which the
parties might wish to provide relevant to the choice of means for a peaceful settlement”.
He did so “in order to facilitate the discharge of his responsibility under the
terms of Article IV (2) of the Agreement on 17 February 1966 concerning the controversy
between Guyana and Venezuela”.
18. Following these consultations, the Secretary- General chose a “good offices
process” as the initial means of settlement. Between 1990 and 2016, successive personal
representatives were appointed by the Secretary- General for this purpose,
including Alister McIntyre of Grenada (1990-1999, appointed by Secretary-
General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar), Oliver Jackman of Barbados (1999-2007,
appointed by Secretary- General Kofi Annan), and Norman Girvan of Jamaica
(2010-2014, appointed by Secretary- General Ban Ki-moon). Despite a quarter
century of effort, however, the good offices process failed to produce any progress
in arriving at a settlement of the controversy.
19. Faced with these unsuccessful efforts, in December 2016 10, after consultations
with Guyana and Venezuela, Secretary- General Ban Ki-moon recalled that under
Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Geneva Agreement, the Parties had entrusted him with
“the power to choose means for the settlement of the controversy from among those
contemplated in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations”. In the exercise of
this authority, he decided that: “Initially, the good offices process will continue for one
final year, until the end of 2017, with a strengthened mandate of mediation”, and that:
“If, by the end of 2017, the Secretary- General concludes that significant
progress has not been made toward arriving at a full agreement for the
solution of the controversy he will choose the International Court of Justice
as the next means of settlement . . .”
20. In conformity with his predecessor’s decision, on 23 February 2017,
Secretary- General António Guterres decided to continue the good offices process
for an additional year, and appointed Dag Nylander of Norway as his personal
representative. During 2017, the Parties held regular exchanges with the personal
representative including three formal meetings at Greentree Estate in New York.
10 Letter from Secretary- General Ban Ki-moon to H.E. Mr. David Arthur Granger,
President of the Republic of Guyana, 15 December 2016 (Annex 6).
10
By the end of 2017 however, there had been no significant progress — indeed no
progress at all — toward a solution of the controversy.
21. Secretary- General Guterres, recognizing that the good offices process had
failed to produce significant progress, decided, in conformity with Article IV, paragraph
2 of the Geneva Agreement and Article 33 of the Charter, that the next
means of settlement would be adjudication by the International Court of Justice.
His decision was communicated in letters to the Parties dated 30 January 2018, and
made public on the same date.
22. The letters confirm that Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Geneva Agreement
“confers upon the Secretary- General of the United Nations the power and responsibility
to choose, from among those means of peaceful settlement contemplated in
Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations, the means of settlement to be used
for the resolution of the controversy” and that “[i]f the means so chosen does not
lead to a solution of the controversy, Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Geneva
Agreement goes on to confer upon the Secretary- General the responsibility to
choose another means of peaceful settlement contemplated in Article 33 of the
Charter.” The letters then inform the Parties of his decision:
“Consistently with the framework set [by] my predecessor, I have carefully
analysed the developments in the good offices process during the course of 2017.
Consequently, I have fulfilled the responsibility that has fallen to me within
the framework set by my predecessor and, significant progress not having
been made toward arriving at a full agreement for the solution of the controversy,
have chosen the International Court of Justice as the next means that is
now to be used for its solution.” 11
23. Guyana welcomed the Secretary- General’s decision that, after more than
fifty years of unsuccessful dispute settlement efforts, the Court would be “the next
means” for solution of the controversy with Venezuela. In the words of Guyana’s
Foreign Minister, Honourable Carl Greenidge:
“Guyana has always held the view that the ICJ is the appropriate forum for
the peaceful and definitive settlement of the controversy, and is pleased that
that view has prevailed under the process developed by both Secretary-
General Ban Ki-moon and Secretary- General António Guterres.
Guyana will not allow factors extraneous to the controversy to influence its
referral to the Court; but it will continue the advancement of peaceful relations
with Venezuela whose people are the brothers and sisters of Guyanese.
In this context, Guyana acknowledges the Secretary- General’s suggestions for
the immediate future.
That Guyana has stood firm against Venezuela’s attempt to reopen a territorial
boundary settled and recognized for half a century before its independence,
and done so despite the manifest unequal strengths between the
two countries, is to our national credit. Guyana, as one of the world’s small
developing countries, is pleased that its reliance on the rule of law internationally
has been the underpinning of its national sovereignty.” 12
11 Letter of Secretary- General António Guterres to H.E. Mr. David Arthur Granger,
President of the Republic of Guyana, 30 January 2018 (Annex 7).
12 Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the Decision by the United Nations
Secretary- General on the Border Controversy between Guyana and Venezuela, 30 January
2018.
12
24. Although Venezuela has expressed dissatisfaction with the Secretary-
General’s decision, it has reaffirmed that the Geneva Agreement is a valid and
binding treaty, and that the obligations assumed by Guyana and Venezuela thereunder
remain in full force. A Venezuelan communiqué of 31 January 2018, the day
after the Secretary- General’s decision, declared:
“Venezuela ratifies the full validity of the Geneva Agreement of February
17, 1966, signed and ratified between our country and the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, in consultation with the Government
of British Guiana, an international treaty that governs as law the
territorial controversy between the parties, validly recognized and registered
before the UN, the only way to the final solution of this opprobrious heritage
of British colonialism.”
25. Accordingly, with the Secretary- General having decided, pursuant to the
authority mutually conferred upon him by the Parties in Article IV, paragraph 2,
of the 1966 Geneva Agreement, that the controversy between Guyana and Venezuela
shall now be settled by the International Court of Justice, the Court has
jurisdiction over the controversy that is the subject of this Application.
III. Statement of Facts
A. The 1899 Award
26. During the late nineteenth century, conflicting territorial claims by the
United Kingdom and Venezuela led to the brink of war. Each State claimed the
entire territory between the mouth of the Essequibo River in the east, and the Orinoco
River in the west. The United States of America, in the person of President
Grover Cleveland, pressed for settlement of the dispute by means of international
arbitration. This led to the signature of the Washington Treaty by the United
Kingdom and Venezuela on 2 February 1897 13. Its Preamble set out its object and
purpose:
“to provide for an amicable settlement of the question which has arisen
between their respective Governments concerning the boundary between the
Colony of British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela, having resolved
to submit to arbitration the question involved . . .”
27. Article I provided that: “An Arbitral Tribunal shall be immediately
appointed to determine the boundary line between the Colony of British Guiana
and the United States of Venezuela.”
28. Article II provided that:
“The Tribunal shall consist of five jurists; two on the part of Great Britain,
nominated by the members of the Judicial Committee of Her Majesty’s Privy
Council, namely, the Right Honourable Baron Herschell, Knight Grand
Cross of the Most Honourable Order of Bath, and the Honourable Sir Richard
Henn Collins, Knight, one of the Justices of Her Britannic Majesty’s
Supreme Court of the Judicature; two on the part of Venezuela, nominated,
one by the President of the United States of Venezuela, namely, the Honourable
Melville Weston Fuller, Chief Justice of the United States of America,
and one nominated by the Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
13 Ratifications exchanged at Washington, 14 June 1897 and subsequently published in
the Gaceta Oficial No. 7071 on 24 July 1897.
14
of America, namely, the Honourable David Josiah Brewer, a Justice of the
Supreme Court of the United States of America; and of a fifth jurist to be
selected by the four persons so nominated, or in the event of their failure to
agree within three months from the exchange of ratification of the present
Treaty, to be so selected by His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway. The
jurist so selected shall be the President of the Tribunal.” 14
29. Pursuant to Article II, the distinguished Russian jurist Fyodor Fyodorovich
Martens was selected as the President of the Tribunal.
30. Article III set out the jurisdiction of the Tribunal:
“The Tribunal shall investigate and ascertain the extent of the territories
belonging to, or that might lawfully be claimed by the United Netherlands
or by the Kingdom of Spain respectively at the time of the acquisition by
Great Britain of the Colony of British Guiana, and shall determine the
boundary line between the Colony of British Guiana and the United States
of Venezuela.”
31. Article XIII provided for the binding force of the Arbitral Award “The
High Contracting Parties engage to consider the result of the proceeds of the Tribunal
of Arbitration as a full, perfect, and final settlement of all the questions
referred to the Arbitrators”.
32. Following extensive written pleadings and documentary evidence submitted
by the parties, the Arbitral Tribunal held hearings in Paris between 15 June and
27 September 1899 in 54 sessions of four hours each. After deliberations, the Tribunal
delivered a unanimous Award on 3 October 1899. The Award fixed the land
boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela as commencing, in the north, on
the Atlantic Coast at Punta Playa, and extending southward to the border with
Brazil.
33. The Award gave Venezuela the entire mouth of the Orinoco River, and the
land on both sides. Venezuela treated this as a success, because the mouth of the
Orinoco was considered by it to be the most important territory in dispute. On
7 October 1899, four days after the Award was issued, the Venezuelan Minister to
London, José Andrade, described it as follows:
“Greatly indeed did justice shine forth when, in spite of all, in the determining
of the frontier the exclusive dominion of the Orinoco was granted to us,
which is the principal aim which we set ourselves to obtain through arbitration.
I consider well spent the humble efforts which I devoted personally to
this end during the last six years of my public life.”
34. Having lost its claim to the mouth of the Orinoco River, the United Kingdom
received and accepted what it considered to be the less valuable territory to
the east extending to the Essequibo River. On 5 December 1899, in his State of the
Union message to the Congress of the United States, President William McKinley,
who succeeded President Cleveland, celebrated the Award and its acceptance by
both Parties:
“The International Commission of Arbitration appointed under the
Anglo-Venezuelan Treaty of 1897 rendered an award on October 3 last
whereby the boundaries line between Venezuela and British Guiana is determined;
thus ending a controversy which had existed for the greater part of the
14 Baron Herschell died shortly after his appointment and was replaced by the Right
Hon. Lord Russell of Killowen, Lord Chief Justice of England.
16
century. The Award, as to which the arbitrators were unanimous, while not
meeting the extreme contention of either party, gives to Great Britain a large
share of the interior territory in dispute and to Venezuela the entire mouth of
the Orinoco, including Barima Point and the Caribbean littoral for some distance
to the eastwards. The decision appears to be equally satisfactory to both
parties.”
35. Consistent with the 1897 Washington Treaty and the 1899 Award, between
1900 and 1904 the land boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela was
demarcated by a Joint Boundary Commission consisting of British and Venezuelan
representatives. The Commission drew up and signed an official boundary
map, and on 10 January 1905, issued a joint declaration stating in relevant part:
“(1) That they regard this Agreement as having a perfectly official character
with respect to the acts and rights of both Governments in the territory
demarcated; that they accept the positions of the points mentioned below
as correct, the result of the mean of the observations and calculations made
by both Commissioners together or separately as follows . . .
(2) That the two maps mentioned in this Agreement, signed by both Commissioners,
are exactly the same . . . containing all the enumerated details
relating to the aforesaid demarcation, with a clear specification of the
boundary line according with the Arbitral Award of Paris.”
36. In his Report of 20 March 1905, the Venezuelan Commissioner, Abraham
Tirado, declared that:
“The honourable task is ended and the delimitation between our Republic
and the Colony of British Guiana an accomplished fact. I, satisfied with the
part which it has been my lot to play, congratulate Venezuela in the person of
the patriotic Administrator who rules her destinies and who sees with generous
pride the long- standing and irritating dispute that has caused his country
so much annoyance settled under his régime.” 15
37. In a diplomatic Note to the British Foreign Office dated 4 September 1907,
Venezuela rejected a request by the United Kingdom, originally proposed in the
Report of the Joint Commissioners, for a slight adjustment of the boundary, and
in doing so confirmed the validity and finality of the 1899 Award and the
1905 Agreement:
“I have the honour to inform you that the question of the modification of
the boundary line . . . was laid before Congress . . . and that Congress, concurring
in the opinion of the Federal Executive . . . declared the modification proposed
to be unacceptable, principally because it amounts to a veritable cession
of territory.
The ratification of the Federal Executive is thus limited to the work done by
the Mixed Delimitation Commissions in accordance with the Paris Award.” 16
38. Venezuela further confirmed its recognition of the 1899 Award and the
1905 Agreement, inter alia, in working with the Commissioners of Brazil and the
United Kingdom during the demarcation of the boundary between Brazil and
15 F. M. Hodgson to A. Lyttelton, Colonial Office, London, 12 October 1905
(CO. 111/546).
16 Señor de J. Paul to Mr. O’Reilly, British Embassy, Caracas, 4 September 1907
(FO. 420/245) 31846.
18
British Guiana to ensure accuracy at the tri-junction point where the boundaries of
Brazil, British Guiana, and Venezuela meet, based on the southern terminal point
of the boundary established by the 1899 Award and the 1905 Agreement 17.
39. Prior to 1962, Venezuela never altered its official position that its boundary
with British Guiana was definitively and permanently determined by the
1899 Award and Agreement of 1905. For example, in diplomatic exchanges
between 1941 and 1943, Venezuela’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Esteban Gil
Borges, responded to concerns by the United Kingdom about certain Venezuelan
press reports with the reassurance that the boundary between British Guiana and
Venezuela was “chose jugée” and that the views expressed by the press “were not
shared by him or his Government” 18.
B. Venezuela’s Change of Position
40. On 18 December 1961, the Prime Minister of British Guiana, Cheddi Jagan,
speaking before the United Nations General Assembly’s Special Political and
Decolonization (Fourth) Committee, called for the prompt independence of the
colony. This was followed, on 14 February 1962, by a letter from the Permanent
Representative of Venezuela to the Fourth Committee officially claiming, for the
first time since the 1899 Award, that “there is a dispute between my country and
the United Kingdom concerning the demarcation of the frontier between Venezuela
and British Guiana”. In a complete reversal of Venezuela’s historic position
on the validity of the 1899 Award, he claimed in a memorandum annexed to his
letter:
“The Award was the result of a political transaction carried out behind
Venezuela’s back and sacrificing its legitimate rights. The frontier was demarcated
arbitrarily, and no account was taken of the specific rules of the arbitral
agreement or of the relevant principles of international law.
Venezuela cannot recognize an award made in such circumstances . . .”
41. Contemporaneous evidence demonstrates that Venezuela’s change of position,
at the same time that British Guiana was preparing for independence, was not
a mere coincidence. A dispatch of 15 May 1962 from the American Ambassador in
Caracas, C. Allan Stewart, to the United States Department of State concerning
the “border question” reported that:
“President Betancourt [of Venezuela] professes to be greatly concerned
about an independent British Guiana with Cheddi Jagan as Prime Minister.
He suspects that Jagan is already too committed to communism and that his
American wife exercises considerable influence over him . . . This alarm may
be slightly simulated since Betancourt’s solution of the border dispute presupposes
a hostile Jagan.
17 Exchange of Notes between the United Kingdom and Brazil approving the General
Report of the Special Commissioners Appointed to Demarcate the Boundary Line between
British Guiana and Brazil, 15 March 1940 (51 UKTS 1946) at para. 12.
18 D. St. Clair Gainer to JV. T. W. T. Petowne, Foreign Office, London, 3 November
1944 (FO. 371) 38814.
20
His plan: through a series of conferences with the British before Guiana is
awarded independence a cordon sanitaire would be set up between the present
boundary line and one mutually agreed upon by the two countries (Venezuela
and Britain). Sovereignty of this slice of British Guiana would pass to Venezuela
. . .”
42. Venezuela sought to justify its claim for a major “slice of British Guiana” on
the basis of a secret memorandum, purportedly written in 1944 by Severo
Mallet- Prevost — a junior counsel for Venezuela in the 1899 Arbitration — with
instructions that it be made public only upon his death, which it was in 1949. The
memorandum alleged, without claiming or setting forth any evidence of direct knowledge,
that the 1899 Award had been the result of some form of collusion between
the two British arbitrators and the Russian President of the Tribunal. Venezuela
did not invoke this “posthumous document” until 1962, when it raised it as a pretext
for seeking territorial concessions on the eve of Guyana’s independence.
43. With a view to resolving this controversy, the United Kingdom and Venezuela
agreed at the United Nations Fourth Committee in November 1962 to examine
documentary material relevant to the 1899 Award. A joint press communiqué
of 7 November 1963 reported that British and Venezuelan experts would examine
each other’s archives and submit reports on their findings to their respective Governments
as the basis for further discussions. The representative of the United Kingdom
in the Fourth Committee emphasized however that this did not imply any
recognition of Venezuela’s contentions in regard to changing the boundary determined
by the 1899 Award: “In making this offer, I must make it very clear that it
is in no sense an offer to engage in substantive talks about revision of the frontier.
That we cannot do; for we consider that there is no justification for it.” 19
44. The experts subsequently made their respective examinations. According to
the United Kingdom, there was no evidence whatsoever to support Venezuela’s
contention that the 1899 Award is null and void, or of the alleged facts upon which
it purported to rely. Nonetheless, by February 1965 Venezuela had issued an official
map labelling the territory west of the Essequibo River that had been awarded
to the United Kingdom as “Guayana Esequiba” identifying it as the “Zona en
Reclamación”.
C. The 1966 Geneva Agreement
45. The talks between the United Kingdom and Venezuela resulted in the adoption
of the 1966 Geneva Agreement, which was registered with the United Nations
on 5 May 1966. Guyana achieved independence three weeks later, on 26 May 1966,
and expressed its accession to the Agreement. That accession has always been recognized
by Venezuela.
46. Article I of the Agreement called for the establishment of a Mixed Commission
“with the task of seeking satisfactory solutions for the practical settlement of
the controversy between Venezuela and the United Kingdom which has arisen
as the result of the Venezuelan contention that the Arbitral Award of 1899
about the frontier between British Guiana and Venezuela is null and void”.
19 United Nations General Assembly, Seventeenth Session, Special Political Committee,
349th Meeting, 13 November 1962, agenda item 88, UN doc. A/SPC/72.
22
47. Article IV, paragraph 1, of the Agreement provided that:
“If, within a period of four years from the date of this Agreement, the
Mixed Commission should not have arrived at a full agreement for the solution
of the controversy it shall, in its final report, refer to the Government of
Guyana and the Government of Venezuela any outstanding questions. Those
Governments shall without delay choose one of the means of peaceful settlement
provided in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations.”
48. The Mixed Commission’s four-year mandate expired on 17 February 1970
without an agreement for the solution of the controversy. The Parties then signed
a Protocol to the Geneva Agreement reaffirming their commitment to it but agreeing
to a moratorium on dispute settlement efforts, which lasted for 12 years. At the
end of that period, the Parties again attempted to reach agreement “on the means
of peaceful settlement provided in Article 33 of the Charter”, as required by Article
IV, paragraph 1, of the Geneva Agreement, but were unable to do so.
49. Accordingly, pursuant to Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Geneva Agreement,
the Parties referred the decision as to the means of settlement to the Secretary-
General. It was in response thereto that successive Secretaries- General decided
upon settlement by the good offices process, until, finally, on 30 January 2018,
after that means had failed to achieve progress in arriving at a settlement of the
controversy, Secretary- General Guterres decided that the next means of settlement
is the International Court of Justice.
D. Violations of Guyana’s Sovereignty
and Territorial Integrity
50. From Guyana’s independence in 1966 until the present, Venezuela has
repeatedly violated Guyana’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, including by
sending its military and other officials across the border into Guyanese territory in
violation of the 1899 Award and the 1905 Agreement. These and other actions
have been aimed at pressuring Guyana, a much smaller and weaker neighbour, to
cede the so- called “Guayana Esequiba” territory west of the Essequibo River to
Venezuela.
51. In October 1966, Venezuelan military forces seized the eastern half of
Ankoko Island in the Cuyuni River, which is on the Guyana side of the boundary
established by the 1899 Award and the 1905 Agreement. Venezuela subsequently
built military installations and an airstrip on this Guyanese territory, and, despite
Guyana’s clear objections and protests, continues to occupy it unlawfully to the
present day.
52. There have been numerous other incursions into and overflights over Guyana’s
sovereign territory by Venezuelan military forces. These include, to provide
just a few examples:
(a) Repeated overflight of Guyanese territory by Venezuelan F-15 fighter jets,
including in October 1999, on the 100th anniversary of the 1899 Award;
(b) The incursion by Venezuelan soldiers and bombing of two Guyanese pontoons
on the Cuyuni River in November 2007;
(c) The landing of Venezuelan soldiers at Eteringbang in August 2013;
(d) The landing of Venezuelan officials at Eteringbang in November 2013 to assert
a claim of Venezuelan sovereignty;
24
(e) The incursion and seizure of property by Venezuelan soldiers at Bruk-Up in
June 2014;
(f) The incursion of Venezuelan soldiers near Eteringbang in May 2016, and their
firing of weapons at officials of the Guyana Geology and Mines Commission.
53. Venezuela has also taken or threatened action to interfere with, discourage
and prevent economic development activities authorized by Guyana in the territory
west of the Essequibo River. It has repeatedly blocked Guyanese and foreign
investors from carrying out projects in the territory and its adjacent maritime area,
and threatened to take further similar actions. Examples include:
(a) On 15 June 1968, the notice placed by Venezuela in the London Times expressing
strong exception to and warning against any “concessions either granted
or to be granted by the Guyana Government over the territory stretching to
the West of the Esequivo [sic] River . . .”;
(b) In July 1968, the Decree by President Raúl Leoni asserting Venezuela’s sovereignty
over the land territory west of the Essequibo River, and its concomitant
sovereignty over the territorial waters adjacent to the coast of that territory,
between the boundary fixed by the 1899 Award in the west, and the mouth of
the Essequibo River in the east, a distance of some 250 km beyond the land
boundary terminus at Punta Playa;
(c) In June 1981, the letter by Venezuela to the President of the World Bank
objecting to financing for Guyana’s Mazuruni hydroelectric project;
(d) In June 1982, the demarche by Venezuela to the European Economic Community
to refrain from participation in Guyana’s economic development;
(e) In August 1993, the note from Venezuela’s Foreign Ministry protesting Guyana’s
issuance of concessions in the maritime area directly adjacent to the territory
between the boundary fixed by the 1899 Award in the west, and the
mouth of the Essequibo River in the east;
(f) In July 2000, the intervention by Venezuela with the People’s Republic of
China to object to the issuance of a forestry concession by Guyana to Jilin
Industries, Ltd., a Chinese company;
(g) In August 2013, the seizure by the Venezuelan Navy of the RV Teknik Perdana
research vessel, which had been contracted by Guyana’s United States
licensee, Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, while the vessel was conducting
transitory seismic activities off Guyana’s Essequibo coast. The vessel and its
crew were arrested and detained in Venezuela, resulting in the cessation of all
further exploration activities in Guyana’s waters by the licensee;
(h) In April 2014, the objections from Venezuela against a joint hydroelectric project
planned by Guyana and Brazil;
(i) In September 2014, a diplomatic Note from Venezuela warning Guyana to
refrain from all economic activity west of the Essequibo River;
(j) In July 2015, the Decree issued by President Nicolás Maduro asserting Venezuela’s
sovereignty over the entire Guyanese coast between the boundary
established by the 1899 Award and the mouth of the Essequibo River, and the
assertion of exclusive jurisdiction in all the waters adjacent to that coast out to
a distance beyond 200 nautical miles;
26
(k) In August 2015, the objection by Venezuela to mining concessions issued by
the Guyana Geology and Mines Commission;
(l) In February 2018, the objection by Venezuela to Guyana’s issuance of petroleum
licenses to Exxon in waters adjacent to the mouth of the Essequibo
River, and Venezuela’s warning that Guyana and its licensee should not take
any actions under that license; and
(m) In February 2018, the protest by Venezuela regarding the issuance of concessions
on Guyana’s land territory by the Guyana Forestry Commission to
Rong-An Inc. and RL Sudhram.
54. Guyana has reason to fear further violations of its sovereignty by its more
powerful neighbour, absent a definitive settlement of the controversy by the Court.
According to Venezuela’s 31 January 2018 communiqué:
“The President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro
Moros, guarantees the Venezuelan people that they will continue defending
the sovereign rights over the Guayana Esequiba and calls for national unity to
protect the most sacred interests of the nation.
Venezuela’s sun rises in the Essequibo.”
IV. Decision Requested
55. Based on the foregoing, and as further developed in the written pleadings in
accordance with any Order that may be issued by the Court, Guyana requests the
Court to adjudge and declare that:
(a) The 1899 Award is valid and binding upon Guyana and Venezuela, and the
boundary established by that Award and the 1905 Agreement is valid and
binding upon Guyana and Venezuela;
(b) Guyana enjoys full sovereignty over the territory between the Essequibo River
and the boundary established by the 1899 Award and the 1905 Agreement,
and Venezuela enjoys full sovereignty over the territory west of that boundary;
Guyana and Venezuela are under an obligation to fully respect each other’s
sovereignty and territorial integrity in accordance with the boundary established
by the 1899 Award and the 1905 Agreement;
(c) Venezuela shall immediately withdraw from and cease its occupation of the
eastern half of the Island of Ankoko, and each and every other territory which
is recognized as Guyana’s sovereign territory in accordance with the
1899 Award and 1905 Agreement;
(d) Venezuela shall refrain from threatening or using force against any person
and/or company licensed by Guyana to engage in economic or commercial
activity in Guyanese territory as determined by the 1899 Award and
1905 Agreement, or in any maritime areas appurtenant to such territory over
which Guyana has sovereignty or exercises sovereign rights, and shall not
interfere with any Guyanese or Guyanese- authorized activities in those areas;
(e) Venezuela is internationally responsible for violations of Guyana’s sovereignty
and sovereign rights, and for all injuries suffered by Guyana as a consequence.
28
V. Reservation of Rights
56. Guyana reserves its right to supplement or amend the present Application.
VI. Appointment of Agent and Co-Agents
57. Guyana has appointed the Honourable Carl Greenidge, Minister of Foreign
Affairs of Guyana, as Agent for the proceedings, and Sir Shridath Ramphal
and Audrey Waddell as Co-Agents.
58. It is requested that all communications be notified to the Agent and Co-
Agents at the following postal and e-mail addresses:
(a) Postal address:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Co- operative Republic of Guyana,
Takuba Lodge,
254 South Road,
Georgetown, Guyana
(b) E-mail addresses:
(i) Agent: [email protected]
(ii) Co-Agent Sir Shridath Ramphal: [email protected]
(iii) Co-Agent Ambassador Audrey Waddell: [email protected]
Respectfully,
29 March 2018.
(Signed) Hon. Carl B. Greenidge,
Vice- President and Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Co- operative Republic of Guyana,
Agent.
30
CERTIFICATION
I certify that the annexes are true copies of the documents reproduced therein.
(Signed) Hon. Carl B. Greenidge,
Vice- President and Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Co- operative Republic of Guyana,
Agent.
32
20
LIST OF ANNEXES*
Annex 1. Treaty of Arbitration between Great Britain and the United States of
Venezuela, signed at Washington, 2 February 1897.
Annex 2. Award regarding the Boundary between the Colony of British Guiana
and the United States of Venezuela, decision of 3 October 1899.
Annex 3. Agreement between the British and Venezuelan Boundary Commissioners
with regard to the Map of the Boundary, 10 January 1905.
Annex 4. Agreement to Resolve the Controversy between Venezuela and the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland over the
Frontier between Venezuela and British Guiana, signed at Geneva,
17 February 1966.
Annex 5. Letters from Secretary- General U Thant to Dr. Ignacio Iribarren,
Borges Minister from Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Venezuela
and the Rt. Hon. Lord Caradon, Permanent Representative of
the United Kingdom to the United Nations, 4 April 1966.
Annex 6. Letter from Secretary- General Ban Ki-moon to H.E. Mr. David
Arthur Granger, President of the Republic of Guyana, 15 December
2016.
Annex 7. Letter from Secretary- General António Guterres to H.E. Mr. David
Arthur Granger, President of the Republic of Guyana, 30 January
2018.
*Annexes not reproduced in print version, but available in electronic version on the
Court’s website (http://www.icj-cij.org, under “cases”).

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
APPLICATION
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
filed in the Registry of the Court
on 29 March 2018
ARBITRAL AWARD OF 3 OCTOBER 1899
(GUYANA v. VENEZUELA)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour
le 29 mars 2018
SENTENCE ARBITRALE DU 3 OCTOBRE 1899
(GUYANA c. VENEZUELA)
APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
To the Registrar of the International Court of Justice.
The undersigned, duly authorized by the Government of the Co-operative
Republic of Guyana, has the honour to submit to the International Court of Justice,
in accordance with Articles 36 (1) and 40 (1) of the Statute of the Court and
Article 38 of the Rules of Court, this Application instituting proceedings against
the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
I. Introduction
1. By this Application, Guyana requests the Court to confirm the legal validity
and binding effect of the Award regarding the Boundary between the Colony of
British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela, of 3 October 1899 1
(“1899 Award”).
2. Pursuant to the Treaty of Arbitration between Great Britain and the United
States of Venezuela, signed 2 February 1897 at Washington 2 (“Washington
Treaty”), the 1899 Award was “a full, perfect, and final settlement” of all questions
relating to determining the boundary line between the colony of British Guiana
and Venezuela.
3. Between November 1900 and June 1904, an Anglo-Venezuelan
Boundary
Commission identified, demarcated and permanently fixed the boundary established
by the 1899 Award. On 10 January 1905, the Commissioners signed a Joint
Declaration and accompanying maps in accordance with the 1899 Award 3 (“1905
Agreement”).
4. At all times following the 1899 Award and 1905 Agreement, until the independence
of Guyana in 1966, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland (“United Kingdom”) accepted that the Award and the Agreement finally
settled all territorial claims and permanently fixed the land boundary between British
Guiana and Venezuela. At all times since its independence in 1966, Guyana has
accepted that the 1899 Award and 1905 Agreement are valid and legally binding
on both Guyana — as successor to the United Kingdom — and Venezuela, and
that the boundary has always been and remains that which was fixed by the
1899 Award and 1905 Agreement.
1 “Award regarding the Boundary between the Colony of British Guiana and the United
States of Venezuela, decision of 3 October 1899” (1899), Reports of International Arbitral
Awards, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 331-340 (Annex 2).
2 United Kingdom Treaty Series (hereinafter UKTS), Vol. 5, p. 67 (Annex 1).
3 The 1905 Agreement was recorded in the official record of the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of Venezuela under “treaties and international agreements in force” as the “Acts of
the Mixed Border Commission that involve international agreement (1900-1905)”. Ministerio
de Relaciones Exteriores, Tratados Públicos y Acuerdos internacionales de Venezuela:
Volumen 3 (1920-1925) [1927], p. 604 (Annex 3).
2
2018
General List
No. 171
REQUÊTE INDRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
[Traduction du Greffe]
A l’attention de Monsieur le greffier de la Cour internationale de Justice.
Le soussigné, dûment autorisé par le Gouvernement de la République coopérative
du Guyana, a l’honneur de déposer auprès de la Cour internationale de Justice,
conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 et au paragraphe 1 de l’article 40
de son Statut ainsi qu’à l’article 38 de son Règlement, la présente requête introductive
d’instance contre la République bolivarienne du Venezuela.
I. Introduction
1. Par la présente requête, le Guyana prie la Cour de confirmer la validité juridique
et l’effet contraignant de la sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 relative à la
frontière entre la colonie de la Guyane britannique et les Etats-Unis du Venezuela 1
(ci-
après, la « sentence de 1899 »).
2. En application du traité d’arbitrage entre la Grande-Bretagne
et les Etats-
Unis du Venezuela, signé le 2 février 1897 à Washington 2 (ci-
après, le « traité de
Washington »), la sentence de 1899 portait « règlement complet, parfait et définitif
» de toutes les questions intéressant la détermination de la ligne frontière entre
la colonie de la Guyane britannique et le Venezuela.
3. Entre novembre 1900 et juin 1904, une commission des limites anglo-vénézuélienne
a relevé, démarqué et fixé de manière permanente la frontière établie
par la sentence de 1899. Le 10 janvier 1905, les commissaires ont signé une déclaration
conjointe, accompagnée de cartes, conformément à la sentence de 1899 3
(ci-
après, l’« accord de 1905 »).
4. A aucun moment durant toute la période comprise entre, d’une part, le prononcé
de la sentence de 1899 et la conclusion de l’accord de 1905, et, d’autre part,
l’accession à l’indépendance du Guyana en 1966, le Royaume‑Uni de Grande‑Bretagne
et d’Irlande du Nord (ci‑après, le « Royaume-Uni ») n’a cessé de reconnaître
que la sentence et l’accord en question avaient définitivement réglé toutes
les prétentions territoriales et fixé de manière permanente la frontière terrestre
entre la Guyane britannique et le Venezuela. Après être devenu indépendant en
1966, le Guyana n’a à aucun moment cessé de reconnaître que la sentence de
1899 et l’accord de 1905 étaient valides et juridiquement contraignants tant
vis-
à-vis de lui-
même — en sa qualité d’Etat ayant succédé au Royaume-Uni —
que vis-
à-vis du Venezuela, et que la frontière avait toujours été et demeurait celle
fixée par la sentence et l’accord précités.
1 Sentence arbitrale relative à la frontière entre la colonie de la Guyane britannique et les
Etats‑Unis du Venezuela, décision du 3 octobre 1899 (1899), Recueil des sentences arbitrales,
vol. XXVIII, p. 331‑340 (annexe 2).
2 United Kingdom Treaty Series (ci-
après, UKTS), vol. 5, p. 67 (annexe 1).
3 L’accord de 1905 a été enregistré dans le recueil des documents officiels du ministère des
affaires étrangères du Venezuela sous la rubrique « traités et accords internationaux en
vigueur » en tant qu’« acte[] de la commission mixte de délimitation concernant un accord
international (1900-1905) ». Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Tratados Públicos y
Acuerdos internacionales de Venezuela : Volumen 3 (1920-1925) [1927], p. 604 (annexe 3).
3
2018
Rôle général
no 171
4
5. For its part, between 1899 and 1962 Venezuela consistently and repeatedly
expressed its unconditional acceptance of the legal validity and binding force of the
1899 Award and 1905 Agreement, and respected the boundary with British Guiana
that was fixed thereby.
6. Venezuela changed its position in 1962, as the United Kingdom was making
final preparations for the independence of British Guiana. Sixty-three years after
the 1899 Award was issued, Venezuela formally asserted for the first time that the
Award was “arbitrary”, and therefore “null and void”. Venezuela threatened not
to recognize the new State, or its boundaries, unless the United Kingdom agreed to
set aside the 1899 Award and the 1905 Agreement, and cede to Venezuela all of the
territory west of the Essequibo River, which was awarded to British Guiana
in 1899.
7. Negotiations between the United Kingdom and Venezuela led to an Agreement
to Resolve the Controversy between Venezuela and the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland over the Frontier between Venezuela and British
Guiana, signed at Geneva on 17 February 1966 4 (“Geneva Agreement”). It
provided for recourse to a series of dispute settlement mechanisms to finally resolve
the controversy caused by Venezuela’s reversal of position on the validity of the
1899 Award, and its refusal to continue its acceptance of the boundary demarcated
in 1905. Guyana acceded to the Geneva Agreement following its independence on
26 May 1966.
8. For more than 50 years, since the entry into force of the Geneva Agreement,
the Parties have had recourse to the means of settlement specified in the Agreement,
but have failed to resolve the controversy. Throughout this period, until the
present day, Guyana’s sovereignty, security and development have been jeopardized
by Venezuela’s refusal to recognize the long-settled
boundary, and its claim to
more than two-thirds
of Guyana’s land territory, which is home to more than
one‑quarter of its population.
9. Venezuela has never produced any evidence to justify its belated repudiation
of the 1899 Award. Its prolonged acceptance of the Award, from 1899 until 1962,
recalls the Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras
v. Nicaragua), where the Court rejected Nicaragua’s similar contention that
a 1906 Award on the boundary between Nicaragua and Honduras was “null and
void”, because:
“Nicaragua by express declaration and by conduct, recognized the Award as
valid and it is no longer open to Nicaragua to go back upon that recognition
and to challenge the validity of the Award. Nicaragua’s failure to raise any
question with regard to the validity of the Award for several years after the
full terms of the Award had become known to it further confirms the conclusion
at which the Court has arrived.” 5
10. The Geneva Agreement authorized the United Nations Secretary-General,
in the absence of an agreement between the Parties, to “decide” which means of
dispute settlement under Article 33 of the United Nations Charter they must pursue
to achieve a final resolution of the controversy. On signature, the Agreement
was sent to Secretary-General
U Thant, who responded on 4 April 1966:
“I have made note of the obligations that eventually can fall on the
Secretary-General
of the United Nations by virtue of paragraph 2 of Arti-
4 United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 561, p. 323 (Annex 4).
5 Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1960, at pp. 213‑214.
5
5. Pour sa part, le Venezuela a systématiquement réaffirmé, entre 1899 et 1962,
qu’il reconnaissait sans réserve la validité juridique et la force obligatoire de la
sentence de 1899 et de l’accord de 1905, et qu’il respectait la frontière avec la
Guyane britannique ainsi fixée.
6. Le Venezuela a changé de position en 1962, tandis que le Royaume-Uni
achevait
les préparatifs en vue de l’accession à l’indépendance de la Guyane
britannique.
Soixante-trois ans après le prononcé de la sentence de 1899, le défendeur
a pour la première fois officiellement affirmé que celle-
ci était « arbitraire » et,
partant, « nulle et non avenue ». Il a menacé de ne pas reconnaître le nouvel
Etat, ou ses frontières, si le Royaume-Uni ne convenait pas d’écarter la sentence de
1899 et l’accord de 1905, et de lui céder l’intégralité du territoire situé à l’ouest
du fleuve Essequibo, territoire qui avait été accordé à la Guyane britannique
en 1899.
7. Les négociations entre le Royaume-Uni et le Venezuela ont abouti à la
conclusion d’un accord tendant à régler leur différend relatif à la frontière entre le
Venezuela et la Guyane britannique, signé à Genève le 17 février 1966 4 (ci-
après,
l’« accord de Genève »). Cet accord prévoyait le recours à une série de mécanismes
en vue de résoudre définitivement le différend causé par la volte-face du Venezuela
concernant la validité de la sentence de 1899 et par son refus de continuer de reconnaître
la frontière démarquée en 1905. Le Guyana a adhéré à l’accord de Genève
après avoir accédé à l’indépendance le 26 mai 1966.
8. Pendant plus de cinquante ans, depuis l’entrée en vigueur de l’accord de
Genève, les Parties ont recouru au moyen de règlement prévu par celui-
ci, mais ne
sont pas parvenues à résoudre le différend. La souveraineté, la sécurité et le développement
du Guyana n’ont ainsi jamais cessé d’être compromis par le refus du
Venezuela de reconnaître la frontière établie de longue date et par sa revendication
portant sur plus des deux tiers du territoire terrestre guyanien, zone dans laquelle
vit plus d’un quart de la population du pays.
9. Le Venezuela n’a jamais produit le moindre élément de preuve à l’appui de sa
répudiation tardive de la sentence de 1899. Le fait qu’il ait longtemps — de 1899
à 1962 — reconnu cette dernière rappelle l’affaire de la Sentence arbitrale rendue
par le roi d’Espagne, en laquelle la Cour avait rejeté une affirmation analogue du
Nicaragua, selon lequel une sentence de 1906 relative à la frontière entre lui-
même
et le Honduras était « nulle et de nul effet », au motif que
« le Nicaragua a[vait], par ses déclarations expresses et par son comportement,
reconnu le caractère valable de la sentence et [qu’]il n’[était] plus en droit de
revenir sur cette reconnaissance pour contester la validité de la sentence. Le
fait que le Nicaragua n’ait émis de doute quant à la validité de la sentence que
plusieurs années après avoir pris connaissance de son texte complet confirm[ait]
la conclusion à laquelle la Cour [était] parvenue. » 5
10. L’accord de Genève a habilité le Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies, en l’absence d’accord entre les Parties, à « choisir » celui des mécanismes
prévus à l’article 33 de la Charte des Nations Unies auquel ces dernières
devaient faire appel pour régler définitivement le différend en cause. A l’occasion
de sa signature, l’accord avait été envoyé au Secrétaire général U Thant, qui avait
répondu le 4 avril 1966 :
« J’ai pris note des obligations susceptibles d’incomber au Secrétaire général
de l’Organisation des Nations Unies au titre du paragraphe 2 de l’article IV de
4 Nations Unies, Recueil des traités, vol. 561, p. 323 (annexe 4).
5 Arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1960, p. 213 et 214.
6
cle IV of the Agreement and it pleases me to inform you that the functions are
of such a nature that they can be appropriately carried out by the Secretary-General
of the United Nations.” 6
11. Successive Secretaries-General
likewise accepted the authority conferred
and the obligations imposed on them by the Geneva Agreement. As detailed
below, between January 1990 and January 2018, they each chose a “good offices
process”, carried out under their supervision, as the means of peaceful settlement
of the controversy between Guyana and Venezuela over the validity of the
1899 Award and the finality of the boundary established thereunder.
12. On 30 January 2018, nearly 52 years after the signing of the Geneva Agreement,
Secretary-General
António Guterres determined that the good offices process
had failed to achieve a peaceful settlement of the controversy. He then took a
formal and binding decision, under Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Agreement, to
choose a different means of settlement under Article 33 of the Charter. In identical
letters to both Parties, he communicated the terms of his decision that, pursuant to
the authority vested in him by the Geneva Agreement, the controversy shall be
settled by recourse to the International Court of Justice. A public statement issued
on his behalf, on the same date, declared that the Secretary-General
“has chosen
the International Court of Justice as the means to be used for the solution of the
controversy . . .” 7.
13. Guyana files this Application pursuant to the Secretary-General’s
decision.
In so doing, it places its faith in the Court to resolve the controversy in accordance
with its Statute and jurisprudence, based on the fundamental principles of international
law, including the sanctity of boundary treaties, the binding force of arbitral
awards, and respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of States.
II. Jurisdiction of the Court
14. The Court has jurisdiction over the controversy addressed in this Application
under Article 36, paragraph 1, of its Statute, pursuant to the mutual consent
of Guyana and Venezuela, given by them in Article IV, paragraph 2, of the 1966
Geneva Agreement. In that provision of the Agreement, they mutually conferred
upon the Secretary-General
of the United Nations the authority to choose the
means of settlement of the controversy and, on 30 January 2018, the Secretary-General
exercised his authority by choosing judicial settlement by the Court.
15. The Geneva Agreement is in force between the Parties, Guyana having
acceded to it upon its independence in 1966 8. Venezuela, too, accepts that the
Geneva Agreement is an “international treaty signed by Venezuela and Guyana
which governs as law the territorial controversy on the Essequibo” 9.
6 Letters from Secretary-General
U Thant to Dr. Ignacio Iribarren Borges, Minister of
Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Venezuela, and the Rt. Hon. Lord Caradon, Permanent
Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations, 4 April 1966 (Annex 5).
7 Https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2018-01-30/statement-attributable…-
secretary-general-border.
8 Article VIII of the Geneva Agreement provides that:
“Upon the attainment of independence by British Guiana, the Government of
Guyana shall thereafter be a party to this Agreement, in addition to the Government of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of
Venezuela.”
9 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela, Note Verbale, No. 000322, 28 February 2018.
7
l’accord et j’ai le plaisir de vous informer que ces fonctions sont de nature à
pouvoir être exercées de manière appropriée par l’intéressé. » 6
11. Les Secrétaires généraux suivants ont, eux aussi, accepté le pouvoir que leur
conférait et les obligations que leur imposait l’accord de Genève. Ainsi que cela
sera précisé ci-
après, entre janvier 1990 et janvier 2018, ils ont tous choisi une procédure
des bons offices, menée sous leurs auspices, comme moyen de règlement
pacifique du différend opposant le Guyana et le Venezuela au sujet de la validité de
la sentence de 1899 et au caractère définitif de la frontière établie par celle-
ci.
12. Le 30 janvier 2018, près de cinquante-deux ans après la signature de l’accord
de Genève, le Secrétaire général, M. António Guterres, est parvenu à la conclusion
que la procédure des bons offices n’avait pas permis d’aboutir à un règlement pacifique
du différend. Il a alors pris, conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article IV de
l’accord, la décision, officielle et contraignante, de choisir un autre des moyens de
règlement prévus par l’article 33 de la Charte. Il en a communiqué la teneur par
lettres identiques aux deux Parties, indiquant que, en vertu des pouvoirs que lui
conférait l’accord de Genève, le règlement du différend serait confié à la Cour
internationale de Justice. Dans une déclaration publique faite le même jour au nom
du Secrétaire général, il a été précisé que celui-
ci avait « choisi la Cour internationale
de Justice comme mécanisme de règlement du différend » 7.
13. Le Guyana dépose la présente requête en application de la décision du
Secrétaire général. Ce faisant, il s’en remet à la Cour pour régler le différend
conformément à son Statut et à sa jurisprudence, sur la base des principes fondamentaux
du droit international, notamment l’inviolabilité des traités frontaliers, la
force obligatoire des sentences arbitrales, ainsi que le respect de la souveraineté et
de l’intégrité territoriale des Etats.
II. Compétence de la Cour
14. La Cour a compétence à l’égard du différend visé dans la présente requête en
vertu du paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 de son Statut, conformément au consentement
mutuel exprimé par le Guyana et le Venezuela au paragraphe 2 de l’article IV
de l’accord de Genève de 1966. Dans cette disposition, les deux Etats ont simultanément
conféré au Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies le pouvoir
de choisir le moyen de règlement du différend ; celui-
ci en a fait usage le 30 janvier
2018, optant pour le règlement judiciaire par la Cour.
15. L’accord de Genève est en vigueur entre les Parties, le Guyana y ayant
adhéré lors de son accession à l’indépendance en 1966 8. Le Venezuela reconnaît
également que cet instrument est un « traité international, signé par [lui-
même] et
le Guyana, qui régit juridiquement le différend territorial relatif à l’Essequibo » 9.
6 Lettres en date du 4 avril 1966 adressées à M. Ignacio Iribarren Borges, ministre des
affaires étrangères de la République du Venezuela, et au très honorable lord Caradon, représentant
permanent du Royaume-Uni auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, par
U Thant, Secrétaire général de l’Organisation (annexe 5).
7 https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2018-01-30/statement-attr…-
secretary-general-border (uniquement en anglais et en espagnol).
8 L’article VIII de l’accord de Genève dispose ce qui suit :
« Lors de l’accession de la Guyane britannique à l’indépendance, le Gouvernement
guyanais deviendra partie au présent Accord, à côté du Gouvernement du Royaume-
Un i de Grande-Bretagne
et d’Irlande du Nord et du Gouvernement vénézuélien. »
9 Note verbale no 000322 du ministère des affaires étrangères du Venezuela en date du
28 février 2018.
8
16. Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Geneva Agreement provides, in relevant
part, that if the Parties are unable to arrive at a full agreement for the solution of
the controversy over the validity and binding force of the 1899 Award, and are
further unable to agree on the means of its settlement:
“they shall refer the decision as to the means of settlement to an appropriate
international organ upon which they both agree or, failing agreement on this
point, to the Secretary-General
of the United Nations. If the means so chosen
do not lead to a solution of the controversy, the said organ or, as the case may
be, the Secretary-General
of the United Nations shall choose another of the
means stipulated in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations, and so on
until the controversy has been resolved or until all the means of peaceful settlement
there contemplated have been exhausted.”
17. In conformity with Article IV, paragraph 2, having failed to resolve the controversy,
Guyana and Venezuela called upon Secretary-General
Javier Pérez de
Cuéllar to “choose” a means stipulated in Article 33 of the Charter for the peaceful
settlement of their dispute. On 31 August 1983, he responded by sending the
Under-Secretary-
General for Special Political Affairs, Diego Cordovez, to visit
Caracas and Georgetown “for the purpose of ascertaining the position which the
parties might wish to provide relevant to the choice of means for a peaceful settlement”.
He did so “in order to facilitate the discharge of his responsibility under the
terms of Article IV (2) of the Agreement on 17 February 1966 concerning the controversy
between Guyana and Venezuela”.
18. Following these consultations, the Secretary-General
chose a “good offices
process” as the initial means of settlement. Between 1990 and 2016, successive personal
representatives were appointed by the Secretary-General
for this purpose,
including Alister McIntyre of Grenada (1990‑1999, appointed by Secretary-General
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar), Oliver Jackman of Barbados (1999‑2007,
appointed by Secretary-General
Kofi Annan), and Norman Girvan of Jamaica
(2010‑2014, appointed by Secretary-General
Ban Ki-moon). Despite a quarter
century of effort, however, the good offices process failed to produce any progress
in arriving at a settlement of the controversy.
19. Faced with these unsuccessful efforts, in December 2016 10, after consultations
with Guyana and Venezuela, Secretary-General
Ban Ki-moon recalled that under
Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Geneva Agreement, the Parties had entrusted him with
“the power to choose means for the settlement of the controversy from among those
contemplated in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations”. In the exercise of
this authority, he decided that: “Initially, the good offices process will continue for one
final year, until the end of 2017, with a strengthened mandate of mediation”, and that:
“If, by the end of 2017, the Secretary-General
concludes that significant
progress
has not been made toward arriving at a full agreement for the
solution
of the controversy he will choose the International Court of Justice
as the next means of settlement . . .”
20. In conformity with his predecessor’s decision, on 23 February 2017,
Secretary-General
António Guterres decided to continue the good offices process
for an additional year, and appointed Dag Nylander of Norway as his personal
representative. During 2017, the Parties held regular exchanges with the personal
representative including three formal meetings at Greentree Estate in New York.
10 Letter from Secretary-General
Ban Ki-moon to H.E. Mr. David Arthur Granger,
President of the Republic of Guyana, 15 December 2016 (Annex 6).
9
16. Dans sa partie pertinente, le paragraphe 2 de l’article IV de l’accord de
Genève prévoit que, si les Parties ne parviennent pas à un accord complet sur le
règlement du différend relatif à la validité et à la force obligatoire de la sentence de
1899 et que, si elles ne parviennent pas non plus à s’entendre sur le moyen de règlement
à retenir, elles
« s’en remettront, pour ce choix, à un organisme international compétent sur
lequel [elles] se mettront d’accord, ou, s[i elles] n’arrivent pas à s’entendre sur ce
point, au Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies. Si les moyens
ainsi choisis ne mènent pas à une solution du différend, ledit organisme ou, le
cas échéant, le Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies choisira
un autre des moyens stipulés à l’Article 33 de la Charte des Nations Unies, et
ainsi de suite, jusqu’à ce que le différend ait été résolu ou jusqu’à ce que tous les
moyens de règlement pacifique envisagés dans la Charte aient été épuisés. »
17. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article IV, le Guyana et le Venezuela,
faute d’être parvenus à une solution, ont appelé le Secrétaire général, M. Javier Pérez
de Cuéllar, à « choisir » l’un des moyens prévus à l’article 33 de la Charte en vue du
règlement pacifique de leur différend. Le 31 août 1983, celui-
ci, en vue de pouvoir
« s’acquitter plus facilement de sa responsabilité au titre du paragraphe 2 de l’article
IV de l’accord du 17 février 1966 relatif au différend entre le Guyana et le
Venezuela », a chargé M. Diego Cordovez, Secrétaire général adjoint aux affaires
politiques spéciales, de se rendre à Caracas et à Georgetown « aux fins de se renseigner
sur les vues éventuelles des parties quant au choix d’un moyen de règlement
pacifique ».
18. A l’issue de ces consultations, le Secrétaire général a tout d’abord choisi une
« procédure de bons offices » comme moyen de règlement. Entre 1990 et 2016, différents
représentants personnels ont été désignés à cet effet par le Secrétaire général,
parmi lesquels MM. Alister McIntyre (Grenade) (1990-1999, désigné par le
Secrétaire général Pérez de Cuéllar), Oliver Jackman (Barbade) (1999-2007, désigné
par le Secrétaire général Kofi Annan) et Norman Girvan (Jamaïque) (2010-
2014, désigné par le Secrétaire général Ban Ki-moon). Bien qu’elle ait été menée
pendant un quart de siècle, la procédure des bons offices n’a pas permis de réaliser
le moindre progrès vers un règlement du différend.
19. Face à ces tentatives infructueuses, le Secrétaire général Ban Ki-moon a rappelé
en décembre 2016 10, après avoir consulté le Guyana et le Venezuela, que, conformément
au paragraphe 2 de l’article IV de l’accord de Genève, les Parties lui avaient
conféré « le pouvoir de choisir un moyen de règlement du différend parmi ceux prévus
à l’article 33 de la Charte des Nations Unies ». Faisant usage de ce pouvoir, il a décidé
que, « [d]ans un premier temps, la procédure des bons offices se poursuivra[it] pendant
encore un an, jusqu’à la fin 2017, avec un mandat renforcé de médiation », et que,
« [s]i, à la fin 2017, le Secrétaire général conclu[ait] à l’absence de progrès significatifs
en vue d’un accord complet sur le règlement du différend, il choisira[it]
la Cour internationale de Justice comme prochain moyen de règlement ».
20. Conformément à la décision de son prédécesseur, l’actuel Secrétaire général,
M. António Guterres, a choisi, le 23 février 2017, de poursuivre la procédure des
bons offices pendant une année supplémentaire et désigné un représentant personnel,
M. Dag Nylander (Norvège). En 2017, les Parties ont régulièrement procédé à
des échanges avec ce dernier, notamment au cours de trois réunions officielles
10 Lettre en date du 15 décembre 2016 adressée à S. Exc. M. David Arthur Granger,
président de la République du Guyana, par M. Ban Ki-moon, Secrétaire général de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies (annexe 6).
10
By the end of 2017 however, there had been no significant progress — indeed no
progress at all — toward a solution of the controversy.
21. Secretary-General
Guterres, recognizing that the good offices process had
failed to produce significant progress, decided, in conformity with Article IV, paragraph
2 of the Geneva Agreement and Article 33 of the Charter, that the next
means of settlement would be adjudication by the International Court of Justice.
His decision was communicated in letters to the Parties dated 30 January 2018, and
made public on the same date.
22. The letters confirm that Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Geneva Agreement
“confers upon the Secretary-General
of the United Nations the power and responsibility
to choose, from among those means of peaceful settlement contemplated in
Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations, the means of settlement to be used
for the resolution of the controversy” and that “[i]f the means so chosen does not
lead to a solution of the controversy, Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Geneva
Agreement goes on to confer upon the Secretary-General
the responsibility to
choose another means of peaceful settlement contemplated in Article 33 of the
Charter.” The letters then inform the Parties of his decision:
“Consistently with the framework set [by] my predecessor, I have carefully
analysed the developments in the good offices process during the course of 2017.
Consequently, I have fulfilled the responsibility that has fallen to me within
the framework set by my predecessor and, significant progress not having
been made toward arriving at a full agreement for the solution of the controversy,
have chosen the International Court of Justice as the next means that is
now to be used for its solution.” 11
23. Guyana welcomed the Secretary-General’s
decision that, after more than
fifty years of unsuccessful dispute settlement efforts, the Court would be “the next
means” for solution of the controversy with Venezuela. In the words of Guyana’s
Foreign Minister, Honourable Carl Greenidge:
“Guyana has always held the view that the ICJ is the appropriate forum for
the peaceful and definitive settlement of the controversy, and is pleased that
that view has prevailed under the process developed by both Secretary-General
Ban Ki-moon and Secretary-General
António Guterres.
Guyana will not allow factors extraneous to the controversy to influence its
referral to the Court; but it will continue the advancement of peaceful relations
with Venezuela whose people are the brothers and sisters of Guyanese.
In this context, Guyana acknowledges the Secretary-General’s
suggestions for
the immediate future.
That Guyana has stood firm against Venezuela’s attempt to reopen a territorial
boundary settled and recognized for half a century before its independence,
and done so despite the manifest unequal strengths between the
two countries, is to our national credit. Guyana, as one of the world’s small
developing countries, is pleased that its reliance on the rule of law internationally
has been the underpinning of its national sovereignty.” 12
11 Letter of Secretary-General
António Guterres to H.E. Mr. David Arthur Granger,
President of the Republic of Guyana, 30 January 2018 (Annex 7).
12 Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the Decision by the United Nations
Secretary-General
on the Border Controversy between Guyana and Venezuela, 30 January
2018.
11
tenues au Greentree Estate à New York. A la fin de l’année, elles n’avaient toutefois
pas réalisé de progrès significatif — ni d’ailleurs de progrès tout court — vers
un règlement du différend.
21. Reconnaissant que la procédure des bons offices n’avait pas permis de réaliser
des progrès significatifs, l’actuel Secrétaire général, M. António Guterres, a
décidé, conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article IV de l’accord de Genève et à
l’article 33 de la Charte, que le prochain mécanisme serait le règlement judiciaire
par la Cour internationale de Justice. Sa décision a été communiquée aux Parties
dans des lettres en date du 30 janvier 2018 et rendue publique le même jour.
22. Il est confirmé dans ces lettres que le paragraphe 2 de l’article IV de l’accord
de Genève « confère au Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies le
pouvoir et la responsabilité de choisir, parmi les moyens de règlement prévus à
l’article 33 de la Charte des Nations Unies, celui qu’il convient de retenir pour
régler le différend » et que, « [s]i le moyen ainsi choisi ne permet pas d’aboutir à un
règlement du différend, le paragraphe 2 de l’article IV de l’accord de Genève
confère alors au Secrétaire général la responsabilité de choisir un autre des moyens
de règlement pacifique prévus à l’article 33 de la Charte ». Les Parties y sont ensuite
informées de la décision du Secrétaire général :
« Conformément au cadre défini par mon prédécesseur, j’ai soigneusement
analysé l’évolution de la procédure des bons offices au cours de l’année 2017.
En conséquence, je me suis acquitté de la responsabilité qui m’incombait
dans ledit cadre et, aucun progrès significatif n’ayant été réalisé en vue d’un
accord complet sur le règlement du différend, j’ai retenu la Cour internationale
de Justice comme prochain moyen d’atteindre cet objectif. » 11
23. Le Guyana a accueilli avec satisfaction la décision du Secrétaire général selon
laquelle, après plus de cinquante années d’efforts infructueux en vue de régler le
différend avec le Venezuela, la Cour serait le « prochain moyen » employé à cette fin.
Selon les termes du ministre guyanien des affaires étrangères, M. Carl Greenidge :
« Le Guyana a toujours été d’avis que la CIJ était l’enceinte appropriée pour
régler le différend de façon pacifique et définitive et il se félicite que ce point de
vue ait prévalu dans le cadre du processus mis en oeuvre par les deux secrétaires
généraux, M. Ban Ki-moon et son successeur, M. António Guterres.
Le Guyana ne laissera pas des facteurs étrangers au différend influencer son
recours à la Cour, mais il continuera d’oeuvrer en faveur de relations pacifiques
avec le Venezuela dont le peuple et le sien sont frères. Dans ce contexte,
le Guyana prend acte des suggestions formulées par le Secrétaire général pour
l’avenir immédiat.
Le fait que le Guyana se soit fermement opposé à la tentative du Venezuela
de remettre en question une frontière qui avait été établie un demi-siècle
avant
son indépendance et avait toujours été reconnue depuis, et qu’il l’ait fait malgré
le déséquilibre manifeste des forces entre les deux pays, est tout à son
honneur. Le Guyana, en tant que petit pays en développement, est heureux
d’avoir su défendre sa souveraineté nationale en s’appuyant sur la primauté
du droit sur le plan international ». 12
11 Lettre en date du 30 janvier 2018 adressée à S. Exc. M. David Arthur Granger,
président de la République du Guyana, par M. António Guterres, Secrétaire général de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies (annexe 7).
12 Déclaration du ministre des affaires étrangères concernant la décision du Secrétaire
général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies relative au différend frontalier entre le Guyana
et le Venezuela en date du 30 janvier 2018.
12
24. Although Venezuela has expressed dissatisfaction with the Secretary-General’s
decision, it has reaffirmed that the Geneva Agreement is a valid and
binding treaty, and that the obligations assumed by Guyana and Venezuela thereunder
remain in full force. A Venezuelan communiqué of 31 January 2018, the day
after the Secretary-General’s
decision, declared:
“Venezuela ratifies the full validity of the Geneva Agreement of February
17, 1966, signed and ratified between our country and the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, in consultation with the Government
of British Guiana, an international treaty that governs as law the
territorial controversy between the parties, validly recognized and registered
before the UN, the only way to the final solution of this opprobrious heritage
of British colonialism.”
25. Accordingly, with the Secretary-General
having decided, pursuant to the
authority mutually conferred upon him by the Parties in Article IV, paragraph 2,
of the 1966 Geneva Agreement, that the controversy between Guyana and Venezuela
shall now be settled by the International Court of Justice, the Court has
jurisdiction over the controversy that is the subject of this Application.
III. Statement of Facts
A. The 1899 Award
26. During the late nineteenth century, conflicting territorial claims by the
United Kingdom and Venezuela led to the brink of war. Each State claimed the
entire territory between the mouth of the Essequibo River in the east, and the Orinoco
River in the west. The United States of America, in the person of President
Grover Cleveland, pressed for settlement of the dispute by means of international
arbitration. This led to the signature of the Washington Treaty by the United
Kingdom and Venezuela on 2 February 1897 13. Its Preamble set out its object and
purpose:
“to provide for an amicable settlement of the question which has arisen
between their respective Governments concerning the boundary between the
Colony of British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela, having resolved
to submit to arbitration the question involved . . .”
27. Article I provided that: “An Arbitral Tribunal shall be immediately
appointed to determine the boundary line between the Colony of British Guiana
and the United States of Venezuela.”
28. Article II provided that:
“The Tribunal shall consist of five jurists; two on the part of Great Britain,
nominated by the members of the Judicial Committee of Her Majesty’s Privy
Council, namely, the Right Honourable Baron Herschell, Knight Grand
Cross of the Most Honourable Order of Bath, and the Honourable Sir Richard
Henn Collins, Knight, one of the Justices of Her Britannic Majesty’s
Supreme Court of the Judicature; two on the part of Venezuela, nominated,
one by the President of the United States of Venezuela, namely, the Honourable
Melville Weston Fuller, Chief Justice of the United States of America,
and one nominated by the Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
13 Ratifications exchanged at Washington, 14 June 1897 and subsequently published in
the Gaceta Oficial No. 7071 on 24 July 1897.
13
24. Le Venezuela, bien que s’étant déclaré peu satisfait de la décision du Secrétaire
général, a réaffirmé que l’accord de Genève était un traité valide et contraignant
et que les obligations que le Guyana et lui‑même avaient endossées à ce titre
demeuraient pleinement en vigueur. Dans un communiqué en date du 31 janvier
2018, au lendemain de la décision du Secrétaire général, le Venezuela déclarait :
« Le Venezuela reconnaît la pleine validité de l’accord de Genève du
17 février 1966, signé et ratifié par notre pays et le Royaume-Uni de Grande‑Bretagne
et d’Irlande du Nord, en consultation avec le Gouvernement de la
Guyane britannique ; ce traité international, qui constitue le cadre juridique
du règlement du différend territorial entre les parties et a été validement
reconnu et enregistré auprès des Nations Unies, est le seul moyen de tourner la
page de cet héritage ignominieux du colonialisme britannique. »
25. Dès lors, le Secrétaire général ayant décidé, en vertu des pouvoirs qui lui ont
été conférés par les Parties au paragraphe 2 de l’article IV de l’accord de Genève de
1966, que le différend entre le Guyana et le Venezuela devait maintenant être réglé
par la Cour internationale de Justice, celle‑ci a compétence pour connaître dudit
différend, objet de la présente requête.
III. Exposé des faits
A. La sentence arbitrale de 1899
26. A la fin du XIXe siècle, les prétentions territoriales concurrentes du
Royaume‑Uni et du Venezuela menèrent les deux pays au bord de la guerre,
chaque Etat revendiquant la totalité du territoire situé entre l’embouchure du
fleuve Essequibo, à l’est, et le fleuve Orénoque, à l’ouest. Les Etats‑Unis d’Amérique,
en la personne du président Grover Cleveland, insistèrent pour que le différend
soit réglé par voie d’arbitrage international, ce qui conduisit à la signature du
traité de Washington par le Royaume‑Uni et le Venezuela le 2 février 1897 13, dont
l’objet et le but sont précisés en ces termes dans le préambule :
« [afin de] parvenir à un règlement amiable du différend qui s’est fait jour entre
leurs gouvernements respectifs concernant la frontière entre la colonie de la
Guyane britannique et les Etats‑Unis du Venezuela, sont convenus de soumettre
ledit différend à l’arbitrage… ».
27. L’article premier est ainsi libellé : « Un tribunal arbitral sera immédiatement
constitué aux fins de déterminer le tracé de la ligne frontière entre la colonie de la
Guyane britannique et les Etats‑Unis du Venezuela. »
28. L’article II dispose ce qui suit :
« Le tribunal sera composé de cinq juristes : deux pour la Grande‑Bretagne,
désignés par les membres du comité judiciaire du conseil privé de Sa Majesté,
à savoir le très honorable baron Herschell, chevalier grand‑croix du très
honorable ordre du Bain, et l’honorable sir Richard Henn Collins, chevalier,
juge de la Supreme Court of Judicature ; deux pour le Venezuela, désignés, l’un
par le président des Etats‑Unis du Venezuela, à savoir l’honorable Melville
Weston Fuller, Chief Justice des Etats‑Unis d’Amérique, et l’autre par les
juges de la Cour suprême des Etat‑Unis d’Amérique, à savoir l’honorable
David Josiah Brewer, juge de cette même juridiction ; et un cinquième devant
13 Ratifications échangées à Washington le 14 juin 1897, puis publiées dans la Gaceta
Oficial no 7071 le 24 juillet 1897.
14
of America, namely, the Honourable David Josiah Brewer, a Justice of the
Supreme Court of the United States of America; and of a fifth jurist to be
selected by the four persons so nominated, or in the event of their failure to
agree within three months from the exchange of ratification of the present
Treaty, to be so selected by His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway. The
jurist so selected shall be the President of the Tribunal.” 14
29. Pursuant to Article II, the distinguished Russian jurist Fyodor Fyodorovich
Martens was selected as the President of the Tribunal.
30. Article III set out the jurisdiction of the Tribunal:
“The Tribunal shall investigate and ascertain the extent of the territories
belonging to, or that might lawfully be claimed by the United Netherlands
or by the Kingdom of Spain respectively at the time of the acquisition by
Great Britain of the Colony of British Guiana, and shall determine the
boundary
line between the Colony of British Guiana and the United States
of Venezuela.”
31. Article XIII provided for the binding force of the Arbitral Award “The
High Contracting Parties engage to consider the result of the proceeds of the Tribunal
of Arbitration as a full, perfect, and final settlement of all the questions
referred to the Arbitrators”.
32. Following extensive written pleadings and documentary evidence submitted
by the parties, the Arbitral Tribunal held hearings in Paris between 15 June and
27 September 1899 in 54 sessions of four hours each. After deliberations, the Tribunal
delivered a unanimous Award on 3 October 1899. The Award fixed the land
boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela as commencing, in the north, on
the Atlantic Coast at Punta Playa, and extending southward to the border with
Brazil.
33. The Award gave Venezuela the entire mouth of the Orinoco River, and the
land on both sides. Venezuela treated this as a success, because the mouth of the
Orinoco was considered by it to be the most important territory in dispute. On
7 October 1899, four days after the Award was issued, the Venezuelan Minister to
London, José Andrade, described it as follows:
“Greatly indeed did justice shine forth when, in spite of all, in the determining
of the frontier the exclusive dominion of the Orinoco was granted to us,
which is the principal aim which we set ourselves to obtain through arbitration.
I consider well spent the humble efforts which I devoted personally to
this end during the last six years of my public life.”
34. Having lost its claim to the mouth of the Orinoco River, the United Kingdom
received and accepted what it considered to be the less valuable territory to
the east extending to the Essequibo River. On 5 December 1899, in his State of the
Union message to the Congress of the United States, President William McKinley,
who succeeded President Cleveland, celebrated the Award and its acceptance by
both Parties:
“The International Commission of Arbitration appointed under the
Anglo‑Venezuelan Treaty of 1897 rendered an award on October 3 last
whereby the boundaries line between Venezuela and British Guiana is determined;
thus ending a controversy which had existed for the greater part of the
14 Baron Herschell died shortly after his appointment and was replaced by the Right
Hon. Lord Russell of Killowen, Lord Chief Justice of England.
15
être choisi par les quatre personnes ainsi désignées ou, si celles‑ci ne parviennent
pas à se mettre d’accord dans un délai de trois mois à compter de
l’échange des instruments de ratification du présent traité, par Sa Majesté le
roi de Suède et de Norvège. Le juriste ainsi désigné présidera le tribunal. » 14
29. En application de l’article II, l’éminent juriste russe Fyodor de Martens fut
choisi comme président du tribunal.
30. L’article III définissait la compétence du tribunal :
« Le tribunal cherchera et établira jusqu’où s’étendaient les territoires qui
appartenaient respectivement aux Pays‑Bas Unis et au Royaume d’Espagne,
ou étaient susceptibles d’être licitement revendiqués par ceux-
ci, au moment
de l’acquisition par la Grande‑Bretagne de la colonie de la Guyane britannique
et déterminera le tracé de la ligne frontière entre ladite colonie et les
Etats‑Unis du Venezuela. »
31. L’article XIII confère force contraignante à la sentence arbitrale : « Les
hautes parties contractantes s’engagent à considérer la sentence du tribunal arbitral
comme un règlement complet, parfait et définitif de toutes les questions soumises
aux arbitres. »
32. Après le dépôt par les parties de pièces écrites et d’éléments de preuve détaillés,
le tribunal arbitral tint des audiences à Paris entre le 15 juin et le 27 septembre
1899, réparties en 54 séances de quatre heures chacune. Après délibération, le tribunal
rendit, le 3 octobre 1899, une sentence unanime aux termes de laquelle la
frontière terrestre entre la Guyane britannique et le Venezuela commençait, au
nord, sur la côte atlantique en un point situé à Punta Playa, et se poursuivait en
direction du sud jusqu’à la frontière avec le Brésil.
33. La sentence attribuait ainsi au Venezuela toute l’embouchure de l’Orénoque,
ainsi que les terres situées de part et d’autre de celle‑ci. Le Venezuela considéra
cette décision comme un succès, l’embouchure de l’Orénoque constituant
pour lui le territoire litigieux le plus important. Le 7 octobre 1899, quatre jours
après le prononcé de la sentence, M. José Andrade, ministre du Venezuela à
Londres, s’exprima en ces termes à ce sujet :
« La justice a prévalu puisque, en dépit de tout, lors de la détermination de
la frontière, la souveraineté exclusive sur l’Orénoque nous a été attribuée, ce
qui constituait le principal objectif que nous avions fixé à l’arbitrage. Les
modestes efforts que j’ai personnellement consacrés à cette fin au cours des six
dernières années de ma vie publique ont ainsi été couronnés de succès. »
34. Ses prétentions sur l’embouchure de l’Orénoque ayant été rejetées, le
Royaume‑Uni reçut et accepta ce qu’il considérait comme le territoire le moins
intéressant, lequel s’étendait, vers l’est, jusqu’à l’Essequibo. Le 5 décembre 1899,
dans son discours sur l’état de l’Union prononcé devant le Congrès des Etats‑Unis,
le président William McKinley, qui avait succédé au président Cleveland, se félicitait
de la sentence et de son acceptation par les deux Parties :
« La commission internationale d’arbitrage constituée en application du
traité anglo‑vénézuélien de 1897 a rendu une sentence le 3 octobre dernier, par
laquelle est établi le tracé de la frontière entre le Venezuela et la Guyane britannique,
mettant par là même fin à un différend qui a perduré la majeure
14 Le baron Herschell est décédé peu après sa nomination et a été remplacé par le très
honorable lord Russell of Killowen, Lord Chief Justice d’Angleterre.
16
century. The Award, as to which the arbitrators were unanimous, while not
meeting the extreme contention of either party, gives to Great Britain a large
share of the interior territory in dispute and to Venezuela the entire mouth of
the Orinoco, including Barima Point and the Caribbean littoral for some distance
to the eastwards. The decision appears to be equally satisfactory to both
parties.”
35. Consistent with the 1897 Washington Treaty and the 1899 Award, between
1900 and 1904 the land boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela was
demarcated by a Joint Boundary Commission consisting of British and Venezuelan
representatives. The Commission drew up and signed an official boundary
map, and on 10 January 1905, issued a joint declaration stating in relevant part:
“(1) That they regard this Agreement as having a perfectly official character
with respect to the acts and rights of both Governments in the territory
demarcated; that they accept the positions of the points mentioned below
as correct, the result of the mean of the observations and calculations made
by both Commissioners together or separately as follows . . .
(2) That the two maps mentioned in this Agreement, signed by both Commissioners,
are exactly the same . . . containing all the enumerated details
relating to the aforesaid demarcation, with a clear specification of the
boundary line according with the Arbitral Award of Paris.”
36. In his Report of 20 March 1905, the Venezuelan Commissioner, Abraham
Tirado, declared that:
“The honourable task is ended and the delimitation between our Republic
and the Colony of British Guiana an accomplished fact. I, satisfied with the
part which it has been my lot to play, congratulate Venezuela in the person of
the patriotic Administrator who rules her destinies and who sees with generous
pride the long-standing
and irritating dispute that has caused his country
so much annoyance settled under his régime.” 15
37. In a diplomatic Note to the British Foreign Office dated 4 September 1907,
Venezuela rejected a request by the United Kingdom, originally proposed in the
Report of the Joint Commissioners, for a slight adjustment of the boundary, and
in doing so confirmed the validity and finality of the 1899 Award and the
1905 Agreement:
“I have the honour to inform you that the question of the modification of
the boundary line . . . was laid before Congress . . . and that Congress, concurring
in the opinion of the Federal Executive . . . declared the modification proposed
to be unacceptable, principally because it amounts to a veritable cession
of territory.
The ratification of the Federal Executive is thus limited to the work done by
the Mixed Delimitation Commissions in accordance with the Paris Award.” 16
38. Venezuela further confirmed its recognition of the 1899 Award and the
1905 Agreement, inter alia, in working with the Commissioners of Brazil and the
United Kingdom during the demarcation of the boundary between Brazil and
15 F. M. Hodgson to A. Lyttelton, Colonial Office, London, 12 October 1905
(CO. 111/546).
16 Señor de J. Paul to Mr. O’Reilly, British Embassy, Caracas, 4 September 1907
(FO. 420/245) 31846.
17
partie du siècle. La sentence, que les arbitres ont rendue à l’unanimité, sans
faire droit aux prétentions les plus radicales de l’une ou l’autre partie, attribue
à la Grande‑Bretagne une grande partie du territoire intérieur en litige, et au
Venezuela, la totalité de l’embouchure de l’Orénoque, y compris Barima Point
et le littoral caribéen sur une certaine distance en direction de l’est. La décision
semble également satisfaisante pour les deux parties. »
35. Conformément au traité de Washington de 1897 et à la sentence de 1899, la
démarcation de la frontière terrestre entre la Guyane britannique et le Venezuela
fut effectuée entre 1900 et 1904 par une commission mixte constituée de représentants
britanniques et vénézuéliens. La commission établit et signa une carte officielle
du tracé de la frontière et publia, le 10 janvier 1905, une déclaration conjointe
dont la partie pertinente est ainsi rédigée :
« 1) Qu’ils considèrent cet accord comme ayant un caractère parfaitement officiel
s’agissant des actes et droits des deux gouvernements sur le territoire
délimité ; qu’ils considèrent exacte la position des points mentionnés ci‑dessous,
résultat de la moyenne des observations et des calculs effectués
par les deux commissaires ensemble et séparément, à savoir…
2) Que les deux cartes mentionnées dans le présent accord, signées par les
deux commissaires, sont rigoureusement identiques … et comportent tous
les détails relatifs à la délimitation susmentionnée, la frontière y étant clairement
tracée, en conformité avec la sentence arbitrale de Paris. »
36. Dans son rapport du 20 mars 1905, le commissaire vénézuélien, Abraham
Tirado, déclara :
« Notre noble mission est achevée et la délimitation entre notre république
et la colonie de Guyane britannique a été effectuée. Satisfait du rôle qui a été
le mien dans ce processus, je félicite le Venezuela en la personne du dirigeant
patriotique qui préside à sa destinée et peut considérer avec fierté le règlement,
sous son mandat, du différend qui a si longtemps été source d’embarras et de
désagréments pour son pays. » 15
37. Dans une note diplomatique en date du 4 septembre 1907 adressée au ministère
britannique des affaires étrangères, le Venezuela rejeta une demande du
Royaume‑Uni, qui avait initialement été formulée dans le rapport des commissaires,
tendant à ce que la frontière soit légèrement modifiée, et, ce faisant, confirma
la validité et le caractère définitif de la sentence de 1899 et de l’accord de 1905 :
« J’ai l’honneur de vous informer que la question de la modification du
tracé de la frontière … a été soumise au Congrès … et que ce dernier, souscrivant
à l’avis du pouvoir exécutif fédéral, … a déclaré inacceptable la modification
proposée, principalement du fait qu’elle équivaudrait à une véritable
cession de territoire.
La ratification par le pouvoir exécutif fédéral concerne donc uniquement les
travaux menés par la commission mixte chargée de la délimitation de la frontière
anglo‑vénézuélienne en application de la sentence rendue à Paris… » 16
38. Le Venezuela confirma à nouveau qu’il reconnaissait la sentence de 1899 et
l’accord de 1905, notamment en collaborant avec les commissaires du Brésil et du
Royaume‑Uni à l’occasion de la démarcation de la frontière entre le Brésil et la
15 F. M. Hodgson à A. Lyttelton, Colonial Office, Londres, 12 octobre 1905 (CO. 111/
546).
16 Note diplomatique en date du 4 septembre 1907 adressée à M. O’Reilly, ambassade
britannique à Caracas, par M. de J. Paul (FO. 420/245) 31846.
18
British Guiana to ensure accuracy at the tri‑junction point where the boundaries of
Brazil, British Guiana, and Venezuela meet, based on the southern terminal point
of the boundary established by the 1899 Award and the 1905 Agreement 17.
39. Prior to 1962, Venezuela never altered its official position that its boundary
with British Guiana was definitively and permanently determined by the
1899 Award and Agreement of 1905. For example, in diplomatic exchanges
between 1941 and 1943, Venezuela’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Esteban Gil
Borges, responded to concerns by the United Kingdom about certain Venezuelan
press reports with the reassurance that the boundary between British Guiana and
Venezuela was “chose jugée” and that the views expressed by the press “were not
shared by him or his Government” 18.
B. Venezuela’s Change of Position
40. On 18 December 1961, the Prime Minister of British Guiana, Cheddi Jagan,
speaking before the United Nations General Assembly’s Special Political and
Decolonization (Fourth) Committee, called for the prompt independence of the
colony. This was followed, on 14 February 1962, by a letter from the Permanent
Representative of Venezuela to the Fourth Committee officially claiming, for the
first time since the 1899 Award, that “there is a dispute between my country and
the United Kingdom concerning the demarcation of the frontier between Venezuela
and British Guiana”. In a complete reversal of Venezuela’s historic position
on the validity of the 1899 Award, he claimed in a memorandum annexed to his
letter:
“The Award was the result of a political transaction carried out behind
Venezuela’s back and sacrificing its legitimate rights. The frontier was demarcated
arbitrarily, and no account was taken of the specific rules of the arbitral
agreement or of the relevant principles of international law.
Venezuela cannot recognize an award made in such circumstances . . .”
41. Contemporaneous evidence demonstrates that Venezuela’s change of position,
at the same time that British Guiana was preparing for independence, was not
a mere coincidence. A dispatch of 15 May 1962 from the American Ambassador in
Caracas, C. Allan Stewart, to the United States Department of State concerning
the “border question” reported that:
“President Betancourt [of Venezuela] professes to be greatly concerned
about an independent British Guiana with Cheddi Jagan as Prime Minister.
He suspects that Jagan is already too committed to communism and that his
American wife exercises considerable influence over him . . . This alarm may
be slightly simulated since Betancourt’s solution of the border dispute presupposes
a hostile Jagan.
17 Exchange of Notes between the United Kingdom and Brazil approving the General
Report of the Special Commissioners Appointed to Demarcate the Boundary Line between
British Guiana and Brazil, 15 March 1940 (51 UKTS 1946) at para. 12.
18 D. St. Clair Gainer to JV. T. W. T. Petowne, Foreign Office, London, 3 November
1944 (FO. 371) 38814.
19
Guyane britannique afin de s’assurer de l’exactitude du tripoint au carrefour des
frontières entre le Brésil, la Guyane britannique et le Venezuela, sur la base du
point terminal méridional de la frontière, tel qu’établi par la sentence de 1899 et
l’accord de 1905 17.
39. Jusqu’en 1962, le Venezuela n’a jamais modifié sa position officielle quant
au fait que sa frontière avec la Guyane britannique avait été établie de façon définitive
et permanente par la sentence de 1899 et l’accord de 1905. Ainsi, dans les
échanges diplomatiques entre 1941 et 1943, le ministre vénézuélien des affaires
étrangères, Esteban Gil Borges, a répondu aux préoccupations exprimées par le
Royaume‑Uni à propos de certains articles de presse vénézuéliens en assurant que
la délimitation de la frontière entre la Guyane britannique et le Venezuela était
« chose jugée » et que « ni lui ni son gouvernement » ne partageaient les vues exprimées
par la presse 18.
B. Le changement de position du Venezuela
40. Le 18 décembre 1961, le premier ministre de la Guyane britannique,
Cheddi Jagan, s’adressant à la Quatrième Commission de l’Assemblée générale de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies chargée des politiques spéciales et de la décolonisation,
exprima le souhait que la colonie parvienne rapidement à l’indépendance.
Cette déclaration fut suivie, le 14 février 1962, d’une lettre du représentant permanent
du Venezuela auprès de la Quatrième Commission soutenant officiellement,
pour la première fois depuis la sentence de 1899, qu’« il exist[ait] un différend entre
[s]on pays et le Royaume‑Uni concernant la démarcation de la frontière entre le
Venezuela et la Guyane britannique ». Prenant totalement le contrepied de la position
qui avait jusqu’alors été celle de son pays sur la validité de ladite sentence, il
déclarait, dans un mémorandum joint en annexe à sa lettre :
« La sentence a été le fruit d’une transaction politique conclue dans le dos
du Venezuela et sacrifiant ses droits légitimes. La frontière a été démarquée de
façon arbitraire, sans tenir compte des règles spécifiques établies par l’accord
d’arbitrage ni des principes pertinents du droit international.
Le Venezuela ne saurait reconnaître une sentence rendue dans de telles
conditions. »
41. Il ressort d’éléments de preuve datant de l’époque des faits que le changement
de position du Venezuela, au moment même où la Guyane britannique se
préparait à l’indépendance, n’avait rien d’une simple coïncidence. Dans une lettre
en date du 15 mai 1962 adressée au département d’Etat des Etats‑Unis au sujet de
la « question frontalière », l’ambassadeur américain à Caracas, C. Allan Stewart,
déclara :
« Le président Betancourt [du Venezuela] se dit très préoccupé à l’idée d’une
Guyane britannique indépendante ayant Cheddi Jagan pour premier ministre.
Il soupçonne M. Jagan d’être déjà trop dévoué à la cause du communisme et
d’être très fortement influencé par sa femme américaine… Cette inquiétude est
peut‑être légèrement simulée, puisque la solution que M. Betancourt propose
d’apporter au différend frontalier repose sur l’hostilité supposée de M. Jagan.
17 Echange de notes en date du 15 mars 1940 entre le Royaume‑Uni et le Brésil portant
approbation du rapport général des commissaires spéciaux désignés pour procéder à la
démarcation de la ligne frontière entre la Guyane britannique et le Brésil (UKTS, vol. 51,
1946), par. 12.
18 Note en date du 3 novembre 1944 adressée à J.V. T. W. T. Petowne, ministère britannique
des affaires étrangères, Londres, par D. St. Clair Gainer (FO. 371) 38814.
20
His plan: through a series of conferences with the British before Guiana is
awarded independence a cordon sanitaire would be set up between the present
boundary line and one mutually agreed upon by the two countries (Venezuela
and Britain). Sovereignty of this slice of British Guiana would pass to Venezuela
. . .”
42. Venezuela sought to justify its claim for a major “slice of British Guiana” on
the basis of a secret memorandum, purportedly written in 1944 by Severo
Mallet-
Prevost
— a junior counsel for Venezuela in the 1899 Arbitration — with
instructions that it be made public only upon his death, which it was in 1949. The
memorandum alleged, without claiming or setting forth any evidence of direct knowledge,
that the 1899 Award had been the result of some form of collusion between
the two British arbitrators and the Russian President of the Tribunal. Venezuela
did not invoke this “posthumous document” until 1962, when it raised it as a pretext
for seeking territorial concessions on the eve of Guyana’s independence.
43. With a view to resolving this controversy, the United Kingdom and Venezuela
agreed at the United Nations Fourth Committee in November 1962 to examine
documentary material relevant to the 1899 Award. A joint press communiqué
of 7 November 1963 reported that British and Venezuelan experts would examine
each other’s archives and submit reports on their findings to their respective Governments
as the basis for further discussions. The representative of the United Kingdom
in the Fourth Committee emphasized however that this did not imply any
recognition of Venezuela’s contentions in regard to changing the boundary determined
by the 1899 Award: “In making this offer, I must make it very clear that it
is in no sense an offer to engage in substantive talks about revision of the frontier.
That we cannot do; for we consider that there is no justification for it.” 19
44. The experts subsequently made their respective examinations. According to
the United Kingdom, there was no evidence whatsoever to support Venezuela’s
contention that the 1899 Award is null and void, or of the alleged facts upon which
it purported to rely. Nonetheless, by February 1965 Venezuela had issued an official
map labelling the territory west of the Essequibo River that had been awarded
to the United Kingdom as “Guayana Esequiba” identifying it as the “Zona en
Reclamación”.
C. The 1966 Geneva Agreement
45. The talks between the United Kingdom and Venezuela resulted in the adoption
of the 1966 Geneva Agreement, which was registered with the United Nations
on 5 May 1966. Guyana achieved independence three weeks later, on 26 May 1966,
and expressed its accession to the Agreement. That accession has always been recognized
by Venezuela.
46. Article I of the Agreement called for the establishment of a Mixed Commission
“with the task of seeking satisfactory solutions for the practical settlement of
the controversy between Venezuela and the United Kingdom which has arisen
as the result of the Venezuelan contention that the Arbitral Award of 1899
about the frontier between British Guiana and Venezuela is null and void”.
19 United Nations General Assembly, Seventeenth Session, Special Political Committee,
349th Meeting, 13 November 1962, agenda item 88, UN doc. A/SPC/72.
21
Son plan est le suivant : par une série de conférences avec les Britanniques
avant que l’indépendance ne soit accordée à la Guyane, un cordon sanitaire
serait établi entre la frontière actuelle et une frontière convenue d’un commun
accord entre les deux pays (le Venezuela et la Grande-Bretagne).
La souveraineté
sur cette portion de la Guyane britannique reviendrait au Venezuela. »
42. Le Venezuela tenta de justifier sa revendication d’une « portion de la Guyane
britannique » plus importante en invoquant un mémorandum secret qui aurait été
rédigé en 1944 par Severo Mallet‑Prevost — conseil auxiliaire du Venezuela lors de
l’arbitrage de 1899 — avec pour instruction de le rendre public à sa mort, laquelle
devait survenir en 1949. Il prétendait dans ce mémorandum, sans faire mention ou
état d’une connaissance directe des faits, que la sentence de 1899 avait été le résultat
d’une certaine forme de collusion entre les deux arbitres britanniques et le président
russe du tribunal. Or, ce n’est qu’en 1962 que le Venezuela produisit ce
« document posthume », l’utilisant comme prétexte pour briguer des concessions
territoriales à la veille de l’indépendance du Guyana.
43. Afin de régler ce différend, le Royaume-Uni et le Venezuela convinrent, lors
de la réunion de la Quatrième Commission des Nations Unies de novembre 1962,
d’examiner le matériau documentaire se rapportant à la sentence de 1899. Un communiqué
de presse commun en date du 7 novembre 1963 indiquait que les experts
britanniques et vénézuéliens procéderaient à un examen croisé de leurs archives
respectives et soumettraient leurs conclusions à leur gouvernement, conclusions
qui devaient servir de base aux discussions ultérieures. Le représentant du
Royaume‑Uni devant la Quatrième Commission souligna toutefois que cela n’emportait
nullement reconnaissance des prétentions du Venezuela quant à une revision
du tracé de la frontière établie par la sentence de 1899 : « Je veux qu’il soit bien
clair que, en faisant cette offre, nous n’entendons nullement proposer d’entamer
des négociations en vue d’une revision du tracé de la frontière. C’est là une chose
que nous ne pouvons faire, car, à notre avis, rien ne le justifie. » 19
44. Les experts procédèrent ensuite à leurs examens respectifs. Le Royaume‑Uni
estima qu’il n’existait pas le moindre élément de preuve étayant l’affirmation du
Venezuela selon laquelle la sentence de 1899 aurait été frappée de nullité ou les faits
allégués sur lesquels celui‑ci prétendait s’appuyer. Pourtant, en février 1965, le
Venezuela publiait une carte officielle sur laquelle le territoire situé à l’ouest du
fleuve Essequibo, qui avait été attribué au Royaume‑Uni, était dénommé
« Guayana Esequiba » et qualifié de « Zona en Reclamación ».
C. L’accord de Genève de 1966
45. Les discussions entre le Royaume-Uni et le Venezuela débouchèrent sur
l’adoption de l’accord de Genève de 1966, qui fut enregistré auprès des
Nations Unies le 5 mai de cette même année. Le Guyana accéda à l’indépendance
trois semaines plus tard, le 26 mai 1966, et fit part de son adhésion à l’accord,
laquelle n’a jamais été contestée par le Venezuela.
46. L’article I de l’accord prévoit l’établissement d’une commission mixte
« chargée de rechercher des solutions satisfaisantes pour le règlement pratique
du différend survenu entre le Venezuela et le Royaume-Uni du fait de la position
du Venezuela, qui soutient que la sentence arbitrale de 1899 relative à la
frontière entre la Guyane britannique et le Venezuela est nulle et non avenue ».
19 Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, dix-septième
session, commission politique
spéciale, 349e réunion, 13 novembre 1962, point no 88 de l’ordre du jour, doc. A/SPC/72.
22
47. Article IV, paragraph 1, of the Agreement provided that:
“If, within a period of four years from the date of this Agreement, the
Mixed Commission should not have arrived at a full agreement for the solution
of the controversy it shall, in its final report, refer to the Government of
Guyana and the Government of Venezuela any outstanding questions. Those
Governments shall without delay choose one of the means of peaceful settlement
provided in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations.”
48. The Mixed Commission’s four-year mandate expired on 17 February 1970
without an agreement for the solution of the controversy. The Parties then signed
a Protocol to the Geneva Agreement reaffirming their commitment to it but agreeing
to a moratorium on dispute settlement efforts, which lasted for 12 years. At the
end of that period, the Parties again attempted to reach agreement “on the means
of peaceful settlement provided in Article 33 of the Charter”, as required by Article
IV, paragraph 1, of the Geneva Agreement, but were unable to do so.
49. Accordingly, pursuant to Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Geneva Agreement,
the Parties referred the decision as to the means of settlement to the Secretary-General.
It was in response thereto that successive Secretaries-General
decided
upon settlement by the good offices process, until, finally, on 30 January 2018,
after that means had failed to achieve progress in arriving at a settlement of the
controversy, Secretary-General
Guterres decided that the next means of settlement
is the International Court of Justice.
D. Violations of Guyana’s Sovereignty
and Territorial Integrity
50. From Guyana’s independence in 1966 until the present, Venezuela has
repeatedly violated Guyana’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, including by
sending its military and other officials across the border into Guyanese territory in
violation of the 1899 Award and the 1905 Agreement. These and other actions
have been aimed at pressuring Guyana, a much smaller and weaker neighbour, to
cede the so-called
“Guayana Esequiba” territory west of the Essequibo River to
Venezuela.
51. In October 1966, Venezuelan military forces seized the eastern half of
Ankoko Island in the Cuyuni River, which is on the Guyana side of the boundary
established by the 1899 Award and the 1905 Agreement. Venezuela subsequently
built military installations and an airstrip on this Guyanese territory, and, despite
Guyana’s clear objections and protests, continues to occupy it unlawfully to the
present day.
52. There have been numerous other incursions into and overflights over Guyana’s
sovereign territory by Venezuelan military forces. These include, to provide
just a few examples:
(a) Repeated overflight of Guyanese territory by Venezuelan F-15 fighter jets,
including in October 1999, on the 100th anniversary of the 1899 Award;
(b) The incursion by Venezuelan soldiers and bombing of two Guyanese pontoons
on the Cuyuni River in November 2007;
(c) The landing of Venezuelan soldiers at Eteringbang in August 2013;
(d) The landing of Venezuelan officials at Eteringbang in November 2013 to assert
a claim of Venezuelan sovereignty;
23
47. Le paragraphe 1 de l’article IV de l’accord est ainsi libellé :
« Si, dans les quatre ans qui suivront la date du présent Accord, la Commission
mixte n’est pas arrivée à un accord complet sur la solution du différend,
elle en référera, dans son rapport final, au Gouvernement guyanais et au Gouvernement
vénézuélien pour toutes les questions en suspens. Ces Gouvernements
choisiront sans retard un des moyens de règlement pacifique énoncés à
l’Article 33 de la Charte des Nations Unies. »
48. Le 17 février 1970, le mandat de quatre ans de la commission mixte parvint
à son terme sans qu’une solution au différend eût été trouvée. Les Parties signèrent
alors un protocole à l’accord de Genève, réaffirmant leur engagement à l’égard de
celui‑ci tout en convenant d’un moratoire sur les efforts de règlement du différend,
qui dura douze ans. A l’issue de cette période, les Parties tentèrent de nouveau de
parvenir à un accord par l’« un des moyens de règlement pacifique énoncés à l’article
33 de la Charte », comme prévu au paragraphe 1 de l’article IV de l’accord de
Genève, en vain.
49. En conséquence, conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article IV de l’accord
de Genève, les Parties s’en remirent, pour le choix du moyen de règlement, au
Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies. C’est ainsi que les Secrétaires
généraux successifs se sont prononcés en faveur de la procédure des bons
offices, jusqu’à ce que finalement, le 30 janvier 2018, cette procédure n’ayant pas
permis de progresser sur la voie du règlement du différend, le Secrétaire général,
M. António Guterres, décide de faire du recours à la Cour internationale de Justice
le prochain moyen de règlement.
D. Violations de la souveraineté
et de l’intégrité territoriale du Guyana
50. Depuis l’accession à l’indépendance du Guyana, en 1966, le Venezuela a
violé à maintes reprises sa souveraineté et son intégrité territoriale, notamment en
envoyant des militaires et d’autres agents publics de l’autre côté de la frontière, en
territoire guyanien, en violation de la sentence de 1899 et de l’accord de 1905. Ces
agissements, comme d’autres, visent à exercer des pressions sur le Guyana, Etat
voisin bien plus petit et bien plus faible, pour qu’il cède au Venezuela le territoire
dénommé « Guayana Esequiba », situé à l’ouest du fleuve Essequibo.
51. En octobre 1966, les forces militaires vénézuéliennes ont annexé la moitié
orientale de l’île d’Ankoko, sur la rivière Cuyuni, qui se trouve du côté guyanien de
la frontière établie par la sentence de 1899 et l’accord de 1905. Le Venezuela a
ensuite érigé des installations militaires et aménagé une piste d’atterrissage sur ce
territoire guyanien et, à ce jour, continue de l’occuper de manière illicite, en dépit
des protestations et objections expresses du Guyana.
52. Les forces militaires vénézuéliennes ont procédé à de nombreuses autres
incursions dans le territoire souverain du Guyana, ainsi qu’à des survols de celui-
ci.
Il s’agit notamment, pour ne citer que quelques exemples :
a) du survol répété du territoire guyanien par des avions de chasse vénézuéliens
F‑15, notamment en octobre 1999, au moment du centenaire de la sentence de
1899 ;
b) de l’incursion de soldats vénézuéliens sur deux barges guyaniennes installées sur
la rivière Cuyuni, ainsi que du plasticage de celles-
ci, en novembre 2007 ;
c) de la présence à Eteringbang, en août 2013, de soldats vénézuéliens aéroportés ;
d) de la présence à Eteringbang, en novembre 2013, d’agents publics vénézuéliens
aéroportés afin d’affirmer la souveraineté vénézuélienne ;
24
(e) The incursion and seizure of property by Venezuelan soldiers at Bruk-Up in
June 2014;
(f) The incursion of Venezuelan soldiers near Eteringbang in May 2016, and their
firing of weapons at officials of the Guyana Geology and Mines Commission.
53. Venezuela has also taken or threatened action to interfere with, discourage
and prevent economic development activities authorized by Guyana in the territory
west of the Essequibo River. It has repeatedly blocked Guyanese and foreign
investors from carrying out projects in the territory and its adjacent maritime area,
and threatened to take further similar actions. Examples include:
(a) On 15 June 1968, the notice placed by Venezuela in the London Times expressing
strong exception to and warning against any “concessions either granted
or to be granted by the Guyana Government over the territory stretching to
the West of the Esequivo [sic] River . . .”;
(b) In July 1968, the Decree by President Raúl Leoni asserting Venezuela’s sovereignty
over the land territory west of the Essequibo River, and its concomitant
sovereignty over the territorial waters adjacent to the coast of that territory,
between the boundary fixed by the 1899 Award in the west, and the mouth of
the Essequibo River in the east, a distance of some 250 km beyond the land
boundary terminus at Punta Playa;
(c) In June 1981, the letter by Venezuela to the President of the World Bank
objecting to financing for Guyana’s Mazuruni hydroelectric project;
(d) In June 1982, the demarche by Venezuela to the European Economic Community
to refrain from participation in Guyana’s economic development;
(e) In August 1993, the note from Venezuela’s Foreign Ministry protesting Guyana’s
issuance of concessions in the maritime area directly adjacent to the territory
between the boundary fixed by the 1899 Award in the west, and the
mouth of the Essequibo River in the east;
(f) In July 2000, the intervention by Venezuela with the People’s Republic of
China to object to the issuance of a forestry concession by Guyana to Jilin
Industries, Ltd., a Chinese company;
(g) In August 2013, the seizure by the Venezuelan Navy of the RV Teknik Perdana
research vessel, which had been contracted by Guyana’s United States
licensee, Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, while the vessel was conducting
transitory seismic activities off Guyana’s Essequibo coast. The vessel and its
crew were arrested and detained in Venezuela, resulting in the cessation of all
further exploration activities in Guyana’s waters by the licensee;
(h) In April 2014, the objections from Venezuela against a joint hydroelectric project
planned by Guyana and Brazil;
(i) In September 2014, a diplomatic Note from Venezuela warning Guyana to
refrain from all economic activity west of the Essequibo River;
(j) In July 2015, the Decree issued by President Nicolás Maduro asserting Venezuela’s
sovereignty over the entire Guyanese coast between the boundary
established by the 1899 Award and the mouth of the Essequibo River, and the
assertion of exclusive jurisdiction in all the waters adjacent to that coast out to
a distance beyond 200 nautical miles;
25
e) de l’incursion militaire à Bruk-Up et de la confiscation de biens par des soldats
vénézuéliens, en juin 2014 ;
f) de l’incursion de soldats vénézuéliens près d’Eteringbang en mai 2016,
et de tirs essuyés par des membres de la commission géologique et minière
du Guyana.
53. Le Venezuela a également pris (ou menacé de prendre) des mesures pour
perturber, décourager et entraver les activités de développement économique autorisées
par le Guyana sur le territoire situé à l’ouest du fleuve Essequibo. Il a empêché,
en différentes occasions, des investisseurs guyaniens et étrangers de mener à
bien des projets sur ce territoire et dans sa zone maritime adjacente, tout en menaçant
d’entreprendre d’autres actions similaires. A titre d’exemple :
a) le 15 juin 1968, le Venezuela a fait paraître dans le London Times une annonce
exprimant sa ferme opposition, accompagnée d’une mise en garde à l’égard de
toute « concession déjà accordée ou destinée à l’être par le gouvernement guyanien
sur le territoire s’étendant à l’ouest du fleuve Esequivo [sic] … » ;
b) en juillet 1968, le président Raúl Leoni a pris un décret affirmant la souveraineté
du Venezuela sur le territoire terrestre situé à l’ouest du fleuve Essequibo, et par
conséquent sur les eaux territoriales adjacentes au littoral bordant ce territoire,
entre la frontière établie par la sentence de 1899 à l’ouest, et l’embouchure du
fleuve Essequibo à l’est, quelque 250 kilomètres au‑delà du point terminal de la
frontière terrestre à Punta Playa ;
c) en juin 1981, le Venezuela a adressé une lettre au président de la Banque mondiale
pour protester contre le financement d’un projet hydroélectrique guyanien
sur la rivière Mazuruni ;
d) en juin 1982, le Venezuela a effectué une démarche auprès de la Communauté
économique européenne pour que celle-
ci s’abstienne de prendre part au développement
économique du Guyana ;
e) en août 1993, le ministère vénézuélien des affaires étrangères a, dans une note,
protesté contre l’octroi de concessions dans l’espace maritime directement adjacent
au territoire situé entre la frontière établie par la sentence de 1899 à l’ouest,
et l’embouchure du fleuve Essequibo à l’est ;
f) en juillet 2000, le Venezuela est intervenu auprès de la République populaire de
Chine pour protester contre l’octroi, par le Guyana, d’une concession forestière
à Jilin Industries, Ltd, une entreprise chinoise ;
g) en août 2013, la marine vénézuélienne a procédé à la saisie du navire de
recherche RV Teknik Perdana, qui avait été affrété par une société américaine
bénéficiaire d’une licence guyanienne, Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, alors
que le navire procédait à l’observation d’activités sismiques transitoires au large
de la côte guyanienne, au large de l’embouchure de l’Essequibo. L’équipage a
été arrêté et placé en détention au Venezuela et le navire saisi, avec pour conséquence
la cessation de toute activité de prospection dans les eaux guyaniennes
par le bénéficiaire de la licence ;
h) en avril 2014, le Venezuela a protesté contre un projet hydroélectrique conjoint
du Guyana et du Brésil ;
i) en septembre 2014, le Venezuela a, par une note diplomatique, appelé le
Guyana à s’abstenir de toute activité économique à l’ouest du fleuve
Essequibo ;
j) en juillet 2015, le président Nicolás Maduro a pris un décret revendiquant la
souveraineté du Venezuela sur l’ensemble du littoral guyanien situé entre la
frontière établie par la sentence de 1899 et l’embouchure du fleuve Essequibo,
en même temps que sa juridiction exclusive sur l’ensemble des eaux adjacentes
à cette côte jusqu’à 200 milles marins et au‑delà ;
26
(k) In August 2015, the objection by Venezuela to mining concessions issued by
the Guyana Geology and Mines Commission;
(l) In February 2018, the objection by Venezuela to Guyana’s issuance of petroleum
licenses to Exxon in waters adjacent to the mouth of the Essequibo
River, and Venezuela’s warning that Guyana and its licensee should not take
any actions under that license; and
(m) In February 2018, the protest by Venezuela regarding the issuance of concessions
on Guyana’s land territory by the Guyana Forestry Commission to
Rong-An Inc. and RL Sudhram.
54. Guyana has reason to fear further violations of its sovereignty by its more
powerful neighbour, absent a definitive settlement of the controversy by the Court.
According to Venezuela’s 31 January 2018 communiqué:
“The President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro
Moros, guarantees the Venezuelan people that they will continue defending
the sovereign rights over the Guayana Esequiba and calls for national unity to
protect the most sacred interests of the nation.
Venezuela’s sun rises in the Essequibo.”
IV. Decision Requested
55. Based on the foregoing, and as further developed in the written pleadings in
accordance with any Order that may be issued by the Court, Guyana requests the
Court to adjudge and declare that:
(a) The 1899 Award is valid and binding upon Guyana and Venezuela, and the
boundary established by that Award and the 1905 Agreement is valid and
binding upon Guyana and Venezuela;
(b) Guyana enjoys full sovereignty over the territory between the Essequibo River
and the boundary established by the 1899 Award and the 1905 Agreement,
and Venezuela enjoys full sovereignty over the territory west of that boundary;
Guyana and Venezuela are under an obligation to fully respect each other’s
sovereignty and territorial integrity in accordance with the boundary established
by the 1899 Award and the 1905 Agreement;
(c) Venezuela shall immediately withdraw from and cease its occupation of the
eastern half of the Island of Ankoko, and each and every other territory which
is recognized as Guyana’s sovereign territory in accordance with the
1899 Award and 1905 Agreement;
(d) Venezuela shall refrain from threatening or using force against any person
and/or company licensed by Guyana to engage in economic or commercial
activity in Guyanese territory as determined by the 1899 Award and
1905 Agreement, or in any maritime areas appurtenant to such territory over
which Guyana has sovereignty or exercises sovereign rights, and shall not
interfere with any Guyanese or Guyanese-authorized
activities in those areas;
(e) Venezuela is internationally responsible for violations of Guyana’s sovereignty
and sovereign rights, and for all injuries suffered by Guyana as a consequence.
27
k) en août 2015, le Venezuela a protesté contre l’octroi de concessions minières par
la commission géologique et minière du Guyana ;
l) en février 2018, le Venezuela a contesté la délivrance, par le Guyana, de permis
pétroliers à Exxon dans les eaux adjacentes à l’embouchure du fleuve Essequibo,
et a mis en garde le Guyana et la société Exxon contre toute opération au titre
de ces permis ;
m) en février 2018, le Venezuela a protesté contre l’octroi de concessions en territoire
terrestre guyanien par la commission forestière du Guyana à Rong-An
Inc. et RL Sudhram.
54. Faute de règlement définitif du différend par la Cour, le Guyana a tout lieu
de craindre que son puissant voisin commette de nouvelles violations de sa souveraineté.
Dans un communiqué publié le 31 janvier 2018,
« Le président de la République bolivarienne du Venezuela, Nicolás
Maduro Moros, assure au peuple vénézuélien qu’il continuera à défendre les
droits souverains sur la Guayana Esequiba, et appelle à l’unité nationale pour
protéger les intérêts sacrés de la nation.
Le soleil vénézuélien se lève dans l’Essequibo. »
IV. Décision demandée
55. Compte tenu de ce qui précède, et ainsi qu’il l’exposera plus en détail dans
les pièces de procédure écrite qu’il soumettra conformément à toute ordonnance
que la Cour rendra, le Guyana prie celle‑ci de dire et juger que :
a) la sentence de 1899 est valide et revêt un caractère obligatoire pour le
Guyana et le Venezuela, et que la frontière établie par ladite sentence et l’accord
de 1905 est valide et revêt un caractère obligatoire pour le Guyana et le
Venezuela ;
b) le Guyana jouit de la pleine souveraineté sur le territoire situé entre le fleuve
Essequibo et la frontière établie par la sentence arbitrale de 1899 et l’accord
de 1905, et que le Venezuela jouit de la pleine souveraineté sur le territoire
situé à l’ouest de ladite frontière ; que le Guyana et le Venezuela sont tenus
au respect mutuel, plein et entier, de leur souveraineté et de leur intégrité territoriale
sur la base de la frontière établie par la sentence arbitrale de 1899 et
l’accord de 1905 ;
c) le Venezuela doit immédiatement se retirer de la moitié orientale de l’île d’Ankoko
et cesser d’occuper celle-
ci, et agir de même s’agissant de tout autre territoire
dont il est reconnu dans la sentence arbitrale de 1899 et l’accord de 1905
qu’il relève de la souveraineté territoriale du Guyana ;
d) le Venezuela doit s’abstenir de recourir à la menace ou à l’emploi de la force
contre toute personne physique ou morale autorisée par le Guyana à mener une
activité économique ou commerciale sur le territoire guyanien tel que défini par
la sentence arbitrale de 1899 et l’accord de 1905, ou dans tout espace maritime
généré par ledit territoire et sur lequel le Guyana a souveraineté ou exerce des
droits souverains, ainsi que d’y entraver toute activité menée par le Guyana ou
avec son autorisation ;
e) la responsabilité internationale du Venezuela est engagée à raison de violations
de la souveraineté et des droits souverains du Guyana et de tous les préjudices
subis en conséquence par celui‑ci.
28
V. Reservation of Rights
56. Guyana reserves its right to supplement or amend the present Application.
VI. Appointment of Agent and Co-Agents
57. Guyana has appointed the Honourable Carl Greenidge, Minister of Foreign
Affairs of Guyana, as Agent for the proceedings, and Sir Shridath Ramphal
and Audrey Waddell as Co‑Agents.
58. It is requested that all communications be notified to the Agent and Co-Agents
at the following postal and e‑mail addresses:
(a) Postal address:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Co-operative
Republic of Guyana,
Takuba Lodge,
254 South Road,
Georgetown, Guyana
(b) E‑mail addresses:
(i) Agent: [email protected]
(ii) Co-Agent Sir Shridath Ramphal: [email protected]
(iii) Co-Agent Ambassador Audrey Waddell: [email protected]
Respectfully,
29 March 2018.
(Signed) Hon. Carl B. Greenidge,
Vice-President
and Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Co-operative
Republic of Guyana,
Agent.
29
V. Réserve de droits
56. Le Guyana se réserve le droit de compléter ou de modifier la présente
requête.
VI. Désignation d’un agent et de coagents
57. Le Guyana désigne aux fins de la présente instance M. Carl Greenidge,
ministre des affaires étrangères, comme agent ; et sir Shridath Ramphal et
Mme Audrey Waddell comme coagents.
58. Il est demandé que toutes communications soient transmises à l’agent et aux
coagents aux adresses postale et électroniques suivantes :
a) Adresse postale :
Ministère des affaires étrangères, République coopérative du Guyana,
Takuba Lodge,
254 South Road,
Georgetown, Guyana
b) Adresses électroniques :
i) agent : [email protected]
ii) sir Shridath Ramphal, coagent : [email protected]
iii) Mme Audrey Waddell, coagent : [email protected]
Respectueusement,
Le 29 mars 2018.
L’agent,
vice-président
et ministre des affaires étrangères,
République coopérative du Guyana,
(Signé) M. Carl B. Greenidge.
30
CERTIFICATION
I certify that the annexes are true copies of the documents reproduced therein.
(Signed) Hon. Carl B. Greenidge,
Vice-President
and Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Co-operative
Republic of Guyana,
Agent.
31
CERTIFICATION
[Traduction du Greffe]
Je soussigné, agent de la République coopérative du Guyana, certifie que
les documents présentés en annexe sont des copies conformes des documents
originaux.
L’agent,
vice-président
et ministre des affaires étrangères,
République coopérative du Guyana,
(Signé) M. Carl B. Greenidge.
32
20
LIST OF ANNEXES*
Annex 1. Treaty of Arbitration between Great Britain and the United States of
Venezuela, signed at Washington, 2 February 1897.
Annex 2. Award regarding the Boundary between the Colony of British Guiana
and the United States of Venezuela, decision of 3 October 1899.
Annex 3. Agreement between the British and Venezuelan Boundary Commissioners
with regard to the Map of the Boundary, 10 January 1905.
Annex 4. Agreement to Resolve the Controversy between Venezuela and the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland over the
Frontier between Venezuela and British Guiana, signed at Geneva,
17 February 1966.
Annex 5. Letters from Secretary-General
U Thant to Dr. Ignacio Iribarren,
Borges Minister from Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Venezuela
and the Rt. Hon. Lord Caradon, Permanent Representative of
the United Kingdom to the United Nations, 4 April 1966.
Annex 6. Letter from Secretary-General
Ban Ki-moon to H.E. Mr. David
Arthur Granger, President of the Republic of Guyana, 15 December
2016.
Annex 7. Letter from Secretary-General
António Guterres to H.E. Mr. David
Arthur Granger, President of the Republic of Guyana, 30 January
2018.
*Annexes not reproduced in print version, but available in electronic version on the
Court’s website (http://www.icj-cij.org, under “cases”).
33
20
LISTE DES ANNEXES*
Annexe 1. Traité d’arbitrage entre la Grande-Bretagne
et les Etats-Unis du
Venezuela, signé le 2 février 1897 à Washington.
Annexe 2. Sentence arbitrale relative à la frontière entre la colonie de la Guyane
britannique et les Etats-Unis du Venezuela, décision du 3 octobre 1899.
Annexe 3. Accord conclu le 10 janvier 1905 par les commissaires britanniques et
vénézuéliens concernant la carte de la frontière.
Annexe 4. Accord tendant à régler le différend entre le Venezuela et le Royaume-
Uni de Grande-Bretagne
et d’Irlande du Nord relatif à la frontière
entre le Venezuela et la Guyane britannique, signé à Genève le
17 février 1966.
Annexe 5. Lettres en date du 4 avril 1966 adressées à M. Ignacio Iribarren
Borges, ministre des affaires étrangères de la République du Venezuela,
et au très honorable lord Caradon, représentant permanent du
Royaume-Uni auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, par
U Thant, Secrétaire général de l’Organisation.
Annexe 6. Lettre en date du 15 décembre 2016 adressée à S. Exc. M. David Arthur
Granger, président de la République du Guyana, par M. Ban Kimoon,
Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies.
Annexe 7. Lettre en date du 30 janvier 2018 adressée à S. Exc. M. David Arthur
Granger, président de la République du Guyana, par M. António
Guterres, Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies.
* Annexes non reproduites en version papier, mais disponibles en version électronique
sur le site Internet de la Cour (http://www.icj-cij.org, onglet « affaires »).

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