7 DÉCEMBRE 2016
ORDONNANCE
IMMUNITÉS ET PROCÉDURES PÉNALES
(GUINÉE ÉQUATORIALE c. FRANCE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
___________
IMMUNITIES AND CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
(EQUATORIAL GUINEA v. FRANCE)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
7 DECEMBER 2016
ORDER INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2016
2016
7 December
General List
No. 163
7 December 2016
IMMUNITIES AND CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
(EQUATORIAL GUINEA v. FRANCE)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER
Present: Vice-President USUF, Acting President; President A BRAHAM ; Judges OWADA ,
TOMKA , BENNOUNA , CANÇADO T RINDADE , GREENWOOD , XUE, DONOGHUE , GAJA,
SEBUTINDE , HANDARI , ROBINSON , RAWFORD , GEVORGIAN ; Judge ad hoc ATEKA ;
Registrar OUVREUR .
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and Articles 73, 74 and 75 of
the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order:
Whereas: - 2 -
1. On 13 June 2016, the Government of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea (hereinafter
“Equatorial Guinea”) filed in the Registry of the Court an Application instituting proceedings
against the French Republic (hereinafter “France”) with regard to a dispute concerning
“the immunity from criminal jurisdiction of the Second Vice-President of the Republic
of Equatorial Guinea in charge of Defence and State Security
[Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue], and the legal status of the building which
houses the Embassy of Equatorial Guinea, both as premises of the diplomatic mission
and as State property”.
2. At the end of its Application, Equatorial Guinea
“respectfully requests the Court:
(a) With regard to the French Republic’s failure to respect the sovereignty of the
Republic of Equatorial Guinea,
(i) to adjudge and declare that the French Republic has breached its obligation to
respect the principles of the sovereign equality of States and non-interference
in the internal affairs of another State, owed to the Republic of Equatorial
Guinea in accordance with international law, by permitting its courts to
initiate criminal legal proceedings against the Second Vice-President of
Equatorial Guinea for alleged offences which, even if they were established,
quod non, would fall solely within the jurisdiction of the courts of Equatorial
Guinea, and by allowing its courts to order the attachment of a building
belonging to the Republic of Equatorial Guinea and used for the purposes of
that country’s diplomatic mission in France;
(b) With regard to the Second Vice-President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea in
charge of Defence and State Security,
(i) to adjudge and declare that, by initiating criminal proceedings against the
Second Vice-President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea in charge of
Defence and State Security, His Excellency Mr. Teodoro Nguema
Obiang Mangue, the French Republic has acted and is continuing to act in
violation of its obligations under international law, notably the United
Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and general
international law;
(ii) to order the French Republic to take all necessary measures to put an end to
any ongoing proceedings against the Second Vice-President of the Republic
of Equatorial Guinea in charge of Defence and State Security;
(iii) to order the French Republic to take all necessary measures to prevent further
violations of the immunity of the Second Vice-President of Equatorial
Guinea in charge of Defence and State Security and to ensure, in particular,
that its courts do not initiate any criminal proceedings against the Second
Vice-President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea in the future; - 3 -
(c) With regard to the building located at 42 avenue Foch in Paris,
(i) to adjudge and declare that, by attaching the building located at 42 avenue
Foch in Paris, the property of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea and used for
the purposes of that country’s diplomatic mission in France, the French
Republic is in breach of its obligations under international law, notably the
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and the United Nations
Convention [against Transnational Organized Crime], as well as general
international law;
(ii) to order the French Republic to recognize the status of the building located at
42 avenue Foch in Paris as the property of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea,
and as the premises of its diplomatic mission in Paris, and, accordingly, to
ensure its protection as required by international law;
(d) In view of all the violations by the French Republic of international obligations
owed to the Republic of Equatorial Guinea,
(i) to adjudge and declare that the responsibility of the French Republic is
engaged on account of the harm that the violations of its international
obligations have caused and are continuing to cause to the Republic of
Equatorial Guinea;
(ii) to order the French Republic to make full reparation to the Republic of
Equatorial Guinea for the harm suffered, the amount of which shall be
determined at a later stage.”
3. In its Application, Equatorial Guinea seeks to found the Court’s jurisdiction, first, on the
Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes to the Vienna Convention on
Diplomatic Relations of 18 April 1961 (hereinafter the “Optional Protocol”), and, second, on
Article 35 of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime of
15 November 2000 (hereinafter the “Convention against Transnational Organized Crime”).
4. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, the Registrar
immediately communicated the Application to the French Government. He also notified the
Secretary-General of the United Nations of this filing.
5. Pending the notification provided for by Article 40, paragraph 3, of the Statute by
transmission of the printed bilingual text of the Application to the Members of the United Nations
through the Secretary-General, the Registrar informed those States of the filing of the Application
and its subject.
6. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of Equatorial Guinea,
the latter proceeded to exercise the right conferred upon it by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute
to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case; it chose Mr. James Kateka. - 4 -
7. By an Order dated 1 July 2016, the Court fixed 3 January 2017 and 3 July 2017 as the
respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by Equatorial Guinea and a Counter-Memorial
by France.
8. On 29 September 2016, Equatorial Guinea submitted a Request for the indication of
provisional measures, referring to Article 41 of the Statute and to Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the
Rules of Court.
9. At the end of its Request for the indication of provisional measures, Equatorial Guinea
asks the Court, “pending its judgment on the merits, to indicate the following provisional measures:
(a) that France suspend all the criminal proceedings brought against the
Vice-President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, and refrain from launching
new proceedings against him, which might aggravate or extend the dispute
submitted to the Court;
(b) that France ensure that the building located at 42 avenue Foch in Paris is treated as
premises of Equatorial Guinea’s diplomatic mission in France and, in particular,
assure its inviolability, and that those premises, together with their furnishings and
other property thereon, or previously thereon, are protected from any intrusion or
damage, any search, requisition, attachment or any other measure of constraint;
(c) that France refrain from taking any other measure that might cause prejudice to the
rights claimed by Equatorial Guinea and/or aggravate or extend the dispute
submitted to the Court, or compromise the implementation of any decision which
the Court might render.”
10. Equatorial Guinea also requested “the President of the Court, as provided for in
Article 74, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court, to call upon France to act in such a way as will
enable any order the Court may make on the request for provisional measures to have its
appropriate effect”.
11. The Registrar immediately transmitted a copy of the Request for the indication of
provisional measures to the French Government, in accordance with Article 73, paragraph 2, of the
Rules of Court. He also notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations of this filing.
12. By a letter dated 3 October 2016, the Vice-President of the Court, acting as President in
the case, drew the attention of France, in accordance with Article 74, paragraph 4, of the Rules of
Court, “to the need to act in such a way as will enable any order the Court may make on the request
for provisional measures to have its appropriate effects”. - 5 -
13. A copy of that letter was transmitted, for information, to the Government of Equatorial
Guinea.
14. By a letter dated 3 October 2016, the Registrar informed the Parties that, pursuant to
Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules, the Court had fixed 17, 18 and 19 October 2016 as the dates
for the oral proceedings on the request for the indication of provisional measures.
15. On 14 October 2016, France submitted to the Court several documents related to the
case.
16. At the public hearings held on 17, 18 and 19 October 2016, oral observations on the
request for the indication of provisional measures were presented by:
On behalf of Equatorial Guinea: H.E. Mr. Carmelo Nvono Nca,
Mr. Jean-Charles Tchikaya,
Sir Michael Wood,
Mr. Maurice Kamto.
On behalf of France: Mr. François Alabrune,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Hervé Ascensio.
17. At the end of its second round of oral observations, Equatorial Guinea asked the Court to
indicate the following provisional measures:
“On the basis of the facts and law set out in our Request of 29 September 2016,
and in the course of the present hearing, Equatorial Guinea respectfully asks the Court,
pending its judgment on the merits, to indicate the following provisional measures:
(a) that France suspend all the criminal proceedings brought against the
Vice-President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, and refrain from launching
new proceedings against him, which might aggravate or extend the dispute
submitted to the Court;
(b) that France ensure that the building located at 42 avenue Foch in Paris is treated as
premises of Equatorial Guinea’s diplomatic mission in France and, in particular,
assure its inviolability, and that those premises, together with their furnishings and
other property thereon, or previously thereon, are protected from any intrusion or
damage, any search, requisition, attachment, confiscation or any other measure of
constraint;
(c) that France refrain from taking any other measure that might cause prejudice to the
rights claimed by Equatorial Guinea and/or aggravate or extend the dispute
submitted to the Court, or compromise the implementation of any decision which
the Court might render.” - 6 -
18. At the end of its second round of oral observations, France made the following statement:
“For the reasons explained by its representatives at the hearings on the request
for the indication of provisional measures in the case concerning Immunities and
Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), the French Republic asks the
Court:
(i) to remove the case from its List;
(ii) or, failing that, to reject all the requests for provisional measures made by
Equatorial Guinea.”
19. During the hearings, questions were put by certain Members of the Court to Equatorial
Guinea, to which replies were given in writing. Availing itself of the possibility given to it by the
Court, France submitted written comments on Equatorial Guinea’s replies to those questions.
*
* *
I. Factual background
20. Beginning in 2007, certain associations and private individuals lodged complaints with
the Paris public prosecutor against certain African Heads of State and members of their families in
respect of allegations of “misappropriation of public funds in their country of origin, the proceeds
of which have allegedly been invested in France”.
21. One of these complaints, filed on 2 December 2008 by the association Transparency
International France, was declared admissible by the French courts, and a judicial investigation was
opened in respect of the handling of misappropriated public funds, complicity in the
misappropriation of public funds, misuse of corporate assets and complicity in misuse of corporate
assets, and concealment of each of these offences. The investigation focused, in particular, on the
methods used to finance the acquisition of movable and immovable assets in France by several
individuals, including the son of the President of Equatorial Guinea, Mr. Teodoro Nguema
Obiang Mangue, who was at the time Minister for Agriculture and Forestry of Equatorial Guinea.
22. The investigations more specifically concerned the way in which Mr. Teodoro Nguema
Obiang Mangue acquired various objects of considerable value and a building located at 42 avenue
Foch in Paris. On 28 September 2011, cars belonging to Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue,
that were parked at 42 avenue Foch, were attached and removed by the police. On 14, 15 and
16 February 2012, searches of the building at 42 avenue Foch were conducted, during which
additional items were attached and removed. The investigating judge considered that the - 7 -
investigations had shown, inter alia, that the building had been wholly or partly paid for out of the
proceeds of the offences under investigation and that its real owner was
Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue. He consequently ordered the attachment (saisie pénale
immobilière) of the building on 19 July 2012. This decision was subsequently upheld by the
Chambre de l’instruction, before which Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue had lodged an
appeal.
23. As part of the investigation, the police questioned a number of individuals. In particular,
they sought to question Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue on two occasions in 2012.
Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, who became Second Vice-President of Equatorial Guinea
in charge of Defence and State Security on 21 May 2012, maintained that he was immune from the
jurisdiction of the French Courts and declined to appear.
24. An arrest warrant was issued against Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue on
13 July 2012. He challenged this measure before the Chambre de l’instruction, but that court took
the view that he was not entitled to any form of immunity from criminal process in respect of acts
allegedly committed by him in France in his private capacity. It further noted that he had refused
to appear or to respond to the summonses sent to him.
25. Since they were unable to question him, the French judicial authorities, by a request
dated 14 November 2013, sought international mutual assistance in criminal matters from the
Equatorial Guinean judicial authorities, under Article 18 of the Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime, asking them to transmit a summons to Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue to
attend a first appearance.
26. The judicial authorities of Equatorial Guinea accepted the request for mutual assistance
on 4 March 2014. They then executed that request and, on 18 March 2014, following a hearing
held in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, in which the French investigating judges participated by
videolink, Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue was indicted by the French judiciary
“for having in Paris and on national territory during 1997 and until October 2011 . . .
assisted in making hidden investments or in converting the direct or indirect proceeds
of a felony or misdemeanour . . . by acquiring a number of movable and immovable
assets and paying for a number of services”.
On 19 March 2014, a notice cancelling the summons (avis de cessation de recherches) for
Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue was issued by the French investigating judge.
27. On 31 July 2014, Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue applied to the Chambre de
l’instruction de la Cour d’appel to annul the indictment, on the ground that he enjoyed immunity
from jurisdiction in his capacity as Second Vice-President of Equatorial Guinea in charge of
Defence and State Security. However, the Cour d’appel rejected his application by a judgment of
11 August 2015. The Cour de cassation, by a judgment of 15 December 2015, rejected the
argument that Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue enjoyed immunity and upheld the indictment. - 8 -
28. The investigation was declared to be completed and, on 23 May 2016, the Financial
Prosecutor filed final submissions “seeking separation of the complaints, their dismissal or their
referral to the Tribunal correctionnel”. On 5 September 2016, the investigating judges of the Paris
Tribunal de grande instance ordered the referral of Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue — who,
by a presidential decree of 21 June 2016, had been appointed as the Vice-President of Equatorial
Guinea in charge of Defence and State Security — for trial before the Tribunal Correctionnel for
alleged offences committed between 1997 and October 2011. On 21 September 2016, the
Financial Prosecutor issued a summons ordering Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue to appear
before the 32nd Chambre correctionnelle of the Paris Tribunal correctionnel on 24 October 2016
for a “hearing on the merits”.
29. The Assistant Financial Prosecutor subsequently informed Mr. Teodoro Nguema
Obiang Mangue’s counsel, in an e-mail dated 26 September 2016, that the hearing was merely
intended to “raise a procedural issue”. He explained that, having noted an irregularity (namely, that
the operative part of the referral order did not mention the relevant texts setting out the
criminalization and punishment of offences), the Public Prosecutor’s Office was of the view that
the Tribunal correctionnel should settle that issue before addressing the merits of the case.
30. On 24 October 2016, the Tribunal correctionnel sent the proceedings back to the Public
Prosecutor’s Office so that it could return the case to the investigating judge for the purpose of
regularizing the referral order; it also stated that the trial hearings would be held from 2 to
12 January 2017.
II. Prima facie jurisdiction
31. The Court may indicate provisional measures only if the provisions relied on by the
Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which its jurisdiction could be founded, but need
not satisfy itself in a definitive manner that it has jurisdiction as regards the merits of the case (see,
for example, Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data
(Timor-Leste v. Australia), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 March 2014, I.C.J. Reports 2014,
p. 151, para. 18).
32. In the present case, Equatorial Guinea seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court, first,
on Article 35 of the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and, second, on the
Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (see paragraph 3 above).
However, at the hearings, Equatorial Guinea relied only upon Article 35 in respect of its claim
regarding the immunity of Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue. The Court will therefore
proceed on the basis that the Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention is invoked by Equatorial
Guinea only in relation to the claim regarding the alleged inviolability of the premises at 42 avenue
Foch.
33. The Court must therefore first seek to determine whether the jurisdictional clauses
contained in these instruments do indeed confer upon it prima facie jurisdiction to rule on the
merits, enabling it — if the other necessary conditions are fulfilled — to indicate provisional
measures. - 9 -
34. Equatorial Guinea and France ratified the Convention against Transnational Organized
Crime on 7 February 2003 and 29 October 2002, respectively. Neither of them entered
reservations to that instrument, which came into force on 29 September 2003. Further, Equatorial
Guinea and France have been parties to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
(hereinafter the “Vienna Convention”) since 29 September 1976 and 30 January 1971 respectively,
and to the Optional Protocol since 4 December 2014 and 30 January 1971, respectively. Neither
Equatorial Guinea nor France entered reservations to the Protocol.
35. Article 35 of the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime provides that:
“1. States Parties shall endeavour to settle disputes concerning the interpretation
or application of this Convention through negotiation.
2. Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation
or application of this Convention that cannot be settled through negotiation within a
reasonable time shall, at the request of one of those States Parties, be submitted to
arbitration. If, six months after the date of the request for arbitration, those States
Parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those
States Parties may refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice by request in
accordance with the Statute of the Court.”
36. As regards the Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention, its first three articles read as
follows:
“Article I
Disputes arising out of the interpretation or application of the Convention shall
lie within the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice and may
accordingly be brought before the Court by an application made by any party to the
dispute being a Party to the present Protocol.
Article II
The parties may agree, within a period of two months after one party has
notified its opinion to the other that a dispute exists, to resort not to the International
Court of Justice but to an arbitral tribunal. After the expiry of the said period, either
party may bring the dispute before the Court by an application.
Article III
1. Within the same period of two months, the parties may agree to adopt a
conciliation procedure before resorting to the International Court of Justice. - 10 -
2. The conciliation commission shall make its recommendations within five
months after its appointment. If its recommendations are not accepted by the parties to
the dispute within two months after they have been delivered, either party may bring
the dispute before the Court by an application.”
37. The Court notes that both Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime and Article I of the Optional Protocol make the Court’s jurisdiction
conditional on the existence of a dispute arising out of the interpretation or application of the
Convention to which they relate. At this stage of the proceedings, the Court must first establish
whether, prima facie, such a dispute existed on the date the Application was filed, since, as a
general rule, it is on that date, according to the jurisprudence of the Court, that its jurisdiction must
be determined (see Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 148, para. 46).
38. The Court also notes that the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime sets out
procedural requirements with which the parties must comply after a dispute arises in order for the
Court to have jurisdiction. Under Article 35, paragraph 2, of that instrument, the dispute referred to
the Court must be a dispute that “cannot be settled through negotiation within a reasonable time”.
That provision also states that the dispute must be submitted to arbitration at the request of one of
the parties to the dispute and that it may be referred to the Court only if the parties are unable to
agree on the organization of the arbitration within six months of the date of the request.
39. Article I of the Optional Protocol does not impose any procedural requirements.
However, Articles II and III of that instrument provide that parties may resort to alternative
methods of dispute settlement, namely arbitration and conciliation; in such circumstances, the
seisin of the Court is subject to certain preconditions.
40. The Court therefore will have to consider these different procedural aspects of the
Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and of the Optional Protocol, if it considers
that there exists, prima facie, a dispute arising out of “the interpretation or application” of the
conventions concerned.
(1)The Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
41. Equatorial Guinea asserts that a dispute exists between the Parties concerning the
application of Article 4 of the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. That provision,
entitled “Protection of sovereignty”, reads as follows:
“1. States Parties shall carry out their obligations under this Convention in a
manner consistent with the principles of sovereign equality and territorial integrity of
States and that of non-intervention in the domestic affairs of other States. - 11 -
2. Nothing in this Convention entitles a State Party to undertake in the territory
of another State the exercise of jurisdiction and performance of functions that are
reserved exclusively for the authorities of that other State by its domestic law.”
42. In its Request for the indication of provisional measures, Equatorial Guinea contends that
“[t]he personal immunity of the Vice-President” and “the inviolability of the building” located at
42 avenue Foch in Paris “derive from the principles of sovereign equality of States and
non-interference in States’ internal affairs”, principles to which reference is explicitly made in
Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention. While it accepts that the claim in respect of the building
at 42 avenue Foch and the one relating to the immunity of the Vice-President are closely linked in
the criminal proceedings instituted in France, Equatorial Guinea maintains that jurisdiction in
respect of one claim is not dependent upon jurisdiction in respect of the other.
43. According to Equatorial Guinea, Article 4 of the Convention is not merely a “general
guideline”, in light of which the other provisions of the Convention should be interpreted. The
principles of sovereign equality and non-intervention to which that Article refers encompass
important rules of customary or general international law, in particular those relating to the
immunities of States and the immunity of certain holders of high-ranking office in the State. In the
Applicant’s view, the rules in question are binding on States when they apply the Convention as
they are embodied in the above-mentioned principles. Equatorial Guinea thus claims that, when
initiating proceedings against the Vice-President of Equatorial Guinea, France was obliged, in
applying the Convention — and in particular Articles 6 (Criminalization of the laundering of
proceeds of crime), 12 (Confiscation and seizure), 14 (Disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime or
property) and 18 (Mutual legal assistance) thereof — to respect the rules relating to the immunity
ratione personae of the Vice-President of Equatorial Guinea, deriving from Article 4 of that
instrument. It adds that the provision on the basis of which France initiated proceedings against the
Vice-President of Equatorial Guinea (Art. 324-1 of the French Penal Code) represents
implementing legislation for the Convention.
*
44. For its part, France denies the existence of a dispute concerning the application of the
Convention, and, consequently, that the Court has jurisdiction. In its view, the reference in
Article 4 to the principles of sovereign equality and territorial integrity of States, and to that of
non-intervention in the domestic affairs of other States, indicates the manner in which the other
provisions of the Convention must be applied. France thus maintains that Article 4, paragraph 1, is
merely a “general guideline . . . which clarifies the manner in which the other provisions of the
treaty should be implemented”; it does not give rise to autonomous legal obligations.
45. France adds that the provisions of the Convention which Equatorial Guinea claims were
not implemented in accordance with the principles set out in Article 4 of that instrument (Arts. 6,
12, 14 and 18), for the most part (Arts. 6, 12 and 14) do nothing more than oblige States to legislate
or regulate. As regards Article 18 of the Convention, France notes that it requested mutual legal - 12 -
assistance from Equatorial Guinea in this case and that the latter raised not the slightest objection
on the basis of the rules relating to the immunity ratione personae of its Vice-President. France
further observes that the proceedings against Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue were instituted
not on the basis of the Convention, but under provisions of the French Penal Code, provisions
which “were in no way adopted to give effect to the Convention”, since French criminal legislation
was already “in complete conformity with the obligations laid down by the . . . Convention”.
46. Consequently, France considers that the Court has no jurisdiction, on the basis of
Article 35, paragraph 2, of the said Convention, to entertain Equatorial Guinea’s requests
concerning the alleged violation of its sovereignty and the purported interference by France in its
domestic affairs. In particular, it asserts that the Court has no jurisdiction to entertain Equatorial
Guinea’s requests relating to the immunity ratione personae claimed by Mr. Teodoro Nguema
Obiang Mangue.
* *
47. It is clear from the case file that the Parties have expressed differing views on Article 4
of the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Nonetheless, in order to determine,
even prima facie, whether a dispute within the meaning of Article 35, paragraph 2, of the
Convention exists, the Court cannot limit itself to noting that one of the Parties maintains that the
Convention applies, while the other denies it. It must ascertain whether the acts complained of by
Equatorial Guinea are prima facie capable of falling within the provisions of that instrument and
whether, as a consequence, the dispute is one which the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae to
entertain pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Convention (see Legality of Use of Force
(Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I),
p. 137, para. 38).
48. The Court notes that the obligations under the Convention consist mainly in requiring the
States parties to introduce in their domestic legislation provisions criminalizing certain
transnational offences — such as participation in an organized criminal group (Art. 5), laundering
the proceeds of crime (Art. 6), the active or passive corruption of public officials (Art. 8) and the
obstruction of justice (Art. 23) — and to take measures aimed at combatting these crimes (notably
measures to combat money laundering (Art. 7), measures against corruption (Art. 9), measures to
enable confiscation and seizure (Art. 12), as well as the disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime
or property (Art. 14)). An international co-operation mechanism is also provided for with regard to
these crimes (international co-operation for purposes of confiscation (Art. 13), extradition (Art. 16),
transfer of sentenced persons (Art. 17), mutual legal assistance (Art. 18) and joint investigations
(Art. 19)). Under the terms of the Convention, the States parties must, if they have not already
done so, legislate against the transnational offences set out in the said instrument and participate in
the international co-operation mechanism referred to therein.
49. The purpose of Article 4 of the Convention is to ensure that the States parties to the
Convention perform their obligations in accordance with the principles of sovereign equality,
territorial integrity of States and non-intervention in the domestic affairs of other States. The
provision does not appear to create new rules concerning the immunities of holders of high-ranking
office in the State or incorporate rules of customary international law concerning those immunities. - 13 -
Accordingly, any dispute which might arise with regard to “the interpretation or application” of
Article 4 of the Convention could relate only to the manner in which the States parties perform
their obligations under that Convention. It appears to the Court, however, that the alleged dispute
does not relate to the manner in which France performed its obligations under Articles 6, 12, 14
and 18 of the Convention, invoked by Equatorial Guinea. The alleged dispute, rather, appears to
concern a distinct issue, namely whether the Vice-President of Equatorial Guinea enjoys immunity
ratione personae under customary international law and, if so, whether France has violated that
immunity by instituting proceedings against him.
50. Consequently, the Court considers that, prima facie, a dispute capable of falling within
the provisions of the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and therefore concerning
the interpretation or the application of Article 4 of that Convention does not exist between the
Parties. Thus, it does not have prima facie jurisdiction under Article 35, paragraph 2, of that
instrument to entertain Equatorial Guinea’s request relating to the immunity of
Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue. It is therefore not necessary for it to examine whether the
procedural conditions set out in that provision are met (see paragraph 38). As the Convention is the
only instrument which Equatorial Guinea invoked as a basis for jurisdiction in relation to the
claimed immunity of Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, it follows from the above finding that
the Court cannot indicate provisional measures of protection in relation to that claimed immunity.
(2)The Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
51. Equatorial Guinea also claims that a dispute exists between the Parties regarding the
application of Article 22 of the Vienna Convention, which reads as follows:
“1. The premises of the mission shall be inviolable. The agents of the receiving
State may not enter them, except with the consent of the head of the mission.
2. The receiving State is under a special duty to take all appropriate steps to
protect the premises of the mission against any intrusion or damage and to prevent any
disturbance of the peace of the mission or impairment of its dignity.
3. The premises of the mission, their furnishings and other property thereon and
the means of transport of the mission shall be immune from search, requisition,
attachment or execution.”
52. Equatorial Guinea contends that France, in the proceedings against
Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, has disregarded the legal status of the building located at
42 avenue Foch in Paris “as premises of its diplomatic mission in France”.
53. The Applicant claims that, on 4 October 2011, it informed the French Ministry of
Foreign Affairs that for a number of years it had had the building located at 42 avenue Foch at its
disposal and that it used the building “for the performance of the functions of its diplomatic
mission without having given [the Ministry’s] services official notification thereof”. It contends
that it has since consistently affirmed the diplomatic status of the building through no less than
some 30 diplomatic exchanges. - 14 -
54. Equatorial Guinea maintains that, notwithstanding the immunity that the building on
avenue Foch should enjoy under the Vienna Convention, it was searched on four occasions
between 2011 and 2016, and was attached (saisie pénale immobilière) on 19 July 2012.
55. The Applicant thus considers that, “by failing to recognize the building as the premises
of the diplomatic mission”, France has breached its obligations owed to Equatorial Guinea under
the Vienna Convention, in particular Article 22 thereof.
56. Equatorial Guinea stresses that it has protested consistently and that it has, at the same
time, sought to settle the dispute through negotiation, conciliation or arbitration. In this regard, it
refers to a memorandum dated 26 October 2015, in which it transmitted to France an “offer of
conciliation and arbitration”, on the basis, in particular, of Articles I and II of the Optional Protocol
to the Vienna Convention. Equatorial Guinea asserts that it reiterated that offer in a Note Verbale
dated 6 January 2016, in which it renewed its commitment to finding a diplomatic solution to the
dispute arising from the so-called “ill-gotten gains” case. Lastly, Equatorial Guinea recalls that, on
2 February 2016, it transmitted to France a memorandum setting out its position on the questions
forming the subject of the dispute and that, on that occasion, it once again reiterated its offer of
settlement through conciliation and arbitration. The Applicant states that, on 17 March 2016, the
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded that it was “unable to accept the offer of settlement”
on the grounds that “the facts mentioned . . . [had] been the subject of court decisions in France and
[remained] the subject of ongoing legal proceedings”.
57. Equatorial Guinea considers that, in light of the foregoing, the Court has jurisdiction
under the Optional Protocol. In its Application, Equatorial Guinea contended that the Court had
jurisdiction under Article I of that instrument and that Articles II and III thereof did not restrict its
right to bring these proceedings before the Court.
*
58. France, for its part, contends that the building located at 42 avenue Foch cannot be
considered as housing the premises of Equatorial Guinea’s mission in France. It points out that,
prior to the Note Verbale from the Embassy of Equatorial Guinea dated 4 October 2011 (see
paragraph 53 above), the Protocol Department of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs had never
been informed of the existence of those premises; that not a single piece of correspondence from
the Embassy was ever sent to the Ministry from that address; that the Embassy of Equatorial
Guinea had not requested any particular measures — concerning protection, in particular — in
relation to those premises; and that no requests for tax exemption for them were ever presented,
“as [had been done] for the only Embassy premises known to the French authorities, and which are
located at another address: 29 boulevard de Courcelles”. France explains that the French Ministry
of Foreign Affairs had therefore replied to Equatorial Guinea, on 11 October 2011, “that it did not
consider the building to form part of the premises of the diplomatic mission”. - 15 -
59. France further states that several items of correspondence show that the manner in which
the use of the building was subsequently presented varied. According to France, it was not until
27 July 2012 that Equatorial Guinea described the premises of 42 avenue Foch as housing, as from
that date, the diplomatic mission itself. At the hearings, France acknowledged that the Embassy
offices of Equatorial Guinea seemed to have been transferred to that address at that time. It
nonetheless stated, in its comments on Equatorial Guinea’s replies to the questions put by judges at
the hearings, that the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs had “consistently” recalled that it did not
consider the building to form part of the premises of Equatorial Guinea’s diplomatic mission “even
when the French authorities consented to occasional protection measures for that building”.
60. As regards the searches carried out in the building in question, France states that they
were conducted at the request of the French judicial authorities, in the context of a lawful
procedure, and that they took place only in 2011 and 2012. It maintains that, since that time, there
have been no measures of constraint in connection with the building, nor any intrusion therein.
Regarding the attachment (saisie pénale immobilière) of the building, France asserts that it has
“only a provisional effect” and that it was justified by the fact that the investigations had revealed
that the building at 42 avenue Foch had, in all likelihood, been wholly or partly acquired with the
proceeds from the offences falling within the scope of the judicial investigation into
Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue.
61. The Respondent considers, moreover, that the “finding that the Court lacks prima facie
jurisdiction” to rule, on the basis of the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime,
on Equatorial Guinea’s requests with regard to the alleged immunities of
Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue “impacts” on the fate of its requests in respect of the
building at 42 avenue Foch. It explains that there is “no risk of the building being confiscated or
sold until Mr. [Teodoro Nguema] Obiang [Mangue] has been definitively convicted of money
laundering”. Since the Court, in France’s view, does not have prima facie jurisdiction over the
requests relating to the alleged immunities of the Vice-President of Equatorial Guinea, it also lacks
jurisdiction over the requests relating to the building located on 42 avenue Foch.
62. Lastly, as regards Equatorial Guinea’s offer of conciliation and arbitration, France
confirms that it could not pursue it because, under the principle of the independence of the
judiciary, and owing to the fact that French criminal law does not allow for proceedings to be
stopped by way of a compromise, the French Government had no means of putting an end to the
criminal proceedings against Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue.
* *
63. The Court recalls that Article I of the Optional Protocol provides that the Court has
jurisdiction over disputes relating to the interpretation or application of the Vienna Convention (see
paragraph 36 above). - 16 -
64. It further recalls that Articles II and III of the Optional Protocol provide that the parties
may agree, within a period of two months after one party has notified its opinion to the other that a
dispute exists, to resort to arbitration or conciliation. After the expiry of that period, either party
may bring the dispute before the Court by an application. However, as the Court had occasion to
note in the case concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States
of America v. Iran), the terms of the said Articles II and III,
“when read in conjunction with those of Article I and with the Preamble to the
Protoco[l], make it crystal clear that they are not to be understood as laying down a
precondition of the applicability of the precise and categorical provision contained in
Article I establishing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court in respect of disputes
arising out of the interpretation or application of the Vienna Convention” (Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1980, pp. 25-26, para. 48).
The Court then specified as follows:
“Articles II and III provide only that, as a substitute for recourse to the Court,
the parties may agree upon resort either to arbitration or to conciliation. It follows,
first, that Articles II and III have no application unless recourse to arbitration or
conciliation has been proposed by one of the parties to the dispute and the other has
expressed its readiness to consider the proposal. Secondly, it follows that only then
may the provisions in those articles regarding a two months’ period come into play,
and function as a time-limit upon the conclusion of the agreement as to the
organization of the alternative procedure.” (Ibid., p. 26, para. 48 (emphasis in the
original).)
In the present case, the Court notes that, while Equatorial Guinea did indeed propose to France
recourse to conciliation or arbitration, France did not express its readiness to consider that
proposal; the Respondent even expressly stated that it could not pursue it. Articles II and III of the
Protocol thus in no way affect any jurisdiction the Court might have under Article I.
65. In light of the foregoing, the Court will examine only Article I of the Protocol in
determining whether it has prima facie jurisdiction to entertain the merits of Equatorial Guinea’s
claim relating to the building located at 42 avenue Foch. It will accordingly ascertain whether, on
the date the Application was filed, a dispute arising out of the interpretation or application of the
Vienna Convention appeared to exist between the Parties.
66. In this regard, the Court notes that the Parties do indeed appear to have differed, and still
differ today, on the question of the legal status of the building located at 42 avenue Foch in Paris.
While Equatorial Guinea has maintained at various times that the building houses the premises of
its diplomatic mission and must therefore enjoy the immunities afforded under Article 22 of the
Vienna Convention, France has consistently refused to recognize that this is the case, and claims
that the property has never legally acquired the status of “premises of the mission”. In the view of
the Court, there is therefore every indication that, on the date the Application was filed, a dispute
existed between the Parties as to the legal status of the building concerned. - 17 -
67. In order to determine whether it has jurisdiction — even prima facie — the Court must
also ascertain whether such a dispute is one over which it might have jurisdiction ratione materiae
on the basis of Article I of the Optional Protocol. In this regard, the Court notes that the rights
apparently at issue may fall within the scope of Article 22 of the Vienna Convention, which
guarantees the inviolability of diplomatic premises, and that the acts alleged by the Applicant in
respect of the building on avenue Foch appear to be capable of contravening such rights. Indeed,
the premises which, according to Equatorial Guinea, house its diplomatic mission in France were
searched on several occasions and were attached (saisie pénale immobilière); they could also be
subject to other measures of a similar nature.
68. The aforementioned elements sufficiently establish, at this stage, the existence between
the Parties of a dispute capable of falling within the provisions of the Vienna Convention and
concerning the interpretation or application of Article 22 thereof.
69. Consequently, the Court considers that it has prima facie jurisdiction under Article I of
the Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention to entertain this dispute. It is of the view that it
may, on this basis, examine Equatorial Guinea’s request for the indication of provisional measures,
in so far as it concerns the inviolability of the building located at 42 avenue Foch in Paris.
*
* *
70. The Court has held in the past that where there is a manifest lack of jurisdiction, it can
remove the case from the List at the provisional measures stage (Legality of Use of Force
(Yugoslavia v. Spain), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999, p. 773,
para. 35; Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. United States of America), Provisional
Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999, p. 925, para. 29). Conversely, where there is
no such manifest lack of jurisdiction, the Court cannot remove the case at that stage (Armed
Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the
Congo v. Rwanda), Provisional Measures, Order of 10 July 2002, I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 249,
para. 91). In the present case, there being no manifest lack of jurisdiction, the Court cannot accede
to France’s request that the case be removed from the List.
III. The rights whose protection is sought and the measures requested
71. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures under Article 41 of the Statute
has as its object the preservation of the respective rights claimed by the parties in a case, pending
its decision on the merits thereof. It follows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such
measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by it to belong to either party. Therefore,
the Court may exercise this power only if it is satisfied that the rights asserted by the party
requesting such measures are at least plausible (see, for example, Questions relating to the Seizure
and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia), Provisional Measures,
Order of 3 March 2014, I.C.J. Reports 2014, p. 152, para. 22). - 18 -
72. Moreover, a link must exist between the rights which form the subject of the proceedings
before the Court on the merits of the case and the provisional measures being sought (ibid.,
para. 23).
* *
73. Equatorial Guinea maintains that the rights that it is seeking to protect are: (i) the right to
respect for the principles of sovereign equality and non-intervention, as provided for by Article 4 of
the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime; (ii) the right to respect for the rules of
immunity that derive from fundamental principles of the international legal order, in particular the
immunity ratione personae of certain holders of high-ranking office in a State, and the immunity
from enforcement enjoyed by States in regard to their property; and (iii) the right to respect for the
inviolability of the premises of its diplomatic mission, as provided for by the Vienna Convention.
74. Having found that it does not have prima facie jurisdiction to entertain the alleged
violations of the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the Court will address only
Equatorial Guinea’s alleged right to “the inviolability of the premises of its diplomatic mission”, in
respect of which Article 22 of the Vienna Convention is invoked.
75. In this regard, France contends that the building on avenue Foch does not fall within the
category of “premises of the [diplomatic] mission” of Equatorial Guinea in Paris and that it was
“disguised”, in haste and with a certain amount of improvisation, either as the Embassy of
Equatorial Guinea in France, or as the residence of the Permanent Delegate to UNESCO. In this
regard, France refers in particular to a letter dated 14 February 2012 addressed to the President of
the French Republic by the President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, in which the latter
indicated that the Permanent Representative to UNESCO resided at that time in the building in
question. According to the Respondent, Equatorial Guinea’s allegations cannot hide the fact that
the building never legally acquired the status of “premises of the mission”. Therefore, claiming
that this amounts to “legal window-dressing”, France argues that to recognize the building as an
“office of the mission” would be “to sanction a fait accompli resulting from a[n] . . . abuse of
right”.
76. Moreover, with regard to Equatorial Guinea’s request for provisional measures
concerning furnishings and other property which were in the building and which were seized and
removed from it (see paragraph 22 above), this has no relation, according to France, with the use of
the building for the purposes of the diplomatic mission and “is unrelated to the subject-matter of
the dispute”.
* *
77. The Court notes that Equatorial Guinea maintains that it acquired the building located at
42 avenue Foch on 15 September 2011 and has used it for its diplomatic mission in France as from
4 October 2011, which the Applicant claims to have indicated to the Respondent on several
occasions. The Court further notes that Equatorial Guinea contends that, since that date, the
building in question has been searched a number of times and has been attached (saisie pénale
immobilière) — acts which, in the view of the Applicant, infringe the inviolability of those
premises. - 19 -
78. At this stage of the proceedings, the Court is not called upon to determine definitively
whether the right which Equatorial Guinea wishes to see protected exists; it need only decide
whether the right claimed by Equatorial Guinea on the merits, and for which it is seeking
protection, is plausible (See Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents
and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 March 2014, I.C.J.
Reports 2014, p. 153, para. 26).
79. Given that the right to the inviolability of diplomatic premises is a right contained in
Article 22 of the Vienna Convention, that Equatorial Guinea claims that it has used the building in
question as premises of its diplomatic mission in France since 4 October 2011, and that France
acknowledges that, from the summer of 2012, certain services of the Embassy of Equatorial Guinea
appear to have been transferred to 42 avenue Foch (see paragraph 59 above), it appears that
Equatorial Guinea has a plausible right to ensure that the premises which it claims are used for the
purposes of its mission are accorded the protections required by Article 22 of the Vienna
Convention.
*
80. The Court now turns to the issue of the link between the rights claimed and the
provisional measures requested.
81. The purpose of the provisional measures sought by Equatorial Guinea in point (b) of the
submissions which it presented at the end of the oral proceedings is:
“that France ensure that the building located at 42 avenue Foch in Paris is treated as
premises of Equatorial Guinea’s diplomatic mission in France and, in particular,
assure its inviolability, and that those premises, together with their furnishings and
other property thereon, or previously thereon, are protected from any intrusion or
damage, any search, requisition, attachment, confiscation or any other measure of
constraint” (see paragraph 17 above).
The Court considers that, by their very nature, these measures are aimed at protecting the right to
the inviolability of the building which Equatorial Guinea presents as housing the premises of its
diplomatic mission in France. It concludes that a link exists between the right claimed by
Equatorial Guinea and the provisional measures being sought.
IV. Risk of irreparable prejudice and urgency
82. The Court, pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the power to indicate provisional
measures when irreparable prejudice could be caused to rights which are the subject of judicial
proceedings (see, for example, Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain
Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 March 2014,
I.C.J. Reports 2014, p. 154, para. 31). - 20 -
83. However, the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures will be exercised only
if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will
be caused to the rights in dispute before the Court gives its final decision (ibid., para. 32). The
Court must therefore consider whether such a risk exists at this stage of the proceedings.
* *
84. Equatorial Guinea maintains that there is a “serious risk of irreparable prejudice to [its]
rights . . . with regard to the building located at 42 avenue Foch in Paris”. It contends, first, that
because Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue has been referred before the Tribunal correctionnel,
the building is now exposed, as a result of the order of attachment (saisie pénale immobilière), to a
risk of judicial confiscation which could occur at any moment. It follows, according to Equatorial
Guinea, that the building could be sold at auction and the diplomatic mission could be evicted.
Equatorial Guinea also submits that there is a permanent risk of intrusion, either by the police and
the French judicial authorities, or by private individuals, which affects its Embassy’s capacity to
conduct its daily activities.
85. Equatorial Guinea considers that there is urgency in so far as, notwithstanding the raising
of a “procedural issue” at the hearing on 24 October 2016 (see paragraph 29), the referral to the
Tribunal correctionnel is “irrevocable”. Since a trial is, in its view, “inevitab[le]”, the confiscation
of the property could occur at any moment.
*
86. France, for its part, contends that there is no risk of imminent confiscation of the building
located at 42 avenue Foch. It points out that under French law attachment of property (saisie
pénale immobilière) has only a provisional effect: the owner of the building cannot sell it, but he
may continue to use it freely until the courts have issued a final ruling on the merits of the case.
France explains that, under French criminal law, confiscation is an additional penalty which could
only potentially be ordered, in the light of the circumstances of the case, if
Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue was sentenced to at least one year’s imprisonment. In other
words, it could not be ordered by the Tribunal correctionnel without the defendant first having
been found guilty, and it could not be put into effect until all avenues of appeal have been
exhausted. Accordingly, any final decision on confiscation would not be rendered for several
years.
87. In response to the arguments advanced by Equatorial Guinea with regard to the hearing
on 24 October 2016, France asserts that the sole purpose of that hearing was to remedy the fact that
there was no reference to the texts setting out the criminalization and punishment of offences in the
referral order, and that the scheduling of the hearing does not create any urgency or engender any
prejudice of any kind.
* * - 21 -
88. As the Court has previously observed (see paragraph 66 above), the record before the
Court shows that France does not accept that the building forms part of the premises of Equatorial
Guinea’s diplomatic mission in France, and refuses to grant it the immunity — and thus the
corresponding protection — afforded to such premises under the Vienna Convention.
Consequently, there is a continuous risk of intrusion.
89. The Court has noted above (see paragraph 77) that the building located at 42 avenue
Foch has already been searched a number of times in the context of the proceedings brought against
Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue. While the Parties disagree as to whether any searches have
been conducted recently, they recognize that such acts did indeed occur in 2011 and 2012. Given
that it is possible — as France has moreover indicated — that, during the hearing on the merits, the
Tribunal correctionnel may, of its own initiative or at the request of a party, request further
investigation or an expert opinion, it is not inconceivable that the building on avenue Foch will be
searched again. If that were to happen, and if it were established that the building houses the
premises of Equatorial Guinea’s diplomatic mission, the daily activities of that mission — the
representation of a sovereign State — would risk being seriously impeded, as a result, for example,
of the presence of police officers or the seizure of documents, some of which might be highly
confidential.
90. It follows from the foregoing that there is a real risk of irreparable prejudice to the right
to inviolability of the premises that Equatorial Guinea presents as being used as the premises of its
diplomatic mission in France. Indeed, any infringement of the inviolability of the premises may
not be capable of remedy, since it might not be possible to restore the situation to the status quo
ante. Furthermore, that risk is imminent, in so far as the acts likely to cause such a prejudice to the
rights claimed by Equatorial Guinea could occur at any moment. The criterion of urgency is
therefore also satisfied in the present case.
91. The Court recalls that Equatorial Guinea also asks the Court to indicate provisional
measures in respect of items previously located on the premises of 42 avenue Foch (see
paragraph 17 above), some of which have been removed by French authorities (see paragraph 22
above). As to these items, the Court observes that Equatorial Guinea failed to demonstrate the risk
of irreparable prejudice and the urgency that the Court has identified in respect of the premises at
42 avenue Foch (see paragraph 90 above). Accordingly, it finds no basis to indicate provisional
measures in respect of these items.
V. Conclusion and measures to be adopted
92. The Court concludes from all the above considerations that the conditions required by its
Statute for it to indicate provisional measures in respect of the building located at 42 avenue Foch
in Paris have been met. It is therefore appropriate for the Court to indicate certain measures in
order to protect the rights claimed by Equatorial Guinea in this regard pending its final decision. - 22 -
93. The Court recalls that it has the power, under its Statute, when a request for provisional
measures has been made, to indicate measures that are in whole or in part other than those
requested. Article 75, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court specifically refers to this power of the
Court. The Court has already exercised this power on several occasions in the past (see, for
example, Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data
(Timor-Leste v. Australia), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 March 2014, I.C.J. Reports 2014,
p. 159, para. 49).
94. In the present case, having considered the terms of the provisional measures requested by
Equatorial Guinea, the Court finds that the measures to be indicated need not be identical to those
requested. The Court is of the view that, pending a final decision in the case, the premises
presented as housing the diplomatic mission of Equatorial Guinea at 42 avenue Foch in Paris
should enjoy treatment equivalent to that required by Article 22 of the Vienna Convention, in order
to ensure their inviolability.
95. With regard to the attachment (saisie pénale immobilière) of the building at 42 avenue
Foch and the risk of confiscation, the Court notes that there is a risk that such confiscation may
occur before the date on which the Court reaches its final decision. In order to preserve the
respective rights of either Party, the execution of any measure of confiscation is to be stayed until
the Court takes that decision.
96. The Court recalls that Equatorial Guinea has requested it to indicate measures aimed at
ensuring the non-aggravation of the dispute. When it is indicating provisional measures for the
purpose of preserving specific rights, the Court also possesses the power to indicate provisional
measures with a view to preventing the aggravation or extension of the dispute whenever it
considers that the circumstances so require (Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of
15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand)
(Cambodia v. Thailand), Provisional Measures, Order of 18 July 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II),
pp. 551-552, para. 59). In this case, however, given the measures it has decided to take, the Court
does not deem it necessary to indicate additional measures aimed at ensuring the non-aggravation
of the dispute.
*
* *
97. The Court reaffirms that its “orders on provisional measures under Article 41 [of the
Statute] have binding effect” (LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506, para. 109) and thus create international legal obligations for any party
to whom the provisional measures are addressed.
*
* * - 23 -
98. The decision given in the present proceedings in no way prejudges the question of the
jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the merits of the case or any questions relating to the
admissibility of the Application or to the merits themselves. It leaves unaffected the right of the
Governments of Equatorial Guinea and France to submit arguments in respect of those questions.
*
* *
99. For these reasons,
T HE COURT ,
I. Unanimously,
Indicates the following provisional measures:
France shall, pending a final decision in the case, take all measures at its disposal to ensure
that the premises presented as housing the diplomatic mission of Equatorial Guinea at
42 avenue Foch in Paris enjoy treatment equivalent to that required by Article 22 of the Vienna
Convention on Diplomatic Relations, in order to ensure their inviolability;
II. Unanimously,
Rejects the request of France to remove the case from the General List.
Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at the Peace Palace,
The Hague, this seventh day of December two thousand and sixteen, in three copies, one of which
will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the
Republic of Equatorial Guinea and the Government of the French Republic.
(Signed) Abdulqawi A. Y USUF ,
Vice-President.
(Signed) Philippe C OUVREUR ,
Registrar. - 24 -
Judge XUE appends a separate opinion to the Order of the Court; Judges GAJA and
G EVORGIAN append declarations to the Order of the Court; Judge ad hocATEKA appends a
separate opinion to the Order of the Court.
(Initialled) A. A. Y.
(Initialled) Ph. C.
___________
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
IMMUNITÉS ET PROCÉDURES PÉNALES
(GUINÉE ÉQUATORIALE c. FRANCE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE DU 7 DÉCEMBRE 2016
2016
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
IMMUNITIES AND CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
(EQUATORIAL GUINEA v. FRANCE)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER OF 7 DECEMBER 2016
Mode officiel de citation :
Immunités et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale c. France),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2016,
C.I.J. Recueil 2016, p. 1148
Official citation :
Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France),
Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2016,
I.C.J. Reports 2016, p. 1148
ISSN 0074-4441
ISBN 978-92-1-157304-6
No de vente:
Sales number 1109
IMMUNITÉS ET PROCÉDURES PÉNALES
(GUINÉE ÉQUATORIALE c. FRANCE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
IMMUNITIES AND CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
(EQUATORIAL GUINEA v. FRANCE)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
7 DÉCEMBRE 2016
ORDONNANCE
7 DECEMBER 2016
ORDER
1148
4
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2016
7 décembre 2016
IMMUNITÉS ET PROCÉDURES PÉNALES
(GUINÉE ÉQUATORIALE c. FRANCE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE
Présents : M. Yusuf, vice‑président, faisant fonction de président en
l’affaire ; M. Abraham, président de la Cour ; MM. Owada,
Tomka, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood,
Mmes Xue, Donoghue, M. Gaja, Mme Sebutinde,
MM. Bhandari, Robinson, Crawford, Gevorgian, juges ;
M. Kateka, juge ad hoc ; M. Couvreur, greffier.
La Cour internationale de Justice,
Ainsi composée,
Après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
Vu les articles 41 et 48 du Statut de la Cour et les articles 73, 74 et 75
de son Règlement,
Rend l’ordonnance suivante :
Considérant que :
1. Le 13 juin 2016, le Gouvernement de la République de Guinée équatoriale
(ci‑après, la « Guinée équatoriale ») a déposé au Greffe de la Cour
une requête introductive d’instance contre la République française
(ci‑après, la « France ») au sujet d’un différend ayant trait à
« l’immunité de juridiction pénale du second vice‑président de la
République de Guinée équatoriale chargé de la défense et de la sécu-
2016
7 décembre
Rôle général
no 163
1148
4
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2016
7 December 2016
IMMUNITIES AND CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
(EQUATORIAL GUINEA v. FRANCE)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER
Present: Vice‑President Yusuf, Acting President ; President Abraham ;
Judges Owada, Tomka, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade,
Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari,
Robinson, Crawford, Gevorgian ; Judge ad hoc Kateka ;
Registrar Couvreur.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and
Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order :
Whereas :
1. On 13 June 2016, the Government of the Republic of Equatorial
Guinea (hereinafter “Equatorial Guinea”) filed in the Registry of the
Court an Application instituting proceedings against the French Republic
(hereinafter “France”) with regard to a dispute concerning
“the immunity from criminal jurisdiction of the Second Vice‑President
of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea in charge of Defence
2016
7 December
General List
No. 163
1149 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
5
rité de l’Etat [M. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue], ainsi qu[’au]
statut juridique de l’immeuble qui abrite l’ambassade de la Guinée
équatoriale en France, tant comme locaux de la mission diplomatique
que comme propriété de l’Etat ».
2. Au terme de sa requête, la Guinée équatoriale
« prie respectueusement la Cour :
a) En ce qui concerne le non‑respect de la souveraineté de la République
de Guinée équatoriale par la République française :
i) de dire et juger que la République française a manqué à son
obligation de respecter les principes de l’égalité souveraine des
Etats et de la non‑intervention dans les affaires intérieures
d’autres Etats à l’égard de la République de Guinée équatoriale,
conformément au droit international, en permettant que
ses juridictions engagent des procédures judiciaires pénales
contre son second vice‑président pour des allégations qui, lors
même qu’elles auraient été établies, quod non, relèveraient de
la seule compétence des juridictions équato‑guinéennes, et
qu’elles ordonnent la saisie d’un immeuble appartenant à la
République de Guinée équatoriale et utilisé aux fins de la mission
diplomatique de ce pays en France ;
b) En ce qui concerne le second vice‑président de la République de
Guinée équatoriale chargé de la défense et de la sécurité de l’Etat :
i) de dire et juger que, en engageant des procédures pénales
contre le second vice‑président de la République de Guinée
équatoriale chargé de la défense et la sécurité de l’Etat, Son
Excellence M. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, la République
française a agi et agit en violation de ses obligations en
vertu du droit international, notamment la convention des
Nations Unies contre la criminalité transnationale organisée
et le droit international général ;
ii) d’ordonner à la République française de prendre toutes les
mesures nécessaires pour mettre fin à toutes les procédures en
cours contre le second vice‑président de la République de Guinée
équatoriale chargé de la défense et de la sécurité de l’Etat ;
iii) d’ordonner à la République française de prendre toutes les
mesures pour prévenir de nouvelles atteintes à l’immunité du
second vice‑président de la Guinée équatoriale chargé de la
défense et de la sécurité de l’Etat, et notamment s’assurer que,
à l’avenir, ses juridictions n’engagent pas de procédures pénales
contre le second vice‑président de la Guinée équatoriale ;
c) En ce qui concerne l’immeuble sis au 42 avenue Foch, à Paris :
i) de dire et juger que la République française, en saisissant l’immeuble
sis au 42 avenue Foch à Paris, propriété de la Répu-
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1149
5
and State Security [Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue], and
the legal status of the building which houses the Embassy of Equatorial
Guinea, both as premises of the diplomatic mission and as State
property”.
2. At the end of its Application, Equatorial Guinea
“respectfully requests the Court :
(a) With regard to the French Republic’s failure to respect the sovereignty
of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea,
(i) to adjudge and declare that the French Republic has breached
its obligation to respect the principles of the sovereign equality
of States and non‑interference in the internal affairs of
another State, owed to the Republic of Equatorial Guinea in
accordance with international law, by permitting its courts to
initiate criminal legal proceedings against the Second
Vice‑President of Equatorial Guinea for alleged offences
which, even if they were established, quod non, would fall
solely within the jurisdiction of the courts of Equatorial
Guinea, and by allowing its courts to order the attachment of
a building belonging to the Republic of Equatorial Guinea
and used for the purposes of that country’s diplomatic mission
in France ;
(b) With regard to the Second Vice‑President of the Republic of
Equatorial Guinea in charge of Defence and State Security,
(i) to adjudge and declare that, by initiating criminal proceedings
against the Second Vice‑President of the Republic of Equatorial
Guinea in charge of Defence and State Security, His
Excellency Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, the French
Republic has acted and is continuing to act in violation of its
obligations under international law, notably the United
Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
and general international law ;
(ii) to order the French Republic to take all necessary measures
to put an end to any ongoing proceedings against the Second
Vice‑President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea in charge
of Defence and State Security ;
(iii) to order the French Republic to take all necessary measures to
prevent further violations of the immunity of the Second
Vice‑President of Equatorial Guinea in charge of Defence and
State Security and to ensure, in particular, that its courts do
not initiate any criminal proceedings against the Second Vice‑President
of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea in the future ;
(c) With regard to the building located at 42 Avenue Foch in Paris,
(i) to adjudge and declare that, by attaching the building located
at 42 Avenue Foch in Paris, the property of the Republic of
1150 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
6
blique de Guinée équatoriale et utilisé aux fins de la mission
diplomatique de ce pays en France, agit en violation de ses
obligations en vertu du droit international, notamment la
convention de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques et la
convention des Nations Unies [contre la criminalité transnationale
organisée], ainsi qu’en vertu du droit international général ;
ii) d’ordonner à la République française de reconnaître à l’immeuble,
sis au 42 avenue Foch à Paris, le statut de propriété
de la République de Guinée équatoriale ainsi que de locaux
de sa mission diplomatique à Paris, et de lui assurer en conséquence
la protection requise par le droit international ;
d) En conséquence de l’ensemble des violations par la République
française de ses obligations internationales dues à la République
de Guinée équatoriale :
i) de dire et juger que la responsabilité de la République française
est engagée du fait du préjudice que les violations de ses
obligations internationales ont causé et causent encore à la
République de Guinée équatoriale ;
ii) d’ordonner à la République française de payer à la République
de Guinée équatoriale une pleine réparation pour le préjudice
subi, dont le montant sera déterminé à une étape ultérieure. »
3. Dans sa requête, la Guinée équatoriale entend fonder la compétence
de la Cour, d’une part, sur le protocole de signature facultative concernant
le règlement obligatoire des différends relatif à la convention de
Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques du 18 avril 1961 (ci‑après, le « protocole
de signature facultative ») et, d’autre part, sur l’article 35 de la
convention des Nations Unies contre la criminalité transnationale organisée
du 15 novembre 2000 (ci‑après, la « convention contre la criminalité
transnationale organisée »).
4. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour,
le greffier a immédiatement communiqué la requête au Gouvernement
français. Il a également informé le Secrétaire général de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies de ce dépôt.
5. En attendant que la communication prévue au paragraphe 3 de l’article
40 du Statut ait été effectuée par transmission du texte bilingue
imprimé de la requête aux Membres de l’Organisation des Nations Unies
par l’entremise du Secrétaire général, le greffier a informé ces Etats du
dépôt de la requête et de son objet.
6. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de nationalité
équato‑guinéenne,
la Guinée équatoriale a fait usage du droit que lui confère
le paragraphe 2 de l’article 31 du Statut de procéder à la désignation d’un
juge ad hoc pour siéger en l’affaire ; elle a désigné M. James Kateka.
7. Par une ordonnance en date du 1er juillet 2016, la Cour a fixé au
3 janvier 2017 et au 3 juillet 2017, respectivement, les dates d’expiration
des délais pour le dépôt d’un mémoire de la Guinée équatoriale et d’un
contre‑mémoire de la France.
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1150
6
Equatorial Guinea and used for the purposes of that country’s
diplomatic mission in France, the French Republic is in
breach of its obligations under international law, notably the
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and the United
Nations Convention [against Transnational Organized
Crime], as well as general international law ;
(ii) to order the French Republic to recognize the status of the
building located at 42 Avenue Foch in Paris as the property
of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, and as the premises of
its diplomatic mission in Paris, and, accordingly, to ensure its
protection as required by international law ;
(d) In view of all the violations by the French Republic of international
obligations owed to the Republic of Equatorial Guinea,
(i) to adjudge and declare that the responsibility of the French
Republic is engaged on account of the harm that the violations
of its international obligations have caused and are continuing
to cause to the Republic of Equatorial Guinea ;
(ii) to order the French Republic to make full reparation to the
Republic of Equatorial Guinea for the harm suffered, the
amount of which shall be determined at a later stage.”
3. In its Application, Equatorial Guinea seeks to found the Court’s
jurisdiction, first, on the Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory
Settlement of Disputes to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
of 18 April 1961 (hereinafter the “Optional Protocol”), and, second,
on Article 35 of the United Nations Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime of 15 November 2000 (hereinafter the “Convention
against Transnational Organized Crime”).
4. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court, the Registrar immediately communicated the Application to the
French Government. He also notified the Secretary‑General of the United
Nations of this filing.
5. Pending the notification provided for by Article 40, paragraph 3,
of the Statute by transmission of the printed bilingual text of the Application
to the Members of the United Nations through the Secretary‑General,
the Registrar informed those States of the filing of the Appli-
cation and its subject.
6. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality
of Equatorial Guinea, the latter proceeded to exercise the right conferred
upon it by Article 31, paragraph 2, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc
to sit in the case ; it chose Mr. James Kateka.
7. By an Order dated 1 July 2016, the Court fixed 3 January 2017 and
3 July 2017 as the respective time‑limits for the filing of a Memorial by
Equatorial Guinea and a Counter‑Memorial by France.
1151 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
7
8. Le 29 septembre 2016, la Guinée équatoriale a présenté une demande
en indication de mesures conservatoires invoquant l’article 41 du Statut
de la Cour, ainsi que les articles 73, 74 et 75 de son Règlement.
9. Au terme de sa demande en indication de mesures conservatoires, la
Guinée équatoriale prie la Cour « d’indiquer, dans l’attente de son arrêt
sur le fond, les mesures conservatoires suivantes :
a) que la France suspende toutes les procédures pénales engagées
contre le vice‑président de la République de Guinée équatoriale,
et s’abstienne de lancer une nouvelle procédure contre lui, qui
pourrait aggraver ou étendre le différend soumis à la Cour ;
b) que la France veille à ce que l’immeuble sis au 42 avenue Foch à
Paris soit traité comme locaux de la mission diplomatique de la
Guinée équatoriale en France, et, en particulier, assure son inviolabilité,
et que ces locaux, ainsi que leur ameublement et les autres
objets qui s’y trouvaient ou s’y trouvent, soient protégés contre
toute intrusion ou dommage, toute perquisition, réquisition, saisie
ou toute autre mesure de contrainte ;
c) que la France s’abstienne de prendre toute autre mesure qui pourrait
porter préjudice aux droits revendiqués par la Guinée équatoriale
et/ou aggraver ou étendre le différend soumis à la Cour, ou
compromettre l’exécution de toute décision que la Cour pourrait
rendre. »
10. La Guinée équatoriale a en outre prié « le président de la Cour,
conformément à l’article 74, paragraphe 4, du Règlement de la Cour,
d’inviter la France à agir de manière que toute ordonnance de la Cour sur
la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires puisse avoir les effets
voulus ».
11. Le greffier a immédiatement transmis copie de la demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires au Gouvernement français, en application
du paragraphe 2 de l’article 73 du Règlement de la Cour. Il en a également
informé le Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies.
12. Par lettre datée du 3 octobre 2016, le vice‑président de la Cour,
faisant
fonction de président en l’affaire, agissant en vertu du paragraphe
4 de l’article 74 du Règlement, a appelé l’attention de la France
« sur la nécessité d’agir de manière que toute ordonnance de la Cour sur la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires puisse avoir les effets
voulus ».
13. Copie de cette lettre a été transmise, pour information, au Gouvernement
de la Guinée équatoriale.
14. Par lettres datées du 3 octobre 2016, le greffier a fait connaître
aux Parties que la Cour, conformément au paragraphe 3 de l’article 74
de son Règlement, avait fixé aux 17, 18 et 19 octobre 2016 les dates
de la procédure orale sur la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires.
15. Le 14 octobre 2016, la France a soumis à la Cour plusieurs documents
relatifs à l’affaire.
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1151
7
8. On 29 September 2016, Equatorial Guinea submitted a Request for
the indication of provisional measures, referring to Article 41 of the Statute
and to Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court.
9. At the end of its request for the indication of provisional measures,
Equatorial Guinea asks the Court, “pending its judgment on the merits,
to indicate the following provisional measures :
(a) that France suspend all the criminal proceedings brought against
the Vice‑President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, and
refrain from launching new proceedings against him, which might
aggravate or extend the dispute submitted to the Court ;
(b) that France ensure that the building located at 42 Avenue Foch
in Paris is treated as premises of Equatorial Guinea’s diplomatic
mission in France and, in particular, assure its inviolability, and
that those premises, together with their furnishings and other
property thereon, or previously thereon, are protected from any
intrusion or damage, any search, requisition, attachment or any
other measure of constraint ;
(c) that France refrain from taking any other measure that might
cause prejudice to the rights claimed by Equatorial Guinea and/
or aggravate or extend the dispute submitted to the Court, or
compromise the implementation of any decision which the Court
might render.”
10. Equatorial Guinea also requested “the President of the Court, as
provided for in Article 74, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court, to call
upon France to act in such a way as will enable any order the Court may
make on the request for provisional measures to have its appropriate
effect”.
11. The Registrar immediately transmitted a copy of the Request for
the indication of provisional measures to the French Government, in
accordance with Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court. He also
notified the Secretary‑General of the United Nations of this filing.
12. By a letter dated 3 October 2016, the Vice‑President of the Court,
acting as President in the case, drew the attention of France, in accordance
with Article 74, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court, “to the need to
act in such a way as will enable any order the Court may make on the
request for provisional measures to have its appropriate effects”.
13. A copy of that letter was transmitted, for information, to the Government
of Equatorial Guinea.
14. By letters dated 3 October 2016, the Registrar informed the Parties
that, pursuant to Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules, the Court had
fixed 17, 18 and 19 October 2016 as the dates for the oral proceedings on
the request for the indication of provisional measures.
15. On 14 October 2016, France submitted to the Court several documents
related to the case.
1152 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
8
16. Au cours des audiences publiques tenues les 17, 18 et 19 octobre
2016, des observations orales sur la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires ont été présentées par :
Au nom de la Guinée équatoriale : S. Exc. M. Carmelo Nvono Nca,
M. Jean‑Charles Tchikaya,
sir Michael Wood,
M. Maurice Kamto.
Au nom de la France : M. François Alabrune,
M. Alain Pellet,
M. Hervé Ascensio.
17. Au terme de son second tour d’observations orales, la Guinée
équatoriale a prié la Cour d’indiquer les mesures conservatoires suivantes :
« Sur la base des faits et du droit exposés dans notre demande du
29 septembre 2016, et au cours de la présente audience, la Guinée
équatoriale prie respectueusement la Cour d’indiquer, dans l’attente
de son arrêt sur le fond, les mesures conservatoires suivantes :
a) que la France suspende toutes les procédures pénales engagées
contre le vice‑président de la République de Guinée équatoriale,
et s’abstienne de lancer une nouvelle procédure contre lui, qui
pourrait aggraver ou étendre le différend soumis à la Cour ;
b) que la France veille à ce que l’immeuble sis au 42 avenue Foch à
Paris soit traité comme locaux de la mission diplomatique de la
Guinée équatoriale en France, et, en particulier, assure son inviolabilité,
et que ces locaux, ainsi que leur ameublement et les autres
objets qui s’y trouvaient ou s’y trouvent, soient protégés contre
toute intrusion ou dommage, toute perquisition, réquisition, saisie,
confiscation ou toute autre mesure de contrainte ;
c) que la France s’abstienne de prendre toute autre mesure qui pourrait
porter préjudice aux droits revendiqués par la Guinée équatoriale
et/ou aggraver ou étendre le différend soumis à la Cour, ou
compromettre l’exécution de toute décision que la Cour pourrait
rendre. »
18. Au terme de son second tour d’observations orales, la France a
déclaré ce qui suit :
« Pour les motifs que ses représentants ont exposés au cours des
audiences relatives à la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires
en l’affaire des Immunités et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale
c. France), la République française prie la Cour :
i) de radier l’affaire de son rôle ;
ii) à défaut, de rejeter l’ensemble des demandes de mesures conservatoires
formulées par la Guinée équatoriale. »
19. A l’audience, des questions ont été posées à la Guinée équatoriale
par certains membres de la Cour, auxquelles il a été répondu par écrit.
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1152
8
16. At the public hearings held on 17, 18 and 19 October 2016, oral
observations on the request for the indication of provisional measures
were presented by :
On behalf of Equatorial Guinea: H.E. Mr. Carmelo Nvono Nca,
Mr. Jean-Charles
Tchikaya,
Sir Michael Wood,
Mr. Maurice Kamto.
On behalf of France: Mr. François Alabrune,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Hervé Ascensio.
17. At the end of its second round of oral observations, Equatorial
Guinea asked the Court to indicate the following provisional measures :
“On the basis of the facts and law set out in our Request of 29 September
2016, and in the course of the present hearing, Equatorial
Guinea respectfully asks the Court, pending its judgment on the merits,
to indicate the following provisional measures :
(a) that France suspend all the criminal proceedings brought against
the Vice‑President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, and
refrain from launching new proceedings against him, which might
aggravate or extend the dispute submitted to the Court ;
(b) that France ensure that the building located at 42 Avenue Foch
in Paris is treated as premises of Equatorial Guinea’s diplomatic
mission in France and, in particular, assure its inviolability, and
that those premises, together with their furnishings and other
property thereon, or previously thereon, are protected from any
intrusion or damage, any search, requisition, attachment, confiscation
or any other measure of constraint ;
(c) that France refrain from taking any other measure that might
cause prejudice to the rights claimed by Equatorial Guinea and/
or aggravate or extend the dispute submitted to the Court, or
compromise the implementation of any decision which the Court
might render.”
18. At the end of its second round of oral observations, France made
the following statement :
“For the reasons explained by its representatives at the hearings on
the request for the indication of provisional measures in the case concerning
Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v.
France), the French Republic asks the Court :
(i) to remove the case from its List ;
(ii) or, failing that, to reject all the requests for provisional measures
made by Equatorial Guinea.”
19. During the hearings, questions were put by certain Members of the
Court to Equatorial Guinea, to which replies were given in writing. Avail-
1153 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
9
Faisant usage de la possibilité que lui avait donnée la Cour, la France a
formulé des observations écrites sur les réponses de la Guinée équatoriale
à ces questions.
* * *
I. Contexte factuel
20. A partir de 2007, des associations et des personnes privées ont
déposé des plaintes auprès du procureur de la République de Paris à
l’encontre de certains chefs d’Etat africains et de membres de leurs
familles, pour « détournements de fonds publics dans leur pays d’origine,
dont les produits auraient été investis en France ».
21. L’une de ces plaintes, déposée le 2 décembre 2008 par l’association
Transparency International France, a été déclarée recevable par la justice
française et une information judiciaire a été ouverte des chefs de recel et
complicité de détournement de fonds publics, abus de biens sociaux et
complicité d’abus de biens sociaux, recel de chacune de ces infractions.
L’enquête diligentée a notamment porté sur le mode de financement de
biens mobiliers et immobiliers acquis en France par plusieurs personnes,
dont le fils du président de la Guinée équatoriale, M. Teodoro Nguema
Obiang Mangue, qui était à l’époque ministre de l’agriculture et des forêts
de la Guinée équatoriale.
22. Les investigations ont plus particulièrement concerné les modalités
d’acquisition par M. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue de divers objets
de très grande valeur et d’un immeuble sis au 42 avenue Foch à Paris. Le
28 septembre 2011, des voitures appartenant à l’intéressé qui étaient stationnées
au 42 avenue Foch ont été saisies et enlevées par les forces de
police. Les 14, 15 et 16 février 2012, l’immeuble a fait l’objet de perquisitions
au cours desquelles d’autres biens ont été saisis et enlevés. Le juge
chargé de l’instruction a estimé que les investigations avaient notamment
démontré que l’ensemble immobilier avait été financé en tout ou partie
avec le produit des infractions visées par l’enquête et que son véritable
propriétaire était M. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue. Il a donc ordonné
la « saisie pénale immobilière » du bâtiment le 19 juillet 2012. Cette décision
a par la suite été confirmée par la chambre de l’instruction devant
laquelle M. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue avait interjeté appel.
23. Dans le cadre de l’enquête, la police a procédé à un certain nombre
d’auditions. Elle a notamment cherché à interroger, à deux reprises,
M. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue au cours de l’année 2012. M. Teodoro
Nguema Obiang Mangue, qui est devenu, le 21 mai 2012, second
vice‑président de la Guinée équatoriale chargé de la défense et de la sécurité
de l’Etat, a refusé de comparaître au motif qu’il jouissait d’une immunité
de juridiction devant les tribunaux français.
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1153
9
ing itself of the possibility given to it by the Court, France submitted
written comments on Equatorial Guinea’s replies to those questions.
* * *
I. Factual Background
20. Beginning in 2007, certain associations and private individuals
lodged complaints with the Paris public prosecutor against certain African
Heads of State and members of their families in respect of allegations
of “misappropriation of public funds in their country of origin, the proceeds
of which have allegedly been invested in France”.
21. One of these complaints, filed on 2 December 2008 by the association
Transparency International France, was declared admissible by the
French courts, and a judicial investigation was opened in respect of the
handling of misappropriated public funds, complicity in the misappropriation
of public funds, misuse of corporate assets and complicity in misuse
of corporate assets, and concealment of each of these offences. The
investigation focused, in particular, on the methods used to finance the
acquisition of movable and immovable assets in France by several individuals,
including the son of the President of Equatorial Guinea, Mr. Teodoro
Nguema Obiang Mangue, who was at the time Minister for
Agriculture and Forestry of Equatorial Guinea.
22. The investigations more specifically concerned the way in which
Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue acquired various objects of considerable
value and a building located at 42 Avenue Foch in Paris. On 28 September
2011, cars belonging to Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, that
were parked at 42 Avenue Foch, were attached and removed by the police.
On 14, 15 and 16 February 2012, searches of the building at 42 Avenue
Foch were conducted, during which additional items were attached and
removed. The investigating judge considered that the investigations had
shown, inter alia, that the building had been wholly or partly paid for out of
the proceeds of the offences under investigation and that its real owner was
Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue. He consequently ordered the
attachment (saisie pénale immobilière) of the building on 19 July 2012. This
decision was subsequently upheld by the Chambre de l’instruction, before
which Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue had lodged an appeal.
23. As part of the investigation, the police questioned a number of
individuals. In particular, they sought to question Mr. Teodoro
Nguema Obiang Mangue on two occasions in 2012. Mr. Teodoro Nguema
Obiang Mangue, who became Second Vice‑President of Equatorial
Guinea in charge of Defence and State Security on 21 May 2012, maintained
that he was immune from the jurisdiction of the French Courts
and declined to appear.
1154 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
10
24. Un mandat d’arrêt a été délivré le 13 juillet 2012 à l’encontre de
M. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, qui l’a contesté devant la chambre
de l’instruction. Celle-
ci a toutefois considéré que l’intéressé ne pouvait
prétendre bénéficier d’une quelconque immunité pénale s’agissant d’actes
qu’il aurait commis en France à titre privé ; elle a en outre constaté qu’il
avait refusé de comparaître et de répondre aux convocations qui lui
avaient été adressées.
25. Ne parvenant pas à entendre l’intéressé, les autorités judiciaires
françaises ont, par une demande en date du 14 novembre 2013, sollicité
l’entraide pénale internationale des autorités judiciaires équato‑guinéennes,
en application de l’article 18 de la convention contre la criminalité
transnationale organisée, afin qu’elles transmettent à M. Teodoro
Nguema Obiang Mangue une convocation de première comparution.
26. Les autorités judiciaires équato‑guinéennes ont accepté la demande
d’entraide le 4 mars 2014. Elles l’ont ensuite exécutée et, le 18 mars 2014,
au terme d’une audience tenue en Guinée équatoriale, à Malabo, à
laquelle les magistrats instructeurs français ont assisté par visioconférence,
M. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue a été mis en examen par la
justice française
« pour avoir à Paris et sur le territoire national courant 1997 et
jusqu’au mois d’octobre 2011 … apporté son concours à des opérations
d’investissements cachés ou de conversion du produit direct ou
indirect d’un crime ou d’un délit … en acquérant plusieurs biens
mobiliers et immobiliers et [en] procédant au paiement de plusieurs
prestations de service ».
Le 19 mars 2014, un avis de cessation de recherches concernant l’intéressé
a été émis par le juge français chargé de l’instruction.
27. Le 31 juillet 2014, M. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue a saisi la
chambre de l’instruction de la cour d’appel en vue d’obtenir l’annulation
de sa mise en examen, au motif qu’il jouissait d’une immunité de juridiction
en sa qualité de second vice‑président de la Guinée équatoriale chargé
de la défense et de la sécurité de l’Etat. La cour d’appel a toutefois rejeté
sa requête par un arrêt du 11 août 2015. La Cour de cassation, par un
arrêt du 15 décembre 2015, a écarté la thèse selon laquelle M. Teodoro
Nguema Obiang Mangue jouirait d’une immunité et a confirmé sa mise
en examen.
28. L’enquête a été déclarée clôturée et le procureur de la République
financier a, le 23 mai 2016, pris un réquisitoire définitif « aux fins de disjonction,
de non‑lieu et de renvoi partiels devant le tribunal correctionnel ». Le
5 septembre 2016, les juges d’instruction du tribunal de grande instance de
Paris ont ordonné le renvoi de M. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue
— qui avait entre-temps été nommé, par décret présidentiel du 21 juin 2016,
vice‑président de la Guinée équatoriale chargé de la défense et de la sécurité
de l’Etat — devant le tribunal correctionnel afin d’y être jugé pour les
infractions qu’il aurait commises entre 1997 et octobre 2011. Le 21 sep-
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1154
10
24. An arrest warrant was issued against Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang
Mangue on 13 July 2012. He challenged this measure before the
Chambre de l’instruction, but that court took the view that he was not
entitled to any form of immunity from criminal process in respect of acts
allegedly committed by him in France in his private capacity. It further
noted that he had refused to appear or to respond to the summonses sent
to him.
25. Since they were unable to question him, the French judicial authorities,
by a request dated 14 November 2013, sought international mutual
assistance in criminal matters from the Equatorial Guinean judicial
authorities, under Article 18 of the Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime, asking them to transmit a summons to Mr. Teodoro
Nguema Obiang Mangue to attend a first appearance.
26. The judicial authorities of Equatorial Guinea accepted the request
for mutual assistance on 4 March 2014. They then executed that request
and, on 18 March 2014, following a hearing held in Malabo, Equatorial
Guinea, in which the French investigating judges participated by videolink,
Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue was indicted by the French
judiciary
“for having in Paris and on national territory during 1997 and until
October 2011 . . . assisted in making hidden investments or in converting
the direct or indirect proceeds of a felony or misdemeanour
. . . by acquiring a number of movable and immovable assets and
paying for a number of services”.
On 19 March 2014, a notice cancelling the summons (avis de cessation de
recherches) for Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue was issued by the
French investigating judge.
27. On 31 July 2014, Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue applied to
the Chambre de l’instruction de la Cour d’appel to annul the indictment,
on the ground that he enjoyed immunity from jurisdiction in his capacity
as Second Vice‑President of Equatorial Guinea in charge of Defence and
State Security. However, the Cour d’appel rejected his application by a
judgment of 11 August 2015. The Cour de cassation, by a judgment of
15 December 2015, rejected the argument that Mr. Teodoro Nguema
Obiang Mangue enjoyed immunity and upheld the indictment.
28. The investigation was declared to be completed and, on 23 May
2016, the Financial Prosecutor filed final submissions “seeking separation
of the complaints, their dismissal or their referral to the Tribunal correctionnel”.
On 5 September 2016, the investigating judges of the Paris Tribunal
de grande instance ordered the referral of Mr. Teodoro Nguema
Obiang Mangue — who, by a presidential decree of 21 June 2016, had
been appointed as the Vice‑President of Equatorial Guinea in charge of
Defence and State Security — for trial before the Tribunal Correctionnel
for alleged offences committed between 1997 and October 2011. On
1155 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
11
tembre 2016, le procureur de la République financier a émis un « mandement
de citation à prévenu », ordonnant à M. Teodoro Nguema Obiang
Mangue de se présenter le 24 octobre 2016 devant la 32e chambre correctionnelle
du tribunal correctionnel de Paris pour une « audience au fond ».
29. L’adjoint du procureur de la République financier a par la suite
indiqué aux conseils de M. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, dans un
courriel en date du 26 septembre 2016, que cette audience visait simplement
à « évoquer une difficulté de procédure ». Il a expliqué que, ayant
constaté une irrégularité (à savoir que le dispositif de l’ordonnance de
renvoi ne visait pas les textes d’incrimination et de répression), le ministère
public avait estimé que le tribunal correctionnel devait trancher cette
question avant d’aborder l’affaire au fond.
30. Le 24 octobre 2016, le tribunal correctionnel a renvoyé la procédure
au ministère public pour qu’il saisisse à nouveau le juge d’instruction
aux fins de régularisation de l’ordonnance de renvoi ; il a également
indiqué
que les audiences de jugement se tiendraient du 2 au 12 janvier
2017.
II. Compétence prima facie
31. La Cour ne peut indiquer des mesures conservatoires que si les dispositions
invoquées par le demandeur semblent prima facie constituer une
base sur laquelle sa compétence pourrait être fondée, mais n’a pas besoin
de s’assurer de manière définitive qu’elle a compétence quant au fond
de l’affaire (voir, par exemple, Questions concernant la saisie et la détention
de certains documents et données (Timor‑Leste c. Australie), mesures
conservatoires,
ordonnance du 3 mars 2014, C.I.J. Recueil 2014,
p. 151, par. 18).
32. En la présente espèce, la Guinée équatoriale entend fonder la compétence
de la Cour, d’une part, sur l’article 35 de la convention contre la criminalité
transnationale organisée et, d’autre part, sur le protocole de signature
facultative à la convention de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques (voir le
paragraphe 3 ci‑dessus). A l’audience, toutefois, elle n’a invoqué l’article 35
de la convention qu’au sujet de sa demande relative à l’immunité de M. Teodoro
Nguema Obiang Mangue. La Cour partira donc du principe que le
protocole de signature facultative n’est invoqué comme base de compétence
par la Guinée équatoriale qu’en ce qui concerne sa demande relative à
l’inviolabilité
alléguée des locaux sis au 42 avenue Foch.
33. La Cour doit donc d’abord chercher à établir si les clauses attributives
de juridiction contenues dans ces instruments lui confèrent effectivement
compétence prima facie pour se prononcer sur le fond, lui permettant,
si les autres conditions requises à cet effet sont remplies, d’indiquer des
mesures conservatoires.
34. La Guinée équatoriale et la France ont ratifié la convention contre
la criminalité transnationale organisée le 7 février 2003 et le
29 octobre 2002 respectivement. Elles n’ont ni l’une ni l’autre émis de
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1155
11
21 September 2016, the Financial Prosecutor issued a summons ordering
Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue to appear before the 32nd Chambre
correctionnelle of the Paris Tribunal correctionnel on 24 October 2016
for a “hearing on the merits”.
29. The Assistant Financial Prosecutor subsequently informed
Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue’s counsel, in an e‑mail dated
26 September 2016, that the hearing was merely intended to “raise a procedural
issue”. He explained that, having noted an irregularity (namely,
that the operative part of the referral order did not mention the relevant
texts setting out the criminalization and punishment of offences), the
Public Prosecutor’s Office was of the view that the Tribunal correctionnel
should settle that issue before addressing the merits of the case.
30. On 24 October 2016, the Tribunal correctionnel sent the proceedings
back to the Public Prosecutor’s Office so that it could return the case
to the investigating judge for the purpose of regularizing the referral
order ; it also stated that the trial hearings would be held from 2 to
12 January 2017.
II. Prima Facie Jurisdiction
31. The Court may indicate provisional measures only if the provisions
relied on by the Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which
its jurisdiction could be founded, but need not satisfy itself in a definitive
manner that it has jurisdiction as regards the merits of the case (see, for
example, Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents
and Data (Timor‑Leste v. Australia), Provisional Measures, Order
of 3 March 2014, I.C.J. Reports 2014, p. 151, para. 18).
32. In the present case, Equatorial Guinea seeks to found the jurisdiction
of the Court, first, on Article 35 of the Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime, and, second, on the Optional Protocol to the
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (see paragraph 3 above).
However, at the hearings, Equatorial Guinea relied only upon Article 35
in respect of its claim regarding the immunity of Mr. Teodoro Nguema
Obiang Mangue. The Court will therefore proceed on the basis that the
Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention is invoked by Equatorial
Guinea only in relation to the claim regarding the alleged inviolability of
the premises at 42 Avenue Foch.
33. The Court must therefore first seek to determine whether the jurisdictional
clauses contained in these instruments do indeed confer upon it
prima facie jurisdiction to rule on the merits, enabling it — if the other
necessary conditions are fulfilled — to indicate provisional measures.
34. Equatorial Guinea and France ratified the Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime on 7 February 2003 and 29 October
2002, respectively. Neither of them entered reservations to that instru-
1156 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
12
réserves à l’égard de cet instrument, qui est entré en vigueur le
29 septembre
2003. Par ailleurs, la Guinée équatoriale et la France sont
parties à la convention de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques (ci‑après,
la « convention de Vienne ») depuis le 29 septembre 1976 et le
30 janvier 1971 respectivement, et au protocole de signature facultative
depuis le 4 décembre 2014 et le 30 janvier 1971 respectivement.
Ni la Guinée
équatoriale
ni la France n’ont émis de réserves à l’égard du
protocole.
35. L’article 35 de la convention contre la criminalité transnationale
organisée est ainsi libellé :
« 1. Les Etats Parties s’efforcent de régler les différends concernant
l’interprétation ou l’application de la présente convention par voie de
négociation.
2. Tout différend entre deux Etats Parties ou plus concernant l’interprétation
ou l’application de la présente Convention qui ne peut
être réglé par voie de négociation dans un délai raisonnable est, à la
demande de l’un de ces Etats Parties, soumis à l’arbitrage. Si, dans
un délai de six mois à compter de la date de la demande d’arbitrage,
les Etats Parties ne peuvent s’entendre sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage,
l’un quelconque d’entre eux peut soumettre le différend à la
Cour internationale de Justice en adressant une requête conformément
au Statut de la Cour. »
36. Quant au protocole de signature facultative à la convention de
Vienne, ses trois premiers articles se lisent comme suit :
« Article I
Les différends relatifs à l’interprétation ou à l’application de la
Convention relèvent de la compétence obligatoire de la Cour internationale
de Justice, qui, à ce titre, pourra être saisie par une requête
de toute partie au différend qui sera elle‑même Partie au présent
Protocole.
Article II
Les parties peuvent convenir, dans un délai de deux mois après
notification par une partie à l’autre qu’il existe à son avis un litige,
d’adopter d’un commun accord, au lieu du recours à la Cour internationale
de Justice, une procédure devant un tribunal d’arbitrage.
Ce délai étant écoulé, chaque partie peut, par voie de requête, saisir
la Cour du différend.
Article III
1. Les parties peuvent également convenir d’un commun accord,
dans le même délai de deux mois, de recourir à une procédure de
conciliation avant d’en appeler à la Cour internationale de Justice.
2. La commission de conciliation devra formuler ses recommandations
dans les cinq mois suivant sa constitution. Si celles‑ci ne sont
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1156
12
ment, which came into force on 29 September 2003. Further, Equatorial
Guinea and France have been parties to the Vienna Convention on
Diplomatic
Relations (hereinafter the “Vienna Convention”) since
29 September
1976 and 30 January 1971 respectively, and to the Optional
Protocol since 4 December 2014 and 30 January 1971, respectively.
Neither
Equatorial Guinea nor France entered reservations to the
Protocol.
35. Article 35 of the Convention against Transnational Organized
Crime provides that :
“1. States Parties shall endeavour to settle disputes concerning
the interpretation or application of this Convention through negotiation.
2. Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the
interpretation or application of this Convention that cannot be settled
through negotiation within a reasonable time shall, at the request of
one of those States Parties, be submitted to arbitration. If, six months
after the date of the request for arbitration, those States Parties are
unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration, any one
of those States Parties may refer the dispute to the International
Court of Justice by request in accordance with the Statute of the
Court.”
36. As regards the Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention, its
first three articles read as follows :
“Article I
Disputes arising out of the interpretation or application of the Convention
shall lie within the compulsory jurisdiction of the International
Court of Justice and may accordingly be brought before the
Court by an application made by any party to the dispute being a
Party to the present Protocol.
Article II
The parties may agree, within a period of two months after one
party has notified its opinion to the other that a dispute exists, to
resort not to the International Court of Justice but to an arbitral
tribunal. After the expiry of the said period, either party may bring
the dispute before the Court by an application.
Article III
1. Within the same period of two months, the parties may agree to
adopt a conciliation procedure before resorting to the International
Court of Justice.
2. The conciliation commission shall make its recommendations
within five months after its appointment. If its recommendations are
1157 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
13
pas acceptées par les parties au litige dans l’espace de deux mois
après leur énoncé, chaque partie sera libre de saisir la Cour du différend
par voie de requête. »
37. La Cour note que tant le paragraphe 2 de l’article 35 de la convention
contre la criminalité transnationale organisée que l’article I du protocole
de signature facultative subordonnent la compétence de la Cour à
l’existence d’un différend relatif à l’interprétation ou à l’application de la
convention à laquelle ils se rapportent. Au stade actuel de la procédure, il
appartient d’abord à la Cour d’établir si, prima facie, un tel différend existait
à la date du dépôt de la requête, puisque, en règle générale, c’est à
cette date que, selon la jurisprudence de la Cour, sa compétence doit s’apprécier
(voir Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader
(Belgique c. Sénégal), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 28 mai 2009,
C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 148, par. 46).
38. La Cour relève par ailleurs que la convention contre la criminalité
transnationale énonce des conditions de nature procédurale que les parties
se doivent de respecter après la survenance d’un différend pour qu’elle
puisse avoir compétence. En vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 35 de cet
instrument, le différend soumis à la Cour doit être de ceux « qui ne
peu[vent] être réglé[s] par voie de négociation dans un délai raisonnable ».
La disposition susvisée prévoit en outre que le différend devra être soumis
à l’arbitrage à la demande de l’une des parties à ce différend et que la
Cour ne pourra en être saisie que si celles‑ci ne parviennent pas à se
mettre d’accord sur l’organisation de cet arbitrage dans les six mois à
compter de la date à laquelle il aura été demandé.
39. L’article I du protocole de signature facultative ne pose pas de
conditions de nature procédurale. Toutefois, les articles II et III dudit instrument
prévoient que les parties peuvent recourir à d’autres modes de
règlement des différends, à savoir l’arbitrage et la conciliation ; en pareil
cas, la saisine de la Cour est soumise à certaines conditions préalables.
40. La Cour devra donc examiner ces différents aspects procéduraux
de la convention contre la criminalité transnationale organisée et du protocole
de signature facultative si elle estime qu’il existe, prima facie, un
différend relatif à « l’interprétation ou [à] l’application » des conventions
en question.
1) La convention contre la criminalité transnationale organisée
41. La Guinée équatoriale fait valoir qu’il existe un différend entre les
Parties au sujet de l’application de l’article 4 de la convention contre la
criminalité transnationale organisée. Cette disposition, intitulée « Protection
de la souveraineté », est rédigée comme suit :
« 1. Les Etats Parties exécutent leurs obligations au titre de la présente
Convention d’une manière compatible avec les principes de
l’égalité souveraine et de l’intégrité territoriale des Etats et avec celui
de la non‑intervention dans les affaires intérieures d’autres Etats.
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1157
13
not accepted by the parties to the dispute within two months after
they have been delivered, either party may bring the dispute before
the Court by an application.”
37. The Court notes that both Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Convention
against Transnational Organized Crime and Article I of the Optional
Protocol make the Court’s jurisdiction conditional on the existence of a
dispute arising out of the interpretation or application of the Convention
to which they relate. At this stage of the proceedings, the Court must first
establish whether, prima facie, such a dispute existed on the date the
Application was filed, since, as a general rule, it is on that date, according
to the jurisprudence of the Court, that its jurisdiction must be determined
(see Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium
v. Senegal), Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J.
Reports 2009, p. 148, para. 46).
38. The Court also notes that the Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime sets out procedural requirements with which the parties
must comply after a dispute arises in order for the Court to have jurisdiction.
Under Article 35, paragraph 2, of that instrument, the dispute
referred to the Court must be a dispute that “cannot be settled through
negotiation within a reasonable time”. That provision also states that the
dispute must be submitted to arbitration at the request of one of the parties
to the dispute and that it may be referred to the Court only if the
parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration within
six months of the date of the request.
39. Article I of the Optional Protocol does not impose any procedural
requirements. However, Articles II and III of that instrument provide
that parties may resort to alternative methods of dispute settlement,
namely arbitration and conciliation ; in such circumstances, the seisin of
the Court is subject to certain preconditions.
40. The Court therefore will have to consider these different procedural
aspects of the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
and of the Optional Protocol, if it considers that there exists, prima facie,
a dispute arising out of “the interpretation or application” of the conventions
concerned.
(1) The Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
41. Equatorial Guinea asserts that a dispute exists between the Parties
concerning the application of Article 4 of the Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime. That provision, entitled “Protection of sovereignty”,
reads as follows :
“1. States Parties shall carry out their obligations under this Convention
in a manner consistent with the principles of sovereign equality
and territorial integrity of States and that of non‑intervention in
the domestic affairs of other States.
1158 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
14
2. Aucune disposition de la présente Convention n’habilite un
Etat Partie à exercer sur le territoire d’un autre Etat une compétence
et des fonctions qui sont exclusivement réservées aux autorités de cet
autre Etat par son droit interne. »
42. Dans sa demande en indication de mesures conservatoires, la Guinée
équatoriale soutient que « l’immunité personnelle du vice‑président »
et « l’inviolabilité de l’immeuble », sis au 42 avenue Foch à Paris,
« découlent des principes de l’égalité souveraine des Etats et de la non‑ingérence
dans les affaires intérieures des Etats », principes auxquels le
paragraphe 1 de l’article 4 de la convention fait expressément référence. Si
elle admet que la demande concernant l’immeuble du 42 avenue Foch et
celle relative à l’immunité du vice‑président sont intimement liées dans la
procédure pénale engagée en France, la Guinée équatoriale soutient toutefois
que la compétence pour connaître de l’une n’est pas tributaire de la
compétence pour connaître de l’autre.
43. Selon la Guinée équatoriale, l’article 4 de la convention ne constitue
pas une simple « directive générale » à la lumière de laquelle il conviendrait
d’interpréter les autres dispositions de la convention. Les principes
de l’égalité souveraine et de la non‑intervention auxquels cette disposition
se réfère engloberaient d’importantes règles de droit international coutumier
ou général, en particulier celles qui touchent aux immunités des
Etats et à l’immunité de certaines personnes de rang élevé dans l’Etat.
Consacrées par les principes susvisés, les règles en question seraient,
d’après la demanderesse, contraignantes pour les Etats lorsqu’ils
appliquent la convention. La Guinée équatoriale prétend en conséquence
que, en engageant des poursuites à l’encontre du vice‑président équato‑guinéen,
la France était tenue, dans la mise en oeuvre de la convention
— et en particulier de ses articles 6 (Incrimination du blanchiment du
produit du crime), 12 (Confiscation et saisie), 14 (Disposition du produit
du crime ou des biens confisqués) et 18 (Entraide judiciaire) — de respecter
les règles relatives à l’immunité ratione personae du vice‑président de
la Guinée équatoriale, découlant de l’article 4 de cet instrument. Elle
ajoute que la disposition sur le fondement de laquelle des poursuites
ont été engagées par la France contre le vice‑président équato‑guinéen
(l’article 324‑1 de son code pénal) représente un texte d’application
de la convention.
*
44. Pour sa part, la France nie l’existence d’un différend au sujet de
l’application de la convention, et en conséquence la compétence de la
Cour. Selon elle, la référence à l’article 4, aux principes de l’égalité
souveraine
et de l’intégrité territoriale des Etats, et à celui de la non‑intervention
dans les affaires intérieures d’autres Etats, indique la
manière dont les autres dispositions de la convention doivent être
appliquées.
La France soutient ainsi que le paragraphe 1 de l’article 4 de
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1158
14
2. Nothing in this Convention entitles a State Party to undertake
in the territory of another State the exercise of jurisdiction and performance
of functions that are reserved exclusively for the authorities
of that other State by its domestic law.”
42. In its Request for the indication of provisional measures, Equatorial
Guinea contends that “[t]he personal immunity of the Vice‑President”
and “the inviolability of the building” located at 42 Avenue Foch in Paris
“derive from the principles of sovereign equality of States and non‑interference
in States’ internal affairs”, principles to which reference is
explicitly made in Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention. While it
accepts that the claim in respect of the building at 42 Avenue Foch and
the one relating to the immunity of the Vice‑President are closely linked
in the criminal proceedings instituted in France, Equatorial Guinea maintains
that jurisdiction in respect of one claim is not dependent upon jurisdiction
in respect of the other.
43. According to Equatorial Guinea, Article 4 of the Convention is not
merely a “general guideline”, in light of which the other provisions of the
Convention should be interpreted. The principles of sovereign equality
and non‑intervention to which that Article refers encompass important
rules of customary or general international law, in particular those relating
to the immunities of States and the immunity of certain holders of
high‑ranking office in the State. In the Applicant’s view, the rules in question
are binding on States when they apply the Convention as they are
embodied in the above-mentioned
principles. Equatorial Guinea thus
claims that, when initiating proceedings against the Vice‑President of
Equatorial Guinea, France was obliged, in applying the Convention —
and in particular Articles 6 (Criminalization of the laundering of proceeds
of crime), 12 (Confiscation and seizure), 14 (Disposal of confiscated proceeds
of crime or property) and 18 (Mutual legal assistance) thereof — to
respect the rules relating to the immunity ratione personae of the
Vice‑President of Equatorial Guinea, deriving from Article 4 of that
instrument. It adds that the provision on the basis of which France initiated
proceedings against the Vice‑President of Equatorial Guinea (Article
324‑1 of the French Penal Code) represents implementing legislation
for the Convention.
*
44. For its part, France denies the existence of a dispute concerning the
application of the Convention, and, consequently, that the Court has
jurisdiction. In its view, the reference in Article 4 to the principles of
sovereign
equality and territorial integrity of States, and to that of non‑intervention
in the domestic affairs of other States, indicates the manner
in which the other provisions of the Convention must be applied. France
thus maintains that Article 4, paragraph 1, is merely a “general guide-
1159 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
15
cet instrument n’est qu’une « directive générale qui éclaire la manière
dont les autres dispositions du traité doivent être exécutées » ; et qu’il ne
crée pas d’obligations juridiques autonomes.
45. La France ajoute que les dispositions de la convention dont la
Guinée
équatoriale prétend qu’elles n’ont pas été mises en oeuvre dans
le respect des principes posés à l’article 4 de cet instrument (art. 6, 12,
14 et 18) se limitent, pour la plupart (art. 6, 12 et 14), à obliger les Etats
à légiférer ou réglementer. Quant à l’article 18 de la convention, la
France note qu’elle a fait appel à l’entraide judiciaire de la Guinée
équatoriale
dans la présente affaire et que celle‑ci n’a pas soulevé la
moindre objection fondée sur les règles relatives à l’immunité ratione
personae
du vice‑président équato‑guinéen. La France fait en outre
observer
que les poursuites contre M. Teodoro Nguema Obiang
Mangue ont été engagées non pas sur le fondement de la convention,
mais en vertu des dispositions du code pénal français, qui n’ont
« nullement
été adoptées pour donner effet à la convention » car elles
étaient déjà « en pleine conformité avec les obligations énoncées par
[celle-
ci] ».
46. En conséquence, la France estime que la Cour n’a pas compétence,
sur la base du paragraphe 2 de l’article 35 de ladite convention, pour
connaître des demandes de la Guinée équatoriale concernant la violation
alléguée de sa souveraineté ou la prétendue intervention de la
France dans ses affaires intérieures. En particulier, la Cour n’aurait pas
compétence pour connaître des demandes de la Guinée équatoriale relatives
à l’immunité ratione personae dont se prévaut M. Teodoro Nguema
Obiang Mangue.
* *
47. Il ressort du dossier que les Parties ont exprimé des vues divergentes
sur l’article 4 de la convention contre la criminalité transnationale
organisée. Pour autant, à l’effet d’établir, même prima facie, si un différend
au sens du paragraphe 2 de l’article 35 de la convention existe, la
Cour ne peut se borner à constater que l’une des Parties soutient que la
convention s’applique alors que l’autre le nie. Elle doit rechercher si les
actes dont la Guinée équatoriale tire grief sont, prima facie, susceptibles
d’entrer dans les prévisions de cet instrument et si, par suite, le différend
est de ceux dont la Cour pourrait avoir compétence pour connaître ratione
materiae en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 35 de la convention (voir
Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Yougoslavie c. Belgique), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 2 juin 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 137, par. 38).
48. La Cour relève que les obligations prévues par la convention
consistent principalement à contraindre les Etats parties à introduire dans
leur droit interne des dispositions incriminant certaines infractions de
nature transnationale — telles que la participation à un groupe criminel
organisé (art. 5), le blanchiment du produit du crime (art. 6), la
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1159
15
line . . . which clarifies the manner in which the other provisions of the
treaty should be implemented” ; it does not give rise to autonomous legal
obligations.
45. France adds that the provisions of the Convention which Equatorial
Guinea claims were not implemented in accordance with the principles
set out in Article 4 of that instrument (Arts. 6, 12, 14 and 18), for the
most part (Arts. 6, 12 and 14) do nothing more than oblige States to
legislate
or regulate. As regards Article 18 of the Convention, France notes
that it requested mutual legal assistance from Equatorial Guinea in this
case and that the latter raised not the slightest objection on the basis of
the rules relating to the immunity ratione personae of its Vice‑President.
France further observes that the proceedings against Mr. Teodoro
Nguema Obiang Mangue were instituted not on the basis of the
Convention, but under provisions of the French Penal Code, provisions
which “were in no way adopted to give effect to the Convention”, since
French criminal legislation was already “in complete conformity with the
obligations laid down by the . . . Convention”.
46. Consequently, France considers that the Court has no jurisdiction,
on the basis of Article 35, paragraph 2, of the said Convention, to entertain
Equatorial Guinea’s requests concerning the alleged violation of its
sovereignty and the purported interference by France in its domestic
affairs. In particular, it asserts that the Court has no jurisdiction to entertain
Equatorial Guinea’s requests relating to the immunity ratione
personae claimed by Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue.
* *
47. It is clear from the case file that the Parties have expressed differing
views on Article 4 of the Convention against Transnational Organized
Crime. Nonetheless, in order to determine, even prima facie, whether a
dispute within the meaning of Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Convention
exists, the Court cannot limit itself to noting that one of the Parties maintains
that the Convention applies, while the other denies it. It must ascertain
whether the acts complained of by Equatorial Guinea are prima facie
capable of falling within the provisions of that instrument and whether,
as a consequence, the dispute is one which the Court has jurisdiction
ratione
materiae to entertain pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 2, of
the Convention
(see Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium),
Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I),
p. 137, para. 38).
48. The Court notes that the obligations under the Convention consist
mainly in requiring the States parties to introduce in their domestic legislation
provisions criminalizing certain transnational offences — such as
participation in an organized criminal group (Art. 5), laundering the proceeds
of crime (Art. 6), the active or passive corruption of public officials
1160 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
16
corruption
active ou passive des agents publics nationaux (art. 8) et
l’entrave
au bon fonctionnement de la justice (art. 23) — et à prendre des
mesures en vue de lutter contre ces infractions (notamment des mesures
de lutte contre le blanchiment d’argent (art. 7) et la corruption
(art. 9), des mesures visant à permettre la confiscation et la saisie (art. 12),
ainsi que la disposition du produit du crime ou des biens confisqués
(art. 14)). Un mécanisme de coopération internationale est également
prévu au sujet desdites infractions (coopération internationale aux fins de
confiscation (art. 13), extradition (art. 16), transfert des personnes
condamnées (art. 17), entraide judiciaire (art. 18) et enquête conjointe
(art. 19)). Aux termes de la convention, les Etats parties doivent, s’ils ne
l’ont pas déjà fait, inscrire dans leur législation les infractions pénales de
nature transnationale énumérées par ledit instrument et prendre part au
mécanisme de coopération internationale qui y est visé.
49. L’article 4 a pour objet de garantir que les Etats parties à la convention
exécuteront leurs obligations dans le respect des principes de l’égalité
souveraine, de l’intégrité territoriale des Etats et de la non‑intervention
dans les affaires intérieures d’autres Etats. Cette disposition n’apparaît
pas créer de nouvelles règles concernant les immunités des personnes
de rang élevé dans l’Etat ou incorporer des règles de droit international
coutumier concernant de telles immunités. Tout différend qui
pourrait
surgir au sujet de « l’interprétation ou [de] l’application » de
l’
article
4 de la convention ne pourrait dès lors porter que sur la
manière dont les Etats parties exécutent leurs obligations au titre de la
convention. Or, il appert à la Cour que le différend allégué n’a pas trait
à la manière dont la France a exécuté ses obligations au titre des
articles 6, 12, 14 et 18 de la convention invoqués par la Guinée
équatoriale
; il semble en réalité porter sur une question distincte, celle
de savoir si le vice‑président équato‑guinéen bénéficie en droit international
coutumier d’une immunité ratione personae et, le cas échéant,
si la France y a porté atteinte en engageant des poursuites à son
encontre.
50. En conséquence, la Cour estime qu’il n’existe pas, prima facie, de
différend entre les Parties susceptible d’entrer dans les prévisions de la
convention contre la criminalité transnationale organisée, et donc de
concerner l’interprétation ou l’application de l’article 4 de celle-
ci.
Dès lors, elle n’a pas compétence prima facie en vertu du paragraphe
2 de l’article 35 de cet instrument pour connaître de la demande
de la Guinée équatoriale relative à l’immunité de M. Teodoro
Nguema Obiang Mangue. Il n’y a donc pas lieu pour elle d’examiner
si les conditions procédurales posées par cette disposition sont réunies
(voir le paragraphe 38). La convention étant le seul instrument
que la Guinée équatoriale invoque pour fonder la compétence de la
Cour en ce qui concerne l’immunité alléguée de M. Teodoro Nguema
Obiang Mangue, il découle de la conclusion ci-
dessus
que la Cour ne
peut indiquer de mesures conservatoires en ce qui concerne ladite
immunité.
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1160
16
(Art. 8) and the obstruction of justice (Art. 23) — and to take measures
aimed at combatting these crimes (notably measures to combat money
laundering (Art. 7), measures against corruption (Art. 9), measures to
enable confiscation and seizure (Art. 12), as well as the disposal of confiscated
proceeds of crime or property (Art. 14)). An international co‑operation
mechanism is also provided for with regard to these crimes
(international co‑operation for purposes of confiscation (Art. 13), extradition
(Art. 16), transfer of sentenced persons (Art. 17), mutual legal
assistance (Art. 18) and joint investigations (Art. 19)). Under the terms of
the Convention, the States parties must, if they have not already done so,
legislate against the transnational offences set out in the said instrument
and participate in the international co‑operation mechanism referred to
therein.
49. The purpose of Article 4 of the Convention is to ensure that the
States parties to the Convention perform their obligations in accordance
with the principles of sovereign equality, territorial integrity of States and
non‑intervention in the domestic affairs of other States. The provision
does not appear to create new rules concerning the immunities of holders
of high‑ranking office in the State or incorporate rules of customary international
law concerning those immunities. Accordingly, any dispute
which might arise with regard to “the interpretation or application” of
Article 4 of the Convention could relate only to the manner in which the
States parties perform their obligations under that Convention. It appears
to the Court, however, that the alleged dispute does not relate to the
manner in which France performed its obligations under Articles 6, 12, 14
and 18 of the Convention, invoked by Equatorial Guinea. The alleged
dispute, rather, appears to concern a distinct issue, namely whether the
Vice‑President of Equatorial Guinea enjoys immunity ratione personae
under customary international law and, if so, whether France has violated
that immunity by instituting proceedings against him.
50. Consequently, the Court considers that, prima facie, a dispute
capable of falling within the provisions of the Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime and therefore concerning the interpretation or
the application of Article 4 of that Convention does not exist between the
Parties. Thus, it does not have prima facie jurisdiction under Article 35,
paragraph 2, of that instrument to entertain Equatorial Guinea’s request
relating to the immunity of Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue. It is
therefore not necessary for it to examine whether the procedural conditions
set out in that provision are met (see paragraph 38). As the Convention
is the only instrument which Equatorial Guinea invoked as a basis
for jurisdiction in relation to the claimed immunity of Mr. Teodoro
Nguema Obiang Mangue, it follows from the above finding that the
Court cannot indicate provisional measures of protection in relation to
that claimed immunity.
1161 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
17
2) Le protocole de signature facultative à la convention de Vienne
sur les relations diplomatiques
51. La Guinée équatoriale fait par ailleurs valoir qu’il existe un différend
entre les Parties au sujet de l’application de l’article 22 de la convention
de Vienne, lequel se lit comme suit :
« 1. Les locaux de la mission sont inviolables. Il n’est pas permis
aux agents de l’Etat accréditaire d’y pénétrer, sauf avec le consentement
du chef de la mission.
2. L’Etat accréditaire a l’obligation spéciale de prendre toutes
mesures appropriées afin d’empêcher que les locaux de la mission ne
soient envahis ou endommagés, la paix de la mission troublée ou sa
dignité amoindrie.
3. Les locaux de la mission, leur ameublement et les autres objets
qui s’y trouvent, ainsi que les moyens de transport de la mission, ne
peuvent faire l’objet d’aucune perquisition, réquisition, saisie ou
mesure d’exécution. »
52. La Guinée équatoriale reproche à la France d’avoir méconnu, à
l’occasion des procédures engagées contre M. Teodoro Nguema Obiang
Mangue, le statut juridique de l’immeuble situé au 42 avenue Foch à
Paris « comme locaux affectés à sa mission diplomatique en France ».
53. La demanderesse avance en effet qu’elle a, le 4 octobre 2011, indiqué
au ministère français des affaires étrangères qu’elle disposait depuis plusieurs
années de l’immeuble du 42 avenue Foch et qu’elle l’utilisait « pour
l’accomplissement des fonctions diplomatiques sans qu’elle ne l’ait formalisé
expressément auprès de[s] services [dudit ministère] ». Elle soutient
qu’elle n’a depuis lors cessé d’affirmer le statut diplomatique du bâtiment,
et ce, dans le cadre d’une trentaine d’échanges diplomatiques au moins.
54. La Guinée équatoriale soutient que, nonobstant l’immunité dont il
devrait jouir en vertu de la convention de Vienne, l’immeuble de
l’avenue
Foch a fait l’objet de quatre perquisitions, conduites entre 2011
et 2016, ainsi que d’une saisie pénale immobilière, le 19 juillet 2012.
55. La demanderesse considère donc que, « faute de reconnaître l’immeuble
comme locaux de la mission diplomatique », la France a violé ses
obligations à l’égard de la Guinée équatoriale en vertu de la convention
de Vienne, notamment son article 22.
56. La Guinée équatoriale souligne avoir protesté de manière constante
et avoir, dans le même temps, cherché à régler le différend par voie de
négociation, conciliation ou d’arbitrage. Elle invoque à cet égard un
mémorandum en date du 26 octobre 2015, par lequel elle a transmis à la
France une « offre de conciliation et d’arbitrage », sur le fondement
notamment des articles I et II du protocole de signature facultative à la
convention de Vienne. Elle déclare avoir réitéré cette offre dans une note
verbale en date du 6 janvier 2016, par laquelle elle a renouvelé sa volonté
de parvenir à une solution diplomatique quant au différend découlant de
l’affaire dite « des biens mal acquis ». Enfin, la Guinée équatoriale rap-
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1161
17
(2) The Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention
on Diplomatic Relations
51. Equatorial Guinea also claims that a dispute exists between the
Parties regarding the application of Article 22 of the Vienna Convention,
which reads as follows :
“1. The premises of the mission shall be inviolable. The agents of
the receiving State may not enter them, except with the consent of the
head of the mission.
2. The receiving State is under a special duty to take all appropriate
steps to protect the premises of the mission against any intrusion
or damage and to prevent any disturbance of the peace of the mission
or impairment of its dignity.
3. The premises of the mission, their furnishings and other property
thereon and the means of transport of the mission shall be
immune from search, requisition, attachment or execution.”
52. Equatorial Guinea contends that France, in the proceedings against
Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, has disregarded the legal status
of the building located at 42 Avenue Foch in Paris “as premises of its
diplomatic mission in France”.
53. The Applicant claims that, on 4 October 2011, it informed the
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs that for a number of years it had had
the building located at 42 Avenue Foch at its disposal and that it used the
building “for the performance of the functions of its diplomatic mission
without having given [the Ministry’s] services official notification thereof”.
It contends that it has since consistently affirmed the diplomatic status of
the building through no less than some 30 diplomatic exchanges.
54. Equatorial Guinea maintains that, notwithstanding the immunity
that the building on Avenue Foch should enjoy under the Vienna Convention,
it was searched on four occasions between 2011 and 2016, and
was attached (saisie pénale immobilière) on 19 July 2012.
55. The Applicant thus considers that, “by failing to recognize the
building as the premises of the diplomatic mission”, France has breached
its obligations owed to Equatorial Guinea under the Vienna Convention,
in particular Article 22 thereof.
56. Equatorial Guinea stresses that it has protested consistently and
that it has, at the same time, sought to settle the dispute through negotiation,
conciliation or arbitration. In this regard, it refers to a memorandum
dated 26 October 2015, in which it transmitted to France an “offer
of conciliation and arbitration”, on the basis, in particular, of Articles I
and II of the Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention. Equatorial
Guinea asserts that it reiterated that offer in a Note Verbale dated 6 January
2016, in which it renewed its commitment to finding a diplomatic
solution to the dispute arising from the so‑called “ill‑gotten gains” case.
Lastly, Equatorial Guinea recalls that, on 2 February 2016, it transmitted
1162 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
18
pelle qu’elle a, le 2 février 2016, transmis à la France un mémorandum
développant sa position sur les questions faisant l’objet du litige et qu’elle
a, à cette occasion, de nouveau réitéré son offre de règlement par voies de
conciliation et d’arbitrage. La demanderesse indique que le ministère
français des affaires étrangères a répondu, le 17 mars 2016, ne pas être
« en mesure d’accepter l’offre de règlement » au motif que « les faits mentionnés
[avaient] fait l’objet en France de décisions de justice et [faisaient]
encore l’objet de procédures judiciaires ».
57. La Guinée équatoriale estime que, compte tenu de ce qui précède, la
Cour a compétence en vertu du protocole de signature facultative. Dans sa
requête, la Guinée équatoriale a soutenu que la Cour avait compétence en
vertu de l’article I dudit instrument et que les articles II et III de celui‑ci ne
restreignaient pas son droit de porter la procédure devant la Cour.
*
58. La France avance pour sa part que l’immeuble sis au 42 avenue Foch
ne peut être considéré comme abritant les locaux de la mission
équato‑guinéenne
en France. Elle expose qu’en effet, jamais avant la note
verbale de l’ambassade de la Guinée équatoriale en date du 4 octobre 2011
(voir le paragraphe 53 ci‑dessus), le protocole du ministère français des
affaires étrangères n’avait été informé de l’existence de ces locaux ; qu’aucun
courrier émanant de l’ambassade et destiné au ministère n’avait été envoyé
de cette adresse ; que l’ambassade de la Guinée équatoriale n’avait pas sollicité
de mesures particulières, de protection notamment, s’agissant de ces
locaux ; et que jamais une demande d’exonération fiscale les concernant
n’avait été présentée, « à l’instar [de ce qui avait été fait pour les] seuls locaux
de l’ambassade de la Guinée équatoriale connus des autorités françaises, et
qui sont situés à une autre adresse, le 29 boulevard de Courcelles ». La
France explique que le ministère français des affaires étrangères avait dès
lors répondu à la Guinée équatoriale, le 11 octobre 2011, « qu’il ne considérait
pas que l’immeuble faisait partie des locaux de la mission diplomatique ».
59. La France indique par ailleurs qu’il ressort de plusieurs courriers que
la manière dont l’affectation de l’immeuble a par la suite été présentée a
fluctué. Selon elle, ce n’est que le 27 juillet 2012 que la Guinée équatoriale a
décrit les locaux du 42 avenue Foch comme abritant, à compter de cette
date, la mission diplomatique elle‑même. La France a reconnu, à l’audience,
que les services de l’ambassade de la Guinée équatoriale semblaient, à cette
époque, avoir été effectivement transférés à ladite adresse. Elle a néanmoins
précisé, dans ses observations sur la réponse de la Guinée équatoriale aux
questions posées à l’audience par des juges, que le ministère français des
affaires étrangères avait rappelé « de façon constante » qu’il ne considérait
pas ces locaux comme faisant partie de ceux de la mission diplomatique de
la Guinée équatoriale « et ce, même lorsque les autorités françaises consentaient
des mesures de protection ponctuelles pour cet immeuble ».
60. S’agissant des perquisitions effectuées dans l’immeuble en question,
la France expose qu’elles ont été conduites à la demande des autorités
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1162
18
to France a memorandum setting out its position on the questions forming
the subject of the dispute and that, on that occasion, it once again
reiterated its offer of settlement through conciliation and arbitration. The
Applicant states that, on 17 March 2016, the French Ministry of Foreign
Affairs responded that it was “unable to accept the offer of settlement” on
the grounds that “the facts mentioned . . . [had] been the subject of court
decisions in France and [remained] the subject of ongoing legal proceedings”.
57. Equatorial Guinea considers that, in light of the foregoing, the
Court has jurisdiction under the Optional Protocol. In its Application,
Equatorial Guinea contended that the Court had jurisdiction under Article
I of that instrument and that Articles II and III thereof did not restrict
its right to bring these proceedings before the Court.
*
58. France, for its part, contends that the building located at 42 Avenue
Foch cannot be considered as housing the premises of Equatorial
Guinea’s mission in France. It points out that, prior to the Note Verbale
from the Embassy of Equatorial Guinea dated 4 October 2011 (see paragraph
53 above), the Protocol Department of the French Ministry of Foreign
Affairs had never been informed of the existence of those premises ;
that not a single piece of correspondence from the Embassy was ever sent
to the Ministry from that address ; that the Embassy of Equatorial Guinea
had not requested any particular measures — concerning protection, in
particular — in relation to those premises ; and that no requests for tax
exemption for them were ever presented, “as [had been done] for the only
Embassy premises known to the French authorities, and which are located
at another address: 29 Boulevard de Courcelles”. France explains that the
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs had therefore replied to Equatorial
Guinea, on 11 October 2011, “that it did not consider the building to
form part of the premises of the diplomatic mission”.
59. France further states that several items of correspondence show
that the manner in which the use of the building was subsequently presented
varied. According to France, it was not until 27 July 2012 that
Equatorial Guinea described the premises of 42 Avenue Foch as housing,
as from that date, the diplomatic mission itself. At the hearings, France
acknowledged that the Embassy offices of Equatorial Guinea seemed to
have been transferred to that address at that time. It nonetheless stated,
in its comments on Equatorial Guinea’s replies to the questions put by
judges at the hearings, that the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs had
“consistently” recalled that it did not consider the building to form part
of the premises of Equatorial Guinea’s diplomatic mission “even when
the French authorities consented to occasional protection measures for
that building”.
60. As regards the searches carried out in the building in question,
France states that they were conducted at the request of the French judi-
1163 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
19
judiciaires françaises, dans le cadre d’une procédure légale, et qu’elles
n’ont eu lieu qu’en 2011 et en 2012. Elle soutient que, depuis lors, il n’y a
eu ni mesure de contrainte ni intrusion en rapport avec cet immeuble.
Quant à la saisie pénale immobilière, la France affirme qu’elle n’a « qu’une
portée conservatoire » et qu’elle a été motivée par le fait que les investigations
avaient révélé que l’immeuble du 42 avenue Foch avait, selon toute
vraisemblance, été acquis en tout ou partie avec le produit des infractions
visées par l’information judiciaire concernant M. Teodoro Nguema
Obiang Mangue.
61. La défenderesse considère au demeurant que la « constatation d’incompétence
prima facie de la Cour » pour se prononcer, sur la base de la
convention contre la criminalité transnationale organisée, sur les
demandes de la Guinée équatoriale concernant les immunités prétendues
de M. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue « rejaillit » sur le sort de ses
demandes relatives à l’immeuble du 42 avenue Foch. Elle explique qu’il
n’existe « aucun risque de confiscation puis de vente de l’immeuble aussi
longtemps que la condamnation de M. [Teodoro Nguema] Obiang
[Mangue] pour blanchiment n’est pas définitivement acquise ». Or, dans la
mesure où la Cour n’a pas, selon la France, compétence prima facie pour
connaître des demandes relatives aux immunités alléguées du vice‑président
équato‑guinéen, cette incompétence s’étend aux demandes
relatives
à l’immeuble situé au 42 avenue Foch.
62. Enfin, pour ce qui est de l’offre de conciliation et d’arbitrage formulée
par la Guinée équatoriale, la France confirme qu’elle ne pouvait y
donner suite car, en vertu du principe d’indépendance de la justice, et en
l’absence, dans la législation pénale française, de possibilité d’interrompre
une procédure par le biais d’une transaction, le Gouvernement français
n’avait aucun moyen de mettre fin à la procédure pénale engagée contre
M. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue.
* *
63. La Cour rappelle que l’article I du protocole de signature facultative
dispose qu’elle a compétence pour connaître des différends relatifs à
l’interprétation ou à l’application de la convention de Vienne (voir le
paragraphe 36 ci‑dessus).
64. Elle rappelle en outre que les articles II et III du protocole de signature
facultative prévoient que les parties peuvent convenir, dans un délai
de deux mois après notification par une partie à l’autre qu’il existe à son
avis un litige, de recourir à l’arbitrage ou à la conciliation. A l’expiration
de ce délai, chaque partie peut, par voie de requête, saisir la Cour de céans
du différend. Toutefois, comme la Cour a eu l’occasion de l’indiquer dans
l’affaire du Personnel diplomatique et consulaire des Etats‑Unis à Téhéran
(Etats‑Unis d’Amérique c. Iran), si le texte desdits articles II et III
« est examiné en même temps que celui de l’article I et du préambule
d[u] protocol[e], il tombe sous le sens qu’il ne faut pas y voir une
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1163
19
cial authorities, in the context of a lawful procedure, and that they took
place only in 2011 and 2012. It maintains that, since that time, there have
been no measures of constraint in connection with the building, nor any
intrusion therein. Regarding the attachment (saisie pénale immobilière) of
the building, France asserts that it has “only a provisional effect” and that
it was justified by the fact that the investigations had revealed that the
building at 42 Avenue Foch had, in all likelihood, been wholly or partly
acquired with the proceeds from the offences falling within the scope of
the judicial investigation into Mr. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue.
61. The Respondent considers, moreover, that the “finding that the
Court lacks prima facie jurisdiction” to rule, on the basis of the Convention
against Transnational Organized Crime, on Equatorial Guinea’s
requests with regard to the alleged immunities of Mr. Teodoro Nguema
Obiang Mangue “impacts” on the fate of its requests in respect of the
building at 42 Avenue Foch. It explains that there is “no risk of the building
being confiscated or sold until Mr. [Teodoro Nguema] Obiang
[Mangue] has been definitively convicted of money laundering”. Since
the Court, in France’s view, does not have prima facie jurisdiction over
the requests relating to the alleged immunities of the Vice‑President of
Equatorial Guinea, it also lacks jurisdiction over the requests relating to
the building located on 42 Avenue Foch.
62. Lastly, as regards Equatorial Guinea’s offer of conciliation and
arbitration, France confirms that it could not pursue it because, under the
principle of the independence of the judiciary, and owing to the fact that
French criminal law does not allow for proceedings to be stopped by
way of a compromise, the French Government had no means of putting
an end to the criminal proceedings against Mr. Teodoro Nguema
Obiang Mangue.
* *
63. The Court recalls that Article I of the Optional Protocol provides
that the Court has jurisdiction over disputes relating to the interpretation
or application of the Vienna Convention (see paragraph 36 above).
64. It further recalls that Articles II and III of the Optional Protocol
provide that the parties may agree, within a period of two months after
one party has notified its opinion to the other that a dispute exists, to
resort to arbitration or conciliation. After the expiry of that period, either
party may bring the dispute before the Court by an application. However,
as the Court had occasion to note in the case concerning United
States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States of America
v. Iran), the terms of the said Articles II and III,
“when read in conjunction with those of Article I and with the Preamble
to the Protoco[l], make it crystal clear that they are not to be
1164 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
20
condition préalable à l’applicabilité de la disposition précise et catégorique
de l’article I qui prévoit la compétence obligatoire de la Cour
pour connaître des différends relatifs à l’interprétation ou à l’application
de la convention de Vienne » (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1980, p. 25‑26,
par. 48).
La Cour a ensuite précisé ce qui suit :
« [L]es articles II et III se bornent à stipuler que les parties peuvent
convenir de recourir à l’arbitrage ou à la conciliation comme procédure
de remplacement de la saisine de la Cour. Il s’ensuit que, premièrement,
les articles II et III ne s’appliquent que si l’une des parties
au différend a proposé un recours à l’arbitrage ou à la conciliation et
si l’autre partie s’est déclarée prête à étudier cette proposition. Deuxièmement,
c’est seulement en ce cas que les dispositions de ces
articles concernant un délai de deux mois entrent en jeu et font intervenir
une limite de temps pour la conclusion de l’accord sur 1’organisation
de la procédure de remplacement. » (Ibid., p. 26, par. 48 (les
italiques sont dans l’original).)
En l’espèce, la Cour constate que, si la Guinée équatoriale a effectivement
proposé à la France de recourir à la conciliation ou à l’arbitrage, la
France ne s’est pas déclarée prête à étudier cette proposition ; la défenderesse
a même expressément indiqué qu’elle ne pouvait y donner suite. Les
articles II et III du protocole n’affectent donc en rien une éventuelle compétence
de la Cour au titre de l’article I.
65. Compte tenu de ce qui précède, la Cour s’intéressera uniquement à
l’article I du protocole en vue d’établir si elle possède une compétence
prima facie pour connaître du fond de la demande de la Guinée équatoriale
relative à l’immeuble sis au 42 avenue Foch. Elle recherchera en
conséquence si, à la date du dépôt de la requête, un différend relatif à
l’interprétation ou à l’application de la convention de Vienne paraissait
exister entre les Parties.
66. A cet égard, la Cour note que les Parties apparaissent bien s’être
opposées, et s’opposer aujourd’hui encore, sur la question du statut juridique
de l’immeuble sis au 42 avenue Foch à Paris. Alors que la Guinée
équatoriale a soutenu en diverses occasions que celui‑ci abritait les locaux
de sa mission diplomatique et devait, en conséquence, jouir des immunités
reconnues par l’article 22 de la convention de Vienne, la France a toujours
refusé de reconnaître que tel était le cas, et soutient que le bien n’a
jamais acquis en droit la qualité de « locaux de la mission ». De l’avis de
la Cour, tout porte donc à croire qu’un différend existait entre les Parties,
à la date du dépôt de la requête, quant au statut juridique de l’immeuble
en cause.
67. A l’effet d’établir sa compétence, même prima facie, la Cour doit
encore rechercher si pareil différend est de ceux dont elle pourrait connaître
ratione materiae sur le fondement de l’article I du protocole de signature
facultative. A cet égard, elle relève que les droits apparemment en litige sont
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1164
20
understood as laying down a precondition of the applicability of the
precise and categorical provision contained in Article I establishing
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court in respect of disputes arising
out of the interpretation or application of the Vienna Convention”
(Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1980, pp. 25‑26, para. 48).
The Court then specified as follows :
“Articles II and III provide only that, as a substitute for recourse
to the Court, the parties may agree upon resort either to arbitration
or to conciliation. It follows, first, that Articles II and III have no
application unless recourse to arbitration or conciliation has been
proposed by one of the parties to the dispute and the other has
expressed its readiness to consider the proposal. Secondly, it follows
that only then may the provisions in those articles regarding a two
months’ period come into play, and function as a time‑limit upon the
conclusion of the agreement as to the organization of the alternative
procedure.” (Ibid., p. 26, para. 48 (emphasis in the original).)
In the present case, the Court notes that, while Equatorial Guinea did
indeed propose to France recourse to conciliation or arbitration, France
did not express its readiness to consider that proposal ; the Respondent
even expressly stated that it could not pursue it. Articles II and III of the
Protocol thus in no way affect any jurisdiction the Court might have
under Article I.
65. In light of the foregoing, the Court will examine only Article I of
the Protocol in determining whether it has prima facie jurisdiction to
entertain the merits of Equatorial Guinea’s claim relating to the building
located at 42 Avenue Foch. It will accordingly ascertain whether, on the
date the Application was filed, a dispute arising out of the interpretation
or application of the Vienna Convention appeared to exist between the
Parties.
66. In this regard, the Court notes that the Parties do indeed appear to
have differed, and still differ today, on the question of the legal status of
the building located at 42 Avenue Foch in Paris. While Equatorial Guinea
has maintained at various times that the building houses the premises of
its diplomatic mission and must therefore enjoy the immunities afforded
under Article 22 of the Vienna Convention, France has consistently
refused to recognize that this is the case, and claims that the property has
never legally acquired the status of “premises of the mission”. In the view
of the Court, there is therefore every indication that, on the date the
Application was filed, a dispute existed between the Parties as to the legal
status of the building concerned.
67. In order to determine whether it has jurisdiction — even prima facie —
the Court must also ascertain whether such a dispute is one over which it
might have jurisdiction ratione materiae on the basis of Article I of the
Optional Protocol. In this regard, the Court notes that the rights apparently
1165 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
21
susceptibles de relever de l’article 22 de la convention de Vienne, qui garantit
l’inviolabilité des locaux diplomatiques, et que les actes allégués par la
demanderesse s’agissant du bâtiment de l’avenue Foch paraissent pouvoir
porter atteinte à de tels droits. En effet, les locaux dont la Guinée équatoriale
soutient qu’ils abritent sa mission diplomatique en France ont fait l’objet
de plusieurs perquisitions ainsi que d’une saisie pénale immobilière ; ils
pourraient en outre être soumis à d’autres mesures de même nature.
68. Les éléments susmentionnés établissent de façon suffisante, à ce
stade, l’existence entre les Parties d’un différend susceptible d’entrer dans
les prévisions de la convention de Vienne et de concerner l’interprétation
ou l’application de son article 22.
69. En conséquence, la Cour estime qu’elle a, prima facie, compétence
en vertu de l’article I du protocole de signature facultative à la convention
de Vienne pour connaître de ce différend. Elle considère qu’elle peut, sur
cette base, examiner la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires
de la Guinée équatoriale en ce qu’elle a trait à l’inviolabilité de l’immeuble
sis au 42 avenue Foch à Paris.
* * *
70. La Cour a, par le passé, indiqué qu’il lui était loisible, en cas d’incompétence
manifeste, de rayer une affaire de son rôle au stade des
mesures conservatoires (Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Yougoslavie
c. Espagne), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 2 juin 1999, C.I.J.
Recueil 1999 (II), p. 773, par. 35 ; Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Yougoslavie
c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
2 juin 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (II), p. 925, par. 29). Si tel n’est pas le cas,
la Cour ne peut procéder à une telle radiation (Activités armées sur le
territoire du Congo (nouvelle requête : 2002) (République démocratique du
Congo c. Rwanda), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 10 juillet 2002,
C.I.J. Recueil 2002, p. 249, par. 91). En la présente affaire, à défaut d’incompétence
manifeste, la Cour ne saurait accéder à la demande de la
France tendant à ce que l’affaire soit rayée du rôle.
III. Les droits dont la protection est recherchée
et les mesures demandées
71. Le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires que la Cour tient
de l’article 41 de son Statut a pour objet de sauvegarder, dans l’attente de
sa décision sur le fond de l’affaire, les droits revendiqués par chacune des
parties. Il s’ensuit que la Cour doit se préoccuper de sauvegarder, par de
telles mesures, les droits que l’arrêt qu’elle aura ultérieurement à rendre
pourrait reconnaître à l’une ou à l’autre des parties. Aussi ne peut‑elle
exercer ce pouvoir que si elle estime que les droits invoqués par la partie
qui sollicite des mesures de cette nature sont au moins plausibles (voir,
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1165
21
at issue may fall within the scope of Article 22 of the Vienna Convention,
which guarantees the inviolability of diplomatic premises, and that the acts
alleged by the Applicant in respect of the building on Avenue Foch appear to
be capable of contravening such rights. Indeed, the premises which, according
to Equatorial Guinea, house its diplomatic mission in France were
searched on several occasions and were attached (saisie pénale immobilière) ;
they could also be subject to other measures of a similar nature.
68. The aforementioned elements sufficiently establish, at this stage,
the existence between the Parties of a dispute capable of falling within the
provisions of the Vienna Convention and concerning the interpretation or
application of Article 22 thereof.
69. Consequently, the Court considers that it has prima facie jurisdiction
under Article I of the Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention to
entertain this dispute. It is of the view that it may, on this basis, examine
Equatorial Guinea’s request for the indication of provisional measures, in
so far as it concerns the inviolability of the building located at 42 Avenue
Foch in Paris.
* * *
70. The Court has held in the past that where there is a manifest lack
of jurisdiction, it can remove the case from the List at the provisional
measures stage (Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain), Provisional
Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 773,
para. 35 ; Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. United States of
America),
Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports
1999 (II), p. 925, para. 29). Conversely, where there is no such manifest
lack of jurisdiction, the Court cannot remove the case at that stage
(Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002)
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Provisional Measures,
Order of 10 July 2002, I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 249, para. 91). In the present
case, there being no manifest lack of jurisdiction, the Court cannot
accede to France’s request that the case be removed from the List.
III. The Rights whose Protection Is Sought
and the Measures Requested
71. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures under
Article 41 of the Statute has as its object the preservation of the respective
rights claimed by the parties in a case, pending its decision on the merits
thereof. It follows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such
measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by it to belong
to either party. Therefore, the Court may exercise this power only if it is
satisfied that the rights asserted by the party requesting such measures are
at least plausible (see, for example, Questions relating to the Seizure and
1166 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
22
par exemple, Questions concernant la saisie et la détention de certains
documents et données (Timor‑Leste c. Australie), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 3 mars 2014, C.I.J. Recueil 2014, p. 152, par. 22).
72. Par ailleurs, un lien doit exister entre les droits qui font l’objet de
l’instance pendante devant la Cour sur le fond de l’affaire et les mesures
conservatoires sollicitées (ibid., par. 23).
* *
73. La Guinée équatoriale soutient que les droits qu’elle cherche à protéger
sont : i) le droit au respect des principes de l’égalité souveraine et de
la non‑intervention, tel que prévu à l’article 4 de la convention contre la
criminalité transnationale organisée ; ii) le droit au respect des règles d’immunité
découlant des principes fondamentaux de l’ordre juridique international,
notamment l’immunité ratione personae de certaines personnes
occupant un rang élevé dans l’Etat, ainsi que l’immunité d’exécution dont
jouissent les Etats à l’égard de leurs biens ; et, iii) le droit au respect de
l’inviolabilité des locaux de sa mission diplomatique, tel que prévu par la
convention de Vienne.
74. S’étant déclarée incompétente, prima facie, pour connaître des violations
alléguées de la convention contre la criminalité transnationale
organisée, la Cour ne s’intéressera qu’au droit prétendu de la Guinée
équatoriale à « l’inviolabilité des locaux de sa mission diplomatique », au
titre duquel est invoqué l’article 22 de la convention de Vienne.
75. A cet égard, la France affirme que l’immeuble de l’avenue Foch ne
relève pas de la catégorie de « locaux de la mission » diplomatique de la
Guinée équatoriale à Paris et qu’il a été « déguisé », dans la précipitation
et dans une certaine improvisation, tantôt en ambassade de la Guinée
équatoriale en France, tantôt en résidence du représentant permanent
auprès de l’UNESCO. A cet égard, la France invoque notamment une
lettre en date du 14 février 2012, adressée au président de la République
française par le président de la République de Guinée équatoriale, qui
indiquait que le représentant permanent auprès de l’UNESCO résidait
alors dans l’immeuble en question. Selon la défenderesse, les allégations
de la Guinée équatoriale ne sauraient dissimuler le fait que l’immeuble n’a
jamais acquis en droit la qualité de « locaux de la mission ». Dès lors,
soutenant qu’il s’agit d’un « habillage juridique », la France considère que
reconnaître au bâtiment la qualité de « local de la mission » reviendrait à
« consacrer le fait accompli résultant d’un abus de droit ».
76. En outre, la France fait valoir que la demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires de la Guinée équatoriale relative aux biens et
autres objets qui se trouvaient dans l’immeuble, et qui en ont été saisis et
enlevés (voir le paragraphe 22 ci-
dessus),
n’a aucun lien avec l’utilisation
du bâtiment à des fins diplomatiques et « est sans lien avec l’objet du différend
».
* *
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1166
22
Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor‑Leste v. Australia),
Provisional Measures, Order of 3 March 2014, I.C.J. Reports 2014, p. 152,
para. 22).
72. Moreover, a link must exist between the rights which form the subject
of the proceedings before the Court on the merits of the case and the
provisional measures being sought (ibid., para. 23).
* *
73. Equatorial Guinea maintains that the rights that it is seeking to
protect are: (i) the right to respect for the principles of sovereign equality
and non‑intervention, as provided for by Article 4 of the Convention
against Transnational Organized Crime; (ii) the right to respect for the
rules of immunity that derive from fundamental principles of the international
legal order, in particular the immunity ratione personae of certain
holders of high‑ranking office in a State, and the immunity from enforcement
enjoyed by States in regard to their property ; and (iii) the right to
respect for the inviolability of the premises of its diplomatic mission, as
provided for by the Vienna Convention.
74. Having found that it does not have prima facie jurisdiction to
entertain the alleged violations of the Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime, the Court will address only Equatorial Guinea’s alleged
right to “the inviolability of the premises of its diplomatic mission”, in
respect of which Article 22 of the Vienna Convention is invoked.
75. In this regard, France contends that the building on Avenue Foch
does not fall within the category of “premises of the [diplomatic] mission”
of Equatorial Guinea in Paris and that it was “disguised”, in haste and
with a certain amount of improvisation, either as the Embassy of Equatorial
Guinea in France, or as the residence of the Permanent Delegate to
UNESCO. In this regard, France refers in particular to a letter dated
14 February 2012 addressed to the President of the French Republic by
the President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, in which the latter
indicated that the Permanent Representative to UNESCO resided at that
time in the building in question. According to the Respondent, Equatorial
Guinea’s allegations cannot hide the fact that the building never
legally acquired the status of “premises of the mission”. Therefore, claiming
that this amounts to “legal window‑dressing”, France argues that to
recognize the building as an “office of the mission” would be “to sanction
a fait accompli resulting from a[n] . . . abuse of right”.
76. Moreover, with regard to Equatorial Guinea’s request for provisional
measures concerning furnishings and other property which were in
the building and which were seized and removed from it (see paragraph 22
above), this has no relation, according to France, with the use of the
building for the purposes of the diplomatic mission and “is unrelated to
the subject-matter
of the dispute”.
* *
1167 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
23
77. La Cour relève que la Guinée équatoriale avance avoir acquis l’immeuble
sis au 42 avenue Foch le 15 septembre 2011 et l’avoir affecté à sa
mission diplomatique en France à compter du 4 octobre 2011, et prétend
l’avoir indiqué à plusieurs reprises à la défenderesse. Elle note par ailleurs
que la Guinée équatoriale soutient que, depuis cette date, l’immeuble en
question a fait l’objet de plusieurs perquisitions ainsi que d’une saisie
pénale immobilière, autant d’actes qui, selon la demanderesse, portent
atteinte à l’inviolabilité desdits locaux.
78. A ce stade de la procédure, la Cour n’est pas appelée à se prononcer
définitivement sur le point de savoir si le droit que la Guinée
équatoriale
souhaite voir protégé existe ; il lui faut seulement déterminer
si le droit que celle‑ci revendique au fond, et dont elle sollicite la
protection, est plausible (voir Questions concernant la saisie et la détention
de certains documents et données (Timor‑Leste c. Australie), mesures
conservatoires, ordonnance du 3 mars 2014, C.I.J. Recueil 2014, p. 153,
par. 26).
79. Etant donné que l’inviolabilité des locaux diplomatiques est un
droit prévu à l’article 22 de la convention de Vienne, que la Guinée équatoriale
affirme avoir utilisé le bâtiment en cause comme locaux de sa mission
diplomatique en France depuis le 4 octobre 2011 et que la France
reconnaît que, depuis l’été 2012, certains services de l’ambassade de la
Guinée équatoriale semblent avoir été transférés au 42 avenue Foch (voir
le paragraphe 59 ci-
dessus),
il apparaît que la Guinée équatoriale a un
droit plausible à ce que les locaux utilisés aux fins de sa mission bénéficient
de la protection requise par l’article 22 de la convention de Vienne.
*
80. La Cour en vient maintenant à la question du lien entre les droits
revendiqués et les mesures conservatoires demandées.
81. Les mesures conservatoires sollicitées par la Guinée équatoriale au
point b) des conclusions qu’elle a présentées au terme de la procédure
orale ont pour objet
« que la France veille à ce que l’immeuble sis au 42 avenue Foch à
Paris soit traité comme locaux de la mission diplomatique de la Guinée
équatoriale en France, et, en particulier, assure son inviolabilité,
et que ces locaux, ainsi que leur ameublement et les autres objets qui
s’y trouvaient ou s’y trouvent, soient protégés contre toute intrusion
ou dommage, toute perquisition, réquisition, saisie, confiscation ou
toute autre mesure de contrainte » (voir le paragraphe 17 ci‑dessus).
La Cour considère que, par leur nature même, ces mesures visent à protéger
le droit à l’inviolabilité du bâtiment que la Guinée équatoriale présente
comme abritant les locaux de sa mission diplomatique en France.
Elle en conclut qu’il existe un lien entre le droit invoqué par la Guinée
équatoriale et les mesures conservatoires demandées.
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1167
23
77. The Court notes that Equatorial Guinea maintains that it acquired
the building located at 42 Avenue Foch on 15 September 2011 and has
used it for its diplomatic mission in France as from 4 October 2011, which
the Applicant claims to have indicated to the Respondent on several
occasions. The Court further notes that Equatorial Guinea contends that,
since that date, the building in question has been searched a number of
times and has been attached (saisie pénale immobilière) — acts which, in
the view of the Applicant, infringe the inviolability of those premises.
78. At this stage of the proceedings, the Court is not called upon to
determine definitively whether the right which Equatorial Guinea wishes
to see protected exists ; it need only decide whether the right claimed by
Equatorial Guinea on the merits, and for which it is seeking protection, is
plausible (See Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain
Documents and Data (Timor‑Leste v. Australia), Provisional Measures,
Order of 3 March 2014, I.C.J. Reports 2014, p. 153, para. 26).
79. Given that the right to the inviolability of diplomatic premises is a
right contained in Article 22 of the Vienna Convention, that Equatorial
Guinea claims that it has used the building in question as premises of its
diplomatic mission in France since 4 October 2011, and that France
acknowledges that, from the summer of 2012, certain services of the
Embassy of Equatorial Guinea appear to have been transferred to
42 Avenue Foch (see paragraph 59 above), it appears that Equatorial
Guinea has a plausible right to ensure that the premises which it
claims are used for the purposes of its mission are accorded the protections
required by Article 22 of the Vienna Convention.
*
80. The Court now turns to the issue of the link between the rights
claimed and the provisional measures requested.
81. The purpose of the provisional measures sought by Equatorial
Guinea in point (b) of the submissions which it presented at the end of
the oral proceedings is :
“that France ensure that the building located at 42 Avenue Foch in
Paris is treated as premises of Equatorial Guinea’s diplomatic mission
in France and, in particular, assure its inviolability, and that those
premises, together with their furnishings and other property thereon,
or previously thereon, are protected from any intrusion or damage,
any search, requisition, attachment, confiscation or any other measure
of constraint” (see paragraph 17 above).
The Court considers that, by their very nature, these measures are aimed
at protecting the right to the inviolability of the building which Equatorial
Guinea presents as housing the premises of its diplomatic mission in
France. It concludes that a link exists between the right claimed by Equatorial
Guinea and the provisional measures being sought.
1168 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
24
IV. Risque de préjudice irréparable et urgence
82. La Cour tient de l’article 41 de son Statut le pouvoir d’indiquer des
mesures conservatoires lorsqu’un préjudice irréparable risque d’être causé
aux droits en litige dans une procédure judiciaire (voir, par exemple,
Questions concernant la saisie et la détention de certains documents et données
(Timor‑Leste c. Australie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
3 mars 2014, C.I.J. Recueil 2014, p. 154, par. 31).
83. Le pouvoir de la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires ne
sera toutefois exercé que s’il y a urgence, c’est‑à‑dire s’il existe un risque
réel et imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé aux droits en litige
avant que la Cour ne rende sa décision définitive (ibid., par. 32). La Cour
doit donc rechercher si pareil risque existe à ce stade de la procédure.
* *
84. La Guinée équatoriale soutient qu’il existe un « risque sérieux de
préjudice irréparable pour [ses] droits relativement à l’immeuble sis au
42 avenue Foch ». Elle fait tout d’abord valoir que, M. Teodoro Nguema
Obiang Mangue ayant été renvoyé devant le tribunal correctionnel, l’immeuble
est désormais exposé, du fait de l’ordonnance de saisie pénale
immobilière, à un risque de confiscation judiciaire pouvant intervenir à
tout moment. Il s’ensuit, selon elle, que l’immeuble pourrait être vendu
aux enchères et la mission diplomatique expulsée. La Guinée équatoriale
avance par ailleurs qu’il existe un risque constant d’intrusion, soit de la
police et des autorités judiciaires françaises, soit de personnes privées, ce
qui affecte la capacité de son ambassade à mener ses activités quotidiennes.
85. La Guinée équatoriale estime qu’il y a urgence en ce que, nonobstant
l’évocation d’une « difficulté de procédure » lors de l’audience du
24 octobre 2016 (voir le paragraphe 29), la saisine du tribunal correctionnel
est « irrévocable ». Le procès étant, selon elle, « inéluctable », la confiscation
du bien pourrait intervenir à tout moment.
*
86. La France fait pour sa part valoir qu’il n’existe aucun risque de
confiscation imminente de l’immeuble sis au 42 avenue Foch. Elle précise
qu’une saisie pénale immobilière n’a qu’un effet conservatoire en droit
français : le propriétaire de l’immeuble ne peut pas le céder, mais il en
garde la libre jouissance jusqu’à ce que les juges se soient prononcés sur le
fond de l’affaire en dernière instance. Or, explique‑t‑elle, la confiscation
est, en droit pénal français, une peine complémentaire qui ne pourrait
éventuellement être prononcée, au regard des circonstances de l’espèce,
que dans l’hypothèse où M. Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue serait
condamné à une peine d’emprisonnement d’une durée supérieure à un an.
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1168
24
IV. Risk of Irreparable Prejudice and Urgency
82. The Court, pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the power to
indicate provisional measures when irreparable prejudice could be caused
to rights which are the subject of judicial proceedings (see, for example,
Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and
Data (Timor‑Leste v. Australia), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 March
2014, I.C.J. Reports 2014, p. 154, para. 31).
83. However, the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
will be exercised only if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real
and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused to the rights
in dispute before the Court gives its final decision (ibid., para. 32). The
Court must therefore consider whether such a risk exists at this stage of
the proceedings.
* *
84. Equatorial Guinea maintains that there is a “serious risk of irreparable
prejudice to [its] rights . . . with regard to the building located at
42 Avenue Foch in Paris”. It contends, first, that because Mr. Teodoro
Nguema Obiang Mangue has been referred before the Tribunal correctionnel,
the building is now exposed, as a result of the order of
attachment (saisie pénale immobilière), to a risk of judicial confiscation
which could occur at any moment. It follows, according to Equatorial
Guinea, that the building could be sold at auction and the diplomatic
mission could be evicted. Equatorial Guinea also submits that there is a
permanent risk of intrusion, either by the police and the French judicial
authorities, or by private individuals, which affects its Embassy’s capacity
to conduct its daily activities.
85. Equatorial Guinea considers that there is urgency in so far as, notwithstanding
the raising of a “procedural issue” at the hearing on
24 October 2016 (see paragraph 29), the referral to the Tribunal correctionnel
is “irrevocable”. Since a trial is, in its view, “inevitab[le]”, the confiscation
of the property could occur at any moment.
*
86. France, for its part, contends that there is no risk of imminent confiscation
of the building located at 42 Avenue Foch. It points out that
under French law attachment of property (saisie pénale immobilière) has
only a provisional effect : the owner of the building cannot sell it, but he
may continue to use it freely until the courts have issued a final ruling on
the merits of the case. France explains that, under French criminal law,
confiscation is an additional penalty which could only potentially be
ordered, in the light of the circumstances of the case, if Mr. Teodoro
Nguema Obiang Mangue was sentenced to at least one year’s
imprisonment. In other words, it could not be ordered by the Tribunal
1169 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
25
Autrement dit, elle ne saurait être prononcée par le tribunal correctionnel
sans une déclaration préalable de culpabilité du prévenu, et ne serait mise
en oeuvre qu’après épuisement des voies de recours. Dès lors, toute décision
définitive de confiscation n’interviendrait pas avant plusieurs années.
87. En réponse aux arguments formulés par la Guinée équatoriale
s’agissant de l’audience du 24 octobre 2016, la France a indiqué que
celle‑ci visait exclusivement à remédier à l’absence de mention des textes
d’incrimination et de répression dans l’ordonnance de renvoi, et que la
fixation de cette audience ne créait aucune urgence ni ne faisait apparaître
aucun préjudice d’aucun genre.
* *
88. Comme la Cour l’a déjà constaté (voir le paragraphe 66 ci‑dessus),
il ressort du dossier de l’affaire que la France n’admet pas que l’immeuble
fasse partie des locaux de la mission diplomatique équato‑guinéenne en
France et refuse de lui accorder l’immunité conférée à de tels lieux en
vertu de la convention de Vienne, et, partant, la protection correspondante.
En conséquence, il existe un risque continu d’intrusion.
89. La Cour a noté ci‑dessus (voir le paragraphe 77) que l’immeuble sis
au 42 avenue Foch a d’ores et déjà fait l’objet de plusieurs perquisitions
dans le cadre des procédures engagées contre M. Teodoro Nguema
Obiang Mangue. Bien que les Parties soient en désaccord sur le point de
savoir si des perquisitions se sont déroulées récemment, elles reconnaissent
que de tels actes ont bien eu lieu en 2011 et 2012. Etant donné que, comme
la France l’a d’ailleurs indiqué, il est possible que, durant l’audience au
fond, le tribunal correctionnel, d’office ou à la demande de l’une des parties,
fasse procéder à un supplément d’information ou à une expertise, il
n’est pas inconcevable que l’édifice de l’avenue Foch fasse l’objet d’une
nouvelle perquisition. Si tel était le cas, et s’il était avéré que le bâtiment
abrite les locaux de la mission diplomatique de la Guinée équatoriale, les
activités journalières de cette mission, représentation d’un Etat souverain,
courraient le risque d’être sérieusement entravées, du fait par exemple de
la présence de policiers ou de la saisie de documents dont certains pourraient
être hautement confidentiels.
90. Il découle de ce qui précède qu’il existe un risque réel de préjudice
irréparable au droit à l’inviolabilité des locaux que la Guinée équatoriale
présente comme étant utilisés aux fins de sa mission diplomatique en
France. En effet, toute atteinte à l’inviolabilité de ces locaux risquerait de
ne pas pouvoir être réparée, puisqu’il pourrait se révéler impossible de
rétablir le statu quo ante. Ce risque est en outre imminent dès lors que les
actes susceptibles d’infliger un tel préjudice aux droits allégués par la Guinée
équatoriale peuvent intervenir à tout moment. Il est donc également
satisfait, en l’espèce, au critère de l’urgence.
91. La Cour rappelle que la Guinée équatoriale lui demande également
d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires en ce qui concerne les objets qui se
trouvaient au 42 avenue Foch (voir le paragraphe 17 ci-
dessus),
dont cer-
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1169
25
correctionnel without the defendant first having been found guilty, and it
could not be put into effect until all avenues of appeal have been
exhausted. Accordingly, any final decision on confiscation would not be
rendered for several years.
87. In response to the arguments advanced by Equatorial Guinea with
regard to the hearing on 24 October 2016, France asserts that the sole
purpose of that hearing was to remedy the fact that there was no reference
to the texts setting out the criminalization and punishment of
offences in the referral order, and that the scheduling of the hearing does
not create any urgency or engender any prejudice of any kind.
* *
88. As the Court has previously observed (see paragraph 66 above),
the record before the Court shows that France does not accept that the
building forms part of the premises of Equatorial Guinea’s diplomatic
mission in France, and refuses to grant it the immunity — and thus the
corresponding protection — afforded to such premises under the Vienna
Convention. Consequently, there is a continuous risk of intrusion.
89. The Court has noted above (see paragraph 77) that the building
located at 42 Avenue Foch has already been searched a number of times
in the context of the proceedings brought against Mr. Teodoro
Nguema Obiang Mangue. While the Parties disagree as to whether
any searches have been conducted recently, they recognize that such acts
did indeed occur in 2011 and 2012. Given that it is possible — as France
has moreover indicated — that, during the hearing on the merits, the Tribunal
correctionnel may, of its own initiative or at the request of a party,
request further investigation or an expert opinion, it is not inconceivable
that the building on Avenue Foch will be searched again. If that were to
happen, and if it were established that the building houses the premises of
Equatorial Guinea’s diplomatic mission, the daily activities of that
mission
— the representation of a sovereign State — would risk being
seriously impeded, as a result, for example, of the presence of police
officers
or the seizure of documents, some of which might be highly
confidential.
90. It follows from the foregoing that there is a real risk of irreparable
prejudice to the right to inviolability of the premises that Equatorial
Guinea presents as being used as the premises of its diplomatic mission
in France. Indeed, any infringement of the inviolability of the
premises may not be capable of remedy, since it might not be possible to
restore the situation to the status quo ante. Furthermore, that risk is
imminent, in so far as the acts likely to cause such a prejudice to the
rights claimed by Equatorial Guinea could occur at any moment. The
criterion of urgency is therefore also satisfied in the present case.
91. The Court recalls that Equatorial Guinea also asks the Court to
indicate provisional measures in respect of items previously located on
the premises of 42 Avenue Foch (see paragraph 17 above), some of which
1170 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
26
tains ont été enlevés par les autorités françaises (voir le paragraphe 22
ci-
dessus).
S’agissant de ces derniers, elle relève que la Guinée équatoriale
n’a pas démontré l’existence d’un risque de préjudice irréparable et d’un
caractère d’urgence que la Cour a jugés avérés pour ce qui est du bâtiment
sis au 42 avenue Foch (voir le paragraphe 90 ci-
dessus).
Dès lors,
elle considère qu’il n’y a pas lieu d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires
relatives à ces objets.
V. Conclusion et mesures devant être adoptées
92. La Cour conclut de l’ensemble des considérations ci‑dessus que les
conditions requises par son Statut pour qu’elle indique des mesures
conservatoires concernant l’immeuble sis au 42 avenue Foch à Paris sont
remplies. Il est partant approprié qu’elle indique certaines mesures conservatoires
afin de protéger les droits revendiqués par la Guinée équatoriale
à cet égard en attendant sa décision finale.
93. La Cour rappelle que, en vertu de son Statut, elle a le pouvoir,
lorsqu’une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires lui est présentée,
d’indiquer des mesures totalement ou partiellement différentes de
celles qui ont été sollicitées. Ce pouvoir lui est expressément reconnu par
le paragraphe 2 de l’article 75 de son Règlement. La Cour l’a déjà exercé
à plusieurs reprises par le passé (voir, par exemple, Questions concernant
la saisie et la détention de certains documents et données (Timor‑Leste
c. Australie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 3 mars 2014,
C.I.J. Recueil 2014, p. 159, par. 49).
94. Dans la présente affaire, ayant examiné le libellé des mesures
conservatoires demandées par la Guinée équatoriale, la Cour conclut que
les mesures à indiquer n’ont pas à être identiques à celles qui sont sollicitées.
La Cour est d’avis que, dans l’attente d’une décision finale en l’affaire,
les locaux présentés comme abritant la mission diplomatique de la
Guinée équatoriale au 42 avenue Foch à Paris devront jouir d’un traitement
équivalent à celui requis par l’article 22 de la convention de Vienne,
de manière à assurer leur inviolabilité.
95. En ce qui concerne la saisie immobilière de l’immeuble sis au
42 avenue Foch et le risque de confiscation, la Cour note qu’il existe
un risque que cette confiscation se produise avant la date à laquelle elle
rendra sa décision finale. Afin de préserver les droits des Parties, il devra
être sursis à l’exécution de toute mesure de confiscation avant cette date.
96. La Cour rappelle que la Guinée équatoriale l’a priée d’indiquer des
mesures tendant à la non‑aggravation du différend. Lorsqu’elle indique
des mesures conservatoires à l’effet de sauvegarder des droits déterminés,
la Cour dispose aussi du pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires
en vue d’empêcher l’aggravation ou l’extension du différend quand elle
estime que les circonstances l’exigent (Demande en interprétation de l’arrêt
du 15 juin 1962 en l’affaire du Temple de Préah Vihéar (Cambodge
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1170
26
have been removed by French authorities (see paragraph 22 above). As to
these items, the Court observes that Equatorial Guinea failed to demonstrate
the risk of irreparable prejudice and the urgency that the Court has
identified in respect of the premises at 42 Avenue Foch (see paragraph 90
above). Accordingly, it finds no basis to indicate provisional measures in
respect of these items.
V. Conclusion and Measures to Be Adopted
92. The Court concludes from all the above considerations that the
conditions required by its Statute for it to indicate provisional measures
in respect of the building located at 42 Avenue Foch in Paris have been
met. It is therefore appropriate for the Court to indicate certain measures
in order to protect the rights claimed by Equatorial Guinea in this regard
pending its final decision.
93. The Court recalls that it has the power, under its Statute, when a
request for provisional measures has been made, to indicate measures
that are in whole or in part other than those requested. Article 75, paragraph
2, of the Rules of Court specifically refers to this power of the
Court. The Court has already exercised this power on several occasions
in the past (see, for example, Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention
of Certain Documents and Data (Timor‑Leste v. Australia), Provisional
Measures, Order of 3 March 2014, I.C.J. Reports 2014, p. 159,
para. 49).
94. In the present case, having considered the terms of the provisional
measures requested by Equatorial Guinea, the Court finds that the measures
to be indicated need not be identical to those requested. The Court
is of the view that, pending a final decision in the case, the premises presented
as housing the diplomatic mission of Equatorial Guinea at
42 Avenue
Foch in Paris should enjoy treatment equivalent to that
required by Article 22 of the Vienna Convention, in order to ensure their
inviolability.
95. With regard to the attachment (saisie pénale immobilière) of the
building at 42 Avenue Foch and the risk of confiscation, the Court notes
that there is a risk that such confiscation may occur before the date on
which the Court reaches its final decision. In order to preserve the respective
rights of either Party, the execution of any measure of confiscation is
to be stayed until the Court takes that decision.
96. The Court recalls that Equatorial Guinea has requested it to indicate
measures aimed at ensuring the non‑aggravation of the dispute. When
it is indicating provisional measures for the purpose of preserving specific
rights, the Court also possesses the power to indicate provisional measures
with a view to preventing the aggravation or extension of the dispute
whenever it considers that the circumstances so require (Request for Interpretation
of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Tem-
1171 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
27
c. Thaïlande) (Cambodge c. Thaïlande), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 18 juillet 2011, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (II), p. 551‑552, par. 59). En
l’espèce, la Cour ne juge toutefois pas nécessaire, compte tenu des mesures
qu’elle a décidé de prendre, d’indiquer des mesures supplémentaires tendant
à la non‑aggravation du différend.
* * *
97. La Cour réaffirme que ses « ordonnances indiquant des mesures
conservatoires au titre de l’article 41 [du Statut] ont un caractère obligatoire
» (LaGrand (Allemagne c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2001, p. 506, par. 109) et, partant, créent des obligations juridiques
internationales pour toute partie à laquelle ces mesures sont adressées.
* * *
98. La décision rendue en la présente procédure ne préjuge en rien la
question de la compétence de la Cour pour connaître du fond de l’affaire,
ni aucune question relative à la recevabilité de la requête ou au
fond lui‑même. Elle laisse intact le droit des Gouvernements de la
Guinée
équatoriale
et de la France de faire valoir leurs moyens en ces
matières.
* * *
99. Par ces motifs,
La Cour,
I. A l’unanimité,
Indique à titre provisoire les mesures conservatoires suivantes :
La France doit, dans l’attente d’une décision finale en l’affaire, prendre
toutes les mesures dont elle dispose pour que les locaux présentés comme
abritant la mission diplomatique de la Guinée équatoriale au 42 avenue
Foch à Paris jouissent d’un traitement équivalent à celui requis par l’article
22 de la convention de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques, de
manière à assurer leur inviolabilité ;
II. A l’unanimité,
Rejette la demande de la France tendant à ce que l’affaire soit rayée du
rôle.
Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix, à La Haye, le sept décembre deux mille seize, en trois exemplaires,
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1171
27
ple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand),
Provisional Measures, Order of 18 July 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II),
pp. 551‑552, para. 59). In this case, however, given the measures it has
decided to take, the Court does not deem it necessary to indicate additional
measures aimed at ensuring the non‑aggravation of the dispute.
* * *
97. The Court reaffirms that its “orders on provisional measures under
Article 41 [of the Statute] have binding effect” (LaGrand (Germany v.
United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506,
para. 109) and thus create international legal obligations for any party to
whom the provisional measures are addressed.
* * *
98. The decision given in the present proceedings in no way prejudges
the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the merits of the
case or any questions relating to the admissibility of the Application or to
the merits themselves. It leaves unaffected the right of the Governments
of Equatorial Guinea and France to submit arguments in respect of those
questions.
* * *
99. For these reasons,
The Court,
I. Unanimously,
Indicates the following provisional measures :
France shall, pending a final decision in the case, take all measures at
its disposal to ensure that the premises presented as housing the diplomatic
mission of Equatorial Guinea at 42 Avenue Foch in Paris enjoy
treatment equivalent to that required by Article 22 of the Vienna Convention
on Diplomatic Relations, in order to ensure their inviolability ;
II. Unanimously,
Rejects the request of France to remove the case from the General
List.
Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this seventh day of December two thousand
1172 immunités et procédures pénales (ord. 7 XII 16)
28
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres seront transmis
respectivement au Gouvernement de la République de Guinée équatoriale
et au Gouvernement de la République française.
Le vice‑président,
(Signé) Abdulqawi A. Yusuf.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe Couvreur.
Mme la juge Xue joint à l’ordonnance l’exposé de son opinion individuelle
; MM. les juges Gaja et Gevorgian joignent des déclarations
à l’ordonnance ; M. le juge ad hoc Kateka joint à l’ordonnance l’exposé
de son opinion individuelle.
(Paraphé) A.A.Y.
(Paraphé) Ph.C.
immunities and criminal proceedings (ord. 7 XII 16) 1172
28
and sixteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of
the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic
of Equatorial Guinea and the Government of the French Republic.
(Signed) Abdulqawi A. Yusuf,
Vice-President.
(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.
Judge Xue appends a separate opinion to the Order of the Court ;
Judges Gaja and Gevorgian append declarations to the Order of the
Court ; Judge ad hoc Kateka appends a separate opinion to the Order of
the Court.
(Initialled) A.A.Y.
(Initialled) Ph.C.
Request for the indication of provisional measures
Order of 7 December 2016