Application instituting proceedings

Document Number
025-19550322-APP-1-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

PLEADINGS, ORAL ARGUMENTS, DOCUMENTS

AERIAL INCIDENT OF MARCH lOth, 1953

(UNITED STATES OF AhlERICA u.CZECHOSLOVAKIA)
ORDER OF MARCH 14th, 195REMOVAL FROM THE LIST COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

MÉMOIRES, PLAIDOIRIES ET DOCUMENTS

INCIDENT AÉRIEN DU 10 MARS 1953
(ÉTATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUEC.TCHÉCOSLOVAQUIE)
ORDONNANCEDU 14MARS1956:RADI.4TIDU RÔLE PART 1
-

APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS

PREMIÈRE PARTIE

REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D'INSTANCE APPLICATION

INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS

THE LEGAL ADVISER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE
REGISTRAR OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF

JUSTICE

March 22, 1955.
Sir:
I.This is a mritten application, in accordance with the Statute
and Rules of the Court, suhmitted by the Government of the United
States of America instituting proceedings against the Government
of Czechoslovakia on account of certain wrongful acts comrnitted
by MIG-type aircraft from Czechrislovakiawithin the United States
zone of occupation in Germany on March IO, 19j3,

The suhject of the dispute and a succinct staternent of the facts
and grounds upon which the claim of the Government of the United
States ofAmerica is based are adequately set forth in a note deliver-
ed to the Czechoslovak Government on Angust 18, 1954. A copy
of the note is attached to this application as an annex. The Czecho-
slovak Government has failed. although the time therefor has long
since elapsed and although the United States Government has
duly urged the Czechoslovak Government to make reply, to
respond to the United States Government's note, but the Czecho-
slovak Government asserted its contentions in prior diplomatic
correspondence on this subject, and the nature of those contentions
is adverted to in the annex.

2.The United States Government notes that the present dispute
concerns matters of the character specified in Article 3(2)of the
Statute of the Court, including siihdivisions (a) through (d). AS
will be seen from the aiinex, the legal dispute of the United States
Government with the Czechoslovak Govemment involves, among
other questions of international laxv, the scope and application of
international obligations relating to the overflight of intruding
military aircraft,embodied in part in the Convention on Inter-
national Civil Aviation, adopted December 7, 1944 ; the duties
of the ground controllers and pilots of intruding military aircraft
with respect to interception and identification hy patrolling9 APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDIXGS (22 III55)
domestic aircraft in the country of intrusion ; the content and
application in case of such overflight of obligations to signal
between patrolling and intruding aircraft ; the nature of the rights,

prerogatives and powers of the United States Government and the
United States Air Force in the United States zone of occupation
in Germany with respect to the control of air traffic in general and
the overflight of foreign military aircraf; together with numerous
issues of fact which if resolved in favor of the United Statesvern-
ment would constitute breaches of international obligation by the
Czechoslovak Government ; and the nature and extent of the
reparations to be made by the Czechoslovak Government to the
United States Government for al1 these breaches.

The United States Government, in filing this application with
the Court, submits to the Court's jurisdiction for the purposes of
this case. The Czechoslovak Govemment appears not to have filed
any declaration with the Court thus far, although it was invited to
do so by the United States Goyemment in the note annexed hereto.
The Czechoslovak Government, however, is qualified to submit to
the jurisdiction of the Court in thismatter and may upon notifica-
tion of this application by the Registrar, in accordance with the
Rules of the Court, take the necessary steps to enable the Court's
jurisdiction over both parties to the dispute to be confirmed.

The United States Government thus founds the jurisdiction of
this Court on the foregoing considerations and on Article 36 (1)
of the Statute.

3. The claim of the Government of the United States of America
is briefly that the Government of Czechoslovakia on March IO,
1953, willfully and unlawfully caused MIG-type military aircraft
to overfly the Czechoslovak-German border, and without any
provocation, to pursue and attack United States Air Force F-84-
type aircraft which were engaged in peaceable routine patrol of
the air space within the United States zone of Germany, destroying
one F-&-type aircraft and causing physical injury to the pilot
thereof, an American national, as well as other damage specified
in the annexed note. The United States Government claims that
in the circumstances describedin the annex these actions constituted
serious violations of international obligation on the part of the

Czechoslovak Government. For these breaches of international
obligation the United States Government has demanded and
demands monetary and other reparation from the Czechoslovak
Govemment.10 APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS (22 III55)

At earlier stages of the diplomatic negotiations, which must
now be determined to have been exhausted, the Czechoslovak
Government asserted an entirely contrary version of the facts,
which is described in the annexed note. The United States Govern-
ment, in further pleadings herein, will more fully set forth such
issues of fact and the issues of law in this dispute, for the purpose
of hearing and decision by the Court in accordance with the Statute

and Rules. It will request that the Court find that the Czechoslovak
Government is liable to the United States Government for the
damage caused ; that the Court award damages in favor of the
United States Government against the Czechoslovak Government
in the sum of $271,384.16. with interest, and such other reparation
and redress asthe Court may deem to be fitand proper ; and that
the Court make al1 other necessary orders and awards, including
an award of costs, to effectuate its determinations.

4. The undersigned has been appointed by the Government of
the United States of America as its agent for the purpose of this
application and al1 proceedings thereon.
Very truly yours,

(Signed) Hermau PHLEGER,
The Legal Adviser
of the
Department of State. ANNEX

TEXT OF NOTE OF AUGUST 18, 1954, TO CZECHOSLOVAK
GOVERNMENT

Excellency :

1 have the honor to transmit to you, upon the instruction of
my Government. the following communication from my Govem-
ment to your Government :
The Government of the United States of America refers again
to the incident of the moming of hlarch IO,1953, in which MIG-
type aircraft from Czechoslovakia attacked and destroyed within
the United States zone of occupation in Germany an F-84 aircraft
of the United States Air Force.

On July 29, 1953, the United States Government addressed a
diplomatic note to the Govemment of Czechoslovakia informing
the Czechoslovak Government that the United States Govem-
ment had conducted and completed a most detailed investigation

of al1 the facts regarding the incident of March IO, 1953. The
United States Government stated that the differencesbetween the
findings of fact made hy it respecting the incident and the version
given by the Czechoslovak Government were not reconcilable ;
that the issues of fact raised not only serious qnestions of credi-
bility but important questions of international law ; and that,
consequently, it desired to defer the taking of appropriate further
action until it had afforded the Czechoslo\~akGovernment adequate
opportunity to suhmit to the United States, Govemment the
detailed documentary and other evidence which the Czechoslovak
Government had indicated was in its possession, but \\,hich was
not available to the United States Govemment, and which if
true would prove the Czechoslovak Government's version of the
incident. The United States Government declared that it reserved
the right, if this evidence aas not disclosed, to proceed upon the

premise that material requested from the Czechoslovak Govern-
ment and not disclosed would, if it were disclosed, he unfavorable
to the Czechoslovak Go\~emment'sposition.

On February 25, 1954. the Czechoslovak Government's Foreign
Officeinformed the American Embassy at Prague that the Czecho-
slovak Government "have not replied and do not intend to reply"
to the United States Govemment's diplomatic note of July 29,
1953. It alleged as the reason for this position that the Czecho-slovak Government in its notes of March II, 1953, and of Narch 30,
1953 (which, as received by the United States Government, was
dated March 28, 1953). "had presented suficient facts which
indisputably proved the violation of the Czechoslovak air space
by United States military aircraft, as meli as other facts which
fully confirm the responsibility of the United States Government
for the regrettable incident".

From this behavior of the Czechoslovak Government the United
States Government is compelied to conclude that the unwiüingness
of the Czechoslovak Government to produce any substantiation

for the allegations of fact made in its notes of March II, 1953.
and Alarch 30, 1953. arises from the absence of such evidence.
In consequence, the United States Govemment considers it is
free to proceed henceforth in this matter upon the premises which
were set forth for this contingency in the note of July 29, 1953.

The purpose of the present communication is to place upon
the record the facts which the United States Government has
found to be true and, on the basis of these findings of fact, to
prefer against the Czechoslovak Government herewith an inter-
national diplomatic claim in the nature and in the amounts set
out below.

Following its intensive investigationof the incident of March 10,
Igj3, to which reference has been made, the United States Gov-
ernment has made the foliowing findings of fact, which it asserts
are true and which it is prepared to prove by evidence in an
appropriate forum :

I. Consequent to the surrender of the German Armics and the
assumption of supreme authority in Germany by the Allied forces
which was announced on Junc 5, 1945, and through and including
March 10, 1953, the United States Government as the occupant
of the United States zone of Germany lawfully had and exercised
control of the air space of thar zone. The United States Air Force
authorities sitiiated in Germany assumed and discharged on
behalf of the United States Government the duties of air traffic
control within the United States zone of Germany, as well as
the duty of acrial defense of this territory and of the occupation
thereof by the United States Government. The discharge of these
duties by the United States Air Force was \\'el1known at al1times

by the Czechoslovak Government and had been s~>ecificallnotified
to the Czechoslovak Govemment directly.13 U.S.A. SOTE TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA (18 1,111 j4)

As the Czechoslovak Government well knew, no Czechoslo\~ak
or other alien military aircraft could lawfuily cross into or over
the United States occupied zone of Germany unless prior aiithor-
ization for such overflight had been duly requested from and
granted by the United States.authorities. The established practice
and procedure of the United States authonties in Germany before
and on hfarch IO, 1953, "as. as the Czechoslovak Government
at al1 times \\,el1knew, to identify if possible al1 aircraft observcd
to enter the United States zone of Germany so that the purpose
of such entry could be determined and the traffic pattern of such
aircraft controiled. IVhere the identification of aircraft observed

entering the United States territory of responsibility could not
be determined from prior notifications, flight plans filed, or other
information it \vas the practice where feasible to make use of
fighter aircraft of the United States Air Force to perform inter-
ception for the purpose of identification, and for the purpose of
reporting violations of applicable flight replations committed by
such overilyirig aircraft. At al1 times, before and on Alarch IO,
1953, the pilots of such interceptor aircraft were under instruc-
tions under no circumstances to cross the border of Germany,
and the persons controlling their movements were under instruc-
tions under no circurnstances to permit the border to be crossed,
or to engage in violence or force in effecting interception or
identification.

2. During Rfarch 9, 1953, and in the morning of filarch IO,
IQ=,?,observation bv United States Air Force authorities showed
rhii iiiilitar~ uircr:ifi froin Czechosldvakia \rt.rt, <:iiiiire]wate(l
uiiaiitliori~cd o\.~.rllichts of the I>(irtir the Lnitcd States zone
of Germanv in circumstances which could not be fairlv inter-
1)rct~d:is inii~ceiit or :iccitlciitd. The contliict ni the ~zecl;oslo\~ak

111111taraircr:ift iii\.ol\.<:(l~,I;iinlviilili:LI:L.L.,>ssi\: IisL.c:~rd
by the competeiit authoritics in Czechoslovakia of the air space
of the United States zone of Germany and of the air traffic regu-
lations applicable to overflights by military aircraft, as well as
of the rights of the United States Government and the Govern-
ment of the Federal Kepublic of Germany respecting the territory
of the Federai Republic of Germany.

At 9:38 a.m. Greenwich bfean Time in the morning of Rfarch IO,
1953, on account of the number of such repeated unauthorized
overflights of the United States zone of Germany by military14 U.S.A. NOTE TO CZECHOSLOVARIA (18 VIII j4)

aircraft from Czechoslovakia, the appropriate United States
authorities dispatched two United States F-84 aircraft with instruc-
tions to proceed toward the border of Czechoslovakia, responding
at al1 times to the orders of controllers, for the purpose of inter-
cepting, identifying and reporting such aircraft overflying the
United States zone of Germany. The two aircraft flewas an element,
in accordance with the standard practice. The pilot of the lead
aircraft was Captain Donald C. Smith, Serial Number A0 1903259.
The pilot of the wing aircraft was First Lieutenant Warren G.

Brown, Serial Number A0 753603. Both pilots were members
of the 53rd Fighter Bomber Squadron of the United States Air
Force in Germany.

Before becoming airborne, in accordance with the standard
practice then obtaining in such cases, the guns of both aircraft
had been rendered inoperative by the armorers. From the moment
of becoming airborne until, in circumstances which will be more
fully described below, the two F-84 aircraft came down within
Germany, both aircraft remained continuously and exclusively in
the air space of the United States zone of Gerrnany and at no
time crossed the Czechoslovak border and 'at no time entered

the Czechoslovak air space.
By the time the two F-84 patrol fighter aircraft had reached
the border area within Germany in which the unidentified air-
craft from Czechoslovakia had heen ohserved, the overflying,
nnidentified aircraft had disappeared from observation. The two
F-84 patrol aircraft were, therefore, in accordance witb the usual
practice, directed to and they did conduct a border patrol pattern
of flight within the territory of the United States zone of Germany.

Flying at an altitude of approximately 13,000 feet the two
F-84 patrol aircraft were proceeding in a southeasterly direction
on a heading of approximately 140 degrees within Germany
parallel to the range of mountains along which the Czechoslovak

frontier ran when, at approximately 9:j9 am. Greenwich Mean
Time, unidentified military aircraft were again observed to be
flying within Czechoslovakia toward the German border on a
bearing which would hring them within one minute directly into
and within the United States zone of Germany. Consequently,
Captain Smith and Lieutenant Brown turned northward on a
heading of approximately 320 degrees, upon the instruction of
the ground control. and while proceeding on this heading they
noticed two aircraft on their right moving at great speed from
Czechoslovakia at approximately the same altitude as the two
patrolling F-84 aircraft and on a course which converged with
theirs. Seeking to evade collision with the intruding aircraft,
Captain Smith and Lieutenant Brown immediately turned left-

wards in a counter-clockwise direction. At this time the speed advaiitage of the iiitruding aircraft froin Czechoslovakia \vas such

. that iieitlier Ainericaii pilot was able to identify the intruders
from aiiy markings, but from their silhouettes and speed they
were idciitified as MIG-type aircraft. The hllG aircraft entered
the United States zone of Germaiiy at approximately 1o:oo a.m.
Greenwich hfean Time, flying iii a westerly direction, near the
German town of Arnstein north of the German town of Wald-
muenchen.

The ensuiiig actions of these hfIG intruders from Czechoslovakia,
al1 taking place within the air space of the United States zone of
Germany, were entirely aggressive aiid hostile and directed both
to avoiding identification and to the \\fillful destruction of the
patrolling F-84 aircraft aiid the killing of the pilots. Captain
Smith and Lieutenant Brown. These actions were carried out by

the pilots of the intruding MIG aircraft, as the Czechoslo\~ak
Government has in substance admitted by its refusal to provide
the iiiformation requested iiithe United States Government's
note of July 29, 1gj3, at the specific direction of ground controllers
and in accordance with instructions from the responsible com-
petent authorities of the Czechoslo\~ak Government.

Having thus entered the United States zone of Germany, at
approximately 1o:oz a.m. Greenwich Mean Time, the MG air-
craft crossed the path of the patrolling F-84's over the German
town of Kritzeiiast, Ivhile the F-84's for the purpose of avoiding
collision were executing the counter-clock~\~iseturn carrying them
deeper into Germany. In the turn Captain Smith became separated
from Lieutenant Bro\vn. Thereupon one of the intruding MIG

aircraft proceeded to pursue Captain Smith over the air space
of the United States zone of Germany \\,hile the other intruding
MIG placed itself directly behiiid Lieutenant Brown's aircraft and
assumed a hostile and aggressive position, both evading identi-
fication and making ready to fire at Lieutenant Brown. Lieute-
nant Browii, noticing the MIG behiiid him in an aggressive attitude,
proceeded to take evasive and defensive action, seeking to fly
farther and farther away from the pursuing lllIG and in ever-
tightening couiiter-clock~vise circles. But his attempts at dis-
engagement failed, for the speedier pursuirig MIG aircraft followed
Lieutenant Brown in his 360 degree orhiting pattern, refusing
to relent or disengage. Several additional RlIG aircraft then
appeared iiithe orbit area, aircraft coming from Czechoslovakia
and responding to Czechoslovak coiitrolling authorities. The new
intruders joined the two original pursuing aircraft in a concerted,
deliberate aiid hostile action iri order to effect the destruction of

Lieutenant Brown's aircraft and his death. Acting upon the specific instructions of the responsible Czecho-
slovak Government authorities to whom they were responsible, the
pilots of the pursuing MIG aircraft opened fire upon Lieutenant
Brown's aircraft and continued firing in the unrelenting pursuit.
The United States Government has found, and charges. that the
first burst of fire was directed against Lieutenant Brown and his
aircraft, while Lieutenant Brown was engaged in an evasive
counter-clockwise orbit, at approximately IO:O~ a.m. Greenwich

hfean Time in the air space near the German town of Pemfling,
ata point more than ten miles from the closest point of the Czecho-
slovak border.

. Bot succeeding in destroying Lieutenant Brown and his aircraft,
the pursuing MIG aircraft continued shooting, followingLieutenant
Brown in his connter-clockmise orbit, and then succeeded in dis-
abling the aircraft by further firing at it in the air space above the
German town of Friedersried, which is almost fifteen miles from
the nearest point of the Czechoslovak border. His aircraft thus
disabled, Lieutenant Brown lost control of it and it dived sharply,
heading south. The NIG aircraft from Czechoslovakia nevertheless
continued pursuing him. \men Lieutenant Brown succeeded in
regaining control of his aircraft, and restoring it to level flight, he
abandoned orbiting and attempted to fly a heading of 220 degrees

directed further into Germany. But the pursuing MIG aircraft
reopened fire in the air space over the German town of Thiermiet-
nach, more than eighteen miles from the nearest point of the
Czechoslovak border. This time Lieutenant Brown's aircraft,
mortally hit, went completely out of control and Lieutenant Brown
was compelled to jettison the canopy of his aircraft and parachute
out. Nevertheless, although the F-84 was thus abandoned in
mid-air and Lieutenant Bro1i.n\'as parachuting out, the pursuing
MIG aircraft continued firing, the last firing taking place in the
air space between the German towns of Hofstetten and Sasselberg,
twenty and one-half miles from the nearest point of the Czecho-
slovak border.

It was only at 1o:o6 a.m. Greenwich Mean Time that the RIIG

aircraft, pursuing and shooting as above described, disengaged
themselves and ascended to higher altitude to leave the area.
The United States Govemment has found, and charges, that the
NIG aircraft from Czechoslovakia therefore deliberately and'7 U.S.A. NOTE TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA (18 VI1154)

wiilfully overflew the air space of the United States occupied zone
of Germany from Arnstein, near the border of Czechoslovakia,
at 1o:oo a.m. Greenwich Mean Time, to Kritzenast where they
crossed the path of the patrolling F-84 aircraft, and flying to their
left deeper into Germany to the air space north of the German
tobvii of Hiltersried, continued west and flew over Voitsried at
approximately 1o:o3 a.m. Greenwich Mean Time, then turned
southward and passed the German town of Hillstett at approxi-
mately 10:04 a.m. Greenwich Mean Time. Then, still pursuing
Lieutenant Brown in his evasive attemptsto orbit, they continued
around to the air space of Alletsried, to Starnsried, and as far east
as Lowendorf, then northwest to Rotz and then southward to
Friedersried. At this point, his aircraft disabled, Lieutenant Brown

took a turn of zzo degrees and attempted a straight flight to Save
himself and proceed to base.

Lieutenant Brown, parachuting out, landed south-southwest of
the German town of Falkenstein and his aircraft, destroyed,
crashed into the ground urest-northwest of Falkenstein at a settle-
ment known as Hundessen. The MIG aircraft involved in the in-
cident turned north and passed to the east over the German
town of Michelsneukirchen.

Captain Smith, pursued by the other MIG aircraft, was kept
separated from Lieutenant Brown, but succeeded in evading the
shooting and, when the MIG aircraft disengaged at 1o:o8 am.
Greenwich Mean Tirne, was enabled to proceed to his base in

Germany.
Lieutenant Brown landed in a state of shock and received
personal injuries, both of which required medical attention and
hospitalization thereafter. His F-84 aircraft, completely destroyed,
caused damage to the ground at and near the point of impact.

3. The United States Governrnent has found as a result of its
investigation, and it charges, as indicated above and as is made
clear by the Czechoslovak Government's notes of klarch 28, 1953.
and February 25, 1954, that al1 the acts of the pilots of the MIG
aircraft involved in the unauthorized overiïight into the United
States zone of Germany, as described above, both those observed
by Captain Smith and Lieutenant Brown and those which joined
in the onslaught upon Lieutenant Brown, were at the specific
direction, and atal1times under the direct control, of the responsible

authorities of the Czechoslovak Govemment, being vectored and
directed by ground radio and ground radar operators who in so
doing werc carrying out the instructions and acting under the
authority of the Czechoslovak Govemment. These directions werein deliberate and calculated disregard of the air traffic control
regulations and of the authority of the United States Government
in German territory.

4. The United States Government charges further that these
acts and directions were without provocation or justification
whatever ; that they were maliciously intended with knowledge
that they were wrongful under applicable international law and
morals :and that they were in deliberate and calculated disregard
of and for the purpose of flaunting the air traffic control regulations
of the United States authorities along the Czechoslovak-German
border and mithin Germany, and the sovereignty of the United
States Government, and of the German Government, and that
they were carried out in an effort to exert terror, threats and illegal
force over the area of Germany near the Czechoslovak border, and
thereby to make it possible to overfly the United States zone of
Germany and other areas unlawfully, at will, for such purposes
as espionage, aggrandizement and propaganda demonstrations of
strength. The United States Government charges further that the
Czechoslovak Government in its notes of March II, 1953. and of
March 28, 1953, in pursuance of the same unlawful and urrongful
plan, made assertions of fact with respect to the incident which it
knew to be demonstrably preposterous and flagrantly untruthful,
as will appear more fully below.

The United States Government has given the Czechoslovak
Government full opportunity to prove the allegations with respect
to the incident wich are contained in the Czechoslovak Govem-
ment's versions in its notes of March II, 1953. and of iblarch 28,
1953. but the Czechoslovak Govemment has failed. to respond.

The United States Government is therefore compelled to state
categorically that the following statements of fact, among others,
in the Czechoslovak Government's notes are contrary to the
truth, and were known at al1 times by the Czechoslovak Govern-
ment to be contrary to the truth, and that they were nevertheless
asserted for the motives and purposes set forth herein above.'9 G.S.A.SOTE TO cz~~~~~~~v.+~~(.1+ 8 VIIIj4)

A. \I7ith respect to the note of 3Iarch II, 1953 :
I. The statemeiit that two United States jet aircraft of the

F-84 type entered the Czechoslovak territory on March IO, 1953.

The only border crossing made by aircraft was macle, as the
Czechoslovak Goverilment has at al1times well known,with respect
to the incident of blarch IO, 1953, to which this note relates, by
MIG-type aircraft crossing into Germany from the east, spcci-
fically from Czechoslovakia. These MIG-type aircraft crossed the
Czechoslovak-German frontier at 1o:oo a.m. Greenwich Mean
Time near the to~vn of Arnstein, as above indicated.

z. The statement that these F-84 aircraft met with Czecho-
slovak fighters on patrol at a distance of 18 kilometers south-
southeast of Pilseii and 40 kilometers from a state frontier. It
is assumed that the Czechoslovak Government apparently intended
to state that the 18 kilometers distance mas south-southwest
of Pilsen.
The facts, however, are, as investigation referred to above has
ovenvhelmingly disclosed, that the two F-84 aircraft in question
met at 10:oz am. Greenwich Mean Time the two MIG aircraft
from Czechoslovakia. The meeting took place in the area of the
town of Kritzenast, which was approximately four and one-half
miles inside the United States zone of Germany, and the Czecho-
slovak aircraft penetrated and remained in the United States

zone of Germany, performing the actsand under the circumstances
related above.
The United States Government attaches hereto a graphic presen-
tation of its findings with respect to the routes flown by the MIG
aircraft and the F-84 aircraft, showing the area of orbit and the
points at mhich the MIG aircraft from Czechoslovakia directed
fire against, and hit, Lieutenant Brown's F-84 aircraft. It must
be inferred that the Czechoslovak Government's version of the
situs of the incident is in complete variance from the facts.

In this regard the United States Government notes that in the
reply of February 25, 1954, to the United States Government's
note of July 29, 1953, the Czechoslovak Government has refused
to give the nationalities of1the pilots of the MIG aircraft involved
in the incident or the nationalities of al1 the MIG aircraft so
involved or of the ground controllers and directors of their actions.

The United States Govemment, therefore, takes this opportnnity
to state that while for the purposes of the present international
claim against the Czechoslovak Government it takes note of the
Czechoslo\~ak Government's description of the intruding aircraft
as Czechoslovak fighters, the identification by the Czechoslovak
Govemment of the intruding aircraft as Czechoslovak aircraft
does not relieve or absolve any other Government or anthority This statement is in view of the foregoing not only false but

irrelevant, the F-84 patrolling aircraft being under no obligation
to comply nith any challenge or direction from Czechoslovak
aircraft in the circumstances of this case.

5. The statement that "in the engagement which ensued one

of the United States planes took flight to the west, the second
plane was hit, caiight fire and falling constantly disappeared to
the south-west".
This statement is misleading where it is not completely false.
The statement is misleading in implying that one or both of the
two American aircraft engaged in firing. The fact is, as the Czecho-
slovak Government has at al1 times well known, that neither
Amencan aircraft involved opened fire at any time, and the so-
called "engagement" was a vicious onslaught withont warning
upon peaceful patrolling American aircraft seeking to disengage
themselves, although in self-defense they nere entitled to use
force to repel the hostile conduct of the MIG aircraft from Czecho-
slovakia.

The statement is further misleading and false in suggesting,
in order to rebut the widely-known fact that Lieutenant Brown
and his F-84 aircraft came down deep in the United States zone
of Germany, that the aircraft was hit in Czechoslovakia and
somehow managed to fly back to the United States zone of
Germany without being noticed or foliowed by observers from
Czechoslovakia. For the fact is, as the Czechoslovak Govemment

has at al1 times well known, that the pursuing MIG aircraft not
only intercepted and attacked the F-84 aircraft entirely within
the United States zone of Germany, but the MIG aircraft did not
desist pursuit and firing until after the attacking MIG pilot, and
other intruding MIG pilots associated with him, had seen and
had no doubt reported by voice radio to ground controllers within
Czechoslovakia, that the F-84 aircraft had been destroyed and
its pilot forced to parachute to safety over the United States
zone of Germany.

B. With respect to the Czechoslovak Government's note of
March 28, 1953 :

The Czechoslovak Government's reiteration of the statements
in the note of March II, 1953. is accompanied hy the statement
that the facts asserted in the March II note are hased on the
logbook records of the gronnd radio operators, the goniometer22 U.S.A. NOTE TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA (1s \'II54)

records and the radar reports, as well as on the statements of the
Czechoslovak pilots involved.
The United States Govemment in its note of July 29, 1953,
requested the Czechoslovak Government to produce this corro-
borative evidence ailegedly in the Czechoslovak Government's
possession and described as the basis for its assertions, but the
Czechoslovak Government has failed and refused to produce this
evidence. The United States Government must therefore assert
that such evidence does not exist and has never existed and the
Czechoslovak Government's statements with respect thereto are

wholly false.

III

The United States Government is compelled to conclude, and it
charges, that the foregoing actions of the Czechoslovak Government,
and for which it is responsible, were deliberately and unlawfully
committed with the ulterior malicious intent to cause grievous

injury to the United States Government and to the American
people, as well as to Lieutenant Warren G. Brown and Captain
Donald C. Smith, and to execute a purpose of unlawful aggrandize-
ment within the air spacc over the United States zone of Germany
by terror and other unlawful and wrongful methods.

The United States Government further asserts the following :

I. Captain Donald C. Smith, element leader of the F-Sq patrolling
fighter aircraft as above described, was a'competent and efficient
pilot, qualified to act as element leader in border patrol activity
within Germany in which he engaged as above described, and \vas
then and at al1 times involved in this matter an American national.

2. Lieutenant Warren G. Brown, wing pilot of the F-84 patrolling
fighter aircraft as above described, was a competent and efficient
pilot. qualified to act as wing pilot in border patrol activity within
Germany in which he engaged as above described, and was then
and at al1 times involved in this inatter an American national.

3. The ground controllers involved in the vectoring and control.
and in the radar observation, of and voice radio communication
with Captain Smith and Lieutenarit Brown, were members of the
United States Air Force, fully competent and qualified to perform23 U.S.A.NOTE TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA (18 VIII54)

the duties assigned to them and these duties were performed by
them with efficiency and accuracy.

4. The radar equipment used by the radar personnel and ground
controllers in the observation of the aircraft referred to as coming
from Czechoslovakia in overflying the United States zone of
Germany and in following and controlling American patrolling
aircraft as above described were al1adequate in their coverage and
accurate in al1 respects and in good working condition.

5. The patrolling F-84 aircraft piloted by Captain Smith and
Lieutenant Brown were at the time of the incident above mentioned
F-84E-type, owned and controlled by the United States Government
without any defect affecting their flying efficiency or normal
operation and in good working order for the purpose of patrol
within the United States zone of Germany.

The United States Government charges that the Czechoslovak
Governmenthas by committing the foregoing actions in the circum-
stances set forth above violated international law. Specifically, and

without limiting itself by enurneration, the United States Govern-
ment charges that in the circumstances set forth above the Czecho-
slovak Government is guilty of the willful and intentional violation
of its international obligations and of the willful and intentional
commission of internationally unlawful actions as follows :

I. On March IO, 1953, as at al1 other times, it was unlawful
for military aircraft of Czechoslovakia, and for the aircraft involved
in the present incident, to fly into the air space of the United
States zone of Germany unless the Czechoslovak Government had
obtained prior authorization for such overflight from the United
States Government. Furthermore, it was the duty of the Czecho-
slovak Government to identify to the air traffic control authorities
within the United States zone of Germany al1aircraft from within
Czechoslovakia whicii intended to overfly the United States zone
of Germany in any respect and for any distance and to file flight
plans in accordance with applicable air traffic control regulations.
The failure of the Czechoslovak Government to comply with the

applicable regulations to which reference has been made, and the
unauthorized overflight by the military aircraft involved, constitute
violations of international obligations, specifically recognized in24 U.S.A.NOTE TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA (18 VIII 54)

Articles I and 3, Chapter I, Part I of the Convention on Jnter-
national Civil Aviation, adopted Decemher 7, 1944 ,t Chicago,
Illinois, adhered to by numerous governments including the United
States Government and the Czechoslovak Government.

z. Having unlawfully entered the United States zone of Germany,
and having heen intercepted within the air space of the United
States zone of Germany by the policing aircraft, it was the duty
of the pilots of the MIG aircraft from Czechoslovakia to submit
peacefully to identification by the policing aircraft and to ohey
orders which the pilots of the policing aircraft might convey. It
was further the duty of the Czechoslovak authorities controlling
the actions of the pilots of the intruding MIG aircraft to instruct

these pilots to permit identification and ohey such orders. The
failure of the pilots of the MIG aircraft from Czechoslovakia and
of the Czechoslovak ground authorities controlling their actions
to perform these diities constitute violations of international
obligations ; and their attempts to take aggressive action seeking
to destroy the patrolling United States aircraft and to kill the
United States pilots involved constitute heinous violations of
international law.

3. Even if, as is not the fact, the ground authorities in Czecho-
slovakia or the pilots of the MIG aircraft from Czechoslovakia
had erroneously helieved that they had intercepted the United
States F-84 aircraft within Czechoslovakia, it was the duty of the
intercepting aircraft and the duty of the ground controllers to
make intelligible signals to the overflying American aircraft, such
ashy flying across the path of the American aircraft in an easterly
dircction toward a suitable airfield and directing the aircraft to
land at that airfield, or to take similar action, to acquaint the

overflying aircraft with the fact that they were overflying Czecho-
slovak territory without prior authorization and should turn and
proceed hack to the United States zone of Germany. The failure
to do so in this case therefore constitutes an aggravation of the
liability of the Czechoslovak Government as well asfurther evidence
that neither the Czechoslovak ground authorities nor the MIG
pilots in the air were under any illusion as to the sovereignty of
the air space in which the interception, the pursuit, the firing and
the destruction of the American aircraft were then effected, nor as
to the situs of any stage of this unlawful conduct. 4. Having become fully aware of the true facts of the incident

prior to its notes of RlarchII and of March 28, 1953. and its note
of February 25, 1954, even assuming which is not the fact that
the responsible Czechoslovak Government authorities were not
already fully aware of the true facts, the Czechoslovak Government
violated its international legal obligations in knowingly stating
to the United States Government and to the international public
a false version of the true facts and emitting false propaganda
concerning them.
The United States Government believes that it has on account
of the violations by the Czechoslovak Govemment of the foregoing
legal duties, and hereby asserts and prefers, against the Czecho-
slovak Government a valid international claim for damages as

specified below.

In consequence of the foregoing illegai acts and violations uf
duty for al1of which the Czechoslovak Government is responsible,
the United States Government has suffered the following items of
damages and the United States Govemment demands that the
Czechoslovak Government pay to it on account thereof the following
sums :

I. The value of the United States Air Force airplane F-84E-type
Number 49-219zA and its equipment, piioted by Lieutenant
Warren G. Brown in the circumstances and in the times above
described, $235.349.41.
2. Damages to Lieutenant Warren G. Brown, an American
national, in consequence of the unlawful actions of the Czechoslovak
Government above described, $10,000.

3. Damages to Captain Donald C. Smith, an American national,
in consequence of the unlawful actions of the Czechoslovak Govern-
ment above described, 81,ooo.

4. Damages to the United States Government for the willful
and unlawful conduct of the Czechoslovak Govemment, $25.034.75.

Total $271.384.16.26 U.S.A. NOTE TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA (18 \>!I54)

The Government of the United States calls upon the Government
of Czechoslovakia promptly to make its detailed answer to the
allegations and the demands made in this communication. Should
the Czechoslovak Government in its answer acknowledge its
indebtedness to the United States Government on account of the
foregoing and agree to pay the damages suffered, the United States
Govemment is prepared, if requested, to present further proof in
support of its calculations of damage suffered and alleged.

In the event that the Czechoslovak Governinent contests its
liability, it is requested so to state in its answer. In the latter event,
the Czechoslovak Government is hereby notified that the United
States Government considers that an international dispute exists
betweeii the United States Government and the Czechoslo\~ak
Government and proposes that the dispute be presented for hearing
and decision in the International Court of Justice. Since it appears
that the Czechoslovak Government has thiis far not filed with that
Court any declaration of acceptance of the compnlsory jurisdiction
of that Court, the United States Government invites the Czecho-
slovak Governineiit to file an appropriate declaration with that
Court or to enter into a Special Agreement by which the Court may,
in accordance with its Statute and Rules, proceed to a determination

of the issues of fact and law which have been set forth herein ;
and the Czechoslo\rak Govemment is reqiiested to inform the
United States Government in the reply to the present note of its
intentions with respect to such a declaration or Special Agreement.

Accept, Excellency, the renewed assurances of my high con-
sideration.

Enclosure :

Graphic Chart. Le Gouvernement des États-Unis invite le Gouvernement
tchécoslovaque à fournir promptement une réponse détailléeaux
allégatioiiset demandes contenues dans la présentelettre. Si, dans
sa réponse, le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque reconnaît la dette
contractée par lui envers le Gouvernement des États-unis, à
raison de ce qui précède,et s'il accepte de verser les sommes
nécessaires afinde réparer les dommages subis, le Gouvernement
des Etats-Unis est prêt, si une demande lui est adressée à cet
effet,à fournir de nouvelles preuves, à l'appui de son calcul des
dommages subis et évaluéspar lui.
Dans le cas où le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque nierait sa
responsabilité, ce Gouvernement est invitàle diredans sa réponse.
Dans cette éventualité, le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis notifie,
par la présente, au Gouvernement tchécoslovaque qu'il considère
u'un différend international existe entre le Gouvernement des

g tats-Unis et le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque, et qu'il propose
que le différendsoit soumisà l'examen et à la décisionde la Cour
internationale de Justice. Comme le Gouvernement tchécoslo-
vaque n'a pas, semble-t-il, déposéjusqu'à présent auprès de la
Cour une déclaration portant acceptation par lui de la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour, le Gouvernement des États-Unis invite le
Gouvernement tchécoslovaque à déposer prèsla Cour une décla-
ration appropriée ou à conclure un compromis permettant à la
Cour de se prononcer, conformément à son Statut et à son Règle-
ment, sur les points de fait et de droit énoncésdans la présente
note ; le Gouvernement tchécoslo\~aqueest invité à faire connaitre
au Gouvernement des États-Unis, dans sa réponse à la présente
note, ses intentioiis au sujet d'une telle déclaration oii d'un tel
compromis.
Veuillez agréer, etc.

Annexe :
I graphique.

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

PLEADINGS, ORAL ARGUMENTS, DOCUMENTS

AERIAL INCIDENT OF MARCH lOth, 1953

(UNITED STATES OF AhlERICA u.CZECHOSLOVAKIA)
ORDER OF MARCH 14th, 195REMOVAL FROM THE LIST COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

MÉMOIRES, PLAIDOIRIES ET DOCUMENTS

INCIDENT AÉRIEN DU 10 MARS 1953
(ÉTATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUEC.TCHÉCOSLOVAQUIE)
ORDONNANCEDU 14MARS1956:RADI.4TIDU RÔLE PART 1
-

APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS

PREMIÈRE PARTIE

REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D'INSTANCE APPLICATION

INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS

THE LEGAL ADVISER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE
REGISTRAR OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF

JUSTICE

March 22, 1955.
Sir:
I.This is a mritten application, in accordance with the Statute
and Rules of the Court, suhmitted by the Government of the United
States of America instituting proceedings against the Government
of Czechoslovakia on account of certain wrongful acts comrnitted
by MIG-type aircraft from Czechrislovakiawithin the United States
zone of occupation in Germany on March IO, 19j3,

The suhject of the dispute and a succinct staternent of the facts
and grounds upon which the claim of the Government of the United
States ofAmerica is based are adequately set forth in a note deliver-
ed to the Czechoslovak Government on Angust 18, 1954. A copy
of the note is attached to this application as an annex. The Czecho-
slovak Government has failed. although the time therefor has long
since elapsed and although the United States Government has
duly urged the Czechoslovak Government to make reply, to
respond to the United States Government's note, but the Czecho-
slovak Government asserted its contentions in prior diplomatic
correspondence on this subject, and the nature of those contentions
is adverted to in the annex.

2.The United States Government notes that the present dispute
concerns matters of the character specified in Article 3(2)of the
Statute of the Court, including siihdivisions (a) through (d). AS
will be seen from the aiinex, the legal dispute of the United States
Government with the Czechoslovak Govemment involves, among
other questions of international laxv, the scope and application of
international obligations relating to the overflight of intruding
military aircraft,embodied in part in the Convention on Inter-
national Civil Aviation, adopted December 7, 1944 ; the duties
of the ground controllers and pilots of intruding military aircraft
with respect to interception and identification hy patrolling REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D'INSTANCE

LE CONSEILLER JURIDIQUE DU IIÉPARTERIENT D'ÉTAT
DES ÉTATS-UNIS D'A~IÉRIQUE AU GREFFIER DE LA
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JIJSTICE

DÉPARTEXEND T'ÉTAT,
\VASHIKGTON.
22 mars 1955.
Monsieur le Greffier,
1.Le présent document est une reqiiêteécrite, par laquelle le
Gouvernement des Etats-Unis introduit, conformément au Statut
et au Règlement de la Cour, uiie instance contre le Gouvernement
de Tchécoslo\~aquie,à raison de certains actes dommageables
commis, le IO mars 1953, dans la zone d'occupation des États-Unis

en .Allemagne par des avions du type hlIG, provenant de Tché-
coslor.aquie.
L'objet du différendet un exposésuccinct des faits et des motifs
par lesquels la demande du Gouvernement des États-Unis d'Am&
riaue est rét tendueiustifiéesont énoncéscomme il convient dans
la'note rémisele 18>aoùt 1954 au Gouvernment tchécoslovaque.
Copie de cette note est jointe en annexà la présente requête.Le
Gouvernement tchécoslovaque, bien qu'un temps très long se soit
écoulédepuis lors et que le Gouvernement des États-Unis l'ait
pressé de donner une réponse, a omis de répondre à la note du
Gouvernement des États-Unis, mais le Gouvernement tchécoslo-
vaque a, dans une correspondance diplomatiqiie antérieure relative
à cette affaire, exposé sesthèses, au caractère desquelles référence
est faite dans l'annexe.

2. Le Gouvernement des États-Unis constate que le différend
actuel porte sur des questions relevant des catégories spécifiées
à l'article 3(2)du Statut de la Cour, y compris les subdivisions
a) à d). Comme on le verra, en examinant l'aiinexe, le différend
d'ordre juridique qui sépare le Gouvernement des États-Unis et
le Gouvernement tchécoslo\.aqiiemet en jeu, entre autres questions
de droit internationalcelles qui ont trait à la portée eà I'exé-
cutiori des obligations internationales relatives au survol que des
avions militaires effectuentpar intnision au-dessus d'lin territoire,

obligations internationalesqui sont en partie énoncéesdans la
convention relative à l'Aviation civile internationale, adoptée le9 APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDIXGS (22 III55)
domestic aircraft in the country of intrusion ; the content and
application in case of such overflight of obligations to signal
between patrolling and intruding aircraft ; the nature of the rights,

prerogatives and powers of the United States Government and the
United States Air Force in the United States zone of occupation
in Germany with respect to the control of air traffic in general and
the overflight of foreign military aircraf; together with numerous
issues of fact which if resolved in favor of the United Statesvern-
ment would constitute breaches of international obligation by the
Czechoslovak Government ; and the nature and extent of the
reparations to be made by the Czechoslovak Government to the
United States Government for al1 these breaches.

The United States Government, in filing this application with
the Court, submits to the Court's jurisdiction for the purposes of
this case. The Czechoslovak Govemment appears not to have filed
any declaration with the Court thus far, although it was invited to
do so by the United States Goyemment in the note annexed hereto.
The Czechoslovak Government, however, is qualified to submit to
the jurisdiction of the Court in thismatter and may upon notifica-
tion of this application by the Registrar, in accordance with the
Rules of the Court, take the necessary steps to enable the Court's
jurisdiction over both parties to the dispute to be confirmed.

The United States Government thus founds the jurisdiction of
this Court on the foregoing considerations and on Article 36 (1)
of the Statute.

3. The claim of the Government of the United States of America
is briefly that the Government of Czechoslovakia on March IO,
1953, willfully and unlawfully caused MIG-type military aircraft
to overfly the Czechoslovak-German border, and without any
provocation, to pursue and attack United States Air Force F-84-
type aircraft which were engaged in peaceable routine patrol of
the air space within the United States zone of Germany, destroying
one F-&-type aircraft and causing physical injury to the pilot
thereof, an American national, as well as other damage specified
in the annexed note. The United States Government claims that
in the circumstances describedin the annex these actions constituted
serious violations of international obligation on the part of the

Czechoslovak Government. For these breaches of international
obligation the United States Government has demanded and
demands monetary and other reparation from the Czechoslovak
Govemment. REQUETE INTRODUCTIVE D'INSTANCE (22 IIIjj) 9

7 décembre 1944 ; les devoirs des contrôleurs au sol et pilotes
des avions militaires auteurs de l'intrusion, relativement I'in-
terception et à l'identification des appareils par les soins des
avions patrouilleurs du pays où l'intrusion est commise ; le contenu
et l'exécution, en cas de survols de cette nature, de l'obligation
d'un échangede signaux entre les avions patrouilleurs et ceux qui
commettent l'intrusion ; la nature des droits, prérogatives et pou-
voirs du Gouvernement des États-Unis et des forces militaires
d'aviation des États-Unis dans la zone d'occupation des États-Unis
en Allemagne, en ce qui touche au contrôle du trafic aérien en

généralet au survol effectuépar un avion militaire étranger ;ainsi
que de nombreuses questions de fait qui, si elles étaient résolues
en faveur du Gouvernement des États-Unis, constitueraient des
infractionsà une obligation internationale commises par le Gouver-
nement tchécoslovaque ; enfin le caractère et l'étenduedes répara-
tions auxquelles le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque serait tenu ris-
à-vis du Gouvernement des États-Unis à raison de toutes ces
infractions.
Le Gouvernement des États-unis, en déposant la présente
requête, déclare accepter la juridiction de la Cour aux fins de la
présente espèce. II ne semble pas qu'à ce jour le Gouvernement
tchécoslovaque ait déposéune déclaration à la Cour, bien qu'il ait
étéinvité à le faire par le Gouvernement des États-Unis dans la

note jointe ci-après en annexe. Le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque
est, cependant, qualifié pour reconnaître la juridiction de la Cour
en l'espèceet il lui est loisible, lorsque la présente requêtelui sera
notifiée par le Greffier, conformément au Règlement de la Cour,
de prendre les dispositions nécessaires afin que soit confirméela
juridiction de la Cour à l'égard des deux parties au différend.
Le Gouvernement des États-Unis fonde donc la compétencede la
Cour sur les considérations qui précèdent, ainsique sur l'article 36
(1) du Statut.
3. La thèse du Gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique peut

se résumer comnie il suit : à la date du IO mars 19j3, le Gouver-
nement de Tchécoslovaquie a délibérémentet illégalement fait
survoler la frontière germano-tchécoslovaque par des appareils
militaires du type hlIG et, sans aucune provocation, a fait pour-
suivre et attaq~er des avions du type F-Sq appartenant aux forces
aériennes des Etats-Unis qui exécutaient une patrouille normale
et pacifique à l'intérieur de l'espace aérien compris dans la zone
d'occupation des États-unis en Allemagne; les avions tchéco-
slovaques ont détruit un avion du type F-84; ils ont causé des
blessiires au pilote de cet avion, ressortissant américain, et ont
provoqué d'autres doinmages qui sont spécifiés dans la note jointe
en annexe. Le Gouvernement des États-Unis soutient que, dans
les conditions telles qu'elles sont décrites dans l'annexe, ces actes
constituaient de graves violations de ses obligatioiis internationales,

de la part du Gouvernement tchécoslovaqiie.A raison de ces mail-10 APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS (22 III55)

At earlier stages of the diplomatic negotiations, which must
now be determined to have been exhausted, the Czechoslovak
Government asserted an entirely contrary version of the facts,
which is described in the annexed note. The United States Govern-
ment, in further pleadings herein, will more fully set forth such
issues of fact and the issues of law in this dispute, for the purpose
of hearing and decision by the Court in accordance with the Statute

and Rules. It will request that the Court find that the Czechoslovak
Government is liable to the United States Government for the
damage caused ; that the Court award damages in favor of the
United States Government against the Czechoslovak Government
in the sum of $271,384.16. with interest, and such other reparation
and redress asthe Court may deem to be fitand proper ; and that
the Court make al1 other necessary orders and awards, including
an award of costs, to effectuate its determinations.

4. The undersigned has been appointed by the Government of
the United States of America as its agent for the purpose of this
application and al1 proceedings thereon.
Very truly yours,

(Signed) Hermau PHLEGER,
The Legal Adviser
of the
Department of State. REQU~TE INTRODUCTIVE D'INSTANCE (22 III55) IO

quements auxdites obligations internationales, le Gouvernement
des Etats-Unis a demandé et demaiide indemnité et d'autres
réparations au Gouveriieinerit tchécoslovaque.
A des stades aiitérieursdes négociationsdiplomatiques, lesquelles
doivent maintenant être considéréescomme épuisées, le Gouver-
nement tchécoslovaque a présentéune version de l'incident entiè-
rement contraire aux faits, version reproduite dans la note jointe
en annexe. Dans les piècesultérieures, le Gouvernemeiit des États-
Unis exposera plus complètement les points de fait et de droit du

présent différend, afin d'obtenir que la Cour examine et tranche
le différend conformément à son Statut et à son Règlement. Le
Gouvernement des Etats-Unis demandera à la Cour de dire et
juger que le Gouvernemciit tchécoslovaque est responsable vis-à-vis
du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis à raison du dommage causé ; il
demande à la Cour d'ordonner que soient versésail Gouvernement
des États-unis, par le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque, des dommages
et intérets, s'élevantà $ 271,384,16, plus les intérêts,et d'accorder
audit Gouvernement des États-Unis toutes autres réparations et
'
satisfactions que la Cour éventuellement jugera con\~eiiables et
appropriées ;il demande à la Cour de rendre toutes autres ordon-
nances et sentences nécessaires, y compris en matière de dépens
pour donner effet à ses décisioiis.

4. Le soussignéa éténommé par le Gouvernement des États-
Unis d'Amérique commeson agent aux fins de la présente requéte
et de la procédure qui s'ensuivra.
Veuillez agréer, etc.

(Sig?ié)Herman PHLEGER,
Conseiller juridique du

Département d'État. ANNEX

TEXT OF NOTE OF AUGUST 18, 1954, TO CZECHOSLOVAK
GOVERNMENT

Excellency :

1 have the honor to transmit to you, upon the instruction of
my Government. the following communication from my Govem-
ment to your Government :
The Government of the United States of America refers again
to the incident of the moming of hlarch IO,1953, in which MIG-
type aircraft from Czechoslovakia attacked and destroyed within
the United States zone of occupation in Germany an F-84 aircraft
of the United States Air Force.

On July 29, 1953, the United States Government addressed a
diplomatic note to the Govemment of Czechoslovakia informing
the Czechoslovak Government that the United States Govem-
ment had conducted and completed a most detailed investigation

of al1 the facts regarding the incident of March IO, 1953. The
United States Government stated that the differencesbetween the
findings of fact made hy it respecting the incident and the version
given by the Czechoslovak Government were not reconcilable ;
that the issues of fact raised not only serious qnestions of credi-
bility but important questions of international law ; and that,
consequently, it desired to defer the taking of appropriate further
action until it had afforded the Czechoslo\~akGovernment adequate
opportunity to suhmit to the United States, Govemment the
detailed documentary and other evidence which the Czechoslovak
Government had indicated was in its possession, but \\,hich was
not available to the United States Govemment, and which if
true would prove the Czechoslovak Government's version of the
incident. The United States Government declared that it reserved
the right, if this evidence aas not disclosed, to proceed upon the

premise that material requested from the Czechoslovak Govern-
ment and not disclosed would, if it were disclosed, he unfavorable
to the Czechoslovak Go\~emment'sposition.

On February 25, 1954. the Czechoslovak Government's Foreign
Officeinformed the American Embassy at Prague that the Czecho-
slovak Government "have not replied and do not intend to reply"
to the United States Govemment's diplomatic note of July 29,
1953. It alleged as the reason for this position that the Czecho- NOTE DES É.-U.A LA TCHÉCOSLOVAQUIE (1s VI11 54) II

ANNEXE

TEXTE DE LA NOTE EN DATE DU 18 AOOT 1954
ADRESSÉE AU GOUVERNEMENT TCHÉCOSLOVAQUE

Monsieur le Ministre,
Sur instructions de mon Gouvernement, j'ai l'honneur de vous
transmettre la communication suivante. adresséepar mon Gouver-
nement au vôtre.
Le Gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique se réfère de
nouveau à I'incident survenu dans la matinée du IO mars 1953,
lorsque des avions du type MIG, venant de Tchécoslovaquie,

attaquèrent et détruisirent à l'intérieur de la zone d'occupation
des États-Unis en Allemagne, un avion F-84 appartenant aux
forces aériennes des États-Unis.
A la date du 29 juillet 1953, le Gouvernement des États-unis
a adressé au Gouvernement de Tchécoslovaquie une note diplo-
matique pour lui faire savoir que le Gouvernement des États-
Unis avait soumis à une enquête très approfondie - enquête
achevée par lui - tous les faits relatifà l'incident du IO mars
1953. Le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis indiqiiait que les diver-
gences entre les conclusions de fait auxquelles il était arrivé,
relativement à i'incident, et la version fournie par le Gouvernement
tchécoslovaque n'étaient pas conciliables ;les points de fait soule-
vaient non seulement de graves questions de crédibilité, mais
encore des questions importantes de droit international; en

conséquence, le Gouvernement des États-Unis désirait attendre,
avant de prendre de nouvelles mesures appropr..es..qu'il eût
s~ifiianiiiit:nt fourni ail C;i>ii~i.rn~:mriittch;.!:o;l~v;i~lu l'occasion
(1,:prCs~.ntereii dCr'iilau C.oii\~erii<.lrs~I-:tat+Ciiis Ics I>r~u\,cs
documentaires et autres que le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque
disait êtreen sa possession, mais qui n'étaient pas accessibles au
Gonvernement des États-Unis, et qui, si elles étaient valables,
viendraient à l'appui de la version de l'incident donnée par le
Gouvernement tchécoslovaque. Le Gouvernement des États-Unis
décl~raitse réstr~er le droit; scvspreu\.es 11'i;t;iicntpas produites.
<le~rocéder<:nirirrarit de la r>rCniisssuit.aiit:In docunicntariori
demandée au g ou verne me chécoslovaque et non produite par
lui ne serait pas, si elle était présentée, favorableà la manière
de voir du Gouvernement tchécoslovaque.

A la date du zj février 1954. le département des Affaires étran-
gères.du Gouvernement tchécoslovaque a fait connaître à l'am-
bassade des États-Unis à Prague que le Gouvernement tchéco-
slovaque nn'avait pas répondu et n'avait pas l'intention de
répondre >ià la note diplomatique du Gouvernement des États-slovak Government in its notes of March II, 1953, and of Narch 30,
1953 (which, as received by the United States Government, was
dated March 28, 1953). "had presented suficient facts which
indisputably proved the violation of the Czechoslovak air space
by United States military aircraft, as meli as other facts which
fully confirm the responsibility of the United States Government
for the regrettable incident".

From this behavior of the Czechoslovak Government the United
States Government is compelied to conclude that the unwiüingness
of the Czechoslovak Government to produce any substantiation

for the allegations of fact made in its notes of March II, 1953.
and Alarch 30, 1953. arises from the absence of such evidence.
In consequence, the United States Govemment considers it is
free to proceed henceforth in this matter upon the premises which
were set forth for this contingency in the note of July 29, 1953.

The purpose of the present communication is to place upon
the record the facts which the United States Government has
found to be true and, on the basis of these findings of fact, to
prefer against the Czechoslovak Government herewith an inter-
national diplomatic claim in the nature and in the amounts set
out below.

Following its intensive investigationof the incident of March 10,
Igj3, to which reference has been made, the United States Gov-
ernment has made the foliowing findings of fact, which it asserts
are true and which it is prepared to prove by evidence in an
appropriate forum :

I. Consequent to the surrender of the German Armics and the
assumption of supreme authority in Germany by the Allied forces
which was announced on Junc 5, 1945, and through and including
March 10, 1953, the United States Government as the occupant
of the United States zone of Germany lawfully had and exercised
control of the air space of thar zone. The United States Air Force
authorities sitiiated in Germany assumed and discharged on
behalf of the United States Government the duties of air traffic
control within the United States zone of Germany, as well as
the duty of acrial defense of this territory and of the occupation
thereof by the United States Government. The discharge of these
duties by the United States Air Force was \\'el1known at al1times

by the Czechoslovak Government and had been s~>ecificallnotified
to the Czechoslovak Govemment directly. NOTE DES É.-U. A LA TCHÉCOSLO~AQUIE (18 VIII 54) 12

Unis en date du 29 juillet 1953. Pour justifier cette attitude, il
alléguait que le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque, dans ses notes des
II et 30 mars 1953 (cette dernière, lorsqu'eiie parvint au Gouver-
nement des Etats-Unis, portait la date du 28 mars 1953)~ K avait
présentéen suffisance des faits qui prouvaient indiscutablement
la violation deJespace aériende Tchécoslovaquiepar les appareils

militaires des Etats-Unis, ainsi que d'autres faits qui confirmaient
pleinement la responsabilité du Gouvernement des États-unis à
l'égard du regrettable incident n.
Cette manière d'agir du Gouvernement tchécoslovaque oblige
le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis à conclure que la répugnance
du Gouvernement tchécoslovaque à produire une preuve quel-
conque à l'appui des allégations de fait énoncéesdans ses notes
des II et 30 mars 1953 est due à l'absence d'une telle preuve.
En conséquence, le Gouvernement des États-Unis se considère
comme libre de procéder désormaisdans i'affaire en partant des
rém miss esposées.en vue de cette éventualité.dans la note du
i9 juiiiet 1953.

L'objet de la présente cornmunication'est de faire prendre acte
des faits dont le Gouvernement des États-Unis a constaté la
réalitéet, sur la base de ces conclusions de fait, de présenter
ci-après, contre le Gouvernement tch&coslovaque,une réclamation
diplomatique d'ordre international, réclamation dont le caractère
et le montant vont êtreexposés ci-dessous.

1

A la suite de l'enquêtedétailléeà laquelle, ainsi qu'il a étédit
plus haut, le Gouvernement des États-unis a procédérelativement
à l'incident du IO mars 1953, ce Gouvernement a étéamené aux
conclusions de fait suivantes, dont il affirme l'exactitude et qu'il
est prêt à prouver par témoignagedevant un tribunal approprié:

r. Après la reddition des armées allemandes et la prise du pou-
voir suprêmeen Allemagne par les forces alliées.qui furent annon-
céesle 5 j~in 1945, et jusqu'au IO mars 1953 inclus, le Gouverne-
ment des Etats-Unis a légalement possédéet exercé son contrôle
sur l'espace aérien au-dessus de la zone d'Allemagne à luiaffectée,
en tact qu'occupant decette zone. Lesautorités des forces aériennes
des Etats-Unis stationnées en Allemagne ont assumé et exercé,
au nom du Gouvernement des États-unis, les fonctions afférentes
au contrôle du trafic aérien. dans la zone d'Allemagne réservée

aux États-Unis, ainsi que la défense aériennede ce territoire et son
occupation par le Gouvernement des États-Unis ;de tout temps, le
Gouvernement tchécoslovaque a étéau courant de l'exercice de
ces fonctions par les forces aériennes desÉtats-unis ;ce Gouverne-
ment en avait d'ailleurs reçu directement et expressément notifi-
cation.
213 U.S.A. SOTE TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA (18 1,111 j4)

As the Czechoslovak Government well knew, no Czechoslo\~ak
or other alien military aircraft could lawfuily cross into or over
the United States occupied zone of Germany unless prior aiithor-
ization for such overflight had been duly requested from and
granted by the United States.authorities. The established practice
and procedure of the United States authonties in Germany before
and on hfarch IO, 1953, "as. as the Czechoslovak Government
at al1 times \\,el1knew, to identify if possible al1 aircraft observcd
to enter the United States zone of Germany so that the purpose
of such entry could be determined and the traffic pattern of such
aircraft controiled. IVhere the identification of aircraft observed

entering the United States territory of responsibility could not
be determined from prior notifications, flight plans filed, or other
information it \vas the practice where feasible to make use of
fighter aircraft of the United States Air Force to perform inter-
ception for the purpose of identification, and for the purpose of
reporting violations of applicable flight replations committed by
such overilyirig aircraft. At al1 times, before and on Alarch IO,
1953, the pilots of such interceptor aircraft were under instruc-
tions under no circumstances to cross the border of Germany,
and the persons controlling their movements were under instruc-
tions under no circurnstances to permit the border to be crossed,
or to engage in violence or force in effecting interception or
identification.

2. During Rfarch 9, 1953, and in the morning of filarch IO,
IQ=,?,observation bv United States Air Force authorities showed
rhii iiiilitar~ uircr:ifi froin Czechosldvakia \rt.rt, <:iiiiire]wate(l
uiiaiitliori~cd o\.~.rllichts of the I>(irtir the Lnitcd States zone
of Germanv in circumstances which could not be fairlv inter-
1)rct~d:is inii~ceiit or :iccitlciitd. The contliict ni the ~zecl;oslo\~ak

111111taraircr:ift iii\.ol\.<:(l~,I;iinlviilili:LI:L.L.,>ssi\: IisL.c:~rd
by the competeiit authoritics in Czechoslovakia of the air space
of the United States zone of Germany and of the air traffic regu-
lations applicable to overflights by military aircraft, as well as
of the rights of the United States Government and the Govern-
ment of the Federal Kepublic of Germany respecting the territory
of the Federai Republic of Germany.

At 9:38 a.m. Greenwich bfean Time in the morning of Rfarch IO,
1953, on account of the number of such repeated unauthorized
overflights of the United States zone of Germany by military NOTE DES 6.-U. A LA TCHÉCOSLOVAQUIE (18 VIII j4) 13

Ainsi que le Gouvernement tchécoslovaqiie le savait fort bien,
aucun avion militaire étranger, tchécoslovaqueou autre, ne pouvait,
légalement, pénétrer dans la zone d'Allemagne occupée par les
États-Unis ou survoler cette zone sans avoir, au préalable,dûment
demandé et obtenu des autorités des États-Unis l'autorisation'de
procéder à ce survol. La pratique et la procédure constamment
suivies par les autorités des États-Unis en .4llemagne, avant le
IO mars 1953 et jusqu'à cette date, consistaient - ainsi que le
Gouvernement tchécoslovaque le savait à tout moment - à iden-
tifier, si possible, tous les appareils dont on observait l'entréedans

la zone d'Allemagne occupée par les États-Unis, afin que l'objet
de ce survol pût être établi et que l'itinéraire de cet appareil
pût être contrôlé. Ilans les cas où l'identification de l'appareil
dont on avait observé l'entrée au-dessus(lu territoire corifié à
la responsabilité des États-Unis ne pouvait êtreétablie à l'aide
d'une notification antérieure, du dépôt préalable d'itinéraires
de vols projetés oii d'autres renseignements, on avait coutume,
lorsque c'était possible, d'utiliser les avions de combat appartenant
aux forces aériennes des États-Unis pour intercepter l'avion,

afin de l'identifier et pour signaler les infractions aux règlements
aériens applicables commises, du fait de son survol, par ledit
appareil. En tout temps, avant le IO mars 1953 et jusqu'à cette
date, les pilotes d'avions chargés d'intercepter l'appareil délin-
quant avaient pour instruction de ne franchir en aucun cas la
frontière allemande, et les personnes chargées de contrôler leurs
mouvements avaient pour instruction de ne leur permettre, en
aucun cas, de franchir la frontière ni de recourir à la violence ou
de faire usage de la force, dans les mesures prises par eux pour
effectuer l'interception ou l'identification.

2. Durant la journée du 9 mars 1953 et la matinée du 10 mars
~gyj,,les observations faites par les autorités des forces aérieniies
des Etats-Unis révélèrentque des avions militaires, venant de
Tchécoslo~~aquiep .rocédaient à des survols répétéset no? autorisés
de la frontière de la zone d'Allemagne occupéepar les Etats-Unis,
dans des circonstances qui ne pouvaient équitablement êtreinter-
prétées comme innocentesou accidentelles. La conduite des avions
militaires tchécoslovaques doiit il s'agissait faisait ouvertement

ressortir un dédain agressif, de la part des autorités compétentes
de Tchécoslovaquie, à l'égard de l'espace aérien dela zone d'Alle-
magne occupéepar les États-Unis, ainsi que des règlements visant
le trafic aérien et applicables aux survols effectues par des avions
militaires, et des droits du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis et du
Gouveruement de la République fédérale allemandesur le territoire
de ce dernier État.
Le IO mars 1953, à 9 h. 38 G. RI.T., vu le nombre de ces survols
répétéset non autorisés de la zone d'Allemagne occupéepar les
Etats-Unis par des avions militaires venant de Tchécoslovaquie,14 U.S.A. NOTE TO CZECHOSLOVARIA (18 VIII j4)

aircraft from Czechoslovakia, the appropriate United States
authorities dispatched two United States F-84 aircraft with instruc-
tions to proceed toward the border of Czechoslovakia, responding
at al1 times to the orders of controllers, for the purpose of inter-
cepting, identifying and reporting such aircraft overflying the
United States zone of Germany. The two aircraft flewas an element,
in accordance with the standard practice. The pilot of the lead
aircraft was Captain Donald C. Smith, Serial Number A0 1903259.
The pilot of the wing aircraft was First Lieutenant Warren G.

Brown, Serial Number A0 753603. Both pilots were members
of the 53rd Fighter Bomber Squadron of the United States Air
Force in Germany.

Before becoming airborne, in accordance with the standard
practice then obtaining in such cases, the guns of both aircraft
had been rendered inoperative by the armorers. From the moment
of becoming airborne until, in circumstances which will be more
fully described below, the two F-84 aircraft came down within
Germany, both aircraft remained continuously and exclusively in
the air space of the United States zone of Gerrnany and at no
time crossed the Czechoslovak border and 'at no time entered

the Czechoslovak air space.
By the time the two F-84 patrol fighter aircraft had reached
the border area within Germany in which the unidentified air-
craft from Czechoslovakia had heen ohserved, the overflying,
nnidentified aircraft had disappeared from observation. The two
F-84 patrol aircraft were, therefore, in accordance witb the usual
practice, directed to and they did conduct a border patrol pattern
of flight within the territory of the United States zone of Germany.

Flying at an altitude of approximately 13,000 feet the two
F-84 patrol aircraft were proceeding in a southeasterly direction
on a heading of approximately 140 degrees within Germany
parallel to the range of mountains along which the Czechoslovak

frontier ran when, at approximately 9:j9 am. Greenwich Mean
Time, unidentified military aircraft were again observed to be
flying within Czechoslovakia toward the German border on a
bearing which would hring them within one minute directly into
and within the United States zone of Germany. Consequently,
Captain Smith and Lieutenant Brown turned northward on a
heading of approximately 320 degrees, upon the instruction of
the ground control. and while proceeding on this heading they
noticed two aircraft on their right moving at great speed from
Czechoslovakia at approximately the same altitude as the two
patrolling F-84 aircraft and on a course which converged with
theirs. Seeking to evade collision with the intruding aircraft,
Captain Smith and Lieutenant Brown immediately turned left-

wards in a counter-clockwise direction. At this time the speed NOTE DES É.-U. A LA TCHÉCOSI~OVAQUIE (18 UIII54)
14
les autorités compétentes des États-Unis envoyèrent deux avions
F-84 des États-Unis. qui reçurent pour mission de se diriger vers
la frontière tchécoslovaque, en se conformant à tout moment aux
ordres des contrôleurs au sol, afin d'intercepter et d'identifier les
avions qui survolaient la zone d'Allemagne occupéepar les États-

Unis et de faire rapport à ce sujet. Les deux avions volaient en
patrouille légère,conforménient à la pratique habituelle. Le pilote
de l'avion de têtc(aleader »)était le capitaine Donald C. Smith,
no de sérieA0 1go3zjg. Le pilote de l'avion équipier («wing air-
craft n)était le premier lieutenant Warren G. Brown, no de série
A0 753603. Les deux pilotes étaient membres de la 53rneescadrille
de bombardement des forces aériennes des États-Unis en Alle-
magne.
Avant I'eiivol, conformément à l'usage suivi dans les cas de cet
ordre, les armuriers avaient rendu inutilisable l'artillerie des deux
appareils. A partir de l'envol et jusqu'au moment où, dans des
circonstances qui sont exposées ci-dessousplus en détail, les deux
avions F-84 redescendirent en Allemagne, les deux appareils
demeurèrent de façon continue et exclusivement dans l'espace
aériensitu6 au-dessus de la zone d'Allemagne occupéepar les États-

Unis ; à aucun moment, ils ne franchirent la frontière tchécoslo-
vaque ni ne pénétrèrent dansl'espace aérien tchécoslovaque.
Au moment où les deux avions patrouilleurs F-84 avaient atteint
la région de la frontière allemande où avaient étéobservés les
appareils non identifiés, venus de Tchécoslovaquie, les avions qui
avaient survoléle territoire sans avoir étéidentifiés avaient disparu.
Les deux avionspatrouilleurs F-84 reçurent donc, selon la pratique
habituelle, l'ordre - qu'ils exécutèrent - de procéder à iine
patrouille d'interdiction le long de la frontière à l'intérieur du
territoire de la zone d'Allemagne occupéepar les États-Unis.
Volant à une altitude d'environ 13.000 pieds, les deux avions
patrouilleurs F-84 se dirigeaient vers le sud-est suivant un angle
d'environ 140~à la boussole, parallèlement à la chaîne de mon-
tagnes situéele long de lafrontière tchécoslovaque quand, & g h. 59
G. JI.T., approximativement, on observa de nouveau des avions

militaires non identifiés qui volaient, venant de Tchécoslovaquie,
vers la frontière allemande, en suivant une direction qui devait
dans un instant les conduire directement à I'intérieur de la zone
d'Allemagne occupéepar les États-Unis. En conséquencc.et confor-
mément aux instructions du contrôle au sol, le capitaine Smith et
le lieutenant Brown se tournèrent vers le nord (angle de 320"
environ) et, tandis qu'ils volaient dans cette direction, ils obser-
vèrent à leur droite deux avions venant à grande vitesse de Tchéco-
slo\,aquie; ces avions étaient sensiblement à la mêmealtitude que
les deux avions patrouilleurs F-84 et suivaient une direction qui
convergeait avec ceile de ces avions. Afin d'éviter d'entrer en
collision avec les appareils commettant I'intmsion, le capitaine
Smith et le lieutenant Brown tournèrent immédiatement à gauche. advaiitage of the iiitruding aircraft froin Czechoslovakia \vas such

. that iieitlier Ainericaii pilot was able to identify the intruders
from aiiy markings, but from their silhouettes and speed they
were idciitified as MIG-type aircraft. The hllG aircraft entered
the United States zone of Germaiiy at approximately 1o:oo a.m.
Greenwich hfean Time, flying iii a westerly direction, near the
German town of Arnstein north of the German town of Wald-
muenchen.

The ensuiiig actions of these hfIG intruders from Czechoslovakia,
al1 taking place within the air space of the United States zone of
Germany, were entirely aggressive aiid hostile and directed both
to avoiding identification and to the \\fillful destruction of the
patrolling F-84 aircraft aiid the killing of the pilots. Captain
Smith and Lieutenant Brown. These actions were carried out by

the pilots of the intruding MIG aircraft, as the Czechoslo\~ak
Government has in substance admitted by its refusal to provide
the iiiformation requested iiithe United States Government's
note of July 29, 1gj3, at the specific direction of ground controllers
and in accordance with instructions from the responsible com-
petent authorities of the Czechoslo\~ak Government.

Having thus entered the United States zone of Germany, at
approximately 1o:oz a.m. Greenwich Mean Time, the MG air-
craft crossed the path of the patrolling F-84's over the German
town of Kritzeiiast, Ivhile the F-84's for the purpose of avoiding
collision were executing the counter-clock~\~iseturn carrying them
deeper into Germany. In the turn Captain Smith became separated
from Lieutenant Bro\vn. Thereupon one of the intruding MIG

aircraft proceeded to pursue Captain Smith over the air space
of the United States zone of Germany \\,hile the other intruding
MIG placed itself directly behiiid Lieutenant Brown's aircraft and
assumed a hostile and aggressive position, both evading identi-
fication and making ready to fire at Lieutenant Brown. Lieute-
nant Browii, noticing the MIG behiiid him in an aggressive attitude,
proceeded to take evasive and defensive action, seeking to fly
farther and farther away from the pursuing lllIG and in ever-
tightening couiiter-clock~vise circles. But his attempts at dis-
engagement failed, for the speedier pursuirig MIG aircraft followed
Lieutenant Brown in his 360 degree orhiting pattern, refusing
to relent or disengage. Several additional RlIG aircraft then
appeared iiithe orbit area, aircraft coming from Czechoslovakia
and responding to Czechoslovak coiitrolling authorities. The new
intruders joined the two original pursuing aircraft in a concerted,
deliberate aiid hostile action iri order to effect the destruction of

Lieutenant Brown's aircraft and his death. NOTE DES É.-U. A LA TCHÉCOSI.OVAQUIE (18 VI11 54)
15
dans une direction contraire à celle des aiguilles d'une montre.
A ce moment, l'avantage, sous le rapport de la vitesse, était telle-
ment en faveur des appareils venant de Tchécoslovaquiecoupables
de l'intrusion qu'aucun des deux pilotes américains ne fut en
mesure d'identifier ces avions d'après les marques qu'ils portaient,
mais leur silhouette et leur rapidité permirent de les reconnaître

comme appartenant au type MIG. Les appareils MIG pénétrèrent
dans la zone d'Allemagne occiipéepar les Etats-Unis à 10 heures
G. M. T. environ : ils volaient versl'ouest, prèsde la ville allemande
d'Arnstein et au nord de la ville allemande de Waldmuenchen.
Par la suite, les actes de cesavions MIG venus deTchécoslovaquie
et coupables d'intrusion - actes qui se passèrent tous à l'interieur
de l'espace aérien de la zone d'Allemagne occupéepar les l~tats-
Unis - furent entièrement agressifs et hostiles, et tendirentà la
fois à éviter l'identification, à détruire délibérémentles avions
patrouilleurs F-84 et à tuer les pilotes, le capitaine Smith et le
lieutenant Brown. Cesactesfurent exercéspar les pilotes de l'avion
MIG coupable de l'intrusion (ainsi que le Gouvernement tchéco-
slovaque l'a, en substance, admis en refusant de produire les ren-
seignements demandés dans la note du Gouvernement des Etats-

Unis, en date du zg juillet 19j3), selon les indications expresses
des contrôleurs au sol et conformément aux instructions données
par les autorités compétentes responsables du Gouvernenient
tchécoslovaque.
Ayant ainsi pénétrédans la zone d'Allemagne occupéepar les
États-unis, à IO h. oz G. M.T. environ, I'appareil MIG coupa la
route des avions patrouilleurs F-84, au-dessus de la vilie allemande
de Kritzenast, tandis que ces avions F-84, afin d'éviter une colli-
sion, exécutaient un mouvement, en sens inverse des aiguilles
d'une montre, qui les ramenait plus profondément en Allemagne.
Au cours de ce mouvement, le capitaine Smith fut séparédu
lieutenant Brown. Sur quoi, l'un des avions MIG, auteurs de
Tintrusion, se mit à la poursuite du capitaine Smith, à I'inttrieur
de l'espace aérien de la zone d'Allemagne occupéepar les Etats-

Unis, tandis que l'autre appareil MIG, coupable de l'intrusion,
se plaça directement derrière l'avion du lieutenant Brown et
adopta une attitude hostile et agressive, évitant à la fois l'iden-
tification et se préparant à tirer sur le lieutenant Brown. Cedernier,
observant l'attitude agressive du RlIG qui se trouvait derrière
lui, prit des mesures défensives pour lui échapper et s'efforça de
voler de plus en plus loin du RlIG qui le poursuivait en décrivant,
dans le sens contraireà celui des aiguilles d'une montre, des cercles
qui se rétrécissaient de plusen plus. Xais ses tentatives en vue
de se dégager échouèrent,car le MIG poursuivant, dont la vitesse
était plus grande, suivit le lieutenant Brown dans sa course circu-
laire de 360°, refusant de desserrer sa poursuite ou de se dégager.
Plusieurs autres appareils MIG apparurent alors dans la zone où
se décrivaient les cercles, appareils venus de Tchécoslovaquie et Acting upon the specific instructions of the responsible Czecho-
slovak Government authorities to whom they were responsible, the
pilots of the pursuing MIG aircraft opened fire upon Lieutenant
Brown's aircraft and continued firing in the unrelenting pursuit.
The United States Government has found, and charges. that the
first burst of fire was directed against Lieutenant Brown and his
aircraft, while Lieutenant Brown was engaged in an evasive
counter-clockwise orbit, at approximately IO:O~ a.m. Greenwich

hfean Time in the air space near the German town of Pemfling,
ata point more than ten miles from the closest point of the Czecho-
slovak border.

. Bot succeeding in destroying Lieutenant Brown and his aircraft,
the pursuing MIG aircraft continued shooting, followingLieutenant
Brown in his connter-clockmise orbit, and then succeeded in dis-
abling the aircraft by further firing at it in the air space above the
German town of Friedersried, which is almost fifteen miles from
the nearest point of the Czechoslovak border. His aircraft thus
disabled, Lieutenant Brown lost control of it and it dived sharply,
heading south. The NIG aircraft from Czechoslovakia nevertheless
continued pursuing him. \men Lieutenant Brown succeeded in
regaining control of his aircraft, and restoring it to level flight, he
abandoned orbiting and attempted to fly a heading of 220 degrees

directed further into Germany. But the pursuing MIG aircraft
reopened fire in the air space over the German town of Thiermiet-
nach, more than eighteen miles from the nearest point of the
Czechoslovak border. This time Lieutenant Brown's aircraft,
mortally hit, went completely out of control and Lieutenant Brown
was compelled to jettison the canopy of his aircraft and parachute
out. Nevertheless, although the F-84 was thus abandoned in
mid-air and Lieutenant Bro1i.n\'as parachuting out, the pursuing
MIG aircraft continued firing, the last firing taking place in the
air space between the German towns of Hofstetten and Sasselberg,
twenty and one-half miles from the nearest point of the Czecho-
slovak border.

It was only at 1o:o6 a.m. Greenwich Mean Time that the RIIG

aircraft, pursuing and shooting as above described, disengaged
themselves and ascended to higher altitude to leave the area.
The United States Govemment has found, and charges, that the
NIG aircraft from Czechoslovakia therefore deliberately and SOTE DES É.-U. A LA TCHECOSLOVAQUIE (18 VIII j4) 16

répondant aux autorités du contrôle tchécoslovaque.Les nouveaux
intrns se joignirent aux deux avions qui avaient entamé la pour-
suite pour agir de façon concertée, délibérée et hostile, en vue
de détruire l'appareil du lieutenant Brown et de tuer le pilote.
Se conformant aux instriictions expresses des autorités respon-

sables du Gouvernement tchécoslovaque, envers lesquelles ils
étaient eux-méincsresponsables, les pilotes des avions MIG pour-
suivants ouvrirent le feu sur l'appareil du lieutenant Brown et
continuèrent à tirer au cours de la poursuite qui continuait sans
rémission. Le Gouveriiement des États-Unis a constaté - et
porte à ce sujet une accusation - que la première rafale fut dirigée
contre le lieutenant Brown et son appareil - tandis que le lieute-
nant Brown s'efforçait, pour se soustraireà la poursuite, de décrire
un cercle en sens inverse de celui des aiguilles d'une montre -
à IO h. oj G. RI.T. environ, dans l'espace aérien prèsde la ville
allemande de Pemfling, en un point situé à moins de IO milles
du point le plus rapproché de la frontière tchécoslovaque.
Ne réussissant pas à détruire le lieutenant Brown et son appareil,
l'avion fiIIG poiirsuivant continua à tirer, suivant le lieutenant

Brown dans son trajet circulaire en sens inverseà celui des aigiiilles
d'une rtiontre; il réussitalors, par son tir, à mettre hors de service
l'appareil dans l'espace aérien au-dessus de la ville allemande
de Friedersned, situéeà environ 15 milles du point le plus proche
de la frontière tchécoslovaque. Son appareil étant ainsi avarié,
le lieutenant Brown en perdit le contrôle et l'avion plongea for-
tement se dirigeant vers le sud. L'appareil hIIG venu de Tchéco-
slovaquie n'en continua pas moins à le poursuivre. Lorsque le
lieutenant Brown r4ussit à reprendre le contrôle de son appareil
et à le faire de nouveau voler en ligne droite, il renonça à décrire
des cercles et s'efforça de suivre une direction formant un angle
de 220" et le conduisant plus avant en Allemagne. filais l'avion
MIG poursuivant rouvrit le feu, dans l'espace aérien au-dessus
de la ville allemande de Thiermietnach, à plus de 18 milles du
point le plus proche de la frontière tchécoslovaque. Cette fois,

l'avion du lieutenant Brown, frappé àmort, échappacomplètement
à son contrôle, et le lieutenant Brown fut contraint de jeter par-
dessus bord le toit d'habitacle de son avion ct de sauter en para-
chute. Néanmoins, bien que l'avion F-84 fût ainsi abandonné en
l'air et que le lieutenant Brown s'en échappât en parachiite,
l'avion fiIIG poursuivant continua à tirer, pour la dernière fois
dans l'espace aérien entre les villes allemandes de Hofstetten et
de Sasselberg, situées à 214 milles du point le plus proche de
la frontière tchécoslovaque.
C'est seulement à IO h. 08G. 31.T. que les appareils MIG, après
la poursuite et le tir décrits plus haut, se dégagèrentet s'élevèrent
à une altitude plus grande, afin de quitter la zone.
Le Gouvernement des États-Unis a constaté - et porte une
accusation à ce sujet - que les avions MIG venant de Tch6coslo-'7 U.S.A. NOTE TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA (18 VI1154)

wiilfully overflew the air space of the United States occupied zone
of Germany from Arnstein, near the border of Czechoslovakia,
at 1o:oo a.m. Greenwich Mean Time, to Kritzenast where they
crossed the path of the patrolling F-84 aircraft, and flying to their
left deeper into Germany to the air space north of the German
tobvii of Hiltersried, continued west and flew over Voitsried at
approximately 1o:o3 a.m. Greenwich Mean Time, then turned
southward and passed the German town of Hillstett at approxi-
mately 10:04 a.m. Greenwich Mean Time. Then, still pursuing
Lieutenant Brown in his evasive attemptsto orbit, they continued
around to the air space of Alletsried, to Starnsried, and as far east
as Lowendorf, then northwest to Rotz and then southward to
Friedersried. At this point, his aircraft disabled, Lieutenant Brown

took a turn of zzo degrees and attempted a straight flight to Save
himself and proceed to base.

Lieutenant Brown, parachuting out, landed south-southwest of
the German town of Falkenstein and his aircraft, destroyed,
crashed into the ground urest-northwest of Falkenstein at a settle-
ment known as Hundessen. The MIG aircraft involved in the in-
cident turned north and passed to the east over the German
town of Michelsneukirchen.

Captain Smith, pursued by the other MIG aircraft, was kept
separated from Lieutenant Brown, but succeeded in evading the
shooting and, when the MIG aircraft disengaged at 1o:o8 am.
Greenwich Mean Tirne, was enabled to proceed to his base in

Germany.
Lieutenant Brown landed in a state of shock and received
personal injuries, both of which required medical attention and
hospitalization thereafter. His F-84 aircraft, completely destroyed,
caused damage to the ground at and near the point of impact.

3. The United States Governrnent has found as a result of its
investigation, and it charges, as indicated above and as is made
clear by the Czechoslovak Government's notes of klarch 28, 1953.
and February 25, 1954, that al1 the acts of the pilots of the MIG
aircraft involved in the unauthorized overiïight into the United
States zone of Germany, as described above, both those observed
by Captain Smith and Lieutenant Brown and those which joined
in the onslaught upon Lieutenant Brown, were at the specific
direction, and atal1times under the direct control, of the responsible

authorities of the Czechoslovak Govemment, being vectored and
directed by ground radio and ground radar operators who in so
doing werc carrying out the instructions and acting under the
authority of the Czechoslovak Govemment. These directions were SOTE DES É.-U. A LA TCHÉCOSLOYA~UIE (18 VIIIj4) 17
vaquie ont donc délibérémentet à des3ein survoléL'espaceaérien
de la zone d'Allemagne occupéepar les Etats-Unis depuis Arnstein,

près de la frontière tchécoslo\~aque, à IO heures G. AI.T., jusqu'à
Kritzenast, où ils ont coupéla route des avioiis patrouilleurs F-84 ;
puis, volant à leur gauche, ils ont pénétréplus avant en Allemagne
dans l'espace aérienau iiord de la ville allemande de Hiltersried ;
ils ont contiiiué vers l'ouest et ont survolé Voitsried à IO h. 03
G. Af.T. environ, puis ont tournb vers le sud et passéla ville alle-
mande de Hillstett à IO 11.04 G. M. T. environ. Continuant à pour-
suivre le lieutenant Brown, lors de la tentative faite par ce dernier
pour échapper à la poursuite en décrivant des cercles, les avions
venus de Tchécoslovaquie ont contourné l'espace aérien, depuis

Alletsried jusqu'à Stamsried et, à l'est, jusqu'à Lowendorf puis,
vers le nord-ouest, à Rotz, et ensuite vers le sud jusqu'à Frieders-
ried. A cet endroit, le lieutenant Brown - son avion étant avarié -
a tourné,à un angle de 220°,et essayéde voler en ligne droite pour
se sauver lui-mêmeet atteindre sa base.
Le lieutenant Brown, descendant en parachute, a atterri au
sud-sud-ouest de la ville allemande de Falkenstein et son appareil,
détruit, s'est écraséau sol à l'ouest-nord-ouest de Falkenstcin,
près d'une localité connue sous le nom de Hundessen. Les avions

MIG qui ont joué un rôle,au cours de l'incident, ont tourné ail
nord et sont ensuite passésà l'est au-dessus de la ville allemande
de Michelsneukircheii.
Le capitaine Smith, poursuivi par L'autre appareil MIG, est
restéséparédu lieuteiiant Bro~vn,mais il a réussi à se soustraire au
tir et, lorsque les appareils AlIGse sont dégagésà IO h. OSG. hl. T.
il a été en mesure de se rendre à sa base en Allemagne.

Le lieutenant Brown a atterri en état de choc et a subi person-

nellement des blessures, ce qui l'a obligépar la suite à recevoir des
soins médicaux et à êtrehospitalisé. Son appareil F-84, complète-
ment détruit, a causé des dommages au sol au point d'impact et
près de ce point.

A la suite de son enquête, le Gouvernement des États-Unis a
constaté - et il porte uiie accusation à ce sujet -, ainsi qu'il a
étéindiqué plus haut et ainsi qu'il ressort clairement des notes du
Gouvernement tchécoslovaque en date des 28 mars 1953 et 2j fé-
vrier 19j4, que tous les actes des pilotes des appareils AZIGqui
ont pris part au survol non autoriséde la zone d'Allemagne occupée

par les États-Unis, ainsi qu'il a été décrit ci-dessus - aussi bien
des avions observéspar le capitaine Smith et le lieutenant Brown
que de ceux qui se sont joints à i'agression dirigéecontre le lieute-
nant Brown -, étaient placéssous la direction expresse et à tout
moment sous le contrôle direct des autorités responsables du
Gouvernement tchécoslovaque ;leur course étaittracée(avectored 1))
et ils étaient dirig&i l'aide de la radio au sol par les opérateurs dein deliberate and calculated disregard of the air traffic control
regulations and of the authority of the United States Government
in German territory.

4. The United States Government charges further that these
acts and directions were without provocation or justification
whatever ; that they were maliciously intended with knowledge
that they were wrongful under applicable international law and
morals :and that they were in deliberate and calculated disregard
of and for the purpose of flaunting the air traffic control regulations
of the United States authorities along the Czechoslovak-German
border and mithin Germany, and the sovereignty of the United
States Government, and of the German Government, and that
they were carried out in an effort to exert terror, threats and illegal
force over the area of Germany near the Czechoslovak border, and
thereby to make it possible to overfly the United States zone of
Germany and other areas unlawfully, at will, for such purposes
as espionage, aggrandizement and propaganda demonstrations of
strength. The United States Government charges further that the
Czechoslovak Government in its notes of March II, 1953. and of
March 28, 1953, in pursuance of the same unlawful and urrongful
plan, made assertions of fact with respect to the incident which it
knew to be demonstrably preposterous and flagrantly untruthful,
as will appear more fully below.

The United States Government has given the Czechoslovak
Government full opportunity to prove the allegations with respect
to the incident wich are contained in the Czechoslovak Govem-
ment's versions in its notes of March II, 1953. and of iblarch 28,
1953. but the Czechoslovak Govemment has failed. to respond.

The United States Government is therefore compelled to state
categorically that the following statements of fact, among others,
in the Czechoslovak Government's notes are contrary to the
truth, and were known at al1 times by the Czechoslovak Govern-
ment to be contrary to the truth, and that they were nevertheless
asserted for the motives and purposes set forth herein above. NOTE DES É.-U. A LA TCHÉCOSLOVAQUIE (18 VIII54) 18

radar au sol qui, ce faisant, exécutaient les instructions du
Gouvernement tchécoslovaque et agissaient sous son autorité.
Les instructions ainsi données constituaient délibérernent un
mépris calculé des règlements visant le contrôle du trafic aénen
et de l'autorité du Gouvernement des États-Unis en territoire

allemand.
4. Le Gouvernement des États-unis, poursuivant ses accusations,
relève que ces actes et instmctions étaient dépourvus de toute
justification et ne s'expliquaient par aucune provocation ; ils
visaient des finscriminelles, sachant qu'ils étaient contraires au

droit international applicable et à la morale ; ils étaient destinés
à témoigner un dédain délibéré et calculé des règlementsvisant le
trafic aénen, adoptés par les autorités des États-Unis le long de la
frontière germano-tchécoslovaque et à l'intérieur de l'Allemagne,
à faire fi de ces règlements, ainsi que de la souveraineté du Gouver-
nement des États-unis et du Gouvernement allemand ;il s'agis-
sait par-là d'une tentative en vue d'exercer la terreur, de recourir.
aux menaces et à l'emploi illégalde la force au-dessus de la région
allemande situéeprès dela frontière tchécoslovaque, afin de rendre
possible, ce faisant, le siirvol illégal à volonté de la zone d'Alle-
magne occupéepar les États-Unis et d'autres régions,pour servir
à l'espionnage, à des démoiistrations de force aux fins de la propa-
gande et à un agrandissement de l'espace aérien.Le Gouvernement
des États-unis accuse, en outre, le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque

d'avoir, dans ses notes des 11 et 28 mars ï9j3, en poursuivant
l'exécution du m&meplan illégalet injuste, présenté,au sujet de
l'incident, des assertions de fait dont il savait que l'on pouvait
démontrer l'absurdité, assertions qui étaient en contradiction
flagrante avec la vérité,ainsi qu'il sera ci-dessous constaté plus en
détail.

II

Le Gouvernement des États-Unis a pleinement fourni au Gou-
vernement tchécoslovaque l'occasion de prouver les allégations
énoncéesdans les versions que ce Gouvernement a données de
l'incident, dans ses notes des II et 28 mars 1953, mais le Gouver-
nement tchécoslovaque a omis de répondre.
Le Gouvernement des États-Unis se voit donc obligéde déclarer
catégoriquement que les assertions de fait, ci-après formulées,
entre autres, dans les notes du Gouvernement tchécoslovaque,
sont contraires à la véritéet que, de tout temps, le Gouvernement
tchécoslovaque a su qu'elles étaient mensongères ; ces assertions
ont cependant étéénoncéespour les fins et motifs exposés ci-
dessus.'9 G.S.A.SOTE TO cz~~~~~~~v.+~~(.1+ 8 VIIIj4)

A. \I7ith respect to the note of 3Iarch II, 1953 :
I. The statemeiit that two United States jet aircraft of the

F-84 type entered the Czechoslovak territory on March IO, 1953.

The only border crossing made by aircraft was macle, as the
Czechoslovak Goverilment has at al1times well known,with respect
to the incident of blarch IO, 1953, to which this note relates, by
MIG-type aircraft crossing into Germany from the east, spcci-
fically from Czechoslovakia. These MIG-type aircraft crossed the
Czechoslovak-German frontier at 1o:oo a.m. Greenwich Mean
Time near the to~vn of Arnstein, as above indicated.

z. The statement that these F-84 aircraft met with Czecho-
slovak fighters on patrol at a distance of 18 kilometers south-
southeast of Pilseii and 40 kilometers from a state frontier. It
is assumed that the Czechoslovak Government apparently intended
to state that the 18 kilometers distance mas south-southwest
of Pilsen.
The facts, however, are, as investigation referred to above has
ovenvhelmingly disclosed, that the two F-84 aircraft in question
met at 10:oz am. Greenwich Mean Time the two MIG aircraft
from Czechoslovakia. The meeting took place in the area of the
town of Kritzenast, which was approximately four and one-half
miles inside the United States zone of Germany, and the Czecho-
slovak aircraft penetrated and remained in the United States

zone of Germany, performing the actsand under the circumstances
related above.
The United States Government attaches hereto a graphic presen-
tation of its findings with respect to the routes flown by the MIG
aircraft and the F-84 aircraft, showing the area of orbit and the
points at mhich the MIG aircraft from Czechoslovakia directed
fire against, and hit, Lieutenant Brown's F-84 aircraft. It must
be inferred that the Czechoslovak Government's version of the
situs of the incident is in complete variance from the facts.

In this regard the United States Government notes that in the
reply of February 25, 1954, to the United States Government's
note of July 29, 1953, the Czechoslovak Government has refused
to give the nationalities of1the pilots of the MIG aircraft involved
in the incident or the nationalities of al1 the MIG aircraft so
involved or of the ground controllers and directors of their actions.

The United States Govemment, therefore, takes this opportnnity
to state that while for the purposes of the present international
claim against the Czechoslovak Government it takes note of the
Czechoslo\~ak Government's description of the intruding aircraft
as Czechoslovak fighters, the identification by the Czechoslovak
Govemment of the intruding aircraft as Czechoslovak aircraft
does not relieve or absolve any other Government or anthority SOTE DES É.-U. A LA TCHÉCOSI.OVAQUIE (18 VIII j4)
19
A. En ce qui est de la note du II mars 1953 :

I. L'assertion selonlaquelle deux appareils à réaction des États-
Unis du type F-84 auraient pénétrél,e IO mars 1953, en territoire
tchécoslovaque.
Ainsi que le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque l'a su de tout temps,
en ce qui est de l'incident du IO mars 1953 auquel a trait la
présentenote, les seuls avions qui aient franchi la frontière étaient
des avions MG, entrés en Allemagne en venant de l'est, nommé-
ment de Tchécoslovaqnie. Ces avions du type AfIG ont franchi

la frontière germano-tchécoslovaque à IO heures G. M.T. près de
la ville d'Arnstein, ainsi qu'il a étéindiqué plus haut.
z. L'assertion selon laquelle ces avions F-84 auraient rencontré
des avions de combat tchécoslovaq~iesen patrouille, à la distance
de 18 kilométres au sud-sud-est de Pilseii età 40 kilomètres d'une

frontière d'Etat. Il est à supposer que le Gouvernement tchéco-
slovaque entendait apparemment déclarer qu'il s'agissait d'une
distance de 18 kilomètres au sud-sud-ouest de Pilsen.
La vérité.est, comme il ressort irrésistiblement de l'eiiquête
mentionnée ci-dessus, que les deux avions F-84 dont il s'agit ont
rencontré à IO h. oz G. Af. T. les deux avions MIG venus de
Tchécoslovaquie.La rencontre a eu-lieudans la région oùse trouve
la ville de Kritzenast, située approximativement à. 44 milles
à l'intérieur de la zone d'Allemagne occupéepar les Etats-Unis ;
les avions tchéco,slo\~aquesont pénétrédans la zone d'Allemagne
occupéepar les Etats-Unis et y sont demeurés, exerçant les actes
ci-dessus relatés et dans, les circonstances rappelées plus haut.

Le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis joint, en annexe à la présente
note, un graphique traduisant ses constatations, au sujet des
routes suivies par les avions MIG et les avions F-84 ; on y voit
la région où l'avion a décrit des cercles, ainsi que les points où
l'avion MIG venu de Tchécoslovaquie a ouvert le feu contre
l'avion F-54 du lieutenant Brown et atteint cet avion. On doit
conclure que l'allégationdu Gouvernement tchécoslovaque relative
au lieu où s'est passé l'incident s'écarte entièrement des faits.
A cet égard, le Gouvernement des États-Unis fait observer que,
dans sa réponse, en date du zj février 1954, à la note adressée
par le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis, le 29 juillet 1953, le GOU-

vernement tchécoslovaque a refusé d'indiquer la nationalité de
tous les pilotes des avions MIG concernés dans l'incident ou la
nationalité de tous les avions hfIG dont il s'agissait, ou des contrô-
leurs au sol et directeurs quiont régleur action. Le Gouvernement
des Etats-Unis saisit donc cette occasion pour déclarer que si,
aux fins de la présente réclamation internationale, introduite
contre le Gouvernement tchécosIovaque, il prend acte de la des-
cription fournie par le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque des avions
auteurs de l'intrusion - avions dits êtredes avions de combat
tchécoslovaques -, l'identification fournie par le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque des avions auteurs de l'intrusion (et dits par lui
être des avions tchécoslovaques) n'affranchit et n'absout d'une
responsabilité distincte, vis-à-vis du Gouvernement des États-
Unis, à raison du dommage infligé, aucun autre Gouvernement
ni aucune autorité dont dépendaient les deux avions survenus les

premiers, ni ceux quipar lasuite ont, en commettant une intrusion,
l risart au mêmeincident -autorité sous le contrôle de laauelle
iesdits avions ont étéenvoyés et dirigés.

3. L'assertion selon laquelle les avions des États-Unis auraient
étéinvités à atterrir.
' Cette assertion est fausse, car aucune communication de ce
genre n'a étéadressée à aucun des deux avions F-84 dont il
s'agissait. En outre, cette assertion est sans pertinence, étant
donnéque les avions MIG, venus de Tchécoslovaquie,survolaient
le territoire allemand, lorsqu'ils rencontrèrent les avions F-84 en
patrouille et qu'ils n'étaient nullement fondés juridiquement à
inviter les avions américains à atterrir en un lieu ou à un moment
quelconques.

En outre, le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis fait observer que le
Gouvernement tchbcoslovaque, dans la réponse faite par lui, en
date du 25 février 1954, à la note du 29 juillet 1953. a refuséde
préciser, bien qu'il en ait étédûment prié,les signaux ou le contenu
de la prbtendue communication transmise par des avions tchéco-
slovaques aux avions américains, ni la méthode par laquelle la
prétendue commuilication aurait étéeffectuée,ni le contenu de
chacun des prétendus messages. Le Gouvernement des États-Unis
a constaté - et porte à ce sujet une accusation - qu'en réalité
les pilotes des avions MIG dont il s'agissait, sachant qu'ils survo-
laient la zone d'Allemagne occupée par les Etats-Unis et qu'ils
avaient reçu ordre de le faire, n'essayèrent nullement de com-
muniquer par signaux avec les avions F-84 ;ils adoptèrent, au
contraire, lorsque les routes suivies convergèrent, une attitude

nettement hostile et agressive. L'avion MIG de têtevola en avant
de l'avion F-84 de têtedans la direction est-ouest, et l'arion MIG
placé à l'aile adopta une position de tir derrière l'avion américain
correspondant. Mêmesi les autorités tchécoslovaques chargéesdu
contrôle des avions MIG ou si les pilotes des avions lllIG eux-
mêmesavaient estimé, si erronée que fût cette hypothèse, que
les avions américains survolaient le territoire tchécoslovaque, les
signaux appropriés, pour inviter les avions F-84 à atterrir, auraient
exigé que l'avion tchécoslovaque chargé de l'interception eût
signaléune base aérienne tchécoslovaque appropriée,en territoire
tchécoslovaque, et volévers cette base, prenant d'autres mesures
d'avertissement avant d'ouvrir le feu avec une arme quelconque.

4. L'assertion selon laqiielle les avions des États-Unis ne se

seraient pas conformésaux injonctions des avions tchécoslovaques.
3 This statement is in view of the foregoing not only false but

irrelevant, the F-84 patrolling aircraft being under no obligation
to comply nith any challenge or direction from Czechoslovak
aircraft in the circumstances of this case.

5. The statement that "in the engagement which ensued one

of the United States planes took flight to the west, the second
plane was hit, caiight fire and falling constantly disappeared to
the south-west".
This statement is misleading where it is not completely false.
The statement is misleading in implying that one or both of the
two American aircraft engaged in firing. The fact is, as the Czecho-
slovak Government has at al1 times well known, that neither
Amencan aircraft involved opened fire at any time, and the so-
called "engagement" was a vicious onslaught withont warning
upon peaceful patrolling American aircraft seeking to disengage
themselves, although in self-defense they nere entitled to use
force to repel the hostile conduct of the MIG aircraft from Czecho-
slovakia.

The statement is further misleading and false in suggesting,
in order to rebut the widely-known fact that Lieutenant Brown
and his F-84 aircraft came down deep in the United States zone
of Germany, that the aircraft was hit in Czechoslovakia and
somehow managed to fly back to the United States zone of
Germany without being noticed or foliowed by observers from
Czechoslovakia. For the fact is, as the Czechoslovak Govemment

has at al1 times well known, that the pursuing MIG aircraft not
only intercepted and attacked the F-84 aircraft entirely within
the United States zone of Germany, but the MIG aircraft did not
desist pursuit and firing until after the attacking MIG pilot, and
other intruding MIG pilots associated with him, had seen and
had no doubt reported by voice radio to ground controllers within
Czechoslovakia, that the F-84 aircraft had been destroyed and
its pilot forced to parachute to safety over the United States
zone of Germany.

B. With respect to the Czechoslovak Government's note of
March 28, 1953 :

The Czechoslovak Government's reiteration of the statements
in the note of March II, 1953. is accompanied hy the statement
that the facts asserted in the March II note are hased on the
logbook records of the gronnd radio operators, the goniometer NOTE DES É.-U. A LA TCHÉCOSLOVAQUIE (18 VIII 54) 21

Cette assertion, étant donné ce qui précède,est non seulement
fausse mais encore dépourvue de pertinence, les avions patrouil-
leurs F-84 n'étant nullement tenus de se conformer à aucune
injonction ou instruction à eux données par les avions tchécoslo-

vaques dans les circonstances de l'espèce.
5. L'assertion selon laquelle aau cours de l'engagement qui
suivit, I'un des avions des États-Unis se serait enfui vers l'ouest et
le second, atteint, aurait pris feu puis, baissant constamment,
aurait disparu vers le sud-ouest ».

Cette assertion, là où elle n'est pas complètement fausse, est
fallacieuse. Elle est fallacieuse par le fait qu'elle implique que I'un
des avions américains ou les deux avions auraient ouvert le feu.
Le fait est, comme le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque l'a su de tout
temps, qu'aucun des avions américainsdont il s'agissait n'a ouvert
le feu à aucun moment et le soi-disant «engagement n fut une
attaque haineuse, déclenchée sans avertissement contre des
avions américains pacifiques en patrouille, cherchant à se dégager,
bien que, pour se défendre, ils eussent étéfondésà recourir à la
force, afin de répondre à la conduite hostile des avions MG venus
de Tchécoslovaquic.

Cette assertion est, en outre, fallacieuse et fausse en ce que l'on
suggère, afin de contester le fait bien connu que le lieutenant
Brown et son avion F-84 sont venus à terre en des points situés
très profondément dans la zone d'Allemagne occupée par les
États-Unis, que l'avion aurait été atteint en Tchécoslovaquie et
aurait, de quelque manière, réussi à retourner en volant dans la
zone d'Allemagne occupéepar les Etats-Unis, sans avoir étéobservé
ou suivi par les observateurs de Tchécoslovaquie. En effet,comme
le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque ne l'a ignoré à aucun moment, le
fait est que i'avion MIG poursuivant a non seulement intercepté
et attaqué l'avion F-84 en un lieu situé entièrement dans la zone
d'Allemagne occupée par les États-unis, mais encore que l'avion

MIG n'a pas arrêté sapoursuite, ni cesséde tirer, jusqu'à ce que
le pilote du MIG agresseur et les autres pilotes MIG coupables
d'intmsion qui s'étaient associés à lui, aient vu et sans aucun
doute signalépar radio à la voix au contrôleur au sol criTchécoslo-
vaquie que I'avion F-84 avait étédétruit et son pilote forcé,pour
sa sécurité, de descendreen parachute dans la zone d'Alleniagne
occupéepar les Gtats-Unis.

B. Au sujet de la note du Gouvernement tchécoslovaque en date
du 28 mars 1953:

Le Gouvernemeut tchécoslovaque, répétant les assertions for-
muléesclans la note du II mars 1953, a, en outre, déclaréque les
faits, affirmésdans cette note duII mars, se fondent sur les jour-
naux des opérateurs de radio au sol, les relevésgoniométriques et22 U.S.A. NOTE TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA (1s \'II54)

records and the radar reports, as well as on the statements of the
Czechoslovak pilots involved.
The United States Govemment in its note of July 29, 1953,
requested the Czechoslovak Government to produce this corro-
borative evidence ailegedly in the Czechoslovak Government's
possession and described as the basis for its assertions, but the
Czechoslovak Government has failed and refused to produce this
evidence. The United States Government must therefore assert
that such evidence does not exist and has never existed and the
Czechoslovak Government's statements with respect thereto are

wholly false.

III

The United States Government is compelled to conclude, and it
charges, that the foregoing actions of the Czechoslovak Government,
and for which it is responsible, were deliberately and unlawfully
committed with the ulterior malicious intent to cause grievous

injury to the United States Government and to the American
people, as well as to Lieutenant Warren G. Brown and Captain
Donald C. Smith, and to execute a purpose of unlawful aggrandize-
ment within the air spacc over the United States zone of Germany
by terror and other unlawful and wrongful methods.

The United States Government further asserts the following :

I. Captain Donald C. Smith, element leader of the F-Sq patrolling
fighter aircraft as above described, was a'competent and efficient
pilot, qualified to act as element leader in border patrol activity
within Germany in which he engaged as above described, and \vas
then and at al1 times involved in this matter an American national.

2. Lieutenant Warren G. Brown, wing pilot of the F-84 patrolling
fighter aircraft as above described, was a competent and efficient
pilot. qualified to act as wing pilot in border patrol activity within
Germany in which he engaged as above described, and was then
and at al1 times involved in this inatter an American national.

3. The ground controllers involved in the vectoring and control.
and in the radar observation, of and voice radio communication
with Captain Smith and Lieutenarit Brown, were members of the
United States Air Force, fully competent and qualified to perform NOTE DES É.-U. A LA TCHÉCOSLOYAQUIE (18 VIII 54) 22

les rapports de radar, ainsi que sur les déclarations des pilotes
tchécoslovaques dont il s'agissait.
Dans sa note du 29 juillet 1953,le Gouvernement des États-Unis
a invité le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque à produire ces preuves
corroboratires, prétendûment en la possession du Gouvernement
tchécoslovaque, et représentées commeconstituant la base des
assertions de ce Gouvernement, mais le Gouvernement tchécoslo-

vaque a omis et refuséde produire ces preuves. Le Gouvernement
des Etats-Unis doit donc déclarer que ces preuves n'existent
pas, qu'elles n'ont jamais existé,et que les allégationsdu Gouver-
nement tchécoslovaque à cet égardsont entièrement fausses.

III

Le Gouvernement des États-Unis se voit contraint de conclure
- et il porte une accusation à ce sujet - que les actes précédem-
ment décrits du Gouvernement tchécoslovaque (actes dont ce
Gouvernement est responsable) ont étédélibérémene tt illégalement
commis dans l'intention secrète et malveillante de porter un grave
préjudice au Gouvernement des Etats-Unis et au peuple américain,
ainsi qu'au lieutenant Warren G. Brown et au capitaine Donald C.
'
Smith, et de mettre à effet l'intention d'agrandir illégalement
1:espace aérien, au-dessus de la zone allemande occupée par les
Etats-Unis, par l'emploi de la terreur et d'autres méthodes illé-
gales et injustes.
Le Gouvernement des États-Unis affirme, en outre, ce qui suit :

I. Le capitaine Donald C.Smith, guide de la formation, « element
leader JIdes avions de combat F-8'1 envoyés eu patrouille, ainsi
qu'il a étédit plus haut. est un pilote compétent et expérimenté,
qualifiépour exercer les fonctions d'ielement leader » en patrouille
à la frontière, en Allemagne, activité exercéepar lui, ainsi qu'il
a étédit plus haut ; à ce moment, et en tout temps dont il peut

s'agir cn l'affaire, il était un ressortissant américain.
z. Le lieutenant Warren G. Brorvn, équipier, «rving pilots de
l'avion de combat F-84 chargé de la patrouille, ainsi qu'il a été

dit plus haut, est un pilote compétent et expérimenté,qualifié pour
exercer les fonctions de Cning pilot 11en patrouille à la frontière
en Allemagne, activité exercbe par lui, ainsi qu'il a étédit plus
haut ;il était alors, et en tout temps dont ilpeut s'agir dansl'affaire,
un ressortissant américain.

3. Les contrôleurs au sol chargés du tracé de la route («vec-
toring >i),du contrôle, des observations au radar, des communi-
cations par radio à la voix avec le capitaine Smith et le lieutenant
Brown appartenaient aux forces aériennes des États-Unis; ils23 U.S.A.NOTE TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA (18 VIII54)

the duties assigned to them and these duties were performed by
them with efficiency and accuracy.

4. The radar equipment used by the radar personnel and ground
controllers in the observation of the aircraft referred to as coming
from Czechoslovakia in overflying the United States zone of
Germany and in following and controlling American patrolling
aircraft as above described were al1adequate in their coverage and
accurate in al1 respects and in good working condition.

5. The patrolling F-84 aircraft piloted by Captain Smith and
Lieutenant Brown were at the time of the incident above mentioned
F-84E-type, owned and controlled by the United States Government
without any defect affecting their flying efficiency or normal
operation and in good working order for the purpose of patrol
within the United States zone of Germany.

The United States Government charges that the Czechoslovak
Governmenthas by committing the foregoing actions in the circum-
stances set forth above violated international law. Specifically, and

without limiting itself by enurneration, the United States Govern-
ment charges that in the circumstances set forth above the Czecho-
slovak Government is guilty of the willful and intentional violation
of its international obligations and of the willful and intentional
commission of internationally unlawful actions as follows :

I. On March IO, 1953, as at al1 other times, it was unlawful
for military aircraft of Czechoslovakia, and for the aircraft involved
in the present incident, to fly into the air space of the United
States zone of Germany unless the Czechoslovak Government had
obtained prior authorization for such overflight from the United
States Government. Furthermore, it was the duty of the Czecho-
slovak Government to identify to the air traffic control authorities
within the United States zone of Germany al1aircraft from within
Czechoslovakia whicii intended to overfly the United States zone
of Germany in any respect and for any distance and to file flight
plans in accordance with applicable air traffic control regulations.
The failure of the Czechoslovak Government to comply with the

applicable regulations to which reference has been made, and the
unauthorized overflight by the military aircraft involved, constitute
violations of international obligations, specifically recognized in NOTE DES É.-U. A LA TCHÉCOSLOVAQUIE (18 VIII54)
23
étaient entièrement compétents et qualifiés pour exercer les
fonctions qui leur étaient assignéesct ils ont exercéces fonctions
de façon efficace et précise.

4. L'équifiemeiit de radar dont se sont servi le personnel du
radar et Ics contrôleurs au sol, lorsqii'ils ont observé les avions
venus de Tchécoslovaquie, survolant la zone d'Allemagne occupée
par les États-unis, et lorsqu'ils ont suivi et contrôlé les avions
américains en patrouille, ainsi qu'il a été dit ci-dessus, disposait
d'une couverture (acoverage in)suffisante; il était précis à tous
égards et en bon état de fonctionnement.

j. Les avions F-84 de patrouille, pilotés par le capitaine Smith
et le lieutenant Brown, étaient, à l'époquede l'incident mentionné
ci-dessus. du type F-84E, possédéet contrôlépar le Gouvernement
des États-Unis, sans qu'aucun défaut nuisît à leur efficacitéau
point de vue du vol, oii à leur utilisation normale, et ils étaient en
bon ordre de fonctionnement pour effectuer une patrouille au-dessus
de la zone d'Allemagne occupéepar les États-Unis.

Le Gouvernement des États-Unis accuse le Gouvernement
tchécoslovaque d'avoir, en commettant les actes qui précèdent,
dans les circonstances ci-dessus exposées, enfreint le droit inter-
national. Spécifiquementparlant, et sans se limiter par une énumé-
ration quelconque, le Gouvernement des États-Unis porte l'accu?
sation suivante : étant donnéles circonstances exposées ci-dessus,
le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque est coupable d'une violation
délibéréeet intentionnelle de ses obligations internationales et
il est coupable d'avoir délibérémentet intentionnellement commis
les actes illégaux, au point de vue international, qui sont ci-après
mentionnés :

r. A la date du IO mars 1953, comme A tout autre moment,
il n'était pas légalement permis aux avions militaires de Tchéco-
slovaquie ni aux avions dont il s'agit dans le présent incident,
de pénétrer,en vol, dans l'espace aérien dela zone d'Allemagne
occupéepar les fitats-unis, à moins que le Gouvernement tchéco-
slovaque n'eût préalablement obtenu du Gouvernement des États-

Unis l'autorisation de procéder à ce survol. En outre, c'était, pour
le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque,un devoir que de faire connaître
aux autorités chargées du contrôle du trafic aérien, dans la zone
d'Allemagne occupée par les États-Unis, tous les avions venant
de Tchécoslovaquie et par lesquels il entendait faire survoler la
zone d'Allemagne occupée par les États-Unis, à tous égards et
pour toutes distances ; le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque devait
donner connaissance des itinéraires des vols projetés, conformé-
ment aux règlements s'appliquant au contrôle du trafic aérien.24 U.S.A.NOTE TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA (18 VIII 54)

Articles I and 3, Chapter I, Part I of the Convention on Jnter-
national Civil Aviation, adopted Decemher 7, 1944 ,t Chicago,
Illinois, adhered to by numerous governments including the United
States Government and the Czechoslovak Government.

z. Having unlawfully entered the United States zone of Germany,
and having heen intercepted within the air space of the United
States zone of Germany by the policing aircraft, it was the duty
of the pilots of the MIG aircraft from Czechoslovakia to submit
peacefully to identification by the policing aircraft and to ohey
orders which the pilots of the policing aircraft might convey. It
was further the duty of the Czechoslovak authorities controlling
the actions of the pilots of the intruding MIG aircraft to instruct

these pilots to permit identification and ohey such orders. The
failure of the pilots of the MIG aircraft from Czechoslovakia and
of the Czechoslovak ground authorities controlling their actions
to perform these diities constitute violations of international
obligations ; and their attempts to take aggressive action seeking
to destroy the patrolling United States aircraft and to kill the
United States pilots involved constitute heinous violations of
international law.

3. Even if, as is not the fact, the ground authorities in Czecho-
slovakia or the pilots of the MIG aircraft from Czechoslovakia
had erroneously helieved that they had intercepted the United
States F-84 aircraft within Czechoslovakia, it was the duty of the
intercepting aircraft and the duty of the ground controllers to
make intelligible signals to the overflying American aircraft, such
ashy flying across the path of the American aircraft in an easterly
dircction toward a suitable airfield and directing the aircraft to
land at that airfield, or to take similar action, to acquaint the

overflying aircraft with the fact that they were overflying Czecho-
slovak territory without prior authorization and should turn and
proceed hack to the United States zone of Germany. The failure
to do so in this case therefore constitutes an aggravation of the
liability of the Czechoslovak Government as well asfurther evidence
that neither the Czechoslovak ground authorities nor the MIG
pilots in the air were under any illusion as to the sovereignty of
the air space in which the interception, the pursuit, the firing and
the destruction of the American aircraft were then effected, nor as
to the situs of any stage of this unlawful conduct. XOTE DES É.-U.A LA TCHÉCOSLOVAQUIE (18 VI11 j4)
24
Le fait que le Gouvernement tchécoslovaquea omis de se conformer
aux règlements applicables dont il a été faitmention, et le survol
non autorisé, effectué par les avions militaires dont il s'agit,
constituent des manquements aux obligations internationales
expressément reconnues dans les articles I et 3,chapitre premier,
première partie, de la convention relative à l'Aviation civile

internationale, adoptée à Chicago (Illinois) le 7 décembre 1944,
convention à laquelle, ont adhéréde nombreux gouvernements,
y compris celui des Etats-Unis et celui de Tchécoslovaquie.
2.Ayant pénétré illégaleinentdans la zone d'Allemagne occupée
par les Etats-Unis, et ayant été interceptésdans l'espace aérien
de cette zone par les avions chargés de la police, les pilotes des
avions MIG, venus de Tchécoslovaquie, avaient le devoir de se

soumettre pacifiquement aux mesures d'identification, de la part
des avions chargés de la police, et d'obéiraux ordres que pour-
raient leur transmettre les pilotes clesdits avions chargés de la
police. En outre, les autorités tch~coslo~~aques,auxquelles incom-
bait le contrôle des actes des pilotes conduisant les avions MIG
coupables d'intrusion, avaient le devoir d'ordonner à ces pilotes
de rendre l'identification possible et d'obéir auxdits ordres. Le
fait que les pilotes des avions RIIG venus de Tchécoslovaquie et
les autorités tchécoslovaques au sol, auxquelles incombait le
contrôle des actes de ces pilotes, n'ont pas rempli ces devoirs,
constitue un manquement aux obligations internationales ; et les
mesures tentées par eux en vue de commettre une agression, de
chercher à détruire les avions patrouilleurs des Etats-Unis et de
tuer les pilotes des Etats-Unis dont il s'agissait, constituent des

violations odieuses du droit international.
3. Mêmesi, bien que ce ne soit pas le cas, les autorités au sol
en Tchécoslovaquie, ou les pilotes des avions MIG venus de
Tchécoslovaquie,, avaient cru par erreur avoir intercepté les
avions F-84 des Etats-Unis au-dessus du territoire tchécoslovaque,
le devoir des avions chargés d'intercepter les appareils et celui
des contrôleurs au sol était de faire aux avions américains sur-

volants des signaux intelligibles, par exemple, en coupant la route
des avions américains dans la direction de l'est, vers un champ
d'aviation approprié, en invitant les avions à atterrir sur ce champ
ou en agissant de façon analogue, afin d'avertir les avions qu'ils
survolaient le territoire tchécoslovaque sans autorisation préalable
et q~'ils devaient retourner vers la zone d'Allemagne occupéepar
les Etats-Unis. La responsabilitédu Gouvernement tchécoslovaque
est donc aggravée par le fait que l'on a omis d'agir ainsi, dans le
cas présent ;et par le fait, égalementdémontré, queni les autorités
tchécoslo~~aquea su sol, ni les pilotes MIG en i'air, n'avaient aucune
illusion au sujet de la souveraineté sur l'espace aériendans lequel
avaient lieu l'interception, la poursuite des avions américains, le
feu ouvert contre eux et leur destruction, non plus qu'au sujet 4. Having become fully aware of the true facts of the incident

prior to its notes of RlarchII and of March 28, 1953. and its note
of February 25, 1954, even assuming which is not the fact that
the responsible Czechoslovak Government authorities were not
already fully aware of the true facts, the Czechoslovak Government
violated its international legal obligations in knowingly stating
to the United States Government and to the international public
a false version of the true facts and emitting false propaganda
concerning them.
The United States Government believes that it has on account
of the violations by the Czechoslovak Govemment of the foregoing
legal duties, and hereby asserts and prefers, against the Czecho-
slovak Government a valid international claim for damages as

specified below.

In consequence of the foregoing illegai acts and violations uf
duty for al1of which the Czechoslovak Government is responsible,
the United States Government has suffered the following items of
damages and the United States Govemment demands that the
Czechoslovak Government pay to it on account thereof the following
sums :

I. The value of the United States Air Force airplane F-84E-type
Number 49-219zA and its equipment, piioted by Lieutenant
Warren G. Brown in the circumstances and in the times above
described, $235.349.41.
2. Damages to Lieutenant Warren G. Brown, an American
national, in consequence of the unlawful actions of the Czechoslovak
Government above described, $10,000.

3. Damages to Captain Donald C. Smith, an American national,
in consequence of the unlawful actions of the Czechoslovak Govern-
ment above described, 81,ooo.

4. Damages to the United States Government for the willful
and unlawful conduct of the Czechoslovak Govemment, $25.034.75.

Total $271.384.16. 'OTE DES É.-U. A LA TCHÉCOSLO~AQUIE (18 VIII 54)
25
du lieu où se déroulait I'incident, à un stade quelconque de ces
agissements illégaux.

4. Étant pleinement mis au courant des circonstances exactes
de l'incident, avant ses notes des rr et 28 mars 1953et25ufévrier
1954, même à supposer, ce qui n'est pas le cas, que les autorités
responsables du Gouvernement tchécoslovaque ne fussent pas déjà
informées des faits exacts, le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque a
enfreint ses obligations juridiquesinternationales en fournissant
sciemment au Gouvernement des États-Unis et au public inter-
national une fausse version des faits exacts et en se livrant, &
l'égardde ces faits, à une fausse propagande.

Le Gouvernement des États-Unis estime qu'à raison des man-
quements commis par le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque aux
devoirs juridiques qui prkcèdent, il est en droit, ainsi qu'il le fait
ci-après, de présenter, contre le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque,
une réclamation internationale valable, en vue d'obtenir les
réparations ci-après énoncées.

A la suite des actes et manquements illégauxqui précèdent,et
dont tous engagent la responsabilité du Gouvernement tchécoslo-
vaque, le Gouvernement des États-Unis, qui a subi les dommages
suivants, demande que le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque lui verse,
à raison de ce$ dommages, les sommes énumérées ci-aprè:s

1. La valeur de l'avion, appartenant aux forces aériennes des
États-unis (type F-S4E, no49-ZI~ZA),et de son équipement, avion
piloté par le lieutenant Warren G. Brown, dans les circonstances
de temps et lieu ci-dessus décrites, est de$ 235.349,41.

2. Domn~ages à accorder au lieutenant Warren G. Brown,
ressortissant américain, à raison des actes illégalement commis
par le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque, ainsi qu'il a eté dit plus
haut, $~o.ooo.-.

3. Dommages à attribuer au capitaine Donald C. Smith, ressor-
tissant américain, à raison des actes illégalement commis par le
Gouvernement tchécoslovaque, ainsi qu'il a été dit plus haut,
S 1.000.-.
4. Dommages à attribuer au Gouvernement des États-unis, à
raison de la conduite délibérémentillégale du Gouvernement

tchécoslovaque, 8 25.034.75.
Total $271.384.16.26 U.S.A. NOTE TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA (18 \>!I54)

The Government of the United States calls upon the Government
of Czechoslovakia promptly to make its detailed answer to the
allegations and the demands made in this communication. Should
the Czechoslovak Government in its answer acknowledge its
indebtedness to the United States Government on account of the
foregoing and agree to pay the damages suffered, the United States
Govemment is prepared, if requested, to present further proof in
support of its calculations of damage suffered and alleged.

In the event that the Czechoslovak Governinent contests its
liability, it is requested so to state in its answer. In the latter event,
the Czechoslovak Government is hereby notified that the United
States Government considers that an international dispute exists
betweeii the United States Government and the Czechoslo\~ak
Government and proposes that the dispute be presented for hearing
and decision in the International Court of Justice. Since it appears
that the Czechoslovak Government has thiis far not filed with that
Court any declaration of acceptance of the compnlsory jurisdiction
of that Court, the United States Government invites the Czecho-
slovak Governineiit to file an appropriate declaration with that
Court or to enter into a Special Agreement by which the Court may,
in accordance with its Statute and Rules, proceed to a determination

of the issues of fact and law which have been set forth herein ;
and the Czechoslo\rak Govemment is reqiiested to inform the
United States Government in the reply to the present note of its
intentions with respect to such a declaration or Special Agreement.

Accept, Excellency, the renewed assurances of my high con-
sideration.

Enclosure :

Graphic Chart. Le Gouvernement des États-Unis invite le Gouvernement
tchécoslovaque à fournir promptement une réponse détailléeaux
allégatioiiset demandes contenues dans la présentelettre. Si, dans
sa réponse, le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque reconnaît la dette
contractée par lui envers le Gouvernement des États-unis, à
raison de ce qui précède,et s'il accepte de verser les sommes
nécessaires afinde réparer les dommages subis, le Gouvernement
des Etats-Unis est prêt, si une demande lui est adressée à cet
effet,à fournir de nouvelles preuves, à l'appui de son calcul des
dommages subis et évaluéspar lui.
Dans le cas où le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque nierait sa
responsabilité, ce Gouvernement est invitàle diredans sa réponse.
Dans cette éventualité, le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis notifie,
par la présente, au Gouvernement tchécoslovaque qu'il considère
u'un différend international existe entre le Gouvernement des

g tats-Unis et le Gouvernement tchécoslovaque, et qu'il propose
que le différendsoit soumisà l'examen et à la décisionde la Cour
internationale de Justice. Comme le Gouvernement tchécoslo-
vaque n'a pas, semble-t-il, déposéjusqu'à présent auprès de la
Cour une déclaration portant acceptation par lui de la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour, le Gouvernement des États-Unis invite le
Gouvernement tchécoslovaque à déposer prèsla Cour une décla-
ration appropriée ou à conclure un compromis permettant à la
Cour de se prononcer, conformément à son Statut et à son Règle-
ment, sur les points de fait et de droit énoncésdans la présente
note ; le Gouvernement tchécoslo\~aqueest invité à faire connaitre
au Gouvernement des États-Unis, dans sa réponse à la présente
note, ses intentioiis au sujet d'une telle déclaration oii d'un tel
compromis.
Veuillez agréer, etc.

Annexe :
I graphique.

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