INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE SEIZURE
AND DETENTION
OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS AND DATA
(TIMOR‑LESTE v. AUSTRALIA)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER OF 3 MARCH 2014
2014
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
QUESTIONS CONCERNANT LA SAISIE
ET LA DÉTENTION
DE CERTAINS DOCUMENTS ET DONNÉES
(TIMOR‑LESTE c. AUSTRALIE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE DU 3 MARS 2014
8 CIJ1061.indb 1 25/03/15 08:46 Official citation :
Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and▯ Data
(Timor‑Leste v. Australia), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 March 2014,
I.C.J. Reports 2014, p. 147
Mode officiel de citation :
Questions concernant la saisie et la détention de certains documents ▯et données
(Timor‑Leste c. Australie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 3 mars 2014,
C.I.J. Recueil 2014, p. 147
Sales number
ISSN 0074‑4441 N ode vente: 1061
ISBN 978‑92‑1‑071177‑7
8 CIJ1061.indb 2 25/03/15 08:46 3 MARCH 2014
ORDER
QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE SEIZURE
AND DETENTION
OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS AND DATA
(TIMOR‑LESTE v. AUSTRALIA)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
QUESTIONS CONCERNANT LA SAISIE
ET LA DÉTENTION
DE CERTAINS DOCUMENTS ET DONNÉES
(TIMOR‑LESTE c. AUSTRALIE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
3 MARS 2014
ORDONNANCE
8 CIJ1061.indb 3 25/03/15 08:46 147
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
2014 YEAR 2014
3 March
General List
No. 156 3 March 2014
QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE SEIZURE
AND DETENTION
OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS AND DATA
(TIMOR‑LESTE v. AUSTRALIA)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER
Present : President Tomka Vice‑President Sepúlveda‑Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado
Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwoofd, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja,
Bhandari ;Judges ad hoc Callinan,Cot ;Registrar Couvreur.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and
Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order :
Whereas :
1. By an Application filed with the Registry of the Court on 17 December
2013, the Democratic Republic of Timor‑Leste (hereinafter “Timor‑
4
8 CIJ1061.indb 136 25/03/15 08:46 148 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
Leste”) instituted proceedings against Australia with respect to a dfispute
concerning the seizure on 3 December 2013, and subsequent detention,
by “agents of Australia of documents, data and other property which
belongs to Timor‑Leste and/or which Timor‑Leste has the right to protectf
under international law”. In particular, Timor‑Leste claims that these
items were taken from the business premises of a legal adviser to
Timor‑Leste in Narrabundah, in the Australian Capital Territory, alleg ‑
edly pursuant to a warrant issued under section 25 of the Australian Secu‑
rity Intelligence Organisation Act 1979. The seized material, according to
Timor‑Leste, includes, inter alia, documents, data and correspondence
between Timor‑Leste and its legal advisers relating to a pending Arbitra ‑
tion under the Timor Sea Treaty of 20 May 2002 between Timor‑Leste and
Australia (hereinafter the “Timor Sea Treaty Arbitration”).
2. At the end of its Application, Timor‑Leste
“requests the Court to adjudge and declare :
First : [t]hat the seizure by Australia of the documents and data
violated (i) the sovereignty of Timor‑Leste and (ii) its property anfd
other rights under international law and any relevant domestic law ;
Second : [t]hat continuing detention by Australia of the documents
and data violates (i) the sovereignty of Timor‑Leste and (ii) its prop ‑
erty and other rights under international law and any relevant domes‑
tic law ;
Third : [t]hat Australia must immediately return to the nominated
representative of Timor‑Leste any and all of the aforesaid documents
and data, and destroy beyond recovery every copy of such documents
and data that is in Australia’s possession or control, and ensure thef
destruction of every such copy that Australia has directly or indirectlyf
passed to a third person or third State ;
Fourth : [t]hat Australia should afford satisfaction to Timor‑Leste
in respect of the above‑mentioned violations of its rights under inter‑
national law and any relevant domestic law, in the form of a formal
apology as well as the costs incurred by Timor‑Leste in preparing and
presenting the present Application.”
3. In its aforementioned Application, Timor‑Leste bases the jurisdic ‑
tion of the Court on the declaration it made on 21 September 2012 under
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, and on the declaration Australia
made on 22 March 2002 under the same provision.
4. On 17 December 2013, Timor‑Leste also submitted a request for the
indication of provisional measures, pursuant to Article 41 of the Statute
of the Court and Articles 73 to 75 of the Rules of Court.
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5. At the end of its request, Timor‑Leste asks the Court to
“indicate the following provisional measures :
(a) [t]hat all of the documents and data seized by Australia from
5 Brockman Street, Narrabundah, in the Australian Capital Ter‑
ritory on 3 December 2013 be immediately sealed and delivered
into the custody of the International Court of Justice ;
(b) [t]hat Australia immediately deliver to Timor‑Leste and to the
International Court of Justice (i) a list of any and all documents
and data that it has disclosed or transmitted, or the information
contained in which it has disclosed or transmitted to any person,
whether or not such person is employed by or holds office in any
organ of the Australian State or of any third State, and (ii) a list
of the identities or descriptions of and current positions held by
such persons ;
(c) [t]hat Australia deliver within five days to Timor‑Leste and to the
International Court of Justice a list of any and all copies that it
has made of any of the seized documents and data ;
(d) [t]hat Australia (i) destroy beyond recovery any and all copies of
the documents and data seized by Australia on 3 December 2013,
and use every effort to secure the destruction beyond recovery of
all copies that it has transmitted to any third party, and (ii) informf
Timor‑Leste and the International Court of Justice of all steps
taken in pursuance of that order for destruction, whether or not
successful ;
(e) [t]hat Australia give an assurance that it will not intercept or cause
or request the interception of communications between
Timor‑Leste and its legal advisers, whether within or outside Aus ‑
tralia or Timor‑Leste”.
6. Timor‑Leste further requested that, pending the hearing and deci ‑
sion of the Court on the request for the indication of provisional mea ‑
sures, the President of the Court exercise his power under Article 74,
paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court, to call upon Australia :
“(i) immediately to deliver to Timor‑Leste and to the International
Court of Justice a list of each and every document and file con ‑
taining electronic data that it seized from 5 Brockman Street,
Narrabundah, in the Australian Capital Territory, on 3 Decem ‑
ber 2013 ;
(ii) immediately to seal the documents and data (and any and all
copies thereof) ;
(iii) immediately to deliver the sealed documents and data (and any
and all copies thereof) either to the Court or to 5 Brockman
Street, Narrabundah, in the Australian Capital Territory ; and
(iv) not to intercept or cause or request the interception of communi‑
cations between Timor‑Leste (including its Agent H.E. Joaquim
6
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da Fonseca) and its legal advisers in relation to this action (DLA
Piper, Sir E. Lauterpacht QC and Vaughan Lowe QC)”.
7. The Registrar communicated forthwith an original copy of the
Application and of the request to the Government of Australia. The Reg ‑
istrar also notified the Secretary‑General of the United Nations of thfe
filing of these documents by Timor‑Leste.
8. Pending the notification provided for by Article 40, paragraph 3, of
the Statute and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, by transmission of the
printed bilingual text of the Application to the Members of the United
Nations, the Registrar informed those States of the filing of the Applfica ‑
tion and its subject, and of the filing of the request for the indicatfion of
provisional measures.
9. By a letter dated 18 December 2013, the President of the Court, act ‑
ing under Article 74, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court, called upon
Australia
“to act in such a way as to enable any Order the Court will make on
the request for provisional measures to have its appropriate effects, f
in particular to refrain from any act which might cause prejudice to
the rights claimed by the Democratic Republic of Timor‑Leste in the
present proceedings”.
10. A copy of the above‑mentioned letter was also transmitted, for
information, to the Government of Timor‑Leste.
11. By a letter dated 18 December 2013, the Registrar informed the
Parties that, in accordance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of
Court, 20, 21 and 22 January 2014 had been fixed as the dates of the oral
proceedings on the request for the indication of provisional measures.
12. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality
of either of the Parties, each Party proceeded to exercise the right confferred
upon it by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc
to sit in the case ; Timor‑Leste chose Mr. Jean‑Pierre Cot and Australia
chose Mr. Ian Callinan.
13. At the public hearings held on 20, 21 and 22 January 2014, oral
observations on the request for the indication of provisional measures
were presented by :
On behalf of Timor‑Leste : H.E. Mr. Joaquim A. M. L. da Fonseca,
Sir Elihu Lauterpacht,
Sir Michael Wood.
On behalf of Australia : Mr. John Reid,
Mr. Justin Gleeson,
Mr. Bill Campbell,
Mr. Henry Burmester,
Mr. James Crawford.
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14. During the hearings, questions were put by some Members of the
Court to the Parties, to which replies were given orally. Timor‑Leste
availed itself of the possibility given by the Court to comment in writifng
on Australia’s reply to one of these questions.
15. At the end of its second round of oral observations, Timor‑Leste
asked the Court to indicate provisional measures in the same terms as
included in its request (see paragraph 5 above).
16. At the end of its second round of oral observations, Australia
stated the following :
“1. Australia requests the Court to refuse the request for the indica ‑
tion of provisional measures submitted by the Democratic Repub ‑
lic of Timor‑Leste.
2. Australia further requests the Court stay the proceedings until the
Arbitral Tribunal has rendered its judgment in the Arbitration
under the Timor Sea Treaty.”
17. By an Order dated 28 January 2014, the Court decided not to
accede to Australia’s request for a stay of the proceedings, considerfing,
inter alia, that the dispute before it between Timor‑Leste and Australia is
sufficiently distinct from the dispute being adjudicated upon by the Arfbi ‑
tral Tribunal in the Timor Sea Treaty Arbitration. The Court therefore, f
after having taken into account the views of the Parties, proceeded to fifx
time‑limits for the filing of the written pleadings.
* * *
I. Prima Facie Jurisdictiofn
18. The Court may indicate provisional measures only if the provisions
relied on by the Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which
its jurisdiction could be founded, but the Court need not satisfy itselff in a
definitive manner that it has jurisdiction as regards the merits of thfe case
(see, for example, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Bor ‑
der Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of
8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 17‑18, para. 49).
19. Timor‑Leste seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court in this
case on the declaration it made on 21 September 2012 under Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute, and on the declaration Australia made on
22 March 2002 under the same provision (see paragraph 3 above).
20. In the course of the oral pleadings, Australia stated that, while
reserving its “right to raise questions of jurisdiction and admissibiflity at
8
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the merits stage”, it would not be “raising those matters in relatfion to
Timor‑Leste’s request for provisional measures”.
21. The Court considers that the declarations made by both Parties
under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute appear, prima facie, to
afford a basis on which it might have jurisdiction to rule on the merits of
the case. The Court thus finds that it may entertain the request for tfhe
indication of provisional measures submitted to it by Timor‑Leste.
II. The Rights whose Protecftion Is Sought
and the Measures Requesfted
22. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures under
Article 41 of the Statute has as its object the preservation of the respective
rights claimed by the parties in a case, pending its decision on the merfits
thereof. It follows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such
measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by it to belong
to either party. Therefore, the Court may exercise this power only if itf is
satisfied that the rights asserted by the requesting party are at leasft plau ‑
sible (see, for example, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the
Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of
8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 18, para. 53).
23. Moreover, a link must exist between the rights which form the sub‑
ject of the proceedings before the Court on the merits of the case and tfhe
provisional measures being sought (ibid., para. 54).
* *
24. Timor‑Leste states that the rights which it seeks to protect are the
ownership and property rights which it holds over the seized material,
entailing the rights to inviolability and immunity of this property (in par ‑
ticular, documents and data), to which it is entitled as a sovereign Stfate,
and its right to the confidentiality of communications with its legal fadvis ‑
ers. Timor‑Leste moreover holds that confidentiality of communicationsf
between legal counsel and client is covered by legal professional privilfege,
which it states is a general principle of law.
25. Australia, for its part, contends that, “[e]ven assuming that the
material removed from 5 Brockman Street, Narrabundah does belong to
Timor‑Leste — a matter which is yet to be established”, there is no gen ‑
eral principle of immunity or inviolability of State papers and property,
and therefore the rights asserted by Timor‑Leste are not plausible. It also
contends that, if there is a principle in international law whereby any f
State is entitled to the confidentiality of all communications with itfs legal
advisers, that principle (akin to legal professional privilege) is notf abso ‑
9
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lute and does not apply when the communication in question concerns
the commission of a crime or fraud, constitutes a threat to national secfu‑
rity or to the higher public interests of a State, or undermines the proper
administration of justice.
26. At this stage of the proceedings, the Court is not called upon to
determine definitively whether the rights which Timor‑Leste wishes to fsee
protected exist ; it need only decide whether the rights claimed by
Timor‑Leste on the merits, and for which it is seeking protection, are
plausible.
27. The Court begins by observing that it is not disputed between the
Parties that at least part of the documents and data seized by Australiaf
relate to the Timor Sea Treaty Arbitration or to possible future negotiaf ‑
tions on maritime delimitation between the Parties, and that they concerfn
communications of Timor‑Leste with its legal advisers. The principal clafim
of Timor‑Leste is that a violation has occurred of its right to communicfate
with its counsel and lawyers in a confidential manner with regard to ifssues
forming the subject‑matter of pending arbitral proceedings and future
negotiations between the Parties. The Court notes that this claimed righft
might be derived from the principle of the sovereign equality of States,f
which is one of the fundamental principles of the international legal orfder
and is reflected in Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the United
Nations. More specifically, equality of the parties must be preserved fwhen
they are involved, pursuant to Article 2, paragraph 3, of the Charter, in
the process of settling an international dispute by peaceful means. If af
State is engaged in the peaceful settlement of a dispute with another Stfate
through arbitration or negotiations, it would expect to undertake these
arbitration proceedings or negotiations without interference by the othefr
party in the preparation and conduct of its case. It would follow that ifn
such a situation, a State has a plausible right to the protection of itsf com ‑
munications with counsel relating to an arbitration or to negotiations, fin
particular, to the protection of the correspondence between them, as welfl
as to the protection of confidentiality of any documents and data prepfared
by counsel to advise that State in such a context.
28. Accordingly, the Court considers that at least some of the rights
for which Timor‑Leste seeks protection — namely, the right to conduct
arbitration proceedings or negotiations without interference by Australia,
including the right of confidentiality of and non‑interference in its fcom ‑
munications with its legal advisers — are plausible.
*
29. The Court now turns to the issue of the link between the rights
claimed and the provisional measures requested.
30. The provisional measures requested by Timor‑Leste are aimed at
preventing further access by Australia to this seized material, at providing
10
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the former with information as to the scope of access of Australia to thfe
documents and data seized, and at ensuring the non‑interference of Aus ‑
tralia in future communications between Timor‑Leste and its legal advis ‑
ers (see paragraph 5 above). The Court considers that these measures by
their nature are intended to protect Timor‑Leste’s claimed rights to fcon ‑
duct, without interference by Australia, arbitral proceedings and futuref
negotiations, and to communicate freely with its legal advisers, counself
and lawyers to that end. The Court thus concludes that a link exists
between Timor‑Leste’s claimed rights and the provisional measures
sought.
III. Risk of Irreparable Prefjudice and Urgency
31. The Court, pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the power to
indicate provisional measures when irreparable prejudice could be causedf
to rights which are the subject of the judicial proceedings before it (fsee,
for example, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border
Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of
8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 21, para. 63).
32. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures will be exer ‑
cised only if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imfminent
risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused to the rights in dispute before
the Court gives its final decision (ibid., para. 64). The Court must therefore
consider whether such a risk exists at this stage of the proceedings.
* *
33. Timor‑Leste claims that Australia’s actions in seizing confidentialf
and sensitive material from its legal adviser’s office create a real risk of
irreparable prejudice to its rights. Timor‑Leste asserts that it is highly
probable that most of the documents and data in question relate to its
legal strategy, both in the context of the Timor Sea Treaty Arbitration f
and in the context of future maritime negotiations with Australia. Accorfd ‑
ing to Timor‑Leste, these “matters are crucial to the future of Timorf‑Leste
as a State and to the well‑being of its people”. It states that the confiden ‑
tial material includes advice of counsel, legal assessments of Timor‑Lesfte’s
position and instructions given to counsel and to geological and maritimfe
experts. Timor‑Leste adds that it may already have been seriously harmedf
given that Australia has admitted that some of the hard‑copy materials
were briefly inspected during the search. In view of the sensitive natfure of
the seized material, Timor‑Leste contends that, by its conduct, “Austfralia
has placed itself in a position of considerable advantage, both in the
pending Arbitration and in a whole range of matters involved in relationfs
between Timor‑Leste and Australia”.
11
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34. Timor‑Leste affirms that the risk of irreparable prejudice is immi ‑
nent because it is currently considering which strategic and legal positfion
to adopt in order to best defend its national interests vis‑à‑vis Ausftralia in
relation to the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty and the 2006 Treaty on Certain
Maritime Arrangements in the Timor Sea. Given that the preparations
for the Timor Sea Treaty Arbitration are well underway, with oral pro ‑
ceedings due to begin at the end of September 2014, Timor‑Leste states
that time is of the essence if irreparable damage is to be avoided.
Timor‑Leste contends that, if the protection of its rights is deferred ufntil
the close of the proceedings on the merits in the current case, the prejfu ‑
dice it would suffer would be increased.
*
35. According to Australia, there is no risk of irreparable prejudice to
Timor‑Leste’s rights. It states that the comprehensive undertakings pfro ‑
vided by the Attorney‑General of Australia demonstrate that any rights
which Timor‑Leste may be found to possess are sufficiently protected
pending final judgment in the current case. In this regard, Australia frefers
to various instructions and undertakings given by its Attorney‑General
on 4, 19 and 23 December 2013 and, in particular, to a further written
undertaking of the Attorney‑General given on 21 January 2014.
36. Australia explains that on 4 December 2013 the Attorney‑General
of Australia made a Ministerial Statement to Parliament on the executionf
by Australia’s security intelligence organization (“ASIO”) of the search
warrants on the business premises of a legal adviser to Timor‑Leste in
Canberra. In his statement, the Attorney‑General indicated that the
search warrants had been issued by him “at the request of ASIO, on thfe
grounds that the documents and electronic data in question contained
intelligence relating to national security matters”. He emphasized “that
the material taken into possession in execution of the warrants [was] not
under any circumstances to be communicated to those conducting the
[arbitration] proceedings on behalf of Australia”. Australia further fnotes
that, following the first procedural meeting of the Timor Sea Treaty Afrbi ‑
tral Tribunal convened on 5 December 2013, the Attorney‑General of
Australia provided a written undertaking to the Tribunal, dated
19 December 2013. In that undertaking, the Attorney‑General recalled
the instructions given to ASIO, and declared that the material seized
would not be used by any part of the Australian Government for any
purpose related to the Timor Sea Treaty Arbitration. Further, the
Attorney‑General undertook that he would not make himself aware or
otherwise seek to inform himself of the content of the material or any
information derived from the material and that, should he become aware
of any circumstance in which he would need to inform himself, he would
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first bring that fact to the attention of the Tribunal and offer furfther
undertakings.
37. Australia informed the Court that, following the letter of the Pres ‑
ident under Article 74, paragraph 4, of the Rules of the Court (see para ‑
graph 9 above), the Attorney‑General of Australia wrote a letter dated
23 December 2013 to the Director‑General of Security of ASIO, directing
that the measures set out in the undertaking to the Arbitral Tribunal on
19 December 2013 be implemented equally in relation to the proceedings
instituted before the Court. In his letter, the Attorney‑General stated,f in
particular, that
“it would be desirable and appropriate for Australia to satisfy the
President’s request by ensuring that, from now until the conclusion
of the hearing on 20‑22 January, the material is sealed, that it is not
accessed by any other officer of ASIO, and that ASIO ensure that it
is not accessed by any other person”.
38. At the start of Australia’s first round of oral argument on the
request for the indication of provisional measures, the Attorney‑Generalf
provided the Court with a written undertaking dated 21 January 2014.
Australia points out that this written undertaking contains comprehen ‑
sive assurances that the confidentiality of the seized documents will fbe
safeguarded. It points, in particular, to the following declarations made
by the Attorney‑General in his written undertaking :
“that until final judgment in this proceeding or until further or efarlier
order of the Court :
1. I will not make myself aware or otherwise seek to inform myself
of the content of the Material or any information derived from
the Material; and
2. Should I become aware of any circumstance which would make
it necessary for me to inform myself of the Material, I will first
bring that fact to the attention of the Court, at which time further
undertakings will be offered ; and
3. The Material will not be used by any part of the Australian Gov‑
ernment for any purpose other than national security purposes
(which include potential law enforcement referrals and prosecu ‑
tions) ; and
4. Without limiting the above, the Material, or any information
derived from the Material, will not be made available to any part
of the Australian Government for any purpose relating to the
exploitation of resources in the Timor Sea or related negotiations,
or relating to the conduct of :
(a) these proceedings; and
(b) the proceedings in the Arbitral Tribunal [constituted under
the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty].”
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In its oral pleadings, Australia affirmed that the Attorney‑General’fs
written undertaking, dated 21 January 2014, would protect Timor‑Leste’s
rights “pending final judgment in these proceedings”.
39. Moreover, during the oral proceedings, with reference to the letter
dated 23 December 2013 from the Attorney‑General of Australia to the
Director‑General of Security of ASIO (see paragraph 37 above), the
Solicitor‑General of Australia stated that “ASIO to date has not inspfected
any of the documents”. He noted that ASIO “[had] not commenced itsf
task because the documents [were] being kept under seal for all purposesf
until [Australia had] this Court’s decision on provisional measures”f, add ‑
ing that, “to date, no information [had] been obtained from the docu ‑
ments”.
*
40. With respect to the undertakings given by the Attorney‑General of
Australia on 4, 19 and 23 December 2013, Timor‑Leste argues that they
are “far from adequate” to protect Timor‑Leste’s rights and intferests in
the present case. According to Timor‑Leste, in the first place, they lfack
binding force, at least at the international level ; secondly, they are in seri
ous respects more limited than the provisional measures requested by
Timor‑Leste, as they do not address the wider issues going beyond the
Timor Sea Treaty Arbitration ; and thirdly, the instructions set out in the
letter dated 23 December 2013 from the Attorney‑General of Australia to
the Director‑General of ASIO are given only until the conclusion of the f
hearings in the present phase of the case.
41. With reference to the written undertaking dated 21 January 2014,
Timor‑Leste asserts that it does not suffice to prevent the risk of irrfepa ‑
rable harm, nor does it remove the urgency of Timor‑Leste’s request ffor
the indication of provisional measures. While Timor‑Leste acknowledges
that this written undertaking goes further than the previous assurances fin
that it extends “to maritime delimitation matters”, it contends that the
written undertaking “should be backed up by an order of the Court thaft
deals with the treatment of the materials”.
* *
42. The Court is of the view that the right of Timor‑Leste to conduct
arbitral proceedings and negotiations without interference could suffefr
irreparable harm if Australia failed to immediately safeguard the confif ‑
dentiality of the material seized by its agents on 3 December 2013 from
the office of a legal adviser to the Government of Timor‑Leste. In par ‑
ticular, the Court considers that there could be a very serious detrimental
effect on Timor‑Leste’s position in the Timor Sea Treaty Arbitratiofn and
in future maritime negotiations with Australia should the seized materiafl
be divulged to any person or persons involved or likely to be involved in
that arbitration or in negotiations on behalf of Australia. Any breach of
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confidentiality may not be capable of remedy or reparation as it mightf
not be possible to revert to the status quo ante following disclosure of the
confidential information.
43. The Court notes that the written undertaking given by the Attorney‑
General of Australia on 21 January 2014 includes commitments to the
effect that the seized material will not be made available to any part of the
Australian Government for any purpose in connection with the exploitatiofn
of resources in the Timor Sea or related negotiations, or in connection fwith
the conduct of the current case before the Court or of the proceedings off the
Timor Sea Treaty Tribunal. The Court observes that the Solicitor‑Generalf of
Australia moreover clarified during the hearings, in answer to a questfion from
a Member of the Court, that no person involved in the arbitration or negfo ‑
tiation has been informed of the content of the documents and data seizefd.
44. The Court further notes that the Agent of Australia stated that “the
Attorney‑General of the Commonwealth of Australia [had] the actual and
ostensible authority to bind Australia as a matter of both Australian lafw
and international law”. The Court has no reason to believe that the wfrit ‑
ten undertaking dated 21 January 2014 will not be implemented by Aus ‑
tralia. Once a State has made such a commitment concerning its conduct,
its good faith in complying with that commitment is to be presumed.
45. The Court, however, takes cognizance of the fact that, in para ‑
graph 3 of his written undertaking dated 21 January 2014, the Attorney‑
General states that the seized material will not be used “by any partf
of the Australian Government for any purpose other than national secu ‑
rity purposes (which include potential law enforcement referrals and
prosecutions)”. The Attorney‑General underlined in paragraph 2, that
“[s]hould [he] become aware of any circumstance which would make it
necessary for [him] to inform [himself] of the Material, [he] would first
bring that fact to the attention of the Court, at which time further undfer ‑
takings will be offered”.
46. Given that, in certain circumstances involving national security,
the Government of Australia envisages the possibility of making use of
the seized material, the Court finds that there remains a risk of disclosure
of this potentially highly prejudicial information. The Court notes thatf
the Attorney‑General of Australia has given an undertaking that any
access to the material, for considerations of national security, would bfe
highly restricted and that the contents of the material would not be
divulged to any persons involved in the conduct of the Timor Sea Treaty f
Arbitration, in the conduct of any future bilateral negotiations on marif ‑
time delimitation, or in the conduct of the proceedings before this Courft.
However, once disclosed to any designated officials in the circumstancefs
provided for in the written undertaking dated 21 January 2014, the infor ‑
mation contained in the seized material could reach third parties, and tfhe
confidentiality of the materials could be breached. Moreover, the Court
observes that the commitment of Australia to keep the seized material
sealed has only been given until the Court’s decision on the request for
the indication of provisional measures (see paragraph 39 above).
15
8 CIJ1061.indb 158 25/03/15 08:46 159 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
47. In light of the above, the Court considers that the written under ‑
taking dated 21 January 2014 makes a significant contribution towards
mitigating the imminent risk of irreparable prejudice created by the seif ‑
zure of the above‑mentioned material to Timor‑Leste’s rights, particuf ‑
larly its right to the confidentiality of that material being duly saffeguarded,
but does not remove this risk entirely.
48. The Court concludes from the foregoing that, in view of the cir ‑
cumstances, the conditions required by its Statute for it to indicate prfovi‑
sional measures have been met in so far as, in spite of the written
undertaking dated 21 January 2014, there is still an imminent risk of
irreparable prejudice as demonstrated in paragraphs 46 and 47 above. It
is therefore appropriate for the Court to indicate certain measures in
order to protect Timor‑Leste’s rights pending the Court’s decisionf on the
merits of the case.
IV. Measures to Be Adopted
49. The Court recalls that it has the power, under its Statute, when a
request for provisional measures has been made, to indicate measures
that are in whole or in part other than those requested. Article 75, para ‑
graph 2, of the Rules of Court specifically refers to this power of the
Court. The Court has already exercised this power on several occasions ifn
the past (see, for example, Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of
15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambo ‑
dia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand), Provisional Measures, Order of
18 July 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II), p. 551, para. 58). In the present
case, having considered the terms of the provisional measures requested f
by Timor‑Leste, the Court finds that the measures to be indicated needf
not be identical to those requested.
50. The Court notes that the Solicitor‑General of Australia clarified
during the oral proceedings that the written undertaking of the Attorneyf‑
General of 21 January 2014 “will not expire” without prior consultation
with the Court. Thus, this undertaking will not expire once the Court hafs
ruled on Timor‑Leste’s request for the indication of provisional measfures.
As the written undertaking of 21 January 2014 does not contain any
specific reference to the seized documents being sealed, the Court musft
also take into account the duration of Australia’s commitment to keepf
the said material under seal contained in the letter dated 23 Decem ‑
ber 2013 from the Attorney‑General of Australia to the Director‑General
of ASIO. The Court takes note of the fact that under the terms of that
letter, the commitment was given until the close of the oral proceedingsf
on the request for the indication of provisional measures. The Court furf ‑
ther observes that, during the oral proceedings, Australia gave assurancfes
that the seized material would remain sealed and kept inaccessible untilf
the Court had rendered its decision on that request.
16
8 CIJ1061.indb 160 25/03/15 08:46 160 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
51. Given the likelihood that much of the seized material contains sen ‑
sitive and confidential information relevant to the pending arbitratiofn
and that it may also include elements that are pertinent to any future
maritime negotiations which may take place between the Parties, the
Court finds that it is essential to ensure that the content of the seifzed
material is not in any way or at any time divulged to any person or per ‑
sons who could use it, or cause it to be used, to the disadvantage of
Timor‑Leste in its relations with Australia over the Timor Sea. It is thfere
fore necessary to keep the seized documents and electronic data and any f
copies thereof under seal until further decision of the Court.
52. Timor‑Leste has expressed concerns over the confidentiality of its
ongoing communications with its legal advisers concerning, in particularf,
the conduct of the Timor Sea Treaty Arbitration, as well as the conduct f
of any future negotiations over the Timor Sea and its resources, a mattefr
which is not covered by the written undertaking of the Attorney‑General f
of 21 January 2014. The Court further finds it appropriate to require
Australia not to interfere in any way in communications between
Timor‑Leste and its legal advisers, either in connection with the pendinfg
arbitral proceedings and with any future bilateral negotiations concernifng
maritime delimitation, or in connection with any other related procedure
between the two States, including the present case before the Court.
*
* *
53. The Court reaffirms that its “orders on provisional measures under
Article 41 [of the Statute] have binding effect” (LaGrand (Germany v.
United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506,
para. 109) and thus create international legal obligations for any party to
whom the provisional measures are addressed.
*
* *
54. The decision given in the present proceedings in no way prejudges the
question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the merits of thef case or
any questions relating to the admissibility of the Application, or relatfing to
the merits themselves. It leaves unaffected the right of the Governmenfts of
Timor‑Leste and Australia to submit arguments in respect of those questifons.
*
* *
55. For these reasons,
The Court,
Indicates the following provisional measures :
17
8 CIJ1061.indb 162 25/03/15 08:46 161 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
(1) By twelve votes to four,
Australia shall ensure that the content of the seized material is not in
any way or at any time used by any person or persons to the disadvantagef
of Timor‑Leste until the present case has been concluded ;
in favour : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda‑Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Xue,
Gaja, Bhandari ;Judge ad hoc Cot ;
against : Judges Keith, Greenwood, Donoghue ; Judge ad hoc Callinan ;
(2) By twelve votes to four,
Australia shall keep under seal the seized documents and electronic
data and any copies thereof until further decision of the Court ;
in favour : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda‑Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Xue,
Gaja, Bhandari ;Judge ad hoc Cot ;
against : Judges Keith, Greenwood, Donoghue ; Judge ad hoc Callinan ;
(3) By fifteen votes to one,
Australia shall not interfere in any way in communications between
Timor‑Leste and its legal advisers in connection with the pending Arbitra ‑
tion under the Timor Sea Treaty of 20 May 2002 between Timor‑Leste and
Australia, with any future bilateral negotiations concerning maritime
delimitation, or with any other related procedure between the two Statesf,
including the present case before the Court.
in favour : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda‑Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade,
Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Bhandari ; Judge ad hoc Cot ;
against : Judge ad hoc Callinan.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at f
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this third day of March, two thousand and
fourteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives off the
Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Democratic
Republic of Timor‑Leste and the Government of Australia, respectively.
(Signed) Peter Tomka,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.
18
8 CIJ1061.indb 164 25/03/15 08:46 162 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
Judge Keith appends a dissenting opinion to the Order of the Court ;
Judge Cançado Trindade appends a separate opinion to the Order of
the Court; Judge Greenwood appends a dissenting opinion to the Order
of the Court ; Judge Donoghue appends a separate opinion to the Order
of the Court; Judge ad hoc Callinan appends a dissenting opinion to the
Order of the Court.
(Initialled) P.T.
(Initialled) Ph.C.
19
8 CIJ1061.indb 166 25/03/15 08:46
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE SEIZURE
AND DETENTION
OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS AND DATA
(TIMOR‑LESTE v. AUSTRALIA)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER OF 3 MARCH 2014
2014
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
QUESTIONS CONCERNANT LA SAISIE
ET LA DÉTENTION
DE CERTAINS DOCUMENTS ET DONNÉES
(TIMOR‑LESTE c. AUSTRALIE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE DU 3 MARS 2014
8 CIJ1061.indb 1 25/03/15 08:46 Official citation :
Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and▯ Data
(Timor‑Leste v. Australia), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 March 2014,
I.C.J. Reports 2014, p. 147
Mode officiel de citation :
Questions concernant la saisie et la détention de certains documents ▯et données
(Timor‑Leste c. Australie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 3 mars 2014,
C.I.J. Recueil 2014, p. 147
Sales number
ISSN 0074‑4441 N ode vente: 1061
ISBN 978‑92‑1‑071177‑7
8 CIJ1061.indb 2 25/03/15 08:46 3 MARCH 2014
ORDER
QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE SEIZURE
AND DETENTION
OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS AND DATA
(TIMOR‑LESTE v. AUSTRALIA)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
QUESTIONS CONCERNANT LA SAISIE
ET LA DÉTENTION
DE CERTAINS DOCUMENTS ET DONNÉES
(TIMOR‑LESTE c. AUSTRALIE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
3 MARS 2014
ORDONNANCE
8 CIJ1061.indb 3 25/03/15 08:46 147
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
2014 YEAR 2014
3 March
General List
No. 156 3 March 2014
QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE SEIZURE
AND DETENTION
OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS AND DATA
(TIMOR‑LESTE v. AUSTRALIA)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER
Present : President Tomka Vice‑President Sepúlveda‑Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado
Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwoofd, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja,
Bhandari ;Judges ad hoc Callinan,Cot ;Registrar Couvreur.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and
Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order :
Whereas :
1. By an Application filed with the Registry of the Court on 17 December
2013, the Democratic Republic of Timor‑Leste (hereinafter “Timor‑
4
8 CIJ1061.indb 136 25/03/15 08:46 147
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2014
2014
3 mars
Rôlo général
3 mars 2014 n 156
QUESTIONS CONCERNANT LA SAISIE
ET LA DÉTENTION
DE CERTAINS DOCUMENTS ET DONNÉES
(TIMOR‑LESTE c. AUSTRALIE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE
Présents :M.Tomka, président ; M. Sepúlveda‑Amor, vice‑président ;
MM. Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennounaf, Skotnikov,
mes
Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwoofd, M Xue,
Donoghue, MM. Gaja, Bhandari, juges ; MM. Callinan,
Cot, juges ad hoc ; M. Couvreur, greffier.
La Cour internationale de Justice,
Ainsi composée,
Après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
Vu les articles 41 et 48 du Statut de la Cour et les articles 73, 74 et 75
de son Règlement,
Rend l’ordonnance suivante :
Considérant que :
1. Par requête déposée au Greffe de la Cour le 17 décembre 2013, la
République démocratique du Timor‑Leste (ci‑après le « Timor‑Leste») a
4
8 CIJ1061.indb 137 25/03/15 08:46 148 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
Leste”) instituted proceedings against Australia with respect to a dfispute
concerning the seizure on 3 December 2013, and subsequent detention,
by “agents of Australia of documents, data and other property which
belongs to Timor‑Leste and/or which Timor‑Leste has the right to protectf
under international law”. In particular, Timor‑Leste claims that these
items were taken from the business premises of a legal adviser to
Timor‑Leste in Narrabundah, in the Australian Capital Territory, alleg ‑
edly pursuant to a warrant issued under section 25 of the Australian Secu‑
rity Intelligence Organisation Act 1979. The seized material, according to
Timor‑Leste, includes, inter alia, documents, data and correspondence
between Timor‑Leste and its legal advisers relating to a pending Arbitra ‑
tion under the Timor Sea Treaty of 20 May 2002 between Timor‑Leste and
Australia (hereinafter the “Timor Sea Treaty Arbitration”).
2. At the end of its Application, Timor‑Leste
“requests the Court to adjudge and declare :
First : [t]hat the seizure by Australia of the documents and data
violated (i) the sovereignty of Timor‑Leste and (ii) its property anfd
other rights under international law and any relevant domestic law ;
Second : [t]hat continuing detention by Australia of the documents
and data violates (i) the sovereignty of Timor‑Leste and (ii) its prop ‑
erty and other rights under international law and any relevant domes‑
tic law ;
Third : [t]hat Australia must immediately return to the nominated
representative of Timor‑Leste any and all of the aforesaid documents
and data, and destroy beyond recovery every copy of such documents
and data that is in Australia’s possession or control, and ensure thef
destruction of every such copy that Australia has directly or indirectlyf
passed to a third person or third State ;
Fourth : [t]hat Australia should afford satisfaction to Timor‑Leste
in respect of the above‑mentioned violations of its rights under inter‑
national law and any relevant domestic law, in the form of a formal
apology as well as the costs incurred by Timor‑Leste in preparing and
presenting the present Application.”
3. In its aforementioned Application, Timor‑Leste bases the jurisdic ‑
tion of the Court on the declaration it made on 21 September 2012 under
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, and on the declaration Australia
made on 22 March 2002 under the same provision.
4. On 17 December 2013, Timor‑Leste also submitted a request for the
indication of provisional measures, pursuant to Article 41 of the Statute
of the Court and Articles 73 to 75 of the Rules of Court.
5
8 CIJ1061.indb 138 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fordonnance 3 III 14) 148
introduit une instance contre l’Australie au sujet d’un difféfrend concer ‑
nant la saisie, le 3 décembre 2013, et la détention ultérieure, par « des
agents australiens, de documents, données et autres biens appartenantf au
Timor‑Leste ou que celui‑ci a le droit de protéger en vertu du droit finter‑
national». Le Timor‑Leste affirme en particulier que ces éléments ont fété
pris dans les locaux professionnels d’un conseiller juridique du Timofr‑Leste
à Narrabundah, Territoire de la capitale australienne, prétendumenft en
vertu d’un mandat délivré sur la base de l’article 25 de l’Australian Secu‑
rity Intelligence Organisation Act de 1979. Selon le Timor‑Leste, les élé ‑
ments saisis comprennent notamment des documents, des données et des f
échanges de correspondance, entre le Timor‑Leste et ses conseillers jfuri ‑
diques, qui se rapportent à un Arbitrage en vertu du traité du 20 mai 2002
sur la mer de Timor, actuellement en cours entre le Timor‑Leste et l’Aus ‑
tralie (ci‑après l’« arbitrage en vertu du traité sur la mer de Timor »).
2. A la fin de sa requête, le Timor‑Leste
«prie la Cour de dire et juger :
Premièrement, que, en saisissant les documents et données, l’Aus ‑
tralie a violé i) la souveraineté du Timor‑Leste et ii) les droits de pro ‑
priété et autres qui sont ceux du Timor‑Leste en vertu du droit
international et de tout droit interne pertinent ;
Deuxièmement, que la détention continue, par l’Australie, de ces
documents et données constitue une violation i) de la souveraineté du
Timor‑Leste et ii) des droits de propriété et autres qui sont ceux du
Timor‑Leste en vertu du droit international et de tout droit interne
pertinent ;
Troisièmement, que l’Australie doit immédiatement restituer au
représentant du Timor‑Leste désigné à cet effet tous les dfocuments et
données susmentionnés, détruire définitivement toute copief de ces
documents et données qui se trouve en sa possession ou sous son
contrôle, et assurer la destruction de toute copie qu’elle a direcfte ‑
ment ou indirectement communiquée à une tierce personne ou à un
Etat tiers ;
Quatrièmement, que l’Australie doit réparation au Timor‑Leste
pour les violations susmentionnées des droits qui sont ceux du
Timor‑Leste en vertu du droit international et de tout droit interne
pertinent, sous la forme d’excuses formelles, ainsi que par la prise fen
charge des frais engagés par le Timor‑Leste dans le cadre de la préf ‑
paration et du dépôt de la présente requête. »
3. Dans sa requête, le Timor‑Leste fonde la compétence de la Cour sur
la déclaration qu’il a faite le 21 septembre 2012 en vertu du paragraphe 2
de l’article 36 du Statut, et sur la déclaration qu’a faite l’Australie le
22 mars 2002 en vertu de cette même disposition.
4. Le 17 décembre 2013, le Timor‑Leste a également présenté une
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires, conformément à l’far ‑
ticle 41 du Statut de la Cour et aux articles 73 à 75 de son Règlement.
5
8 CIJ1061.indb 139 25/03/15 08:46 149 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
5. At the end of its request, Timor‑Leste asks the Court to
“indicate the following provisional measures :
(a) [t]hat all of the documents and data seized by Australia from
5 Brockman Street, Narrabundah, in the Australian Capital Ter‑
ritory on 3 December 2013 be immediately sealed and delivered
into the custody of the International Court of Justice ;
(b) [t]hat Australia immediately deliver to Timor‑Leste and to the
International Court of Justice (i) a list of any and all documents
and data that it has disclosed or transmitted, or the information
contained in which it has disclosed or transmitted to any person,
whether or not such person is employed by or holds office in any
organ of the Australian State or of any third State, and (ii) a list
of the identities or descriptions of and current positions held by
such persons ;
(c) [t]hat Australia deliver within five days to Timor‑Leste and to the
International Court of Justice a list of any and all copies that it
has made of any of the seized documents and data ;
(d) [t]hat Australia (i) destroy beyond recovery any and all copies of
the documents and data seized by Australia on 3 December 2013,
and use every effort to secure the destruction beyond recovery of
all copies that it has transmitted to any third party, and (ii) informf
Timor‑Leste and the International Court of Justice of all steps
taken in pursuance of that order for destruction, whether or not
successful ;
(e) [t]hat Australia give an assurance that it will not intercept or cause
or request the interception of communications between
Timor‑Leste and its legal advisers, whether within or outside Aus ‑
tralia or Timor‑Leste”.
6. Timor‑Leste further requested that, pending the hearing and deci ‑
sion of the Court on the request for the indication of provisional mea ‑
sures, the President of the Court exercise his power under Article 74,
paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court, to call upon Australia :
“(i) immediately to deliver to Timor‑Leste and to the International
Court of Justice a list of each and every document and file con ‑
taining electronic data that it seized from 5 Brockman Street,
Narrabundah, in the Australian Capital Territory, on 3 Decem ‑
ber 2013 ;
(ii) immediately to seal the documents and data (and any and all
copies thereof) ;
(iii) immediately to deliver the sealed documents and data (and any
and all copies thereof) either to the Court or to 5 Brockman
Street, Narrabundah, in the Australian Capital Territory ; and
(iv) not to intercept or cause or request the interception of communi‑
cations between Timor‑Leste (including its Agent H.E. Joaquim
6
8 CIJ1061.indb 140 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fordonnance 3 III 14) 149
5. A la fin de sa demande, le Timor‑Leste prie la Cour
«d’indiquer les mesures conservatoires suivantes :
a) que tous les documents et données saisis par l’Australie au 5 Brock‑
man Street, à Narrabundah, Territoire de la capitale australienne,
le 3 décembre 2013 soient immédiatement placés sous scellés et
remis à la Cour internationale de Justice ;
b) que l’Australie fournisse immédiatement au Timor‑Leste et à la f
Cour internationale de Justice i) une liste de tous les documents
et données, ou des informations qui y sont contenues, qu’elle a
révélés ou communiqués à toute personne, employée ou non par
un organe de l’Etat australien ou de tout Etat tiers et exerçant ou
non des fonctions pour le compte de pareil organe ; et ii) une liste
faisant apparaître l’identité de ces personnes ou des indicatiofns les
concernant, ainsi que les fonctions qu’elles occupent actuellement;
c) que l’Australie fournisse, dans un délai de cinq jours, au Timor‑Lfeste
et à la Cour internationale de Justice une liste de toutes les copiesf
qu’elle a faites des documents et données saisis ;
d) que l’Australie i) procède à la destruction définitive de toutes les
copies des documents et données qu’elle a saisis le 3 décembre 2013,
et prenne toutes les mesures possibles pour assurer la destruction
définitive de toutes les copies qu’elle a communiquées à dfes tierces
parties; et ii) informe le Timor‑Leste et la Cour internationale de
Justice de toutes les mesures prises en application de cette injonc ‑
tion de destruction, que celles‑ci aient ou non abouti ;
e) que l’Australie donne l’assurance qu’elle n’interceptera pasf ni ne
fera intercepter les communications entre le Timor‑Leste et ses
conseillers juridiques, que ce soit en Australie, au Timor‑Leste ou
en tout autre lieu, et n’en demandera pas l’interception ».
6. Le Timor‑Leste a en outre prié le président de la Cour, en attendafnt que
celle‑ci tienne des audiences sur la demande en indication de mesures cofnser ‑
vatoires et se prononce à cet égard, de faire usage du pouvoir quef lui confère
le paragraphe 4 de l’article 74 du Règlement pour demander à l’Australi:e
«i) de fournir immédiatement au Timor‑Leste et à la Cour interna‑
tionale de Justice une liste de tous les documents et dossiers
contenant des données électroniques qu’elle a saisis au 5 Brockman
Street, à Narrabundah, Territoire de la capitale australienne,
le 3 décembre 2013 ;
ii) de placer immédiatement sous scellés ces documents et données
(ainsi que toute copie qui en a été faite) ;
iii) de déposer immédiatement les documents et données placés soufs
scellés (ainsi que toute copie qui en a été faite) à la Cour interna ‑
tionale de Justice ou au 5 Brockman Street, à Narrabundah, Ter ‑
ritoire de la capitale australienne ; et
iv) de ne pas intercepter ou faire intercepter les communications entre
le Timor‑Leste (y compris son agent, S. Exc. M. Joaquim de
6
8 CIJ1061.indb 141 25/03/15 08:46 150 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
da Fonseca) and its legal advisers in relation to this action (DLA
Piper, Sir E. Lauterpacht QC and Vaughan Lowe QC)”.
7. The Registrar communicated forthwith an original copy of the
Application and of the request to the Government of Australia. The Reg ‑
istrar also notified the Secretary‑General of the United Nations of thfe
filing of these documents by Timor‑Leste.
8. Pending the notification provided for by Article 40, paragraph 3, of
the Statute and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, by transmission of the
printed bilingual text of the Application to the Members of the United
Nations, the Registrar informed those States of the filing of the Applfica ‑
tion and its subject, and of the filing of the request for the indicatfion of
provisional measures.
9. By a letter dated 18 December 2013, the President of the Court, act ‑
ing under Article 74, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court, called upon
Australia
“to act in such a way as to enable any Order the Court will make on
the request for provisional measures to have its appropriate effects, f
in particular to refrain from any act which might cause prejudice to
the rights claimed by the Democratic Republic of Timor‑Leste in the
present proceedings”.
10. A copy of the above‑mentioned letter was also transmitted, for
information, to the Government of Timor‑Leste.
11. By a letter dated 18 December 2013, the Registrar informed the
Parties that, in accordance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of
Court, 20, 21 and 22 January 2014 had been fixed as the dates of the oral
proceedings on the request for the indication of provisional measures.
12. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality
of either of the Parties, each Party proceeded to exercise the right confferred
upon it by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc
to sit in the case ; Timor‑Leste chose Mr. Jean‑Pierre Cot and Australia
chose Mr. Ian Callinan.
13. At the public hearings held on 20, 21 and 22 January 2014, oral
observations on the request for the indication of provisional measures
were presented by :
On behalf of Timor‑Leste : H.E. Mr. Joaquim A. M. L. da Fonseca,
Sir Elihu Lauterpacht,
Sir Michael Wood.
On behalf of Australia : Mr. John Reid,
Mr. Justin Gleeson,
Mr. Bill Campbell,
Mr. Henry Burmester,
Mr. James Crawford.
7
8 CIJ1061.indb 142 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fordonnance 3 III 14) 150
Fonseca) et ses conseillers juridiques en la présente procédure
(DLA Piper, sir E. Lauterpacht, QC, et M. Vaughan Lowe, QC),
ni en demander l’interception ».
7. Le greffier a immédiatement communiqué au Gouvernement de
l’Australie un exemplaire original de la requête et de la demande fen indi‑
cation de mesures conservatoires. Il a également informé le Secréftaire
général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies du dépôt par le Timor‑Leste
de ces documents.
8. En attendant que la communication prévue au paragraphe 3 de l’ar ‑
ticle 40 du Statut et à l’article 42 du Règlement ait été effectuée par trans ‑
mission du texte bilingue imprimé de la requête aux Membres de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies, le greffier a informé ces Etats du dépôt
de la requête et de son objet, ainsi que du dépôt de la demande en indica ‑
tion de mesures conservatoires.
9. Par lettre datée du 18 décembre 2013, le président de la Cour, agis ‑
sant en vertu du paragraphe 4 de l’article 74 du Règlement de la Cour, a
appelé l’Australie à
«agir de manière que toute ordonnance de la Cour sur la demande
en indication de mesures conservatoires puisse avoir les effets voulusf
et, en particulier, [à] s’abstenir de tout acte qui pourrait portefr préju
dice aux droits que la République démocratique du Timor‑Leste
invoque en la présente procédure ».
10. Copie de la lettre susmentionnée a également été transmise, fpour
information, au Gouvernement du Timor‑Leste.
11. Par lettre datée du 18 décembre 2013, le greffier a fait connaître aux
Parties que la Cour, conformément au paragraphe 3 de l’article 74 de son
Règlement, avait fixé aux 20, 21 et 22 janvier 2014 les dates de la procé ‑
dure orale sur la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires.
12. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de la nationalité des
Parties, chacune d’elles a fait usage du droit que lui confère le fparagraphe 3
de l’article 31 du Statut de désigner un juge ad hoc pour siéger en l’affaire;
le Timor‑Leste a désigné à cet effet M. Jean‑Pierre Cot et l’Australie,
M. Ian Callinan.
13. Au cours des audiences publiques tenues les 20, 21 et 22 jan ‑
vier 2014, des observations orales sur la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires ont été présentées par :
Au nom du Timor‑Leste : S. Exc. M. Joaquim A. M. L. da Fonseca,
sir Elihu Lauterpacht,
sir Michael Wood.
Au nom de l’Australie : M. John Reid,
M. Justin Gleeson,
M. Bill Campbell,
M. Henry Burmester,
M. James Crawford.
7
8 CIJ1061.indb 143 25/03/15 08:46 151 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
14. During the hearings, questions were put by some Members of the
Court to the Parties, to which replies were given orally. Timor‑Leste
availed itself of the possibility given by the Court to comment in writifng
on Australia’s reply to one of these questions.
15. At the end of its second round of oral observations, Timor‑Leste
asked the Court to indicate provisional measures in the same terms as
included in its request (see paragraph 5 above).
16. At the end of its second round of oral observations, Australia
stated the following :
“1. Australia requests the Court to refuse the request for the indica ‑
tion of provisional measures submitted by the Democratic Repub ‑
lic of Timor‑Leste.
2. Australia further requests the Court stay the proceedings until the
Arbitral Tribunal has rendered its judgment in the Arbitration
under the Timor Sea Treaty.”
17. By an Order dated 28 January 2014, the Court decided not to
accede to Australia’s request for a stay of the proceedings, considerfing,
inter alia, that the dispute before it between Timor‑Leste and Australia is
sufficiently distinct from the dispute being adjudicated upon by the Arfbi ‑
tral Tribunal in the Timor Sea Treaty Arbitration. The Court therefore, f
after having taken into account the views of the Parties, proceeded to fifx
time‑limits for the filing of the written pleadings.
* * *
I. Prima Facie Jurisdictiofn
18. The Court may indicate provisional measures only if the provisions
relied on by the Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which
its jurisdiction could be founded, but the Court need not satisfy itselff in a
definitive manner that it has jurisdiction as regards the merits of thfe case
(see, for example, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Bor ‑
der Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of
8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 17‑18, para. 49).
19. Timor‑Leste seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court in this
case on the declaration it made on 21 September 2012 under Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute, and on the declaration Australia made on
22 March 2002 under the same provision (see paragraph 3 above).
20. In the course of the oral pleadings, Australia stated that, while
reserving its “right to raise questions of jurisdiction and admissibiflity at
8
8 CIJ1061.indb 144 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fordonnance 3 III 14) 151
14. A l’audience, des questions ont été posées aux Parties par cfertains
membres de la Cour, auxquelles il a été répondu oralement. Faisfant usage
de la possibilité que lui avait donnée la Cour, le Timor‑Leste a formulé
des observations écrites sur la réponse de l’Australie à l’fune de ces ques ‑
tions.
15. Au terme de son second tour d’observations orales, le Timor‑Leste
a prié la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires dont le libelflé est
identique à celui des mesures sollicitées dans sa demande (voir pfara ‑
graphe 5 ci‑dessus).
16. Au terme de son second tour d’observations orales, l’Australie a
déclaré ce qui suit :
«1. L’Australie prie la Cour de rejeter la demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires présentée par la République démocra ‑
tique du Timor‑Leste.
2. L’Australie prie également la Cour de suspendre l’instance jusqu’à
ce que le tribunal arbitral ait rendu sa décision dans l’Arbitrage en
vertu du Traité sur la mer de Timor. »
17. Par ordonnance en date du 28 janvier 2014, la Cour a décidé de ne
pas faire droit à la demande de l’Australie tendant à la suspension de
l’instance, considérant notamment que le différend porté dfevant elle est
suffisamment distinct de celui dont connaît le tribunal dans le cadrfe de
l’arbitrage en vertu du traité sur la mer de Timor. En conséquefnce, elle a,
compte tenu des vues exprimées par les Parties, fixé les dates df’expiration
des délais pour le dépôt des pièces de procédure.
*
* *
I. Compétence P rima F acie
18. La Cour ne peut indiquer des mesures conservatoires que si les dis ‑
positions invoquées par le demandeur semblent prima facie constituer une
base sur laquelle sa compétence pourrait être fondée, mais n’fa pas besoin
de s’assurer de manière définitive qu’elle a compétencef quant au fond de
l’affaire (voir, par exemple, Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua
dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua), mesures conserva ‑
toires, ordonnance du 8 mars 2011, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 17‑18,
par. 49).
19. Le Timor‑Leste entend fonder la compétence de la Cour en la pré ‑
sente espèce sur la déclaration qu’il a faite le 21 septembre 2012 en vertu
du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut, et sur celle qu’a faite l’Australie
le 22 mars 2002 en vertu de cette même disposition (voir paragraphe 3
ci‑dessus).
20. Au cours de la procédure orale, l’Australie a déclaré que, tout en se
réservant le « droit de soulever des questions de compétence et de receva ‑
8
8 CIJ1061.indb 145 25/03/15 08:46 152 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
the merits stage”, it would not be “raising those matters in relatfion to
Timor‑Leste’s request for provisional measures”.
21. The Court considers that the declarations made by both Parties
under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute appear, prima facie, to
afford a basis on which it might have jurisdiction to rule on the merits of
the case. The Court thus finds that it may entertain the request for tfhe
indication of provisional measures submitted to it by Timor‑Leste.
II. The Rights whose Protecftion Is Sought
and the Measures Requesfted
22. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures under
Article 41 of the Statute has as its object the preservation of the respective
rights claimed by the parties in a case, pending its decision on the merfits
thereof. It follows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such
measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by it to belong
to either party. Therefore, the Court may exercise this power only if itf is
satisfied that the rights asserted by the requesting party are at leasft plau ‑
sible (see, for example, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the
Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of
8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 18, para. 53).
23. Moreover, a link must exist between the rights which form the sub‑
ject of the proceedings before the Court on the merits of the case and tfhe
provisional measures being sought (ibid., para. 54).
* *
24. Timor‑Leste states that the rights which it seeks to protect are the
ownership and property rights which it holds over the seized material,
entailing the rights to inviolability and immunity of this property (in par ‑
ticular, documents and data), to which it is entitled as a sovereign Stfate,
and its right to the confidentiality of communications with its legal fadvis ‑
ers. Timor‑Leste moreover holds that confidentiality of communicationsf
between legal counsel and client is covered by legal professional privilfege,
which it states is a general principle of law.
25. Australia, for its part, contends that, “[e]ven assuming that the
material removed from 5 Brockman Street, Narrabundah does belong to
Timor‑Leste — a matter which is yet to be established”, there is no gen ‑
eral principle of immunity or inviolability of State papers and property,
and therefore the rights asserted by Timor‑Leste are not plausible. It also
contends that, if there is a principle in international law whereby any f
State is entitled to the confidentiality of all communications with itfs legal
advisers, that principle (akin to legal professional privilege) is notf abso ‑
9
8 CIJ1061.indb 146 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fordonnance 3 III 14) 152
bilité au stade de l’examen au fond », elle ne « soulèverait pas de telles
questions en ce qui concerne la demande en indication de mesures conser‑
vatoires du Timor‑Leste ».
21. La Cour considère que les déclarations que les deux Parties ont fafites
en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut semblent prima facie consti ‑
tuer une base sur laquelle elle pourrait fonder sa compétence pour sef pro‑ non
cer sur le fond de l’affaire. Elle en conclut qu’elle peut connafître de la demande
en indication de mesures conservatoires que le Timor‑Leste lui a présfentée.
II. Les droits dont la proftection est recherchfée
et les mesures demandfées
22. Le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires que la Cour tient
de l’article 41 de son Statut a pour objet de sauvegarder, dans l’attente de
sa décision sur le fond de l’affaire, les droits revendiqués fpar chacune des
parties. Il s’ensuit que la Cour doit se préoccuper de sauvegarderf par de
telles mesures les droits que l’arrêt qu’elle aura ultérieurfement à rendre
pourrait reconnaître à l’une ou à l’autre des parties. Aufssi ne peut‑elle
exercer ce pouvoir que si elle estime que les droits invoqués par la fpartie
demanderesse sont au moins plausibles (voir, par exemple, Certaines acti ‑
vités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région frontalière (Co ▯ sta Rica c. Nic‑
ragua), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 8 mars 2011, C.I.J. Recueil
2011 (I), p. 18, par. 53).
23. Par ailleurs, un lien doit exister entre les droits qui font l’objet fde
l’instance pendante devant la Cour sur le fond de l’affaire et lfes mesures
conservatoires sollicitées (ibid., par. 54).
* *
24. Le Timor‑Leste déclare que les droits qu’il cherche à protégfer sont
les droits de propriété qu’il détient à l’égard desf éléments saisis, qui com ‑
prennent les droits à l’inviolabilité et à l’immunité fde ces biens (et, en
particulier, des documents et données) auxquels il peut prétendref en tant
qu’Etat souverain, ainsi que son droit à la confidentialité dfe toute com ‑
munication avec ses conseillers juridiques. Il affirme en outre que la fconfi‑
dentialité des communications entre un conseil juridique et son clienft
entre dans le cadre du secret professionnel des avocats et conseils qui,f
selon lui, est un principe général du droit.
25. L’Australie, quant à elle, soutient que, « [m]ême à supposer que les
éléments qui ont été pris au 5 Brockman Street, à Narrabundah, appar ‑
tiennent au Timor‑Leste, ce qui reste à démontrer», il n’existe pas de prin‑
cipe général d’immunité ou d’inviolabilité des documenfts et biens d’un
Etat; dès lors, les droits invoqués par le Timor‑Leste ne sont pas plafu ‑
sibles. Elle soutient également que, si tant est qu’il existe en dfroit interna‑
tional un principe selon lequel tout Etat a droit à la confidentialfité de toute
communication avec ses conseillers juridiques, ce principe (qui s’apfparente
9
8 CIJ1061.indb 147 25/03/15 08:46 153 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
lute and does not apply when the communication in question concerns
the commission of a crime or fraud, constitutes a threat to national secfu‑
rity or to the higher public interests of a State, or undermines the proper
administration of justice.
26. At this stage of the proceedings, the Court is not called upon to
determine definitively whether the rights which Timor‑Leste wishes to fsee
protected exist ; it need only decide whether the rights claimed by
Timor‑Leste on the merits, and for which it is seeking protection, are
plausible.
27. The Court begins by observing that it is not disputed between the
Parties that at least part of the documents and data seized by Australiaf
relate to the Timor Sea Treaty Arbitration or to possible future negotiaf ‑
tions on maritime delimitation between the Parties, and that they concerfn
communications of Timor‑Leste with its legal advisers. The principal clafim
of Timor‑Leste is that a violation has occurred of its right to communicfate
with its counsel and lawyers in a confidential manner with regard to ifssues
forming the subject‑matter of pending arbitral proceedings and future
negotiations between the Parties. The Court notes that this claimed righft
might be derived from the principle of the sovereign equality of States,f
which is one of the fundamental principles of the international legal orfder
and is reflected in Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the United
Nations. More specifically, equality of the parties must be preserved fwhen
they are involved, pursuant to Article 2, paragraph 3, of the Charter, in
the process of settling an international dispute by peaceful means. If af
State is engaged in the peaceful settlement of a dispute with another Stfate
through arbitration or negotiations, it would expect to undertake these
arbitration proceedings or negotiations without interference by the othefr
party in the preparation and conduct of its case. It would follow that ifn
such a situation, a State has a plausible right to the protection of itsf com ‑
munications with counsel relating to an arbitration or to negotiations, fin
particular, to the protection of the correspondence between them, as welfl
as to the protection of confidentiality of any documents and data prepfared
by counsel to advise that State in such a context.
28. Accordingly, the Court considers that at least some of the rights
for which Timor‑Leste seeks protection — namely, the right to conduct
arbitration proceedings or negotiations without interference by Australia,
including the right of confidentiality of and non‑interference in its fcom ‑
munications with its legal advisers — are plausible.
*
29. The Court now turns to the issue of the link between the rights
claimed and the provisional measures requested.
30. The provisional measures requested by Timor‑Leste are aimed at
preventing further access by Australia to this seized material, at providing
10
8 CIJ1061.indb 148 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fordonnance 3 III 14) 153
au secret professionnel des avocats et conseils) n’est pas absolu etf ne trouve
pas à s’appliquer lorsque la communication en cause concerne la commis‑
sion d’infractions pénales ou de fraudes, qu’elle constitue unef menace pour
la sécurité nationale ou les intérêts publics supérieurs fd’un Etat, ou qu’elle
entrave la bonne administration de la justice.
26. A ce stade de la procédure, la Cour n’est pas appelée à se pfronon ‑
cer définitivement sur le point de savoir si les droits que le Timor‑Leste
souhaite voir protégés existent ; il lui faut seulement déterminer si les
droits que celui‑ci revendique au fond, et dont il sollicite la protectifon,
sont plausibles.
27. La Cour commence par observer qu’il n’est pas contesté par les fPar ‑
ties qu’au moins une partie des documents et données saisis par l’Australie
se rapporte à l’arbitrage en vertu du traité sur la mer de Timofr ou à
d’éventuelles futures négociations relatives à la délimitfation maritime entre
les Parties, et qu’ils ont trait à des communications du Timor‑Lesfte avec ses
conseillers juridiques. Le principal grief du Timor‑Leste est qu’il yf a eu
violation de son droit de communiquer de manière confidentielle avec ses
conseils et avocats au sujet de questions faisant l’objet d’une procédure
arbitrale en cours et de futures négociations entre les Parties. La Cfour note
que ce droit allégué pourrait être inféré du principe de fl’égalité souveraine
des Etats, l’un des principes fondamentaux de l’ordre juridique infternatio ‑
nal qui trouve son expression au paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la Charte des
Nations Unies. Plus spécifiquement, il convient de préserver l’égaflité des
parties lorsque celles‑ci se sont engagées, conformément au paragrfaphe 3 de
l’article 2 de la Charte, dans le règlement, par des moyens pacifiques, d’fun
différend international. Si un Etat a entrepris de régler pacififquement un
différend qui l’oppose à un autre Etat par voie d’arbitragfe ou de négocia ‑
tions, il peut s’attendre à mener cette procédure ou ces négfociations sans
que l’autre partie ne s’ingère dans la préparation ou la déffense de son argu ‑
mentation. Il en résulte que, en pareil cas, un Etat a un droit plausfible à ce
que soient protégées ses communications avec ses conseils qui se rfapportent
à un arbitrage ou à des négociations et, en particulier, la corfrespondance
qu’il échange avec eux, et à ce que soit protégée la confidentialité de tous
documents et données établis par eux pour le conseiller.
28. En conséquence, la Cour considère qu’au moins certains des droits
que le Timor‑Leste cherche à protéger — à savoir le droit de conduire une
procédure d’arbitrage ou des négociations sans ingérence de fla part de
l’Australie, y compris le droit à la confidentialité de ses communications
avec ses conseillers juridiques et à la non‑ingérence dans lesditefs commu ‑
nications — sont plausibles.
*
29. La Cour en vient maintenant à la question du lien entre les droits
revendiqués et les mesures conservatoires demandées.
30. Par les mesures conservatoires qu’il sollicite, le Timor‑Leste cherchfe
à empêcher que l’Australie continue d’avoir accès aux éfléments saisis, à
10
8 CIJ1061.indb 149 25/03/15 08:46 154 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
the former with information as to the scope of access of Australia to thfe
documents and data seized, and at ensuring the non‑interference of Aus ‑
tralia in future communications between Timor‑Leste and its legal advis ‑
ers (see paragraph 5 above). The Court considers that these measures by
their nature are intended to protect Timor‑Leste’s claimed rights to fcon ‑
duct, without interference by Australia, arbitral proceedings and futuref
negotiations, and to communicate freely with its legal advisers, counself
and lawyers to that end. The Court thus concludes that a link exists
between Timor‑Leste’s claimed rights and the provisional measures
sought.
III. Risk of Irreparable Prefjudice and Urgency
31. The Court, pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the power to
indicate provisional measures when irreparable prejudice could be causedf
to rights which are the subject of the judicial proceedings before it (fsee,
for example, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border
Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of
8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 21, para. 63).
32. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures will be exer ‑
cised only if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imfminent
risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused to the rights in dispute before
the Court gives its final decision (ibid., para. 64). The Court must therefore
consider whether such a risk exists at this stage of the proceedings.
* *
33. Timor‑Leste claims that Australia’s actions in seizing confidentialf
and sensitive material from its legal adviser’s office create a real risk of
irreparable prejudice to its rights. Timor‑Leste asserts that it is highly
probable that most of the documents and data in question relate to its
legal strategy, both in the context of the Timor Sea Treaty Arbitration f
and in the context of future maritime negotiations with Australia. Accorfd ‑
ing to Timor‑Leste, these “matters are crucial to the future of Timorf‑Leste
as a State and to the well‑being of its people”. It states that the confiden ‑
tial material includes advice of counsel, legal assessments of Timor‑Lesfte’s
position and instructions given to counsel and to geological and maritimfe
experts. Timor‑Leste adds that it may already have been seriously harmedf
given that Australia has admitted that some of the hard‑copy materials
were briefly inspected during the search. In view of the sensitive natfure of
the seized material, Timor‑Leste contends that, by its conduct, “Austfralia
has placed itself in a position of considerable advantage, both in the
pending Arbitration and in a whole range of matters involved in relationfs
between Timor‑Leste and Australia”.
11
8 CIJ1061.indb 150 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fordonnance 3 III 14) 154
obtenir des informations quant au point de savoir dans quelle mesure ellfe
y a accès et à s’assurer qu’elle ne s’ingérera pas danfs les communications
qu’il échangera à l’avenir avec ses conseillers juridiques (voir paragraphe5
ci‑dessus). La Cour considère que, par leur nature même, ces mesufres
visent à protéger les droits revendiqués par le Timor‑Leste de fconduire,
sans ingérence de la part de l’Australie, la procédure arbitralfe et les
futures négociations, et de communiquer librement avec ses conseillers
juridiques, conseils et avocats à cette fin. Elle en conclut qu’fil existe un
lien entre les droits invoqués par le Timor‑Leste et les mesures consferva ‑
toires demandées.
III. Risque de préjudice irrféparable et urgence
31. La Cour tient de l’article 41 de son Statut le pouvoir d’indiquer des
mesures conservatoires lorsqu’un préjudice irréparable risque df’être causé
aux droits en litige dans une procédure judiciaire (voir, par exemplfe, Cer ‑
taines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région frontal▯ière (Costa
Rica c. Nicaragua), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 8 mars 2011,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 21, par. 63).
32. Le pouvoir de la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires ne
sera toutefois exercé que s’il y a urgence, c’est‑à‑dire s’fil existe un risque
réel et imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé afux droits en litige
avant que la Cour ne rende sa décision définitive (ibid., par. 64). La Cour
doit donc rechercher si pareil risque existe à ce stade de la procéfdure.
* *
33. Le Timor‑Leste fait valoir que la saisie par l’Australie d’éléfments
confidentiels et sensibles dans les locaux professionnels de son consefiller
juridique crée un risque réel que soit causé un préjudice irfréparable à ses
droits. Il affirme qu’il est hautement probable que la plupart des dfocu ‑
ments et données en question se rapportent à sa stratégie juridfique, tant
dans le cadre de l’arbitrage en vertu du traité sur la mer de Timofr que de
futures négociations maritimes avec l’Australie. Selon lui, ces «f questions
sont primordiales pour l’avenir du Timor‑Leste en tant qu’Etat et fpour le
bien‑être de sa population ». Le Timor‑Leste déclare que ces éléments
confidentiels comprennent des avis de ses conseils, des analyses juridfiques
de sa position ainsi que des instructions données à ses conseils eft experts
en géologie et questions maritimes. Il ajoute que, l’Australie ayafnt
reconnu que certains des documents imprimés avaient été brièfvement exa ‑
minés lors de la perquisition, il est possible qu’il ait d’oresf et déjà subi un
grave préjudice. Le Timor‑Leste allègue en outre que, en raison duf carac ‑
tère sensible des éléments saisis, l’Australie s’est, parf son comportement,
placée « dans une position extrêmement avantageuse à l’égard de l’arbi ‑
trage et d’une série d’autres questions qui touchent aux relations entre le
Timor‑Leste et l’Australie ».
11
8 CIJ1061.indb 151 25/03/15 08:46 155 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
34. Timor‑Leste affirms that the risk of irreparable prejudice is immi ‑
nent because it is currently considering which strategic and legal positfion
to adopt in order to best defend its national interests vis‑à‑vis Ausftralia in
relation to the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty and the 2006 Treaty on Certain
Maritime Arrangements in the Timor Sea. Given that the preparations
for the Timor Sea Treaty Arbitration are well underway, with oral pro ‑
ceedings due to begin at the end of September 2014, Timor‑Leste states
that time is of the essence if irreparable damage is to be avoided.
Timor‑Leste contends that, if the protection of its rights is deferred ufntil
the close of the proceedings on the merits in the current case, the prejfu ‑
dice it would suffer would be increased.
*
35. According to Australia, there is no risk of irreparable prejudice to
Timor‑Leste’s rights. It states that the comprehensive undertakings pfro ‑
vided by the Attorney‑General of Australia demonstrate that any rights
which Timor‑Leste may be found to possess are sufficiently protected
pending final judgment in the current case. In this regard, Australia frefers
to various instructions and undertakings given by its Attorney‑General
on 4, 19 and 23 December 2013 and, in particular, to a further written
undertaking of the Attorney‑General given on 21 January 2014.
36. Australia explains that on 4 December 2013 the Attorney‑General
of Australia made a Ministerial Statement to Parliament on the executionf
by Australia’s security intelligence organization (“ASIO”) of the search
warrants on the business premises of a legal adviser to Timor‑Leste in
Canberra. In his statement, the Attorney‑General indicated that the
search warrants had been issued by him “at the request of ASIO, on thfe
grounds that the documents and electronic data in question contained
intelligence relating to national security matters”. He emphasized “that
the material taken into possession in execution of the warrants [was] not
under any circumstances to be communicated to those conducting the
[arbitration] proceedings on behalf of Australia”. Australia further fnotes
that, following the first procedural meeting of the Timor Sea Treaty Afrbi ‑
tral Tribunal convened on 5 December 2013, the Attorney‑General of
Australia provided a written undertaking to the Tribunal, dated
19 December 2013. In that undertaking, the Attorney‑General recalled
the instructions given to ASIO, and declared that the material seized
would not be used by any part of the Australian Government for any
purpose related to the Timor Sea Treaty Arbitration. Further, the
Attorney‑General undertook that he would not make himself aware or
otherwise seek to inform himself of the content of the material or any
information derived from the material and that, should he become aware
of any circumstance in which he would need to inform himself, he would
12
8 CIJ1061.indb 152 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fordonnance 3 III 14) 155
34. Le Timor‑Leste affirme que le risque de préjudice irréparable estf
imminent parce qu’il examine actuellement la stratégie et la positfion
juridique qu’il lui faut adopter afin de défendre au mieux ses ifntérêts
nationaux vis‑à‑vis de l’Australie en ce qui concerne le traité sur la mer
de Timor de 2002 et le traité relatif à certains arrangements mariftimes
dans la mer de Timor de 2006. Etant donné que la préparation de l’farbi ‑
trage en vertu du traité sur la mer de Timor est bien avancée, desf
audiences devant s’ouvrir à la fin du mois de septembre 2014, lef
Timor‑Leste estime qu’il n’y a pas de temps à perdre si l’onf veut éviter
qu’un préjudice irréparable ne soit causé. Il soutient que, si la protection
de ses droits était différée jusqu’à la clôture de lfa procédure sur le fond
de la présente affaire, le préjudice qu’il subirait n’en sferait que plus
grave.
*
35. Selon l’Australie, il n’existe aucun risque que soit causé un pfréju ‑
dice irréparable aux droits du Timor‑Leste. L’Australie déclaref que les
engagements exhaustifs pris par son Attorney‑General démontrent que
tous les droits qui pourraient être reconnus au Timor‑Leste sont suffif‑
samment protégés dans l’attente de l’arrêt définitif en la présente affaire.
A cet égard, elle se réfère à divers engagements et instructfions de
son Attorney‑General datant des 4, 19 et 23 décembre 2013 et, en
particulier, à un nouvel engagement écrit que celui‑ci a pris le 2f1 janvier
2014.
36. L’Australie précise que, le 4 décembre 2013, son Attorney‑General a,
en sa qualité de ministre, fait une déclaration devant le Parlemenft concer ‑
nant l’exécution, par l’agence australienne de renseignement inftérieur
(l’«ASIO»), des mandats de perquisition des locaux professionnels d’un
conseiller juridique du Timor‑Leste à Canberra. Dans sa déclaratiofn, l’At ‑
torney‑General expliquait qu’il avait délivré lesdits mandats «à la demande
de l’ASIO, au motif que les documents et données électroniques fen cause
comprenaient des renseignements touchant à des questions de sécurifté
nationale». Il soulignait « que les éléments dont il a[vait] été pris posses ‑
sion dans le cadre de l’exécution de [c]es mandats ne [seraient] en aucune
circonstance communiqués aux personnes représentant l’Australief dans le
cadre de la procédure d’arbitrage ». L’Australie relève en outre que, à la
suite de la première réunion de procédure qu’a tenue le tribunal arbitral
constitué en application du traité sur la mer de Timor le 5 décembre 2013,
son Attorney‑General a communiqué audit tribunal un engagement écrit
en date du 19 décembre 2013. Dans ce document, l’Attorney‑General rap ‑
pelait les instructions données à l’ASIO et déclarait que lefs éléments saisis
ne seraient utilisés par aucune entité du Gouvernement australien fà
quelque fin que ce soit qui serait en rapport avec l’arbitrage en vertu du
traité sur la mer de Timor. Il s’engageait en outre à ne pas prfendre
lui‑même connaissance ni chercher de quelque autre manière à avfoir
connaissance du contenu desdits éléments ou de toutes informationsf qui
12
8 CIJ1061.indb 153 25/03/15 08:46 156 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
first bring that fact to the attention of the Tribunal and offer furfther
undertakings.
37. Australia informed the Court that, following the letter of the Pres ‑
ident under Article 74, paragraph 4, of the Rules of the Court (see para ‑
graph 9 above), the Attorney‑General of Australia wrote a letter dated
23 December 2013 to the Director‑General of Security of ASIO, directing
that the measures set out in the undertaking to the Arbitral Tribunal on
19 December 2013 be implemented equally in relation to the proceedings
instituted before the Court. In his letter, the Attorney‑General stated,f in
particular, that
“it would be desirable and appropriate for Australia to satisfy the
President’s request by ensuring that, from now until the conclusion
of the hearing on 20‑22 January, the material is sealed, that it is not
accessed by any other officer of ASIO, and that ASIO ensure that it
is not accessed by any other person”.
38. At the start of Australia’s first round of oral argument on the
request for the indication of provisional measures, the Attorney‑Generalf
provided the Court with a written undertaking dated 21 January 2014.
Australia points out that this written undertaking contains comprehen ‑
sive assurances that the confidentiality of the seized documents will fbe
safeguarded. It points, in particular, to the following declarations made
by the Attorney‑General in his written undertaking :
“that until final judgment in this proceeding or until further or efarlier
order of the Court :
1. I will not make myself aware or otherwise seek to inform myself
of the content of the Material or any information derived from
the Material; and
2. Should I become aware of any circumstance which would make
it necessary for me to inform myself of the Material, I will first
bring that fact to the attention of the Court, at which time further
undertakings will be offered ; and
3. The Material will not be used by any part of the Australian Gov‑
ernment for any purpose other than national security purposes
(which include potential law enforcement referrals and prosecu ‑
tions) ; and
4. Without limiting the above, the Material, or any information
derived from the Material, will not be made available to any part
of the Australian Government for any purpose relating to the
exploitation of resources in the Timor Sea or related negotiations,
or relating to the conduct of :
(a) these proceedings; and
(b) the proceedings in the Arbitral Tribunal [constituted under
the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty].”
13
8 CIJ1061.indb 154 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fordonnance 3 III 14) 156
en découleraient, et déclarait que, dans le cas où une circonstfance, quelle
qu’elle soit, nécessiterait qu’il en prenne connaissance, il enf informerait
tout d’abord le tribunal et prendrait alors devant lui d’autres engagements.
37. L’Australie a fait connaître à la Cour que, comme suite à laf lettre
que lui avait adressée le président de la Cour en vertu du paragrafphe 4 de
l’article 74 du Règlement (voir paragraphe 9 ci‑dessus), son Attorney‑
General avait, le 23décembre 2013, écrit au directeur général de la sécurité,
donnant à celui‑ci instruction de veiller à ce que les engagements pris
devant le tribunal arbitral le 19 décembre 2013 soient également honorés
dans le cadre de la procédure introduite devant la Cour. Dans sa lettre,
l’Attorney‑General indiquait notamment ce qui suit :
«il serait souhaitable et approprié de satisfaire à la demande du pfré‑
sident en s’assurant que, à partir de maintenant et jusqu’à fla clôture
des audiences qui se tiendront du 20 au 22 janvier, les éléments en
cause soient scellés, qu’aucun autre agent de l’ASIO n’y accède, et
que l’ASIO veille à ce que personne d’autre n’y accède ».
38. Au début de son premier tour de plaidoiries sur la demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires, l’Attorney‑General a communiqué à
la Cour un engagement écrit daté du 21 janvier 2014. L’Australie précise
que cet engagement écrit contient des assurances exhaustives que la cfonfi‑
dentialité des documents saisis sera préservée, se référafnt en particulier
aux déclarations suivantes de son Attorney‑General :
«Je prends devant la Cour, jusqu’à ce que celle‑ci ait définitfive ‑
ment statué dans la présente procédure ou qu’elle en ait défcidé autre ‑
ment à un stade ultérieur ou antérieur, l’engagement
1. De ne pas prendre moi‑même connaissance ni chercher de quelque
autre manière à avoir connaissance du contenu des éléments efn
cause ou de toutes informations qui en découleraient ;
2. Dans le cas où une circonstance, quelle qu’elle soit, nécessitefrait
que je prenne connaissance de ces éléments et données, d’en infor‑
mer tout d’abord la Cour, et de prendre alors devant elle d’autresf
engagements ;
3. De faire en sorte qu’aucune entité du Gouvernement australien n’futi ‑
lise lesdits éléments à quelque fin que ce soit, hormis pour des que‑s
tions de sécurité nationale (notamment dans le cadre de la saisine
des autorités chargées de l’application de la loi et de poursuifte;s)
4. De faire en sorte, sans préjudice de ce qui précède, qu’aucufne
entité du Gouvernement australien ne puisse avoir accès auxdits
éléments et à toutes informations qui en découleraient à ftoute fin
ayant trait à l’exploitation des ressources de la mer de Timor ou
aux négociations à ce sujet, ou à la conduite de :
a)la présente procédure ; et
b)l’arbitrage [en vertu du traité sur la mer de Timor de 2002]. »
13
8 CIJ1061.indb 155 25/03/15 08:46 157 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
In its oral pleadings, Australia affirmed that the Attorney‑General’fs
written undertaking, dated 21 January 2014, would protect Timor‑Leste’s
rights “pending final judgment in these proceedings”.
39. Moreover, during the oral proceedings, with reference to the letter
dated 23 December 2013 from the Attorney‑General of Australia to the
Director‑General of Security of ASIO (see paragraph 37 above), the
Solicitor‑General of Australia stated that “ASIO to date has not inspfected
any of the documents”. He noted that ASIO “[had] not commenced itsf
task because the documents [were] being kept under seal for all purposesf
until [Australia had] this Court’s decision on provisional measures”f, add ‑
ing that, “to date, no information [had] been obtained from the docu ‑
ments”.
*
40. With respect to the undertakings given by the Attorney‑General of
Australia on 4, 19 and 23 December 2013, Timor‑Leste argues that they
are “far from adequate” to protect Timor‑Leste’s rights and intferests in
the present case. According to Timor‑Leste, in the first place, they lfack
binding force, at least at the international level ; secondly, they are in seri
ous respects more limited than the provisional measures requested by
Timor‑Leste, as they do not address the wider issues going beyond the
Timor Sea Treaty Arbitration ; and thirdly, the instructions set out in the
letter dated 23 December 2013 from the Attorney‑General of Australia to
the Director‑General of ASIO are given only until the conclusion of the f
hearings in the present phase of the case.
41. With reference to the written undertaking dated 21 January 2014,
Timor‑Leste asserts that it does not suffice to prevent the risk of irrfepa ‑
rable harm, nor does it remove the urgency of Timor‑Leste’s request ffor
the indication of provisional measures. While Timor‑Leste acknowledges
that this written undertaking goes further than the previous assurances fin
that it extends “to maritime delimitation matters”, it contends that the
written undertaking “should be backed up by an order of the Court thaft
deals with the treatment of the materials”.
* *
42. The Court is of the view that the right of Timor‑Leste to conduct
arbitral proceedings and negotiations without interference could suffefr
irreparable harm if Australia failed to immediately safeguard the confif ‑
dentiality of the material seized by its agents on 3 December 2013 from
the office of a legal adviser to the Government of Timor‑Leste. In par ‑
ticular, the Court considers that there could be a very serious detrimental
effect on Timor‑Leste’s position in the Timor Sea Treaty Arbitratiofn and
in future maritime negotiations with Australia should the seized materiafl
be divulged to any person or persons involved or likely to be involved in
that arbitration or in negotiations on behalf of Australia. Any breach of
14
8 CIJ1061.indb 156 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fordonnance 3 III 14) 157
A l’audience, l’Australie a affirmé que l’engagement écrit de l’Attorney‑
General en date du 21 janvier 2014 protégerait les droits du Timor‑
Leste «dans l’attente de l’arrêt définitif en l’instance ».
39. Par ailleurs, au cours de la procédure orale, le Solicitor‑General de
l’Australie, se référant à la lettre en date du 23 décembre 2013 adressée au
directeur général de la sécurité par l’Attorney‑General de l’Australie (voir
paragraphe 37 ci‑dessus), a déclaré que « l’ASIO n’a[vait] à ce jour exa ‑
miné aucun des documents ». Il a précisé que celle‑ci ne s’était « pas atte‑
lée à cette tâche puisque les documents [seraient] gardés sofus scellés quoi
qu’il arrive, jusqu’à ce que [l’Australie ait connaissance dfe la] décision [de
la Cour] relative aux mesures conservatoires », ajoutant que, « [p]our
l’heure, aucune information n’a[vait] été obtenue à partifr des document» s.
*
40. En ce qui concerne les engagements pris par l’Attorney‑General de
l’Australie les 4, 19 et 23 décembre 2013, le Timor‑Leste fait valoir qu’ils
sont «loin d’être appropriés» pour protéger ses droits et intérêts en la pré ‑
sente espèce. Selon lui, premièrement, ils n’ont pas force oblifgatoire, du
moins sur le plan international ; deuxièmement, ils sont, à d’importants
égards, plus limités que les mesures conservatoires qu’il sollicite, puisqu’ils
ne couvrent pas les questions plus larges qui dépassent le cadre de lf’arbitrage
en vertu du traité sur la mer de Timor ; et, troisièmement, les instructions
énoncées dans la lettre en date du 23 décembre 2013 que l’Attorney‑
General de l’Australie a adressée au directeur général de l’ASIOf ne valent
que jusqu’à la clôture des audiences en la présente phase de l’finstance.
41. S’agissant de l’engagement écrit daté du 21 janvier 2014, le
Timor‑Leste affirme qu’il est insuffisant pour prévenir le risque de préju ‑
dice irréparable, et ne retire pas à sa demande en indication de mfesures
conservatoires son caractère d’urgence. Tout en reconnaissant qu’fil va
plus loin que les assurances précédentes en ce qu’il couvre aussi les « ques ‑
tions relatives à la délimitation maritime », le Timor‑Leste soutient que
cet engagement « devrait être étayé par une prescription de la Cour por ‑
tant sur le traitement des éléments en cause ».
* *
42. La Cour est d’avis que, si l’Australie ne protégeait pas imméfdiate ‑
ment la confidentialité des éléments que ses agents ont saisifs le 3 dé‑
cembre 2013 dans les locaux professionnels d’un conseiller juridique du
Gouvernement du Timor‑Leste, un préjudice irréparable pourrait êftre causé
au droit du Timor‑Leste, de conduire sans ingérence une procédure farbitrale
et des négociations. En particulier, elle considère que la positiofn de celui‑ci
dans le cadre de l’arbitrage en vertu du traité sur la mer de Timofr et des
futures négociations maritimes avec l’Australie pourrait être tfrès gravement
compromise si les éléments saisis étaient divulgués à unef quelconque per ‑
sonne participant ou susceptible de participer à cet arbitrage ou àf ces nég‑o
14
8 CIJ1061.indb 157 25/03/15 08:46 158 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
confidentiality may not be capable of remedy or reparation as it mightf
not be possible to revert to the status quo ante following disclosure of the
confidential information.
43. The Court notes that the written undertaking given by the Attorney‑
General of Australia on 21 January 2014 includes commitments to the
effect that the seized material will not be made available to any part of the
Australian Government for any purpose in connection with the exploitatiofn
of resources in the Timor Sea or related negotiations, or in connection fwith
the conduct of the current case before the Court or of the proceedings off the
Timor Sea Treaty Tribunal. The Court observes that the Solicitor‑Generalf of
Australia moreover clarified during the hearings, in answer to a questfion from
a Member of the Court, that no person involved in the arbitration or negfo ‑
tiation has been informed of the content of the documents and data seizefd.
44. The Court further notes that the Agent of Australia stated that “the
Attorney‑General of the Commonwealth of Australia [had] the actual and
ostensible authority to bind Australia as a matter of both Australian lafw
and international law”. The Court has no reason to believe that the wfrit ‑
ten undertaking dated 21 January 2014 will not be implemented by Aus ‑
tralia. Once a State has made such a commitment concerning its conduct,
its good faith in complying with that commitment is to be presumed.
45. The Court, however, takes cognizance of the fact that, in para ‑
graph 3 of his written undertaking dated 21 January 2014, the Attorney‑
General states that the seized material will not be used “by any partf
of the Australian Government for any purpose other than national secu ‑
rity purposes (which include potential law enforcement referrals and
prosecutions)”. The Attorney‑General underlined in paragraph 2, that
“[s]hould [he] become aware of any circumstance which would make it
necessary for [him] to inform [himself] of the Material, [he] would first
bring that fact to the attention of the Court, at which time further undfer ‑
takings will be offered”.
46. Given that, in certain circumstances involving national security,
the Government of Australia envisages the possibility of making use of
the seized material, the Court finds that there remains a risk of disclosure
of this potentially highly prejudicial information. The Court notes thatf
the Attorney‑General of Australia has given an undertaking that any
access to the material, for considerations of national security, would bfe
highly restricted and that the contents of the material would not be
divulged to any persons involved in the conduct of the Timor Sea Treaty f
Arbitration, in the conduct of any future bilateral negotiations on marif ‑
time delimitation, or in the conduct of the proceedings before this Courft.
However, once disclosed to any designated officials in the circumstancefs
provided for in the written undertaking dated 21 January 2014, the infor ‑
mation contained in the seized material could reach third parties, and tfhe
confidentiality of the materials could be breached. Moreover, the Court
observes that the commitment of Australia to keep the seized material
sealed has only been given until the Court’s decision on the request for
the indication of provisional measures (see paragraph 39 above).
15
8 CIJ1061.indb 158 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fordonnance 3 III 14) 158
ciations au nom de l’Australie. Toute violation de la confidentialifté risquerait
de ne pas pouvoir être réparée, puisqu’il pourrait se révféler impossible de
revenir au statu quo ante après la divulgation d’informations confidentielles.
43. La Cour note que l’engagement écrit pris par l’Attorney‑General de
l’Australie le 21 janvier 2014 comprend l’assurance qu’aucune entité du
Gouvernement australien n’aura accès aux éléments saisis à toute fin
ayant trait à l’exploitation des ressources de la mer de Timor ou aux
négociations y relatives, ainsi qu’à la conduite de la procéfdure devant la
Cour ou de l’arbitrage en vertu du traité sur la mer de Timor. Ellfe observe
que le Solicitor‑General de l’Australie a par ailleurs précisé à l’audience,
en réponse à une question posée par un membre de la Cour, qu’faucune
personne prenant part à l’arbitrage ou aux négociations n’avfait été infor ‑
mée du contenu des documents et données saisis.
44. La Cour relève en outre que l’agent de l’Australie a indiquéf que
« l’Attorney‑General du Commonwealth d’Australie a[vait] le pouvoir effec ‑
tif et manifeste de prendre des engagements liant l’Australie, tant afu regard
du droit australien que du droit international». La Cour n’a aucune raison
de penser que l’engagement écrit en date du 21 janvier 2014 ne sera pas
respecté par l’Australie. Dès lors qu’un Etat a pris un tel fengagement quant
à son comportement, il doit être présumé qu’il s’y confformera de bonne foi.
45. La Cour constate néanmoins que, au paragraphe 3 de son engage ‑
ment écrit en date du 21 janvier 2014, l’Attorney‑General déclare que les
éléments saisis ne seront utilisés par «aucune entité du Gouvernement aus ‑
tralien … à quelque fin que ce soit, hormis pour des questions de sécfurité
nationale (notamment dans le cadre de la saisine des autorités chargfées de
l’application de la loi et de poursuites). Au paragraphe 2 de ce même docu ‑
ment, l’Attorney‑General souligne que, «[d]ans le cas où une circonstance,
quelle qu’elle soit, nécessiterait [qu’il] prenne connaissance fde ces éléments,
[il] en informer[ait] tout d’abord la Cour, et [prendrait] alors devafnt elle
d’autres engagements ».
46. Etant donné que, dans certaines circonstances touchant à la sécfu ‑
rité nationale, le Gouvernement de l’Australie envisage la possibiflité de
faire usage des éléments saisis, la Cour considère qu’un risfque subsiste
que ces informations qui peuvent se révéler hautement préjudicifables
soient divulguées. Elle relève que l’Attorney‑General de l’Australie s’est
engagé à ce que tout accès aux éléments en cause à desf fins de sécurité
nationale soit extrêmement limité et à ce que le contenu de ces éléments
ne soit divulgué à aucune personne participant à la conduite def l’arbitrage
en vertu du traité sur la mer de Timor, de toute négociation bilatférale
future relative à la délimitation maritime ou de la procédure dfevant la
Cour. Ce nonobstant, une fois communiquées à tout fonctionnaire habi ‑
lité aux fins visées dans l’engagement écrit en date du 21f janvier 2014, les
informations contenues dans les éléments saisis pourraient parvenifr à des
tiers, et la confidentialité de ces éléments pourrait êtref violée. La Cour
observe en outre que l’Australie ne s’est engagée à garder sfous scellés les
éléments saisis que jusqu’à ce qu’elle rende sa décisifon sur la demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires (voir paragraphe 39 ci‑dessus).
15
8 CIJ1061.indb 159 25/03/15 08:46 159 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
47. In light of the above, the Court considers that the written under ‑
taking dated 21 January 2014 makes a significant contribution towards
mitigating the imminent risk of irreparable prejudice created by the seif ‑
zure of the above‑mentioned material to Timor‑Leste’s rights, particuf ‑
larly its right to the confidentiality of that material being duly saffeguarded,
but does not remove this risk entirely.
48. The Court concludes from the foregoing that, in view of the cir ‑
cumstances, the conditions required by its Statute for it to indicate prfovi‑
sional measures have been met in so far as, in spite of the written
undertaking dated 21 January 2014, there is still an imminent risk of
irreparable prejudice as demonstrated in paragraphs 46 and 47 above. It
is therefore appropriate for the Court to indicate certain measures in
order to protect Timor‑Leste’s rights pending the Court’s decisionf on the
merits of the case.
IV. Measures to Be Adopted
49. The Court recalls that it has the power, under its Statute, when a
request for provisional measures has been made, to indicate measures
that are in whole or in part other than those requested. Article 75, para ‑
graph 2, of the Rules of Court specifically refers to this power of the
Court. The Court has already exercised this power on several occasions ifn
the past (see, for example, Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of
15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambo ‑
dia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand), Provisional Measures, Order of
18 July 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II), p. 551, para. 58). In the present
case, having considered the terms of the provisional measures requested f
by Timor‑Leste, the Court finds that the measures to be indicated needf
not be identical to those requested.
50. The Court notes that the Solicitor‑General of Australia clarified
during the oral proceedings that the written undertaking of the Attorneyf‑
General of 21 January 2014 “will not expire” without prior consultation
with the Court. Thus, this undertaking will not expire once the Court hafs
ruled on Timor‑Leste’s request for the indication of provisional measfures.
As the written undertaking of 21 January 2014 does not contain any
specific reference to the seized documents being sealed, the Court musft
also take into account the duration of Australia’s commitment to keepf
the said material under seal contained in the letter dated 23 Decem ‑
ber 2013 from the Attorney‑General of Australia to the Director‑General
of ASIO. The Court takes note of the fact that under the terms of that
letter, the commitment was given until the close of the oral proceedingsf
on the request for the indication of provisional measures. The Court furf ‑
ther observes that, during the oral proceedings, Australia gave assurancfes
that the seized material would remain sealed and kept inaccessible untilf
the Court had rendered its decision on that request.
16
8 CIJ1061.indb 160 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fordonnance 3 III 14) 159
47. Au vu des considérations exposées ci‑dessus, la Cour estime que
l’engagement écrit en date du 21 janvier 2014 contribue de manière
importante à atténuer le risque imminent de préjudice irrépafrable que
la saisie des éléments susmentionnés fait peser sur les droits du Timor‑
Leste et, en particulier, son droit à ce que la confidentialité fde ces
éléments soit dûment protégée, mais ne supprime pas entièfrement ce
risque.
48. La Cour conclut de ce qui précède que, vu les circonstances, les
conditions requises par son Statut pour qu’elle puisse indiquer des
mesures conservatoires sont remplies, puisque, en dépit de l’engagfement
écrit en date du 21 janvier 2014, un risque imminent de préjudice irrépa ‑
rable subsiste, ainsi que cela a été démontré aux paragraphefs 46 et 47
ci‑dessus. Il est donc approprié qu’elle indique certaines mesuresf conser ‑
vatoires afin de protéger les droits du Timor‑Leste en attendant quf’elle se
prononce sur le fond de l’affaire.
IV. Mesures devant être adfoptées
49. La Cour rappelle que, en vertu de son Statut, elle a le pouvoir,
lorsqu’une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires lui est prfé ‑
sentée, d’indiquer des mesures totalement ou partiellement difféfrentes de
celles qui ont été sollicitées. Ce pouvoir lui est expressément reconnu par
le paragraphe 2 de l’article 75 de son Règlement. La Cour l’a déjà exercé
à plusieurs reprises (voir, par exemple, Demande en interprétation de l’ar ‑
rêt du 15 juin 1962 en l’affaire du Temple de Préah Vihéar (Cambodge
c. Thaïlande) (Cambodge c. Thaïlande), mesures conservatoires, ordon ‑
nance du 18 juillet 2011, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (II), p. 551, par. 58). En la
présente espèce, ayant examiné le libellé des mesures conservatoires
demandées par le Timor‑Leste, la Cour estime que les mesures qu’ilf
convient d’indiquer n’ont pas à leur être identiques.
50. La Cour relève que le Solicitor‑General de l’Australie a précisé à
l’audience que l’engagement écrit pris par l’Attorney‑General le 21 jan ‑
vier 2014 « n’expirera[it] pas » sans qu’elle ne soit préalablement consul ‑
tée. Cet engagement n’expirera donc pas une fois que la Cour aura fstatué
sur la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires du Timor‑Leste.
L’engagement écrit du 21 janvier 2014 ne précisant pas que les éléments
saisis sont placés sous scellés, la Cour doit également tenir cfompte de la
durée de l’engagement de les garder sous scellés que l’Austrfalie a pris
dans la lettre en date du 23 décembre 2013 que son Attorney‑General a
adressée au directeur général de l’ASIO. Elle prend note de fce que, aux
termes de cette lettre, cet engagement valait jusqu’à la clôturfe de la procé ‑
dure orale relative à la demande en indication de mesures conservatoifres.
La Cour observe en outre que, à l’audience, l’Australie a donnéf l’assu ‑
rance que les éléments saisis demeureraient sous scellés et inafccessibles
jusqu’à ce qu’elle ait rendu sa décision sur cette demande.
16
8 CIJ1061.indb 161 25/03/15 08:46 160 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
51. Given the likelihood that much of the seized material contains sen ‑
sitive and confidential information relevant to the pending arbitratiofn
and that it may also include elements that are pertinent to any future
maritime negotiations which may take place between the Parties, the
Court finds that it is essential to ensure that the content of the seifzed
material is not in any way or at any time divulged to any person or per ‑
sons who could use it, or cause it to be used, to the disadvantage of
Timor‑Leste in its relations with Australia over the Timor Sea. It is thfere
fore necessary to keep the seized documents and electronic data and any f
copies thereof under seal until further decision of the Court.
52. Timor‑Leste has expressed concerns over the confidentiality of its
ongoing communications with its legal advisers concerning, in particularf,
the conduct of the Timor Sea Treaty Arbitration, as well as the conduct f
of any future negotiations over the Timor Sea and its resources, a mattefr
which is not covered by the written undertaking of the Attorney‑General f
of 21 January 2014. The Court further finds it appropriate to require
Australia not to interfere in any way in communications between
Timor‑Leste and its legal advisers, either in connection with the pendinfg
arbitral proceedings and with any future bilateral negotiations concernifng
maritime delimitation, or in connection with any other related procedure
between the two States, including the present case before the Court.
*
* *
53. The Court reaffirms that its “orders on provisional measures under
Article 41 [of the Statute] have binding effect” (LaGrand (Germany v.
United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506,
para. 109) and thus create international legal obligations for any party to
whom the provisional measures are addressed.
*
* *
54. The decision given in the present proceedings in no way prejudges the
question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the merits of thef case or
any questions relating to the admissibility of the Application, or relatfing to
the merits themselves. It leaves unaffected the right of the Governmenfts of
Timor‑Leste and Australia to submit arguments in respect of those questifons.
*
* *
55. For these reasons,
The Court,
Indicates the following provisional measures :
17
8 CIJ1061.indb 162 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fordonnance 3 III 14) 160
51. Une grande partie des éléments saisis comprenant probablement
des informations sensibles et confidentielles pertinentes aux fins dfe l’arbi‑
trage en cours et peut‑être aussi des informations pertinentes aux fifns de
négociations maritimes que les Parties pourraient mener à l’avefnir, la
Cour conclut qu’il est essentiel de faire en sorte que le contenu de fces
éléments ne soit d’aucune manière et à aucun moment divulfgué à une
quelconque personne susceptible de l’utiliser, ou d’en susciter l’futilisation,
au détriment du Timor‑Leste dans ses relations avec l’Australie enf ce qui
concerne la mer de Timor. Il convient dès lors que les documents et don ‑
nées électroniques saisis, ainsi que toute copie qui en aurait éfté faite,
soient conservés sous scellés jusqu’à toute nouvelle décifsion de la Cour.
52. Le Timor‑Leste a exprimé des préoccupations quant à la confidentia ‑
lité des communications qu’il continue d’avoir avec ses conseilflers juridiques
en ce qui concerne, notamment, la conduite de l’arbitrage en vertu duf traité
sur la mer de Timor et des futures négociations au sujet de la mer def Timor
et de ses ressources, aspect qui n’est pas couvert par l’engagemenft écrit de
l’Attorney‑General du 21 janvier 2014. La Cour estime approprié de prescrire
également à l’Australie de ne pas s’ingérer de quelque mafnière que ce soit
dans les communications entre le Timor‑Leste et ses conseillers juridiqufes
ayant trait à la procédure arbitrale en cours et à toute négfociation bilatérale
future sur la délimitation maritime, ou à toute autre procéduref entre les deux
Etats qui s’y rapporte, dont la présente instance devant la Cour.
*
* *
53. La Cour réaffirme que ses « ordonnances indiquant des mesures
conservatoires au titre de l’article 41 [du Statut] ont un caractère obliga ‑
toire » (LaGrand (Allemagne c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2001, p. 506, par. 109) et, partant, créent des obligations juridiques
internationales pour toute partie à laquelle ces mesures sont adresséfes.
*
* *
54. La décision rendue en la présente procédure ne préjuge en rifen la
question de la compétence de la Cour pour connaître du fond de l’faffaire,
ni aucune question relative à la recevabilité de la requête ou fau fond
lui‑même. Elle laisse intact le droit des Gouvernements du Timor‑Lestfe et
de l’Australie de faire valoir leurs moyens en ces matières.
*
* *
55. Par ces motifs,
La Cour,
Indique à titre provisoire les mesures conservatoires suivantes :
17
8 CIJ1061.indb 163 25/03/15 08:46 161 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
(1) By twelve votes to four,
Australia shall ensure that the content of the seized material is not in
any way or at any time used by any person or persons to the disadvantagef
of Timor‑Leste until the present case has been concluded ;
in favour : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda‑Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Xue,
Gaja, Bhandari ;Judge ad hoc Cot ;
against : Judges Keith, Greenwood, Donoghue ; Judge ad hoc Callinan ;
(2) By twelve votes to four,
Australia shall keep under seal the seized documents and electronic
data and any copies thereof until further decision of the Court ;
in favour : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda‑Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Xue,
Gaja, Bhandari ;Judge ad hoc Cot ;
against : Judges Keith, Greenwood, Donoghue ; Judge ad hoc Callinan ;
(3) By fifteen votes to one,
Australia shall not interfere in any way in communications between
Timor‑Leste and its legal advisers in connection with the pending Arbitra ‑
tion under the Timor Sea Treaty of 20 May 2002 between Timor‑Leste and
Australia, with any future bilateral negotiations concerning maritime
delimitation, or with any other related procedure between the two Statesf,
including the present case before the Court.
in favour : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda‑Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade,
Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Bhandari ; Judge ad hoc Cot ;
against : Judge ad hoc Callinan.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at f
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this third day of March, two thousand and
fourteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives off the
Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Democratic
Republic of Timor‑Leste and the Government of Australia, respectively.
(Signed) Peter Tomka,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.
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8 CIJ1061.indb 164 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fordonnance 3 III 14) 161
1) Par douze voix contre quatre,
L’Australie fera en sorte que le contenu des éléments saisis nef soit d’a‑
cune manière et à aucun moment utilisé par une quelconque persofnne au
détriment du Timor‑Leste, et ce, jusqu’à ce que la présente affaire vienne
à son terme ;
pour: M. Tomka,président ; M.Sepúlveda‑Amor,vice‑président ; MM.Owada,
me
Abraham, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, M Xue,
MM. Gaja, Bhandari, juges; M. Cot, juge ad hoc ;
contre :MM. Keith, Greenwood, M me Donoghue, juges; M. Callinan, juge
ad hoc ;
2) Par douze voix contre quatre,
L’Australie conservera sous scellés les documents et données électro ‑
niques saisis, ainsi que toute copie qui en aurait été faite, jusqfu’à toute
nouvelle décision de la Cour ;
pour: M. Tomka,président ; M.Sepúlveda‑Amor,vice‑président ; MM.Owada,
Abraham, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, M me Xue,
MM. Gaja, Bhandari,juges; M. Cot, juge ad hoc ;
contre :MM. Keith, Greenwood, M me Donoghue, juges ; M.Callinan, juge
ad hoc ;
3) Par quinze voix contre une,
L’Australie ne s’ingérera d’aucune manière dans les commufnications
entre le Timor‑Leste et ses conseillers juridiques ayant trait à l’Arbitrage
en vertu du traité du 20 mai 2002 sur la mer de Timor actuellement en
cours entre le Timor‑Leste et l’Australie, à toute négociation fbilatérale
future sur la délimitation maritime, ou à toute autre procéduref entre les
deux Etats qui s’y rapporte, dont la présente instance devant la Cfour.
pour : M.Tomka, président ; M.Sepúlveda‑Amor,vice‑président ; MM.Owada,
Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf,
Greenwood, M mesXue, Donoghue, MM. Gaja, Bhandari, juges; M. Cot,
juge ad hoc ;
contre : M.Callinan, juge ad hoc.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au Palafis de la
Paix, à La Haye, le trois mars deux mille quatorze, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres fseront trans‑
mis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République démocratique du
Timor‑Leste et au Gouvernement de l’Australie.
Le président,
(Signé) Peter Tomka.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe Couvreur.
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8 CIJ1061.indb 165 25/03/15 08:46 162 seizure and detentiofn (order 3 III 14)
Judge Keith appends a dissenting opinion to the Order of the Court ;
Judge Cançado Trindade appends a separate opinion to the Order of
the Court; Judge Greenwood appends a dissenting opinion to the Order
of the Court ; Judge Donoghue appends a separate opinion to the Order
of the Court; Judge ad hoc Callinan appends a dissenting opinion to the
Order of the Court.
(Initialled) P.T.
(Initialled) Ph.C.
19
8 CIJ1061.indb 166 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fordonnance 3 III 14) 162
M. le juge Keith joint à l’ordonnance l’exposé de son opinion dissi ‑
dente; M. le juge Cançado Trindade joint à l’ordonnance l’exposé de
son opinion individuelle ; M. le juge Greenwood joint à l’ordonnance
me
l’exposé de son opinion dissidente ; M la juge Donoghue joint à
l’ordonnance l’exposé de son opinion individuelle ; M. le juge ad hoc
Callinan joint à l’ordonnance l’exposé de son opinion dissidente.
(Paraphé) P.T.
(Paraphé) Ph.C.
19
8 CIJ1061.indb 167 25/03/15 08:46
Request for the indication of provisional measures
Order of 3 March 2014