COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
CONSTRUCTION D’UNE ROUTE AU COSTA RICA
LE LONG DU FLEUVE SAN JUAN
(NICARAGUA c. COSTA RICA)
CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES PAR LE NICARAGUA
DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE
(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
PRÉSENTÉE PAR LE NICARAGUA
ORDONNANCE DU 13 DÉCEMBRE 2013
2013
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA
ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER
(NICARAGUA v. COSTA RICA)
CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA
(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)
REQUEST PRESENTED BY NICARAGUA FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER OF 13 DECEMBER 2013
04 CIJ1053.indb 1 23/06/14 11:36 Mode officiel de citation :
Construction d’une route au Costa Rica le long du fleuve San Juan
(Nicaragua c. Costa Rica) ; Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua
dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 13 décembre 2013,
C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 398
Official citation :
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River
(Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) ; Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua
in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua),
Provisional Measures, Order of 13 December 2013,
I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 398
o
N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 1053
ISBN 978-92-1-071168-5
04 CIJ1053.indb 2 23/06/14 11:36 13 DÉCEMBRE 2013
ORDONNANCE
CONSTRUCTION D’UNE ROUTE AU COSTA RICA
LE LONG DU FLEUVE SAN JUAN
(NICARAGUA c. COSTA RICA)
CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES PAR LE NICARAGUA
DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE
(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
PRÉSENTÉE PAR LE NICARAGUA
CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA
ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER
(NICARAGUA v. COSTA RICA)
CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA
(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)
REQUEST PRESENTED BY NICARAGUA FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
13 DECEMBER 2013
ORDER
04 CIJ1053.indb 3 23/06/14 11:36 398
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2013
2013
13 December
13 December 2013 General List
Nos. 152 and 150
CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA
ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER
(NICARAGUA v.COSTA RICA)
CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA
(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)
REQUEST PRESENTED BY NICARAGUA FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER
Present: President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-AmorJudges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado
Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwoofd, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja,
Sebutinde, Bhandari ; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Dugard ;
Registrar Couvreur.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and
Articles 73 and 74 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order :
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Whereas :
1. By an Application filed with the Registry of the Court on 22 Decem-
ber 2011, the Republic of Nicaragua (hereinafter “Nicaragua”) institfuted
proceedings against the Republic of Costa Rica (hereinafter “Costa
Rica”) for “violations of Nicaraguan sovereignty and major envirofnmen-
tal damages on its territory”, contending, in particular, that Costa fRica
was undertaking construction works near the border area between the
two countries along the San Juan River, namely the construction of a
road (Route 1856) (case concerning the Construction of a Road in Costa
Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), hereinafter the
“Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case”). Further, Nicaragua, in its Application,
claimed that the new road caused ongoing damage to the river, on a largef
scale, “by the impetus it inevitably gives to agricultural and industfrial
activities”.
2. By an Order of 23 January 2012, the Court fixed 19 December 2012
and 19 December 2013 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a
Memorial by Nicaragua and a Counter-Memorial by Costa Rica. Nicara-
gua’s Memorial was filed within the time-limit thus prescribed.
3. At the time of the filing of its Memorial, Nicaragua requested the
Court, inter alia, to “decide proprio motu whether the circumstances of the
case require[d] the indication of provisional measures”. By letters dfated
11 March 2013, the Registrar informed the Parties that the Court was of the
view that the circumstances of the case, as they presented themselves to it at
that time, were not such as to require the exercise of its power under Afrti-
cle 75 of the Rules of Court to indicate provisional measures proprio motu.
4. By two separate Orders dated 17 April 2013, the Court joined the
proceedings in the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case with those in the case
concerning Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (hereinafter the “Costa Rica v. Nicaragua
case”), which had been brought by Costa Rica against Nicaragua on
18 November 2010, accompanied by a request for the indication of pro-
visional measures. By an Order of 8 March 2011 in the latter case, the
Court indicated certain provisional measures to both Parties. Following f
successive requests by Costa Rica and Nicaragua for the modification off
that Order, the Court, by an Order of 16 July 2013, found that the cir -
cumstances, as they then presented themselves to the Court, were not
such as to require the exercise of its power to modify the measures indif -
cated in its Order of 8 March 2011. On 24 September 2013, Costa Rica
filed with the Registry a request for the indication of new provisionafl
measures in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case. The full procedural history
of the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case is set out in the Court’s Order dated
22 November 2013 on Costa Rica’s request for the indication of new
provisional measures in that case.
5. On 11 October 2013, Nicaragua filed with the Registry a request for
the indication of provisional measures in the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica
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04 CIJ1053.indb 7 23/06/14 11:36 construction of a roadf; certain activities f(order 13 XII 13) 400
case. Nicaragua specified that it was not seeking the modification off the
Order of 8 March 2011 in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case, but rather
“the adoption of new provisional measures linked with the Nicaragua v.
Costa Rica case”. Nicaragua further suggested that its request be heard
concurrently with Costa Rica’s request for the indication of new provi -
sional measures at the same set of oral proceedings. By letter of 14 Octo -
ber 2013, Costa Rica objected to Nicaragua’s suggestion. By letters datedf
14 October 2013, the Registrar informed the Parties that the Court had
decided that it would consider the two requests separately.
6. Nicaragua, in outlining the facts which led it to bring the present
request, stated that Costa Rica “has repeatedly refused to give Nicaragua
appropriate information on the road works” and “has denied that itf has
any obligation to prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment or to
provide such a document to Nicaragua”. Nicaragua contended that,
“[a]s the rainy season enters into its heaviest stage washing even
greater quantities of sediment and run-off into the river’s waters,
Costa Rica has still not provided the necessary information to Nica -
ragua, nor has it taken the necessary actions along the 160-km road
to avoid or mitigate the irreparable damage that is being inflicted onf
the river and its surrounding environment, including on navigation
and the health and wellbeing of the population living along its mar -
gins”.
7. At the end of its request, Nicaragua asked the Court :
“as a matter of urgency to prevent further damage to the River and
to avoid aggravation of the dispute, to order the following provisional f
measures :
(1) that Costa Rica immediately and unconditionally provides Nica -
ragua with the Environmental Impact Assessment Study and all
technical reports and assessments on the measures necessary to
mitigate significant environmental harm to the River ;
(2) that Costa Rica immediately takes the following emergency meas-
ures :
(a)reduce the rate and frequency of road fill failure slumps and
landslides where the road crosses the steeper hill slopes, espe -
cially in locations where failed or eroded soil materials have
been or could potentially be delivered to the Río San Juan ;
(b) eliminate or significantly reduce the risk of future erosion and
sediment delivery at all stream crossings along Route 1856 ;
(c) immediately reduce road surface erosion and sediment deliv -
ery by improving dispersion of concentrated road runoff and
6
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increasing the number and frequency of road drainage struc -
tures ;
(d) control surface erosion and resultant sediment delivery from
bare soil areas that were exposed during clearing, grubbing
and construction activities in the last several years ;
(3) order Costa Rica not to renew any construction activities of the
road while the Court is seised of the present case.”
Nicaragua added that it “reserve[d] its right to amend and modify the
measures sought in light of any situation that might arise”.
8. The Registrar immediately communicated a copy of the said
request to the Government of Costa Rica. The Registrar also notified the
Secretary-General of the United Nations of the filing of the request by
Nicaragua.
9. At the public hearings held on 5, 6, 7 and 8 November 2013, in
accordance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, oral
observations on the request for the indication of provisional measures
were presented by :
On behalf of Nicaragua : H.E. Mr. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, Agent,
Mr. Stephen C. McCaffrey,
Mr. Paul S. Reichler,
Mr. Alain Pellet.
On behalf of Costa Rica : H.E. Mr. Edgar Ugalde Alvarez, Agent,
Mr. Arnoldo Brenes,
Mr. Samuel Wordsworth,
Mr. Sergio Ugalde, Co‑Agent,
Mr. Marcelo Kohen,
Ms Kate Parlett.
10. At the end of its second round of oral observations, Nicaragua
asked the Court to indicate provisional measures in the same terms as
included in its request (see paragraph 7 above).
11. At the end of its second round of oral observations, Costa Rica
stated the following :
“In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court and having
regard to the request for the indication of provisional measures of
the Republic of Nicaragua and its oral pleadings, the Republic of
Costa Rica submits that,
— for the reasons explained during these hearings and any other
reasons the Court might deem appropriate, the Republic of
Costa Rica asks the Court to dismiss the request for provi -
sional measures filed by the Republic of Nicaragua.”
*
* *
7
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I. Prima Facie Jurisdictiofn
12. The Court may indicate provisional measures only if the provisions
relied on by the Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which
its jurisdiction could be founded, but the Court need not satisfy itselff in a
definitive manner that it has jurisdiction as regards the merits of thfe case
(see, for example, Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or
Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May
2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 147, para. 40).
13. Nicaragua seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court in this case
on Article XXXI of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement signed at
Bogotá on 30 April 1948. In addition, Nicaragua seeks to found the juris -
diction of the Court on the declaration made by Costa Rica on 20 Febru -
ary 1973 under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, as well as on the
declaration which Nicaragua made on 24 September 1929 (as amended on
23 October 2001) under Article 36 of the Statute of the Permanent Court
of International Justice and which is deemed, pursuant to Article 36, para -
graph 5, of the Statute of the present Court, for the period which it still
has to run, to be acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of this Courft.
14. The Court considers that these instruments appear, prima facie, to
afford a basis on which it might have jurisdiction to rule on the merits of
the case (see Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border
Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of
8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 18, para. 52). The Court further
notes that, within the time-limit set out in Article 79, paragraph 1, of the
Rules of Court, Costa Rica did not raise any preliminary objection to itfs
jurisdiction. Moreover, Costa Rica did not contest the Court’s jurisdic -
tion in the present proceedings. In these circumstances, the Court finfds
that it may entertain the request for the indication of provisional mea -
sures submitted to it by Nicaragua.
II. The Rights whose Protecftion Is Sought
and the Measures Requesfted
15. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures under
Article 41 of the Statute has as its object the preservation of the respective
rights claimed by the parties in a case, pending its decision on the merfits
thereof. It follows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such
measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by it to belong
to either party. Therefore, the Court may exercise this power only if itf is
satisfied that the rights asserted by the requesting party are at leasft plau -
sible (see, for example, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the
Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of
8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 18, para. 53 ; Questions relating
to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Provi ‑
sional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 151,
para. 57).
8
04 CIJ1053.indb 13 23/06/14 11:36 construction of a roadf; certain activities f(order 13 XII 13) 403
16. Moreover, a link must exist between the rights which form the sub-
ject of the proceedings before the Court on the merits of the case and tfhe
provisional measures being sought (Certain Activities Carried Out by
Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional
Measures, Order of 8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 18, para. 54;
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports
2009, p. 151, para. 56).
* *
17. Nicaragua states that the rights which it seeks to protect are its
“rights of territorial sovereignty and integrity”, its “right tfo be free from
transboundary harm” and its “right to receive a transboundary envifron -
mental impact assessment from Costa Rica”.
18. At this stage of the proceedings, the Court is not called upon to
determine definitively whether the rights which Nicaragua wishes to sefe
protected exist; it need only decide whether the rights claimed by Nicara -
gua on the merits, and for which it is seeking protection, are plausiblef.
19. The Court initially observes that, under the 1858 Treaty of Lim -
its between Costa Rica and Nicaragua, the latter enjoys “dominion and
sovereign jurisdiction over the waters of the San Juan River” and thaft
thus the river “belongs to Nicaragua” (Dispute regarding Navigational and
Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009,
p. 229, para. 19 and p. 232, paras. 30-31). The Court notes that the
claimed right to be free from transboundary harm is the principal right f
underpinning Nicaragua’s request and is derived from the right of a Sftate
to sovereignty and territorial integrity. It recalls that
“[t]he existence of the general obligation of States to ensure that acti-
ities within their jurisdiction and control respect the environment of
other States or of areas beyond national control is now part of the
corpus of international law relating to the environment” (Legality of
the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports
1996 (I), pp. 241-242, para. 29).
The Court therefore considers that a correlative right to be free from sfuch
transboundary harm is plausible. With respect to the claimed right to
receive a transboundary environmental impact assessment from Costa
Rica, the Court has had occasion to state in another context that :
“in accordance with a practice, which in recent years has gained so
much acceptance among States . . . it may now be considered a
requirement under general international law to undertake an environ -
9
04 CIJ1053.indb 15 23/06/14 11:36 construction of a roadf; certain activities f(order 13 XII 13) 404
mental impact assessment where there is a risk that the proposed
industrial activity may have a significant adverse impact in a trans -
boundary context . . .” (Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v.
Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I), p. 83, para. 204).
Accordingly, the Court considers that the rights for which Nicaragua
seeks protection are plausible.
*
20. The Court now turns to the issue whether the provisional measures
requested are linked to the rights claimed and do not prejudge the merits
of the case.
21. The first provisional measure requested by Nicaragua is that Costa
Rica “immediately and unconditionally” provide it with an Environmfen -
tal Impact Assessment Study and all technical reports and assessments onf
the measures necessary to mitigate significant environmental harm to tfhe
San Juan River. The Court observes that this request is exactly the samef
as one of Nicaragua’s claims on the merits contained at the end of itfs
Application and Memorial in the present case. A decision by the Court tof
order Costa Rica to provide Nicaragua with such an Environmental
Impact Assessment Study as well as technical reports at this stage of thfe
proceedings would therefore amount to prejudging the Court’s decision
on the merits of the case.
22. The second provisional measure requested by Nicaragua is that
Costa Rica immediately take a number of emergency measures in order
to reduce or eliminate instances of erosion, landslides and sediment delfiv -
ery into the San Juan River as a result of the construction of the road.f
The Court considers that any such erosion, landslides and sediment delivf -
ery would be likely to affect Nicaragua’s claimed right to be free ffrom
transboundary harm. Therefore, a link exists between Nicaragua’s
claimed rights and the second provisional measure sought.
23. The third provisional measure sought by Nicaragua is that Costa
Rica not renew any construction activities with respect to the road whilfe
the Court is seised of the present case. In this regard, the Court consifders
that should Costa Rica’s construction activities continue, in particuflar on
the 41-km stretch of road running along the San Juan River upstream
from its intersection with the San Carlos River, there is a possibility that
Nicaragua’s right to be free from transboundary harm, which it seeks fto
protect by the second provisional measure requested, may be further
affected. The Court thus concludes that a link exists between Nicaragufa’s
claimed rights and the third provisional measure sought.
10
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III. Risk of Irreparable Prefjudice and Urgency
24. The Court, pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the power to
indicate provisional measures when irreparable prejudice could be causedf
to rights which are the subject of the judicial proceedings (see, for efxa -
mple, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 March 2011,
I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 21, para. 63).
25. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures will be
exercised only if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real anfd
imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused to the rights inf
dispute before the Court has given its final decision (ibid., pp. 21-22,
para. 64). The Court must therefore consider whether such a risk exists at
this stage of the proceedings.
* *
26. Nicaragua maintains that the transboundary movement of sedi -
ment and other debris resulting from Costa Rica’s road construction cfon-
stitutes trespasses upon its territory and causes constant and irreparable
prejudice to Nicaragua’s rights of sovereignty and territorial integrfity —
prejudice which would be significantly increased should Costa Rica’fs
road construction works resume. In particular, it refers in this regard to
an expert report by Professor Mathias Kondolf (of December 2012
annexed to the Memorial). It also refers to photographs showing land -
slides and the formation of deltas, as well as debris, such as a culvertf and
a piece of erosion control fabric, floating in the San Juan River. Nicfara -
gua draws attention to Professor Kondolf’s estimate that between 87,000
and 109,000 cubic metres of sediment are delivered into the San Juan
River from the road project annually under “normal” meteorologicalf
conditions, and to his statement that, when intense rains occur, the effects
would be “irreversible” in that there would be “no way to recovfer the
prior environmental values and intact ecosystem, nor to reverse the mas -
sive transfers of sediment from uplands to the river and other wetlands”f.
27. Nicaragua asserts that it will be very difficult, if not impossible, fofr
Nicaragua to remove, with the small dredgers at its disposal, the existifng
sedimentation of the San Juan River from the road project, and that
more delay in taking protective measures would make it virtually impos -
sible for Nicaragua to remedy the situation.
28. Nicaragua further submits that there is a serious risk of irreparable
harm to local species and the ecosystem of the San Juan River from the
delivery of coarse and fine sediment into the river from the road, duef to
the aggradation of the river channel, which results in burial of importafnt
aquatic habitats and consequent loss of native species. Nicaragua observfes
that, in 2001, the San Juan River Wildlife Refuge was designated a wet -
land of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, and that
11
04 CIJ1053.indb 19 23/06/14 11:36 construction of a roadf; certain activities f(order 13 XII 13) 406
the river’s wetlands support a great diversity of plant and animal liffe.
Nicaragua maintains that many of the animal species are threatened with f
extinction and interim measures are necessary to protect these species
from irreparable harm pending the Court’s Judgment in the case.
29. Nicaragua argues that the need for provisional measures is urgent
because irreparable harm to the river has already occurred, and addi -
tional and even greater irreparable harm is imminent, especially if Costfa
Rica resumes its construction activities. Nicaragua draws attention to af
public announcement by the Costa Rican Minister for Public Works and
Transportation, dated 14 March 2013, stating that Costa Rica would
resume its construction activities on the road before the end of the
year 2013 with a view to completing its construction between October
and December 2014.
*
30. Costa Rica, for its part, contends that the evidence necessary to
confirm the risk of irreparable harm is wholly lacking. In particular,
Costa Rica emphasizes that Nicaragua has not provided detailed data to
demonstrate that increased sediment from the road adds materially to
what is already a sediment-heavy river. Professor Thorne’s expert report
(of 4 November 2013), submitted by Costa Rica, concludes that, even
accepting Professor Kondolf’s estimate of increased sedimentation due to
the road construction activities, such amount falls well within the rangfe
of natural variability of sediment loads in the San Juan River, meaning f
that, even if such a change in load were to occur, it would be indiscernfible
and statistically undetectable. Costa Rica further submits that, even iff
there were a risk that sediment could be washed into the San Juan River,f
it would not have any adverse impact on the river and there would conse -
quently be no irreparable prejudice.
31. With respect to the alleged risk of irreparable harm to local species
and the ecosystem of the San Juan River, Costa Rica asserts that Nicara -
gua has not provided evidence on how individual species are being
adversely affected, and why there would be a risk of irreparable prejufdice
in that respect.
32. Costa Rica argues that it has itself already taken remediation mea -
sures in order to minimize the risks of any adverse environmental impactf
of the construction of the road. These works include the stabilization off
cut and fill slopes, building ditches, installing permanent culverts afnd
sediment traps, as well as planting vegetation. Costa Rica considers that
these remediation measures suffice to render the provisional measures
requested by Nicaragua superfluous.
12
04 CIJ1053.indb 21 23/06/14 11:36 construction of a roadf; certain activities f(order 13 XII 13) 407
33. During the second round of the oral proceedings, Costa Rica
pointed out that the schedule publicly announced on 14 March 2013 by
its Minister for Public Works and Transportation regarding the resump -
tion of construction activities had been superseded. It explained that, f
under the updated version of the schedule, the resumption of construc -
tion works on the section of the road along the south bank of the San
Juan River would not begin “before late 2014 or early 2015”, thereby fur -
ther underscoring, in its view, the lack of any basis to Nicaragua’s fargu -
ments concerning urgency. The Court regrets that Costa Rica did not
make this information available at an earlier stage.
* *
34. The Court considers that, on the basis of the evidence adduced,
Nicaragua has not established in the current proceedings that the ongoing
construction works have led to a substantial increase in the sediment lofad
in the river. It notes that Nicaragua did not contest the statement of
Costa Rica’s expert, Professor Thorne, that, even according to the figures
provided by Nicaragua’s expert, Professor Kondolf, the construction
activities are only contributing 1 to 2 per cent of the total sediment load
in the San Juan River and 2 to 3 per cent in the lower San Juan River.
The Court is of the view that this seems too small a proportion to have fa
significant impact on the river in the immediate future. It observes, fmore -
over, that the photographic and video evidence submitted by Nicaragua
does nothing to substantiate Nicaragua’s allegations relating to incrfeased
sedimentation levels. Neither has the Court been presented, at this stagfe,
with evidence as to any long-term effect on the river by aggradations of
the river channel allegedly caused by additional sediment from the con -
struction on the road. Finally, with respect to the alleged effect on the
ecosystem including individual species in the river’s wetlands, the Cfourt
finds that Nicaragua has not explained how the road works could endan -
ger such species, and that it has not identified with precision which fspecies
are likely to be affected.
35. In view of the above, the Court finds that Nicaragua has not shown
that there is any real and imminent risk of irreparable prejudice to thef
rights it invokes.
* * *
36. The Court concludes from the foregoing that the request for the
indication of provisional measures by Nicaragua cannot be upheld.
*
* *
13
04 CIJ1053.indb 23 23/06/14 11:36 construction of a roadf; certain activities f(order 13 XII 13)408
37. Having concluded that no provisional measures should be indi -
cated, the Court observes nevertheless that Costa Rica acknowledged
during the course of the oral proceedings that it has a duty not to causfe
any significant transboundary harm as a result of the construction worfks
on its territory, and that it would take the measures that it deemed appfro
priate to prevent such harm. The Court further observes that Costa Rica
has in any event recognized the necessity of remediation works, in order
to mitigate damage caused by the effects of poor planning and execution of
the road works in 2011, and has indicated that a number of remediation
measures to that end have already been undertaken. Finally, the Court noftes
that Costa Rica announced, during the same oral proceedings, that, with f
its Counter-Memorial, due to be filed by 19 December 2013, it would sub -
mit what it described as an “Environment Diagnostic” study coverinfg the
stretch of the road running along the bank of the San Juan River.
*
* *
38. The decision given in the present proceedings in no way prejudges
any questions relating to the merits or any other issues to be decided aft
that stage. It leaves unaffected the right of the Governments of Nicarfagua
and Costa Rica to submit arguments in respect of those questions.
*
* *
39. For these reasons,
The Court,
Unanimously,
Finds that the circumstances, as they now present themselves to the
Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its power under Articlfe 41
of the Statute to indicate provisional measures.
Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at tfhe
Peace Palace, The Hague, this thirteenth day of December, two thousand
and thirteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of
the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic off
Nicaragua and the Government of the Republic of Costa Rica, respectivelyf.
(Signed) Peter Tomka,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.
14
04 CIJ1053.indb 25 23/06/14 11:36
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
CONSTRUCTION D’UNE ROUTE AU COSTA RICA
LE LONG DU FLEUVE SAN JUAN
(NICARAGUA c. COSTA RICA)
CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES PAR LE NICARAGUA
DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE
(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
PRÉSENTÉE PAR LE NICARAGUA
ORDONNANCE DU 13 DÉCEMBRE 2013
2013
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA
ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER
(NICARAGUA v. COSTA RICA)
CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA
(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)
REQUEST PRESENTED BY NICARAGUA FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER OF 13 DECEMBER 2013
04 CIJ1053.indb 1 23/06/14 11:36 Mode officiel de citation :
Construction d’une route au Costa Rica le long du fleuve San Juan
(Nicaragua c. Costa Rica) ; Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua
dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 13 décembre 2013,
C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 398
Official citation :
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River
(Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) ; Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua
in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua),
Provisional Measures, Order of 13 December 2013,
I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 398
o
N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 1053
ISBN 978-92-1-071168-5
04 CIJ1053.indb 2 23/06/14 11:36 13 DÉCEMBRE 2013
ORDONNANCE
CONSTRUCTION D’UNE ROUTE AU COSTA RICA
LE LONG DU FLEUVE SAN JUAN
(NICARAGUA c. COSTA RICA)
CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES PAR LE NICARAGUA
DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE
(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
PRÉSENTÉE PAR LE NICARAGUA
CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA
ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER
(NICARAGUA v. COSTA RICA)
CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA
(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)
REQUEST PRESENTED BY NICARAGUA FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
13 DECEMBER 2013
ORDER
04 CIJ1053.indb 3 23/06/14 11:36 398
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2013
2013
13 décembre
Rôle général 13 décembre 2013
nos152 et 150
CONSTRUCTION D’UNE ROUTE AU COSTA RICA
LE LONG DU FLEUVE SAN JUAN
(NICARAGUA c. COSTA RICA)
CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES PAR LE NICARAGUA
DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE
(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
PRÉSENTÉE PAR LE NICARAGUA
ORDONNANCE
Présents: M. Tomka, président ; M. Sepúlveda-Amor, vice‑président ;
MM. Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov,
CançadoTrindade,Yusuf,Greenwood, M mesXue,Donoghue,
M. Gaja, MmeSebutinde, M. Bhandari,juges ;MM. Guillaume,
Dugard, juges ad hoc; M. Couvreur, greffier.
La Cour internationale de Justice,
Ainsi composée,
Après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
Vu les articles 41 et 48 de son Statut et les articles 73 et 74 de son Règle
ment,
Rend l’ordonnance suivante :
4
04 CIJ1053.indb 4 23/06/14 11:36 398
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2013
2013
13 December
13 December 2013 General List
Nos. 152 and 150
CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA
ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER
(NICARAGUA v.COSTA RICA)
CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA
(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)
REQUEST PRESENTED BY NICARAGUA FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER
Present: President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-AmorJudges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado
Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwoofd, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja,
Sebutinde, Bhandari ; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Dugard ;
Registrar Couvreur.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and
Articles 73 and 74 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order :
4
04 CIJ1053.indb 5 23/06/14 11:36 399 construction d’une rofute; certaines activitésf (ordonnance 13 XII 13)
Considérant que :
1. Par requête déposée au Greffe de la Cour le 22 décembre 2011, la
République du Nicaragua (ci-après le « Nicaragua») a introduit une ins -
tance contre la République du Costa Rica (ci-après le « Costa Rica ») à
raison d’« atteintes à la souveraineté du Nicaragua et [de] dommages
importants à l’environnement sur son territoire », affirmant notamment
que le Costa Rica avait entrepris des travaux à proximité de la zone fron -
talière entre les deux pays, le long du fleuve San Juan, à savoir la construc-
tion d’une route (route 1856) (affaire relative à la Construction d’une route
au Costa Rica le long du fleuve San Juan (Nicaragua c. Costa Rica),
ci-après l’« affaireNicaragua c. Costa Rica »). Dans sa requête, le Nicara -
gua alléguait en outre que la nouvelle route causait au fleuve des dom -
mages permanents, et à grande échelle, du fait de « l’élan que ce projet
imprim[ait] inéluctablement aux activités agricoles et industriellfes».
2. Par ordonnance du 23 janvier 2012, la Cour a fixé au 19 décembre 2012
et au 19 décembre 2013, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des délais
pour le dépôt d’un mémoire par le Nicaragua et d’un contrfe-mémoire par
le Costa Rica. Le mémoire du Nicaragua a été déposé dans le délfai ainsi
prescrit.
3. Au moment du dépôt de son mémoire, le Nicaragua a notamment prifé
la Cour d’« examiner d’office si les circonstances de l’affaire exige[aientf]
l’indication de mesures conservatoires ». Par lettres en date du 11 mars 2013,
le greffier a fait connaître aux Parties que la Cour considérait que les cir -
constances de l’affaire, telles qu’elles se présentaient alorfs à elle, n’étaient
pas de nature à exiger l’exercice de son pouvoir d’indiquer d’foffice des
mesures conservatoires en vertu de l’article 75 du Règlement.
4. Par deux ordonnances distinctes datées du 17 avril 2013, la Cour a
joint les instances dans l’affaire Nicaragua c. Costa Rica et dans l’affaire
relative à Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région
frontalière (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua) (ci-après l’« affaire Costa Rica
c. Nicaragua »), qui avait été introduite par le Costa Rica contre le Nicara-
gua le 18 novembre 2010, assortie d’une demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires. Par ordonnance rendue le 8 mars 2011 dans cette dernière
affaire, la Cour avait indiqué certaines mesures conservatoires à l’intention
des deux Parties. Le Costa Rica et le Nicaragua ayant successivement
déposé une demande tendant à la modification de cette ordonnafnce, la
Cour, par ordonnance du 16 juillet 2013, a jugé que les circonstances,
telles qu’elles se présentaient alors à elle, n’étaient pfas de nature à exiger
l’exercice de son pouvoir de modifier les mesures indiquées dans l’ordon -
nance du 8 mars 2011. Le 24 septembre 2013, le Costa Rica a déposé au
Greffe une demande en indication de nouvelles mesures conservatoires en
l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua. L’historique de la procédure dans cette
affaire est intégralement exposé dans l’ordonnance de la Courf du
22 novembre 2013 relative à la demande du Costa Rica en indication de
nouvelles mesures conservatoires dans cette affaire.
5. Le 11 octobre 2013, le Nicaragua a déposé au Greffe une demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires en l’affaire Nicaragua c. Costa Rica,
5
04 CIJ1053.indb 6 23/06/14 11:36 construction of a roadf; certain activities f(order 13 XII 13) 399
Whereas :
1. By an Application filed with the Registry of the Court on 22 Decem-
ber 2011, the Republic of Nicaragua (hereinafter “Nicaragua”) institfuted
proceedings against the Republic of Costa Rica (hereinafter “Costa
Rica”) for “violations of Nicaraguan sovereignty and major envirofnmen-
tal damages on its territory”, contending, in particular, that Costa fRica
was undertaking construction works near the border area between the
two countries along the San Juan River, namely the construction of a
road (Route 1856) (case concerning the Construction of a Road in Costa
Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), hereinafter the
“Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case”). Further, Nicaragua, in its Application,
claimed that the new road caused ongoing damage to the river, on a largef
scale, “by the impetus it inevitably gives to agricultural and industfrial
activities”.
2. By an Order of 23 January 2012, the Court fixed 19 December 2012
and 19 December 2013 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a
Memorial by Nicaragua and a Counter-Memorial by Costa Rica. Nicara-
gua’s Memorial was filed within the time-limit thus prescribed.
3. At the time of the filing of its Memorial, Nicaragua requested the
Court, inter alia, to “decide proprio motu whether the circumstances of the
case require[d] the indication of provisional measures”. By letters dfated
11 March 2013, the Registrar informed the Parties that the Court was of the
view that the circumstances of the case, as they presented themselves to it at
that time, were not such as to require the exercise of its power under Afrti-
cle 75 of the Rules of Court to indicate provisional measures proprio motu.
4. By two separate Orders dated 17 April 2013, the Court joined the
proceedings in the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case with those in the case
concerning Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (hereinafter the “Costa Rica v. Nicaragua
case”), which had been brought by Costa Rica against Nicaragua on
18 November 2010, accompanied by a request for the indication of pro-
visional measures. By an Order of 8 March 2011 in the latter case, the
Court indicated certain provisional measures to both Parties. Following f
successive requests by Costa Rica and Nicaragua for the modification off
that Order, the Court, by an Order of 16 July 2013, found that the cir -
cumstances, as they then presented themselves to the Court, were not
such as to require the exercise of its power to modify the measures indif -
cated in its Order of 8 March 2011. On 24 September 2013, Costa Rica
filed with the Registry a request for the indication of new provisionafl
measures in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case. The full procedural history
of the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case is set out in the Court’s Order dated
22 November 2013 on Costa Rica’s request for the indication of new
provisional measures in that case.
5. On 11 October 2013, Nicaragua filed with the Registry a request for
the indication of provisional measures in the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica
5
04 CIJ1053.indb 7 23/06/14 11:36 400 construction d’une rofute; certaines activitésf (ordonnance 13 XII 13)
précisant qu’il ne cherchait pas à obtenir la modification def l’ordonnance
du 8 mars 2011 en l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua, mais sollicitait «l’indi -
cation de nouvelles mesures conservatoires dans le cadre de l’affaifre Nica‑
ragua c. Costa Rica». Il proposait par ailleurs que sa demande fût examinée
concurremment avec la demande en indication de nouvelles mesures conser -
vatoires du Costa Rica, au cours des mêmes audiences. Par lettre du
14 octobre 2013, le Costa Rica a élevé des objections à cette proposition.
Par lettres en date du 14 octobre 2013, le greffier a fait connaître aux Parties
que la Cour avait décidé d’examiner les deux demandes séparéfment.
6. Le Nicaragua, en exposant les faits qui l’ont conduit à introduiref la
demande à l’examen, affirme que le Costa Rica « refuse obstinément de
[l’]informer … en bonne et due forme concernant le projet de route » et
qu’il «nie avoir l’obligation de procéder à une évaluation de l’impact sur
l’environnement ou de [lui] fournir un tel document ». Dans sa demande,
le Nicaragua fait valoir ce qui suit :
«Alors que nous arrivons au plus fort de la saison des pluies et
qu’une quantité encore plus importante de sédiments se déverfse dans
les eaux du fleuve, le Costa Rica n’a toujours pas communiqué au
Nicaragua les informations requises, et n’a pas non plus pris les
mesures nécessaires le long de la route de 160 kilomètres afin d’éviter
ou d’atténuer les dommages irréparables causés au fleuve eft au milieu
environnant, notamment à la navigation, ainsi qu’à la santé fet au
bien-être de la population riveraine. »
7. Au terme de sa demande, le Nicaragua prie la Cour
«d’indiquer d’urgence, pour empêcher que d’autres dommages sofient
causés au fleuve et que soit aggravé le présent différenfd, les mesures
conservatoires ci-après :
1) que le Costa Rica fournisse immédiatement et inconditionnelle -
ment au Nicaragua l’évaluation de l’impact sur l’environnemefnt
ainsi que tous les rapports techniques et évaluations concernant
les mesures nécessaires pour atténuer les dommages graves qui
pourraient être causés au fleuve ;
2) que le Costa Rica prenne immédiatement les mesures d’urgence
suivantes :
a) réduire l’ampleur et la fréquence des effondrements et glissef -
ments de terrain dus à l’affaissement du remblai dans les sec -
teurs où la route rencontre les pentes les plus escarpées, et en
particulier dans les zones où se sont accumulés ou sont suscep -
tibles de s’accumuler dans le San Juan les débris de l’érosion
ou de l’effondrement des sols ;
b) éliminer ou réduire sensiblement les risques futurs d’érosiofn et
de dépôt de sédiments à tous les points de passage de cours f
d’eau le long de la route 1856;
c) réduire immédiatement l’érosion du revêtement routier et fle
dépôt de sédiments en améliorant la dispersion du ruisselle -
6
04 CIJ1053.indb 8 23/06/14 11:36 construction of a roadf; certain activities f(order 13 XII 13) 400
case. Nicaragua specified that it was not seeking the modification off the
Order of 8 March 2011 in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case, but rather
“the adoption of new provisional measures linked with the Nicaragua v.
Costa Rica case”. Nicaragua further suggested that its request be heard
concurrently with Costa Rica’s request for the indication of new provi -
sional measures at the same set of oral proceedings. By letter of 14 Octo -
ber 2013, Costa Rica objected to Nicaragua’s suggestion. By letters datedf
14 October 2013, the Registrar informed the Parties that the Court had
decided that it would consider the two requests separately.
6. Nicaragua, in outlining the facts which led it to bring the present
request, stated that Costa Rica “has repeatedly refused to give Nicaragua
appropriate information on the road works” and “has denied that itf has
any obligation to prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment or to
provide such a document to Nicaragua”. Nicaragua contended that,
“[a]s the rainy season enters into its heaviest stage washing even
greater quantities of sediment and run-off into the river’s waters,
Costa Rica has still not provided the necessary information to Nica -
ragua, nor has it taken the necessary actions along the 160-km road
to avoid or mitigate the irreparable damage that is being inflicted onf
the river and its surrounding environment, including on navigation
and the health and wellbeing of the population living along its mar -
gins”.
7. At the end of its request, Nicaragua asked the Court :
“as a matter of urgency to prevent further damage to the River and
to avoid aggravation of the dispute, to order the following provisional f
measures :
(1) that Costa Rica immediately and unconditionally provides Nica -
ragua with the Environmental Impact Assessment Study and all
technical reports and assessments on the measures necessary to
mitigate significant environmental harm to the River ;
(2) that Costa Rica immediately takes the following emergency meas-
ures :
(a)reduce the rate and frequency of road fill failure slumps and
landslides where the road crosses the steeper hill slopes, espe -
cially in locations where failed or eroded soil materials have
been or could potentially be delivered to the Río San Juan ;
(b) eliminate or significantly reduce the risk of future erosion and
sediment delivery at all stream crossings along Route 1856 ;
(c) immediately reduce road surface erosion and sediment deliv -
ery by improving dispersion of concentrated road runoff and
6
04 CIJ1053.indb 9 23/06/14 11:36 401 construction d’une rofute; certaines activitésf (ordonnance 13 XII 13)
ment des eaux provenant de la route, et en augmentant le
nombre et la fréquence des structures de drainage de voirie ;
d) maîtriser l’érosion superficielle et les dépôts conséfcutifs d- sédi
ments provenant de sols nus dans les zones exposées aux acti -
vités de dégagement, d’arrachage et de construction menées
depuis plusieurs années ;
3) qu’il soit ordonné au Costa Rica de ne reprendre aucune activité
de construction de la route tant que la Cour demeurera saisie de
la présente affaire. »
Le Nicaragua ajoute qu’il « se réserve le droit d’amender ou de modifier
les mesures sollicitées en fonction de l’évolution de la situatfion».
8. Le greffier a immédiatement communiqué copie de ladite demande
au Gouvernement du Costa Rica. Il a également informé le Secrétaire
général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies du dépôt par le Nicaragua de
cette demande.
9. Au cours des audiences publiques tenues les 5, 6, 7 et 8 novembre
2013, conformément au paragraphe 3 de l’article 74 du Règlement, des
observations orales sur la demande en indication de mesures conserva -
toires ont été présentées par :
Au nom du Nicaragua: S. Exc. M. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, agent,
M. Stephen C. McCaffrey,
M. Paul S. Reichler,
M. Alain Pellet.
Au nom du Costa Rica : S. Exc. M. Edgar Ugalde Alvarez, agent,
M. Arnoldo Brenes,
M. Samuel Wordsworth,
M. Sergio Ugalde, coagent,
M. Marcelo Kohen,
M me Kate Parlett.
10. Au terme de son second tour d’observations orales, le Nicaragua a prifé
la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires dont le libellé est fidentique à
celui des mesures sollicitées dans sa demande (voir paragraphe 7 ci-dessus).
11. Au terme de son second tour d’observations orales, le Costa Rica a
déclaré ce qui suit :
«Conformément à l’article 60 du Règlement de la Cour et vu la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires introduite par
la République du Nicaragua ainsi que les plaidoiries de celle-ci, la
République du Costa Rica prie la Cour,
— pour les motifs exposés à l’audience et pour tous autres motifs
que la Cour pourrait retenir, de rejeter la demande en indica -
tion de mesures conservatoires introduite par la République
du Nicaragua. »
*
* *
7
04 CIJ1053.indb 10 23/06/14 11:36 construction of a roadf; certain activities f(order 13 XII 13) 401
increasing the number and frequency of road drainage struc -
tures ;
(d) control surface erosion and resultant sediment delivery from
bare soil areas that were exposed during clearing, grubbing
and construction activities in the last several years ;
(3) order Costa Rica not to renew any construction activities of the
road while the Court is seised of the present case.”
Nicaragua added that it “reserve[d] its right to amend and modify the
measures sought in light of any situation that might arise”.
8. The Registrar immediately communicated a copy of the said
request to the Government of Costa Rica. The Registrar also notified the
Secretary-General of the United Nations of the filing of the request by
Nicaragua.
9. At the public hearings held on 5, 6, 7 and 8 November 2013, in
accordance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, oral
observations on the request for the indication of provisional measures
were presented by :
On behalf of Nicaragua : H.E. Mr. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, Agent,
Mr. Stephen C. McCaffrey,
Mr. Paul S. Reichler,
Mr. Alain Pellet.
On behalf of Costa Rica : H.E. Mr. Edgar Ugalde Alvarez, Agent,
Mr. Arnoldo Brenes,
Mr. Samuel Wordsworth,
Mr. Sergio Ugalde, Co‑Agent,
Mr. Marcelo Kohen,
Ms Kate Parlett.
10. At the end of its second round of oral observations, Nicaragua
asked the Court to indicate provisional measures in the same terms as
included in its request (see paragraph 7 above).
11. At the end of its second round of oral observations, Costa Rica
stated the following :
“In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court and having
regard to the request for the indication of provisional measures of
the Republic of Nicaragua and its oral pleadings, the Republic of
Costa Rica submits that,
— for the reasons explained during these hearings and any other
reasons the Court might deem appropriate, the Republic of
Costa Rica asks the Court to dismiss the request for provi -
sional measures filed by the Republic of Nicaragua.”
*
* *
7
04 CIJ1053.indb 11 23/06/14 11:36 402 construction d’une rofute; certaines activitésf (ordonnance 13 XII 13)
I. Compétence prima facie
12. La Cour ne peut indiquer des mesures conservatoires que si les dis -
positions invoquées par le demandeur semblent prima facie constituer une
base sur laquelle sa compétence pourrait être fondée, mais n’fa pas besoin
de s’assurer de manière définitive qu’elle a compétencef quant au fond de
l’affaire (voir, par exemple, Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre
ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
28 mai 2009, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 147, par. 40).
13. Le Nicaragua entend fonder la compétence de la Cour en l’espècef,
d’une part, sur l’article XXXI du traité américain de règlement pacifique
signé à Bogotá le 30 avril 1948 et, d’autre part, sur la déclaration faite par
le Costa Rica le 20 février 1973 en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36
du Statut, ainsi que sur la déclaration qu’il a lui-même faite le 24 sep -
tembre 1929 en vertu de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour permanente de
Justice internationale (telle que modifiée le 23 octobre 2001) et qui est
considérée, pour la durée lui restant à courir, comme emportfant accepta -
tion de la juridiction obligatoire de la présente Cour, conformémefnt au
paragraphe 5 de l’article 36 de son Statut.
14. La Cour considère que ces instruments semblent, prima facie,
constituer une base sur laquelle elle pourrait fonder sa compétence pfour
se prononcer sur le fond (voir Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua
dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua), mesures conserva ‑
toires, ordonnance du 8 mars 2011, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 18, par. 52).
Elle relève d’ailleurs que le Costa Rica n’a soulevé aucune exception pré -
liminaire à sa compétence dans le délai visé au paragraphe 1 de l’article 79
de son Règlement. Le Costa Rica n’a, au demeurant, pas contestéf la com -
pétence de la Cour en la présente procédure. Dès lors, la Cofur conclut
qu’elle peut connaître de la demande en indication de mesures consferva -
toires que le Nicaragua lui a soumise.
II. Les droits dont la proftection est recherchfée
et les mesures demandfées
15. Le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires que la Cour tient
de l’article 41 de son Statut a pour objet de sauvegarder, dans l’attente de
sa décision sur le fond de l’affaire, les droits revendiqués fpar chacune des
parties. Il s’ensuit que la Cour doit se préoccuper de sauvegarderf par de
telles mesures les droits que l’arrêt qu’elle aura ultérieurfement à rendre
pourrait reconnaître à l’une ou à l’autre des parties. Aufssi ne peut-elle
exercer ce pouvoir que si elle estime que les droits allégués par la partie
demanderesse sont au moins plausibles (voir, par exemple, Certaines
activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région frontalière▯ (Costa Rica
c. Nicaragua), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 8 mars 2011,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 18, par. 53; Questions concernant l’obligation de
poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 28 mai 2009, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 151, par. 57).
8
04 CIJ1053.indb 12 23/06/14 11:36 construction of a roadf; certain activities f(order 13 XII 13) 402
I. Prima Facie Jurisdictiofn
12. The Court may indicate provisional measures only if the provisions
relied on by the Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which
its jurisdiction could be founded, but the Court need not satisfy itselff in a
definitive manner that it has jurisdiction as regards the merits of thfe case
(see, for example, Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or
Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May
2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 147, para. 40).
13. Nicaragua seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court in this case
on Article XXXI of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement signed at
Bogotá on 30 April 1948. In addition, Nicaragua seeks to found the juris -
diction of the Court on the declaration made by Costa Rica on 20 Febru -
ary 1973 under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, as well as on the
declaration which Nicaragua made on 24 September 1929 (as amended on
23 October 2001) under Article 36 of the Statute of the Permanent Court
of International Justice and which is deemed, pursuant to Article 36, para -
graph 5, of the Statute of the present Court, for the period which it still
has to run, to be acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of this Courft.
14. The Court considers that these instruments appear, prima facie, to
afford a basis on which it might have jurisdiction to rule on the merits of
the case (see Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border
Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of
8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 18, para. 52). The Court further
notes that, within the time-limit set out in Article 79, paragraph 1, of the
Rules of Court, Costa Rica did not raise any preliminary objection to itfs
jurisdiction. Moreover, Costa Rica did not contest the Court’s jurisdic -
tion in the present proceedings. In these circumstances, the Court finfds
that it may entertain the request for the indication of provisional mea -
sures submitted to it by Nicaragua.
II. The Rights whose Protecftion Is Sought
and the Measures Requesfted
15. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures under
Article 41 of the Statute has as its object the preservation of the respective
rights claimed by the parties in a case, pending its decision on the merfits
thereof. It follows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such
measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by it to belong
to either party. Therefore, the Court may exercise this power only if itf is
satisfied that the rights asserted by the requesting party are at leasft plau -
sible (see, for example, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the
Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of
8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 18, para. 53 ; Questions relating
to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Provi ‑
sional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 151,
para. 57).
8
04 CIJ1053.indb 13 23/06/14 11:36 403 construction d’une rofute; certaines activitésf (ordonnance 13 XII 13)
16. Par ailleurs, un lien doit exister entre les droits qui font l’objet fde
l’instance pendante devant la Cour sur le fond de l’affaire et lfes mesures
conservatoires sollicitées (Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans
la région frontalière (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 8 mars 2011, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 18, par. 54 ;
Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Be▯lgique c.
Sénégal), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 28 mai 2009, C.I.J. Recueil
2009, p. 151, par. 56).
* *
17. Le Nicaragua déclare que les droits qu’il cherche à protégerf sont
ses «droits … à la souveraineté et à l’intégrité territoriales», son «droit de
ne subir aucun dommage transfrontière » et son « droit de recevoir du
Costa Rica une évaluation de l’impact environnemental transfrontière ».
18. A ce stade de la procédure, la Cour n’est pas appelée à se pfronon -
cer définitivement sur le point de savoir si les droits que le Nicafragua
souhaite voir protégés existent ; il lui faut seulement déterminer si les
droits revendiqués par le Nicaragua au fond, et dont il sollicite la fprotec -
tion, sont plausibles.
19. La Cour commencera par observer que, aux termes du traité de limi-
tes de 1858 entre le Costa Rica et le Nicaragua, ce dernier jouit del’« autorité
et [de] la juridiction souveraine sur les eaux du fleuve San Juan» et que, par
suite, «la souveraineté [sur le fleuve] appartient au Nicaragua » (Différend
relatif à des droits de navigation et des droits connexes (Costa Rica c. Nica ‑
ragua), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 229, par. 19, et p. 232, par. 30-31). Elle
note que le droit de ne subir aucun dommage transfrontière, que revenfdique
le Nicaragua, est le droit principal qui sous-tend la demande à l’examen, et
qu’il découle du droit de tout Etat à la souveraineté et àf l’intégrité territo -
riale. A cet égard, elle rappelle que
«[l]’obligation générale qu’ont les Etats de veiller à ce fque les activi -
tés exercées dans les limites de leur juridiction ou sous leur contrôle
respectent l’environnement dans d’autres Etats ou dans des zones nfe
relevant d’aucune juridiction nationale fait maintenant partie du
corps de règles du droit international de l’environnement» (Licéité de
la menace ou de l’emploi d’armes nucléaires, avis consultatif, C.I.J.
Recueil 1996 (I), p. 241-242, par. 29).
Dès lors, elle considère que l’existence d’un droit corréflatif de ne subir
aucun dommage transfrontière est plausible. S’agissant du droit def rece -
voir du Costa Rica une évaluation de l’impact environnemental trans -
frontière, que revendique le Nicaragua, la Cour a déjà eu l’occasion, dans
un contexte différent, de préciser que,
«conformément à une pratique acceptée … largement par les Etafts
ces dernières années … l’on peut désormais considérer qu’il existe, en
droit international général, une obligation de procéder à unfe évalua -
9
04 CIJ1053.indb 14 23/06/14 11:36 construction of a roadf; certain activities f(order 13 XII 13) 403
16. Moreover, a link must exist between the rights which form the sub-
ject of the proceedings before the Court on the merits of the case and tfhe
provisional measures being sought (Certain Activities Carried Out by
Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional
Measures, Order of 8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 18, para. 54;
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports
2009, p. 151, para. 56).
* *
17. Nicaragua states that the rights which it seeks to protect are its
“rights of territorial sovereignty and integrity”, its “right tfo be free from
transboundary harm” and its “right to receive a transboundary envifron -
mental impact assessment from Costa Rica”.
18. At this stage of the proceedings, the Court is not called upon to
determine definitively whether the rights which Nicaragua wishes to sefe
protected exist; it need only decide whether the rights claimed by Nicara -
gua on the merits, and for which it is seeking protection, are plausiblef.
19. The Court initially observes that, under the 1858 Treaty of Lim -
its between Costa Rica and Nicaragua, the latter enjoys “dominion and
sovereign jurisdiction over the waters of the San Juan River” and thaft
thus the river “belongs to Nicaragua” (Dispute regarding Navigational and
Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009,
p. 229, para. 19 and p. 232, paras. 30-31). The Court notes that the
claimed right to be free from transboundary harm is the principal right f
underpinning Nicaragua’s request and is derived from the right of a Sftate
to sovereignty and territorial integrity. It recalls that
“[t]he existence of the general obligation of States to ensure that acti-
ities within their jurisdiction and control respect the environment of
other States or of areas beyond national control is now part of the
corpus of international law relating to the environment” (Legality of
the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports
1996 (I), pp. 241-242, para. 29).
The Court therefore considers that a correlative right to be free from sfuch
transboundary harm is plausible. With respect to the claimed right to
receive a transboundary environmental impact assessment from Costa
Rica, the Court has had occasion to state in another context that :
“in accordance with a practice, which in recent years has gained so
much acceptance among States . . . it may now be considered a
requirement under general international law to undertake an environ -
9
04 CIJ1053.indb 15 23/06/14 11:36 404 construction d’une rofute; certaines activitésf (ordonnance 13 XII 13)
tion de l’impact sur l’environnement lorsque l’activité indufstrielle
projetée risque d’avoir un impact préjudiciable important dans f
un cadre transfrontière» (Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuveUruguay
(Argentine c. Uruguay), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2010 (I), p. 83,
par. 204).
En conséquence, elle estime que les droits que le Nicaragua cherche àf
protéger sont plausibles.
*
20. La Cour en vient maintenant à la question de savoir si les mesures
conservatoires sollicitées sont liées aux droits revendiqués etf ne préjugent
pas le fond de l’affaire.
21. La première mesure conservatoire demandée par le Nicaragua
consiste à ordonner au Costa Rica de lui fournir «immédiatement et incon -
ditionnellement» une évaluation de l’impact sur l’environnement ainsi que
tous les rapports techniques et évaluations concernant les mesures néfces -
saires pour atténuer les dommages graves qui pourraient être causéfs au
fleuve. La Cour relève que cette demande est exactement la même fqu’une
des demandes au fond que le Nicaragua a formulées à la fin de saf requête
et de son mémoire en la présente espèce. Une décision prescrfivant au
Costa Rica de fournir au Nicaragua pareille évaluation de l’impact sur
l’environnement ainsi que des rapports techniques à ce stade de laf procé -
dure reviendrait donc à préjuger la décision de la Cour sur le fond de
l’affaire.
22. La deuxième mesure conservatoire sollicitée par le Nicaragua
consiste à ordonner au Costa Rica de prendre immédiatement une série de
mesures d’urgence afin de réduire ou d’éliminer les phéfnomènes d’érosion,
de glissement de terrain et de dépôt de sédiments dans le San Juan résul -
tant de la construction de la route. La Cour considère que tout phé -
nomène de ce type serait susceptible de léser le droit de ne subirf aucun
dommage transfrontière que revendique le Nicaragua. Il existe donc unf
lien entre les droits revendiqués par le Nicaragua et la deuxième mesure
conservatoire demandée.
23. La troisième mesure conservatoire sollicitée par le Nicaragua
consiste à ordonner au Costa Rica de ne reprendre aucune activité de
construction relative à la route tant que la Cour demeurera saisie def la
présente affaire. A cet égard, la Cour estime que, si les activiftés de
construction du Costa Rica se poursuivent, notamment sur le tronçon de
la route qui, sur 41 kilomètres, longe le fleuve San Juan en amont de l’in -
tersection entre celui-ci et le fleuve San Carlos, il se peut que le droit du
Nicaragua de ne subir aucun dommage transfrontière, qu’il cherche fà
protéger par la deuxième mesure conservatoire sollicitée, soit flà aussi lésé.
La Cour en conclut qu’il existe un lien entre les droits revendiqués par le
Nicaragua et la troisième mesure conservatoire demandée.
10
04 CIJ1053.indb 16 23/06/14 11:36 construction of a roadf; certain activities f(order 13 XII 13) 404
mental impact assessment where there is a risk that the proposed
industrial activity may have a significant adverse impact in a trans -
boundary context . . .” (Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v.
Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I), p. 83, para. 204).
Accordingly, the Court considers that the rights for which Nicaragua
seeks protection are plausible.
*
20. The Court now turns to the issue whether the provisional measures
requested are linked to the rights claimed and do not prejudge the merits
of the case.
21. The first provisional measure requested by Nicaragua is that Costa
Rica “immediately and unconditionally” provide it with an Environmfen -
tal Impact Assessment Study and all technical reports and assessments onf
the measures necessary to mitigate significant environmental harm to tfhe
San Juan River. The Court observes that this request is exactly the samef
as one of Nicaragua’s claims on the merits contained at the end of itfs
Application and Memorial in the present case. A decision by the Court tof
order Costa Rica to provide Nicaragua with such an Environmental
Impact Assessment Study as well as technical reports at this stage of thfe
proceedings would therefore amount to prejudging the Court’s decision
on the merits of the case.
22. The second provisional measure requested by Nicaragua is that
Costa Rica immediately take a number of emergency measures in order
to reduce or eliminate instances of erosion, landslides and sediment delfiv -
ery into the San Juan River as a result of the construction of the road.f
The Court considers that any such erosion, landslides and sediment delivf -
ery would be likely to affect Nicaragua’s claimed right to be free ffrom
transboundary harm. Therefore, a link exists between Nicaragua’s
claimed rights and the second provisional measure sought.
23. The third provisional measure sought by Nicaragua is that Costa
Rica not renew any construction activities with respect to the road whilfe
the Court is seised of the present case. In this regard, the Court consifders
that should Costa Rica’s construction activities continue, in particuflar on
the 41-km stretch of road running along the San Juan River upstream
from its intersection with the San Carlos River, there is a possibility that
Nicaragua’s right to be free from transboundary harm, which it seeks fto
protect by the second provisional measure requested, may be further
affected. The Court thus concludes that a link exists between Nicaragufa’s
claimed rights and the third provisional measure sought.
10
04 CIJ1053.indb 17 23/06/14 11:36 405 construction d’une rofute; certaines activitésf (ordonnance 13 XII 13)
III. Risque de préjudice irrféparable et urgence
24. La Cour tient de l’article 41 de son Statut le pouvoir d’indiquer des
mesures conservatoires lorsqu’un préjudice irréparable risque df’être causé
aux droits en litige dans une procédure judiciaire (voir, par exemplfe, Cer ‑
taines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région frontal▯ière (Costa
Rica c. Nicaragua), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 8 mars 2011,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 21, par. 63).
25. Le pouvoir de la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires ne
sera toutefois exercé que s’il y a urgence, c’est-à-dire s’il existe un risque
réel et imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé afux droits en litige
avant que la Cour n’ait rendu sa décision définitive (ibid., p. 21-22,
par. 64). La Cour doit donc rechercher si pareil risque existe en l’espèfce.
* *
26. Le Nicaragua fait valoir que le déplacement transfrontière de séfdi-
ments et d’autres résidus qui résulte de la construction de la froute constitue
une violation de son territoire et cause un préjudice constant et irrféparable
à ses droits à la souveraineté et à l’intégrité terfritoriale, préjudice qui se
trouverait notablement aggravé si les travaux de construction effecftués par
le Costa Rica reprenaient. A cet égard, il se réfère en particulier à un rap -
port d’expert établi par M. Mathias Kondolf (rapport du mois de
décembre 2012, annexé au mémoire). Il se réfère également à des photogra -
phies montrant des glissements de terrain et la formation de deltas, ainfsi
que certains résidus tels qu’un ponceau et un morceau de bâche fanti-
érosion flottant sur le fleuve San Juan. Le Nicaragua appelle l’attention sur
ce que, selon les estimations de M. Kondolf, entre 87000 et 109 000 mètres
cubes de sédiments sont rejetés chaque année dans le San Juan du fait du
chantier dans des conditions météorologiques « normales», et que, en cas de
précipitations violentes, les conséquences de ce phénomène seraientir «réver-
sibles» puisque «rien ne permettra[it] de revenir au statu quo ante environ-
nemental, ni d’évacuer les énormes quantités de sédimentsf charriés depuis
les hauteurs vers le fleuve et les autres zones humides».
27. Le Nicaragua soutient qu’il lui sera très difficile, sinon impossfible,
à l’aide des petites dragues dont il dispose, d’évacuer les fsédiments qui se
sont déjà accumulés dans le San Juan du fait du projet de route et que, si
la mise en œuvre de mesures protectrices était encore retardée,f il lui serait
quasiment impossible de remédier à la situation.
28. Le Nicaragua avance en outre que le dépôt dans le San Juan de
sédiments fins et grossiers provenant de la route fait peser un risfque de
préjudice irréparable sur les espèces locales et l’écosysftème du fleuve,
puisque cela se traduit par un alluvionnement du chenal qui provoque
l’enterrement d’importants habitats aquatiques et, partant, la disfparition
de certaines espèces indigènes. Il rappelle que, en 2001, la réfserve naturelle
du San Juan a été désignée zone humide d’importance internationafle au
11
04 CIJ1053.indb 18 23/06/14 11:36 construction of a roadf; certain activities f(order 13 XII 13) 405
III. Risk of Irreparable Prefjudice and Urgency
24. The Court, pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the power to
indicate provisional measures when irreparable prejudice could be causedf
to rights which are the subject of the judicial proceedings (see, for efxa -
mple, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 March 2011,
I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 21, para. 63).
25. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures will be
exercised only if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real anfd
imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused to the rights inf
dispute before the Court has given its final decision (ibid., pp. 21-22,
para. 64). The Court must therefore consider whether such a risk exists at
this stage of the proceedings.
* *
26. Nicaragua maintains that the transboundary movement of sedi -
ment and other debris resulting from Costa Rica’s road construction cfon-
stitutes trespasses upon its territory and causes constant and irreparable
prejudice to Nicaragua’s rights of sovereignty and territorial integrfity —
prejudice which would be significantly increased should Costa Rica’fs
road construction works resume. In particular, it refers in this regard to
an expert report by Professor Mathias Kondolf (of December 2012
annexed to the Memorial). It also refers to photographs showing land -
slides and the formation of deltas, as well as debris, such as a culvertf and
a piece of erosion control fabric, floating in the San Juan River. Nicfara -
gua draws attention to Professor Kondolf’s estimate that between 87,000
and 109,000 cubic metres of sediment are delivered into the San Juan
River from the road project annually under “normal” meteorologicalf
conditions, and to his statement that, when intense rains occur, the effects
would be “irreversible” in that there would be “no way to recovfer the
prior environmental values and intact ecosystem, nor to reverse the mas -
sive transfers of sediment from uplands to the river and other wetlands”f.
27. Nicaragua asserts that it will be very difficult, if not impossible, fofr
Nicaragua to remove, with the small dredgers at its disposal, the existifng
sedimentation of the San Juan River from the road project, and that
more delay in taking protective measures would make it virtually impos -
sible for Nicaragua to remedy the situation.
28. Nicaragua further submits that there is a serious risk of irreparable
harm to local species and the ecosystem of the San Juan River from the
delivery of coarse and fine sediment into the river from the road, duef to
the aggradation of the river channel, which results in burial of importafnt
aquatic habitats and consequent loss of native species. Nicaragua observfes
that, in 2001, the San Juan River Wildlife Refuge was designated a wet -
land of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, and that
11
04 CIJ1053.indb 19 23/06/14 11:36 406 construction d’une rofute; certaines activitésf (ordonnance 13 XII 13)
sens de la convention de Ramsar, et que la zone humide dans laquelle se f
trouve le fleuve abrite une flore et une faune d’une grande diversité. Selon
le Nicaragua, nombre de ces espèces animales sont menacées d’extinction,
et des mesures conservatoires sont nécessaires pour les protéger de tout
préjudice irréparable dans l’attente de l’arrêt de la Coufr en l’affaire.
29. Le Nicaragua affirme qu’il est urgent que des mesures conser-
vatoires soient indiquées parce qu’un préjudice irréparable fa déjà été
causé au fleuve et qu’un préjudice supplémentaire et plus fgrave encore est
imminent, surtout si le Costa Rica reprend ses activités de construction.
A cet égard, il appelle l’attention sur une déclaration publiqufe du
ministre costa-ricien des travaux publics et des transports en date du
14 mars 2013, annonçant que le Costa Rica reprendra la construction de
la route avant la fin de l’année 2013 en vue d’achever les travaux entre le
mois d’octobre et le mois de décembre 2014.
*
30. Le Costa Rica, quant à lui, soutient que les éléments de preuve
nécessaires pour confirmer l’existence d’un risque de préjudice irrépa -
rable font totalement défaut. Il souligne en particulier que le Nicaragua
n’a pas présenté de données détaillées démontrant qfu’une sédimentation
accrue résultant de la construction de la route viendrait augmenter dfe
façon sensible les quantités importantes de sédiments déjàf présentes dans
le fleuve. Dans son rapport d’expert (du 4 novembre 2013), présenté
par le Costa Rica, M. Thorne conclut ainsi que, même en se fondant
sur les estimations de M. Kondolf au sujet de l’accroissement de la
sédimentation généré par les travaux en cause, ces quantitéfs restent bien
inférieures à la limite de variabilité naturelle de la charge sfolide pré -
sente dans le fleuve, ce qui signifie que, même si une variation de cetfte
charge devait se produire, elle serait indiscernable et statistiquement
indétectable. Le Costa Rica avance en outre que, quand bien même il
existerait un risque que des sédiments soient rejetés dans le flfeuve, cela
n’aurait sur celui-ci aucune incidence négative et il n’y aurait donc pas
de préjudice irréparable.
31. S’agissant du risque allégué de préjudice irréparable auxf espèces
locales et à l’écosystème du fleuve San Juan, le Costa Rica fait valoir que
le Nicaragua n’a présenté aucun élément de preuve étabflissant les effets
préjudiciables que subiraient les différentes espèces et montfrant l’existence
d’un tel risque.
32. Le Costa Rica affirme qu’il a lui-même déjà pris des mesures cor -
rectrices afin de minimiser tout risque d’impact environnemental préjudi -
ciable dû à la construction de la route. Ces mesures comprennent lfa
stabilisation des talus de déblayage et de remblayage, la constructiofn de
fossés, la mise en place de ponceaux et de pièges à sédimentfs permanents,
ainsi que la plantation de végétation. Selon le Costa Rica, ces mesures
correctrices suffisent à rendre superflues les mesures conservatoires sollici -
tées par le Nicaragua.
12
04 CIJ1053.indb 20 23/06/14 11:36 construction of a roadf; certain activities f(order 13 XII 13) 406
the river’s wetlands support a great diversity of plant and animal liffe.
Nicaragua maintains that many of the animal species are threatened with f
extinction and interim measures are necessary to protect these species
from irreparable harm pending the Court’s Judgment in the case.
29. Nicaragua argues that the need for provisional measures is urgent
because irreparable harm to the river has already occurred, and addi -
tional and even greater irreparable harm is imminent, especially if Costfa
Rica resumes its construction activities. Nicaragua draws attention to af
public announcement by the Costa Rican Minister for Public Works and
Transportation, dated 14 March 2013, stating that Costa Rica would
resume its construction activities on the road before the end of the
year 2013 with a view to completing its construction between October
and December 2014.
*
30. Costa Rica, for its part, contends that the evidence necessary to
confirm the risk of irreparable harm is wholly lacking. In particular,
Costa Rica emphasizes that Nicaragua has not provided detailed data to
demonstrate that increased sediment from the road adds materially to
what is already a sediment-heavy river. Professor Thorne’s expert report
(of 4 November 2013), submitted by Costa Rica, concludes that, even
accepting Professor Kondolf’s estimate of increased sedimentation due to
the road construction activities, such amount falls well within the rangfe
of natural variability of sediment loads in the San Juan River, meaning f
that, even if such a change in load were to occur, it would be indiscernfible
and statistically undetectable. Costa Rica further submits that, even iff
there were a risk that sediment could be washed into the San Juan River,f
it would not have any adverse impact on the river and there would conse -
quently be no irreparable prejudice.
31. With respect to the alleged risk of irreparable harm to local species
and the ecosystem of the San Juan River, Costa Rica asserts that Nicara -
gua has not provided evidence on how individual species are being
adversely affected, and why there would be a risk of irreparable prejufdice
in that respect.
32. Costa Rica argues that it has itself already taken remediation mea -
sures in order to minimize the risks of any adverse environmental impactf
of the construction of the road. These works include the stabilization off
cut and fill slopes, building ditches, installing permanent culverts afnd
sediment traps, as well as planting vegetation. Costa Rica considers that
these remediation measures suffice to render the provisional measures
requested by Nicaragua superfluous.
12
04 CIJ1053.indb 21 23/06/14 11:36 407 construction d’une rofute; certaines activitésf (ordonnance 13 XII 13)
33. Au second tour de plaidoiries, le Costa Rica a indiqué que le pro -
gramme de reprise des travaux, qui avait été publiquement annoncéf le
14 mars 2013 par son ministre des travaux publics et des transports, était
désormais caduc. Il a précisé que, dans sa version actualiséfe, le pro -
gramme des travaux prévoyait que la construction du tronçon de roufte
longeant la rive sud du San Juan ne reprendrait pas avant « la fin de l’an -
née 2014 ou le début de l’année 2015 », ce qui montre une nouvelle fois,
selon lui, à quel point les arguments du Nicaragua relatifs à l’furgence sont
dépourvus de tout fondement. La Cour regrette que le Costa Rica n’ait
pas fait connaître cette information à un stade antérieur.
* *
34. Au vu des éléments de preuve qui lui ont été présentésf, la Cour
considère que le Nicaragua n’a pas établi en la présente profcédure que les
travaux de construction en cours ont conduit à un accroissement sensifble
de la charge en sédiments du fleuve. Elle note que le Nicaragua n’fa pas
contesté la déclaration faite par l’expert du Costa Rica, M. Thorne, selon
laquelle, même en reprenant les chiffres fournis par son propre expfert,
M. Kondolf, les activités de construction de la route ne contribuent àf la
charge en sédiments du San Juan qu’à hauteur de 1 à 2 %, et de 2 à 3 %
pour son cours inférieur. La Cour estime que ce pourcentage paraîtf trop
faible pour avoir dans l’immédiat un impact important sur le flefuve. Elle
observe par ailleurs que les photographies et enregistrements vidéo pfré -
sentés par le Nicaragua n’étayent en rien ses allégations relatives à l’ac -
croissement des niveaux de sédimentation. De plus, à ce stade, il fn’a été
présenté à la Cour aucun élément de preuve attestant que fl’alluvionne -
ment du chenal du fleuve, qui serait causé par une quantité accrue de
sédiments due à la construction de la route, aurait sur ce dernierf un quel -
conque effet à long terme. Enfin, en ce qui concerne l’effetf allégué sur
l’écosystème, notamment sur les différentes espèces préfsentes dans la zone
humide du fleuve, la Cour considère que le Nicaragua n’a pas expfliqué en
quoi ces espèces pourraient être spécifiquement menacées pfar les travaux
de construction de la route, ni indiqué avec précision quelles éftaient celles
qui risquaient d’être affectées.
35. Compte tenu des éléments susmentionnés, la Cour constate que lef
Nicaragua n’a pas établi qu’il existe un risque réel et immifnent de voir un
préjudice irréparable causé aux droits qu’il invoque.
*
* *
36. La Cour conclut de ce qui précède qu’il ne saurait être faitf droit à
la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires du Nicaragua.
*
* *
13
04 CIJ1053.indb 22 23/06/14 11:36 construction of a roadf; certain activities f(order 13 XII 13) 407
33. During the second round of the oral proceedings, Costa Rica
pointed out that the schedule publicly announced on 14 March 2013 by
its Minister for Public Works and Transportation regarding the resump -
tion of construction activities had been superseded. It explained that, f
under the updated version of the schedule, the resumption of construc -
tion works on the section of the road along the south bank of the San
Juan River would not begin “before late 2014 or early 2015”, thereby fur -
ther underscoring, in its view, the lack of any basis to Nicaragua’s fargu -
ments concerning urgency. The Court regrets that Costa Rica did not
make this information available at an earlier stage.
* *
34. The Court considers that, on the basis of the evidence adduced,
Nicaragua has not established in the current proceedings that the ongoing
construction works have led to a substantial increase in the sediment lofad
in the river. It notes that Nicaragua did not contest the statement of
Costa Rica’s expert, Professor Thorne, that, even according to the figures
provided by Nicaragua’s expert, Professor Kondolf, the construction
activities are only contributing 1 to 2 per cent of the total sediment load
in the San Juan River and 2 to 3 per cent in the lower San Juan River.
The Court is of the view that this seems too small a proportion to have fa
significant impact on the river in the immediate future. It observes, fmore -
over, that the photographic and video evidence submitted by Nicaragua
does nothing to substantiate Nicaragua’s allegations relating to incrfeased
sedimentation levels. Neither has the Court been presented, at this stagfe,
with evidence as to any long-term effect on the river by aggradations of
the river channel allegedly caused by additional sediment from the con -
struction on the road. Finally, with respect to the alleged effect on the
ecosystem including individual species in the river’s wetlands, the Cfourt
finds that Nicaragua has not explained how the road works could endan -
ger such species, and that it has not identified with precision which fspecies
are likely to be affected.
35. In view of the above, the Court finds that Nicaragua has not shown
that there is any real and imminent risk of irreparable prejudice to thef
rights it invokes.
* * *
36. The Court concludes from the foregoing that the request for the
indication of provisional measures by Nicaragua cannot be upheld.
*
* *
13
04 CIJ1053.indb 23 23/06/14 11:36 408 construction d’une rofute; certaines activitésf (ordonnance 13 XII 13)
37. La Cour, bien qu’ayant conclu qu’aucune mesure conservatoire ne
devait être indiquée, observe que le Costa Rica a admis à l’audience qu’il
était tenu de ne causer aucun dommage transfrontière significatiff du fait
des travaux de construction réalisés sur son territoire, et qu’fil prendrait
les mesures qu’il jugerait appropriées pour prévenir pareil domfmage. Elle
relève en outre que le Costa Rica a, en tout état de cause, reconnu la
nécessité de prendre des mesures correctrices afin d’atténfuer les effets de
la planification et de l’exécution déficientes des travaux fde construction
de la route en 2011, et a précisé qu’un certain nombre de mesures avaient
déjà été prises à cette fin. Enfin, la Cour note que, toujours à l’audience,
le Costa Rica a annoncé qu’il présenterait, en même temps que son
contre-mémoire qui doit être déposé le 19 décembre 2013 au plus tard, ce
qu’il a décrit comme un « diagnostic environnemental » couvrant le tron -
çon de la route qui longe la rive sud du fleuve San Juan.
*
* *
38. La décision rendue en la présente procédure ne préjuge en rifen
toute question relative au fond ou tout autre point devant être trancfhé au
stade du fond. Elle laisse intact le droit des Gouvernements du Nicaragufa
et du Costa Rica de faire valoir leurs moyens en ces matières.
*
* *
39. Par ces motifs,
La Cour,
A l’unanimité,
Dit que les circonstances, telles qu’elles se présentent actuellementf à la
Cour, ne sont pas de nature à exiger l’exercice de son pouvoir d’findiquer
des mesures conservatoires en vertu de l’article 41 du Statut.
Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix, à La Haye, le treize décembre deux mille treize, en trois exem -
plaires, dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et lefs autres
seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République du
Nicaragua et au Gouvernement de la République du Costa Rica.
Le président,
(Signé) Peter Tomka.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe Couvreur.
14
04 CIJ1053.indb 24 23/06/14 11:36 construction of a roadf; certain activities f(order 13 XII 13)408
37. Having concluded that no provisional measures should be indi -
cated, the Court observes nevertheless that Costa Rica acknowledged
during the course of the oral proceedings that it has a duty not to causfe
any significant transboundary harm as a result of the construction worfks
on its territory, and that it would take the measures that it deemed appfro
priate to prevent such harm. The Court further observes that Costa Rica
has in any event recognized the necessity of remediation works, in order
to mitigate damage caused by the effects of poor planning and execution of
the road works in 2011, and has indicated that a number of remediation
measures to that end have already been undertaken. Finally, the Court noftes
that Costa Rica announced, during the same oral proceedings, that, with f
its Counter-Memorial, due to be filed by 19 December 2013, it would sub -
mit what it described as an “Environment Diagnostic” study coverinfg the
stretch of the road running along the bank of the San Juan River.
*
* *
38. The decision given in the present proceedings in no way prejudges
any questions relating to the merits or any other issues to be decided aft
that stage. It leaves unaffected the right of the Governments of Nicarfagua
and Costa Rica to submit arguments in respect of those questions.
*
* *
39. For these reasons,
The Court,
Unanimously,
Finds that the circumstances, as they now present themselves to the
Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its power under Articlfe 41
of the Statute to indicate provisional measures.
Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at tfhe
Peace Palace, The Hague, this thirteenth day of December, two thousand
and thirteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of
the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic off
Nicaragua and the Government of the Republic of Costa Rica, respectivelyf.
(Signed) Peter Tomka,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.
14
04 CIJ1053.indb 25 23/06/14 11:36
Request by Nicaragua for the Indication of Provisional Measures
Order of 13 December 2013