Order of 8 March 2011

Document Number
150-20110308-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT
BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA

(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES

ORDER OF 8 MARCH 2011

2011

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES
PAR LE NICARAGUA
DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE

(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU 8 MARS 2011 Official citation :

Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures,
Order of 8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011, p. 6

Mode officiel de citation :

Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région fron▯talière
(Costa Rica c. Nicaragua), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 8 mars 2011, C.I.J. Recueil 2011, p. 6

Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 No de vente: 1013
ISBN 978-92-1-071124-1 8 MARCH 2011

ORDER

CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT
BY NICARAGUA

IN THE BORDER AREA

(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES

CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES
PAR LE NICARAGUA
DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE

(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES

8 MARS 2011

ORDONNANCE 6

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

2011 YEAR 2011
8 March
General List
No. 150 8 March 2011

CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT
BY NICARAGUA

IN THE BORDER AREA

(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES

ORDER

Present : President Owada ; Vice‑President Tomka ; Judges Koroma,
Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abrahafm, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor,
Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançfado Trindade, Yusuf, Green-
wood, Xue, Donoghue ; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Dugard ;
Registrar Couvreur.

The International Court of Justice,

Composed as above,
After deliberation,

Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and
Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court,

Makes the following Order :
1. Whereas by an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on

18 November 2010, the Republic of Costa Rica (hereinafter “Costa
Rica”) instituted proceedings against the Republic of Nicaragua (hefrein-

47 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

after “Nicaragua”) on the basis of an alleged “incursion into,f occupation
of and use by Nicaragua’s army of Costa Rican territory” as well afs
alleged breaches of Nicaragua’s obligations towards Costa Rica under :

“(a) the Charter of the United Nations and the Charter of the Organ-
ization of American States ;
(b) the Treaty of Territorial Limits between Costa Rica and

Nicaragua of 15 April 1858 . . ., in particular Articles I, II, V
and IX ;
(c) the arbitral award issued by the President of the United States of
America, Grover Cleveland, on 22 March 1888 . . .;
(d) the first and second arbitral awards rendered by Edward Porter

Alexander dated respectively 30 September 1897 and 20 Decem -
ber 1897 . . .;
(e) the 1971 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
especially as Waterfowl Habitat . . .;

(f) the Judgment of the Court of 13 July 2009 in the case concerning
the Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa
Rica v. Nicaragua) ; and
(g) other applicable rules and principles of international law” ;

2. Whereas Costa Rica states in its Application that

“[b]y sending contingents of its armed forces to Costa Rican territory
and establishing military camps therein, Nicaragua is not only acting
in outright breach of the established boundary regime between the

two States, but also of the core founding principles of the United
Nations, namely the principles of territorial integrity and the prohi -
bition of the threat or use of force against any State in accordance
with Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter; also endorsed as between
the parties in Articles 1, 19 and 29 of the Charter of the Organization

of American States” ;

3. Whereas Costa Rica contends in the said Application that

“Nicaragua has, in two separate incidents, occupied the territory of f
Costa Rica in connection with the construction of a canal across

Costa Rican territory from the San Juan River to Laguna los Portillos
(also known as Harbor Head Lagoon), and certain related works of
dredging on the San Juan River” ;

whereas it states that during the first incursion, which occurred on or
about 18 October 2010, Nicaragua was reported “felling trees and depos -
iting sediment from the dredging works on Costa Rican territory” ;

whereas it adds that, “[a]fter a brief withdrawal, on or about 1 Novem -

58 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

ber 2010 a second contingent of Nicaraguan troops entered Costa Rican
territory and established a camp” ;

4. Whereas Costa Rica maintains that “[t]his second incursion has
resulted in the continuing occupation by armed Nicaraguan military
forces of an initial area of around 3 square kilometres of Costa Rican tfer-

ritory, located at the north-east Caribbean tip of Costa Rica”, but tfhat
“evidence shows that Nicaraguan military forces have also ventured fufr -
ther inside Costa Rican territory, to the south of that area” ; whereas it
contends that Nicaragua has “also seriously damaged that part of Costfa
Rican territory under its occupation” ;

5. Whereas Costa Rica also asserts in the said Application that “[t]hfe
ongoing and planned dredging and the construction of the canal will serif-
ously affect the flow of water to the Colorado River of Costa Rica, and
will cause further damage to Costa Rican territory, including the wet -

lands and national wildlife protected areas located in the region” ;

6. Whereas, relying on statements made by the Nicaraguan head of the
dredging operations and the President of Nicaragua, Costa Rica asserts
that Nicaragua is seeking to divert the flow of the San Juan River to fwhat
that State erroneously describes as its “historic channel” by cuttfing a

canal which would join the seaward course of the river to the Laguna losf
Portillos; whereas, in so doing, Nicaragua would cause harm to an area
of territory which Costa Rica maintains, for the reasons set out at lengfth
in its Application, falls under its sovereignty ;

7. Whereas Costa Rica contends in particular that the border line,
which it claims Nicaragua is violating by its military and dredging operfa-
tions, has for the last 113 years “consistently been respected and depicted,
in all official maps of both countries, as constituting the international
boundary line between Costa Rica and Nicaragua” ;

8. Whereas in its Application, as a basis for the jurisdiction of the
Court, Costa Rica refers to Article XXXI of the American Treaty on
Pacific Settlement signed at Bogotá on 30 April 1948 (hereinafter the
“Pact of Bogotá”) and to the declarations made under Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, by Costa Rica on 20 Febru-
ary 1973 and by Nicaragua on 24 September 1929 (as amended on

23 October 2001) ;
9. Whereas, at the end of its Application, Costa Rica presents the fol -
lowing submissions :

“For these reasons, and reserving the right to supplement, amplify
or amend the present Application, Costa Rica requests the Court
to adjudge and declare that Nicaragua is in breach of its inter-
national obligations as referred to in paragraph 1 of this Applica-

tion as regards the incursion into and occupation of Costa Rican

69 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

territory, the serious damage inflicted to its protected rainforests
and wetlands, and the damage intended to the Colorado River,
wetlands and protected ecosystems, as well as the dredging and canal-
ization activities being carried out by Nicaragua on the San Juan
River.

In particular the Court is requested to adjudge and declare that, by
its conduct, Nicaragua has breached :
(a) the territory of the Republic of Costa Rica, as agreed and delim -

ited by the 1858 Treaty of Limits, the Cleveland Award and the
first and second Alexander Awards ;
(b) the fundamental principles of territorial integrity and the prohi -
bition of use of force under the Charter of the United Nations
and the Charter of the Organization of American States ;

(c) the obligation imposed upon Nicaragua by Article IX of the
1858 Treaty of Limits not to use the San Juan River to carry out
hostile acts ;
(d) the obligation not to damage Costa Rican territory ;

(e) the obligation not to artificially channel the San Juan River away
from its natural watercourse without the consent of Costa Rica ;
(f) the obligation not to prohibit the navigation on the San Juan
River by Costa Rican nationals ;
(g) the obligation not to dredge the San Juan River if this causes

damage to Costa Rican territory (including the Colorado River),
in accordance with the 1888 Cleveland Award;

(h) the obligations under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands ;

(i) the obligation not to aggravate and extend the dispute by adopt -
ing measures against Costa Rica, including the expansion of the
invaded and occupied Costa Rican territory or by adopting any
further measure or carrying out any further actions that would
infringe Costa Rica’s territorial integrity under international

law” ;

10. Whereas Costa Rica also requests the Court to “determine the rep -
aration which must be made by Nicaragua, in particular in relation to
any measures of the kind referred to . . . above” (para. 9);
11. Whereas on 18 November 2010, having filed its Application, Costa
Rica also submitted a Request for the indication of provisional measuresf,

pursuant to Article 41 of the Statute of the Court and Articles 73 to 75 of
the Rules of Court ;
12. Whereas, in its Request for the indication of provisional measures,
Costa Rica refers to the same bases of jurisdiction of the Court relied fon
in its Application (see paragraph 8 above) and to the facts set out therein;

710 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

13. Whereas, in support of the said Request, Costa Rica states that

“Nicaragua is currently destroying an area of primary rainforests and

fragile wetlands on Costa Rican territory (listed as such under the
Ramsar Convention’s List of Wetlands of International Importance)
for the purpose of facilitating the construction of a canal through
Costa Rican territory, intended to deviate the waters of the San Juan
River from its natural historical course into Laguna los Portillos (thef
Harbor Head Lagoon)” ;

whereas it observes that “Nicaraguan officials have indicated that tfhe
intention of Nicaragua is to deviate some 1,700 cubic metres per second

. . . of the water that currently is carried by the Costa Rican Colorado
River” ;
14. Whereas Costa Rica contends that it has regularly protested to
Nicaragua and called on it not to dredge the San Juan River “until it can
be established that the dredging operation will not damage the Colorado
River or other Costa Rican territory”, but that Nicaragua has neverthfe -

less continued with its dredging activities on the San Juan River and thfat
it “even announced on 8 November 2010 that it would deploy two addi -
tional dredges to the San Juan River”, one of which is reportedly stifll
under construction ;
15. Whereas Costa Rica asserts that Nicaragua’s statements demon -

strate “the likelihood of damage to Costa Rica’s Colorado River, afnd to
Costa Rica’s lagoons, rivers, herbaceous swamps and woodlands”, the
dredging operation posing more specifically “a threat to wildlife refuges
in Laguna Maquenque, Barra del Colorado, Corredor Fronterizo and the
Tortuguero National Park” ;

16. Whereas Costa Rica refers to the adoption on 12 November 2010
of a resolution of the Permanent Council of the Organization of Ameri -
can States (CP/RES.978 (1777/10)), welcoming and endorsing the recomf-
mendations made by the Secretary-General of that Organization in his
report of 9 November 2010 (CP/doc.4521/10) ; and whereas it states that
the Permanent Council called on the Parties to comply with those recom -

mendations, in particular that requesting “the avoidance of the presefnce
of military or security forces in the area where their existence might rfouse
tension” ;
17. Whereas Costa Rica asserts that Nicaragua’s “immediate response
to the Resolution of the Permanent Council of the OAS was to state [its]

intention not to comply with [it]” and that Nicaragua has “consistently
refused all requests to remove its armed forces from the Costa Rican terf-
ritory in Isla Portillos” ;
18. Whereas Costa Rica affirms that its rights to sovereignty and ter -
ritorial integrity form the subject of its Request for the indication of pro -
visional measures submitted to the Court ; whereas it maintains that

Nicaragua’s obligation “not to dredge the San Juan if this affects or dam -

811 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

ages Costa Rica’s lands, its environmentally protected areas and the f
integrity and flow of the Colorado River” corresponds to these righfts;

19. Whereas, at the end of its Request for the indication of provisional
measures, Costa Rica asks the Court

“as a matter of urgency to order the following provisional measures
so as to rectify the presently ongoing breach of Costa Rica’s territofrial
integrity and to prevent further irreparable harm to Costa Rica’s terf-

ritory, pending its determination of this case on the merits :

(1) the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of all Nicaraguan
troops from the unlawfully invaded and occupied Costa Rican
territories ;
(2) the immediate cessation of the construction of a canal across
Costa Rican territory ;

(3) the immediate cessation of the felling of trees, removal of vegeta-
tion and soil from Costa Rican territory, including its wetlands
and forests ;
(4) the immediate cessation of the dumping of sediment in Costa
Rican territory ;
(5) the suspension of Nicaragua’s ongoing dredging programme,

aimed at the occupation, flooding and damage of Costa Rican
territory, as well as at the serious damage to and impairment of
the navigation of the Colorado River, giving full effect to the
Cleveland Award and pending the determination of the merits of
this dispute ;

(6) that Nicaragua shall refrain from any other action which might
prejudice the rights of Costa Rica, or which may aggravate or
extend the dispute before the Court” ;

20. Whereas on 18 November 2010, the date on which the Application
and the Request for the indication of provisional measures were filed in
the Registry, the Registrar informed the Nicaraguan Government of the

filing of these documents and transmitted certified copies of them to it
forthwith, in accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of
the Court and Article 38, paragraph 4, and Article 73, paragraph 2, of the
Rules of Court ; and whereas the Registrar also notified the Secretary-
General of the United Nations of this filing ;
21. Whereas on 19 November 2010 the Registrar informed the Parties

that the Court, in accordance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules
of Court, had fixed 11, 12 and 13 January 2011 as the dates for the oral
proceedings on the Request for the indication of provisional measures ;
22. Whereas, pending the notification provided for by Article 40, para-
graph 3, of the Statute and Article 42 of the Rules of Court by transmis -

sion of the printed bilingual text of the Application to the Members of fthe

912 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

United Nations, the Registrar informed those States of the filing of thef
Application and its subject, and of the filing of the Request for the infdi-a
tion of provisional measures ;
23. Whereas, on the instructions of the Court and in accordance with
Article 43 of the Rules of Court, the Registrar addressed to all the States
parties to the Pact of Bogotá the notification provided for in Articlfe 63,

paragraph 1, of the Statute ; and whereas the Registrar also addressed to
the Secretary-General of the Organization of American States the notifi -
cation provided for in Article 34, paragraph 3, of the Statute ;
24. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the Bench no judge of the
nationality of the Parties, each of them proceeded, in exercise of the rfight
conferred by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute, to choose a judge

ad hoc in the case ; whereas, for this purpose, Costa Rica chose
Mr. John Dugard, and Nicaragua chose Mr. Gilbert Guillaume;
25. Whereas on 4 January2011 Costa Rica transmitted to the Court
certain documents relating to the Request for the indication of provisiofnal
measures, to which it intended to refer during the oral proceeding;swhereas

these documents were communicated forthwith to the other Party;
26. Whereas, on the same day and to the same end, Nicaragua in turn
transmitted certain documents to the Court, which were communicated
forthwith to the other Party ; whereas on the same occasion Nicaragua
filed in the Registry electronic copies of documents, including video maft-
erial which it intended to present to the Court during the oral proceedifng;s

whereas Costa Rica informed the Registrar that it had no objection to
such a presentation ; and whereas the Court authorized the presentation
of the video material at the hearings ;
27. Whereas, on 4 January 2011, Nicaragua also asked the Court, in
the exercise of its power under Article 62, paragraph 1, of the Rules of
Court, to call upon Costa Rica to produce, before the opening of the orafl

proceedings, studies it had carried out with regard to the impact of thef
dredging of the San Juan River on the flow of the Colorado River ;
whereas, following this request, Costa Rica produced such a study on itsf
own initiative on 6 January 2011;
28. Whereas on 10 January 2011 Costa Rica also transmitted to the

Court electronic versions of a Nicaraguan atlas from which it intended tfo
produce certain maps during the oral proceedings ; whereas this docu -
ment was communicated forthwith to Nicaragua ;
29. Whereas at the public hearings held on 11, 12 and 13 January 2011,
in accordance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, oral
observations on the Request for the indication of provisional measures

were presented the following representatives of the Parties :

On behalf of Costa Rica : H.E. Mr. Edgar Ugalde Álvarez, Agent,
Mr. Arnoldo Brenes,
Mr. Sergio Ugalde, Co‑Agent,
Mr. Marcelo Kohen,

Mr. James Crawford;

1013 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

On behalf of Nicaragua : H.E. Mr. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, Agent,
Mr. Stephen C. McCaffrey,
Mr. Paul S. Reichler,
Mr. Alain Pellet;

and whereas, during the hearings, questions were put by certain Members f
of the Court to Nicaragua, to which replies were given in writing by thef

latter; whereas, in accordance with Article 72 of the Rules of Court,
Costa Rica then commented upon Nicaragua’s written replies ;

* * *

30. Whereas, in its first round of oral observations, Costa Rica reiter -
ated the arguments developed in its Application and its Request for the f
indication of provisional measures, and argued that the conditions necesf-

sary for the Court to indicate the requested measures had been fulfilledf;

31. Whereas Costa Rica reaffirmed that, without its consent, Nicara -
gua has constructed an artificial canal across an area of Costa Rican tefr-
ritory unlawfully occupied by Nicaraguan armed forces ; whereas, to this
end, Nicaragua is said to have illegally deforested areas of internationfally

protected primary forests; and whereas, according to Costa Rica, Nicara-
gua’s actions have caused serious damage to a fragile ecosystem and are
aimed at establishing a fait accompli, modifying unilaterally the bound -
ary between the two Parties, by attempting to deviate the course of the f
San Juan River, in spite of the Respondent’s “constant, unambiguoufs
[and] incontestable” recognition of the Applicant’s sovereignty ovfer Isla

Portillos, which the said canal would henceforth intersect ;

32. Whereas Costa Rica declared that it is not opposed to Nicaragua
carrying out works to clean the San Juan River, provided that these
works do not affect Costa Rica’s territory, including the Colorado fRiver,
or its navigation rights on the San Juan River, or its rights in the Bayf of

San Juan del Norte; whereas Costa Rica asserted that the dredging works
carried out by Nicaragua on the San Juan River did not comply with
these conditions, firstly because Nicaragua has deposited large amounts f
of sediment from the river in the Costa Rican territory it is occupying fand
has proceeded to deforest certain areas ; secondly, because these works,

and those relating to the cutting of the disputed canal, have as a consef -
quence the significant deviation of the waters of the Colorado River,
which is situated entirely in Costa Rican territory ; and, thirdly, because
these dredging works will spoil portions of Costa Rica’s northern coast
on the Caribbean Sea ;
33. Whereas Costa Rica asserted that the part of its territory affected

by Nicaragua’s activities is protected under the Convention on Wetlanfds

1114 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, done at
Ramsar on 2 February 1971 (United Nations Treaty Series (UNTS),
Vol. 996, No. I-14583, p. 245, hereinafter the “Ramsar Convention”), and
that on 17 December 2010, further to a mission, a report by the Ramsar
Secretariat (hereinafter the “Ramsar Report”) stated that the wofrk under -
taken by Nicaragua had inflicted serious damage on the protected wet -

lands; whereas Costa Rica also referred to a report of 4 January 2011
drawn up by the Operational Satellite Applications Programme of the
United Nations Institute for Training and Research (hereinafter the
“UNITAR/UNOSAT report”) relating to the geomorphological and
environmental changes likely to be caused by Nicaragua’s activities ifn the

border region ;

34. Whereas, according to Costa Rica, the Court is not seised of a
boundary dispute arising from a divergence of interpretation, between thfe
Parties, of a treaty or an arbitral award, because, until the unexpectedf
emergence of the present dispute, Nicaragua had always recognized Isla

Portillos as falling in its entirety under Costa Rican sovereignty ; whereas,
to this end, Costa Rica recalled the history and substance of the territfo -
rial demarcation between the Parties through the 1858 Treaty of Limits, f
the 1888 Cleveland Award, the 1896 Pacheco-Matus Convention and the
five arbitral awards of General Alexander; whereas, in support of its

assertions, it produced a number of maps, including some drawn up at
the time of the above-mentioned awards and, more recently, by Nicara -
gua itself or by third States ; and whereas Costa Rica maintained that
Nicaragua is attempting, in a new and artificial way, to portray these
proceedings as a territorial dispute, even though it is indisputably estfab -

lished that, from the point on the coast originally identified as Punta fCas-
tilla, the boundary runs all around the Harbor Head Lagoon and along
the sea coast of Isla Portillos before joining the mouth of the San Juanf
River, in such a way that the canal cut by Nicaragua across Isla Portillfos
is on Costa Rican territory ;
35. Whereas Costa Rica also asserted that its title to territory was con -

firmed by effectivités, namely the exercise of elements of governmental
authority in the disputed territory, including the deeds of possession
inscribed in the Costa Rican cadastre ;

*

36. Whereas, in its first round of oral observations, Nicaragua stated

that the activities it is accused of by Costa Rica took place on Nicaragfuan
territory and that they did not cause, nor do they risk causing, irreparable
harm to the other Party ;
37. Whereas, referring to the first Alexander Award dated 30 Septem -
ber 1897 (United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards (RIAA),

Vol. XXVIII, pp. 215-222), Nicaragua maintained that, from the point

1215 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

on the coast originally identified as Punta Castilla, the boundary follows f
the eastern edge of the Harbor Head Lagoon before joining the San Juan
River by the first natural channel in a south-westerly and then a southerly
direction; that this boundary line in the area in dispute derives from the
very terms of the Alexander Award and is more rational than the line
claimed by Costa Rica, since it links, by the said channel, the bed of tfhe

San Juan River to the Harbor Head Lagoon, over which Nicaragua is
indisputably sovereign ; and that the exercise in various forms and over
several years of sovereign prerogatives in the region in question by thef
Nicaraguan public authorities is confirmation of Nicaragua’s title to
territory;
38. Whereas Nicaragua asserted that since the said natural channel had

become obstructed over the years, it had undertaken to make it once moref
navigable for small vessels; whereas the works condemned by Costa Rica
were not therefore aimed at the cutting of an artificial canal ; and whereas
the cleaning and clearing of the channel had been carried out manually ifn
Nicaraguan territory, the right bank of the said channel constituting thfe

boundary between the two Parties;
39. Whereas Nicaragua also asserted that the number of trees felled
was limited and that it has undertaken to replant the affected areas, fall
located on the left bank of the said channel, with ten trees for every ofne
felled; whereas it stated that the works to clean the channel are over and
finished ;

40. Whereas Nicaragua indicated that the dredging operations on the
San Juan River were made necessary by the progressive sedimentation of
its bed and that it has not only a sovereign right to dredge the river, fbut
also an international obligation to do so ; whereas it stated that these
operations, aimed at improving the navigability of the river, had only
been authorized after an environmental impact assessment had been duly

completed; whereas it added that, as in the case of the cleaning and clear -
ing of the channel, any debris from the dredging of the river had been sfet
on Nicaragua’s side of the border, at various clearly identified sitefs;

41. Whereas Nicaragua contended that Costa Rica did not suffer, nor
was it likely to suffer, any harm on account of these disputed activitfies ;

whereas it contested the scientific value of the Ramsar Report on the
grounds that it was drawn up on the basis of information supplied solelyf by
Costa Rica; whereas, according to Nicaragua, the impact of the dredging
works on the San Juan River on the flow of the Colorado River is and wfill
remain negligible, as recognized by a Costa Rican study ; and whereas Nica -

ragua referred to a report by Dutch experts confirming the validity of tfhe
environmental impact assessment carried out by the Nicaraguan administraf -
tion and the non-injurious character of the dredging works undertaken ;
42. Whereas Nicaragua disputed that elements of its armed forces had
occupied an area of Costa Rican territory ; whereas it stated that it had
assigned some of its troops to the protection of staff engaged in the fclean -

ing of the channel and the dredging of the river, but clarified that thefse

1316 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

troops had remained in Nicaraguan territory and that they were no longer
present in the border region where those activities took place ;

*

43. Whereas, in its second round of oral observations, Costa Rica
repudiated the existence of a natural channel joining the San Juan Riverf
to the Harbor Head Lagoon and maintained that the narrow waterway in
question had been artificially constructed by Nicaragua in Costa Rican
territory; whereas, according to Costa Rica, Nicaragua’s territorial claim

to the area in dispute is not “plausible” and derives from a dangefrous
challenge to the principle of the stability of borders ; whereas Costa Rica
contended that the effectivités invoked by Nicaragua are supported only
by affidavits gathered from Nicaraguan State officials after the introfduc -
tion of the present proceedings ;
44. Whereas Costa Rica indicated that, in spite of its requests, it had

not received, before the present proceedings, a copy of the environmentafl
impact assessment conducted by Nicaragua ; whereas it observed that this
study concerned only the dredging operation on the San Juan River and
not the activities relating to the canal cut by Nicaragua and consideredf by
the latter to be a natural channel (hereinafter the “caño”, the Spanish

designation adopted by both Parties as from the second round of oral
argument); and whereas Costa Rica called into question the probative
value of the report of the Dutch experts submitted by Nicaragua and
maintained that it has suffered environmental harm which has the potenf -
tial to be aggravated, thereby rendering necessary the indication of profvi-
sional measures by the Court ;

45. Whereas, at the end of its second round of oral observations, Costa
Rica presented the following submissions :

“Costa Rica requests the Court to order the following provisional
measures :

A. Pending the determination of this case on the merits, Nicaragua
shall not, in the area comprising the entirety of Isla Portillos, that
is to say, across the right bank of the San Juan River and between
the banks of the Laguna los Portillos (also known as Harbor
Head Lagoon) and the Taura River (‘the relevant area’) :

(1) station any of its troops or other personnel ;
(2) engage in the construction or enlargement of a canal ;
(3) fell trees or remove vegetation or soil ;

(4) dump sediment.
B. Pending the determination of this case on the merits, Nicaragua
shall suspend its ongoing dredging programme in the River San

Juan adjacent to the relevant area.

1417 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

C. Pending the determination of this case on the merits, Nicaragua
shall refrain from any other action which might prejudice the
rights of Costa Rica, or which may aggravate or extend the dis -
pute before the Court” ;

*

46. Whereas, in its second round of oral observations, Nicaragua con -
tended that, contrary to Costa Rica’s affirmations, the caño existed before
it was the subject of the clean-up operation ; that this fact was evidenced

by various maps, satellite photographs, the environmental impact assess -
ment conducted by Nicaragua and affidavits, all of which pre-date the
disputed works ; and that the boundary between the Parties in the con -
tested area does indeed follow this caño, in view of the specific hydrologi -
cal characteristics of the region ;

47. Whereas Nicaragua reaffirmed that it has the right to dredge the
San Juan River without having to obtain Costa Rica’s permission to dof
so; whereas it confirmed that this limited operation, like that relating to
the cleaning and clearing of the caño, had not caused any damage to
Costa Rica and did not risk causing any, since, according to Nicaragua, f
there is no evidence to substantiate the Applicant’s claims ; and whereas it

concluded that there was nothing to justify the indication by the Court fof
the provisional measures sought by Costa Rica ;

48. Whereas, at the end of its second round of oral observations, Nica -
ragua presented the following submissions :

“In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court and having
regard to the Request for the indication of provisional measures of
the Republic of Costa Rica and its oral pleadings, the Republic of

Nicaragua respectfully submits that,
For the reasons explained during these hearings and any other rea -
sons the Court might deem appropriate, the Republic of Nicaragua

asks the Court to dismiss the Request for provisional measures filed
by the Republic of Costa Rica” ;

* * *

Prima Facie Jurisdictiofn

49. Whereas, the Court may indicate provisional measures only if the
provisions relied on by the Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford af
basis on which its jurisdiction could be founded ; whereas the Court need

not satisfy itself in a definitive manner that it has jurisdiction as refgards

1518 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

the merits of the case (see, for example, Questions relating to the Obliga ‑
tion to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Provisional Measures,
Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 147, para. 40) ;

* *

50. Whereas Costa Rica is seeking to found the jurisdiction of the
Court on Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá and on the declarations
made by the two States pursuant to Article36, paragraph2, of the Statute;
whereas it also refers to a communication sent by the NicaraguanMinister

for Foreign Affairs to his Costa Rican counterpart dated 30 Novem -
ber 2010, in which the Court is presented as “the judicial organ of the
United Nations competent to discern over” the questions raised by thef
present dispute ;
51. Whereas Nicaragua, in the present proceedings, did not contest the

jurisdiction of the Court to entertain the dispute ;
52. Whereas, in view of the foregoing, the Court considers that the
instruments invoked by Costa Rica appear, prima facie, to afford a basfis on
which the Court might have jurisdiction to rule on the merits, enabling fit
to indicate provisional measures if it considers that the circumstances fso

require; whereas, at this stage of the proceedings, the Court is not obliged
to determine with greater precision which instrument or instruments
invoked by Costa Rica afford a basis for its jurisdiction to entertainf the
various claims submitted to it (see ibid., p. 151, para. 54) ;

* * *

Plausible Character off the Rights Whose Protecftion
Is Being Sought and Link bfetween These Rights
and the Measures Requesfted

53. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
under Article 41 of the Statute has as its object the preservation of the
respective rights of the parties pending its decision ; whereas it follows
that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such measures the rights
which may subsequently be adjudged by the Court to belong to either
party; whereas, therefore, the Court may exercise this power only if it is

satisfied that the rights asserted by a party are at least plausible (ibid.,
p. 151, paras. 56-57);
54. Whereas, moreover, a link must exist between the rights which form
the subject of the proceedings before the Court on the merits of the casfe
and the provisional measures being sought (see, for example, ibid., p. 151,

para. 56) ;

1619 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

Plausible Character of the Rights Whose
Protection Is Being Sought

55. Whereas the rights claimed by Costa Rica and forming the subject of
the case on the merits are, on the one hand, its right to assert sovereignty
over the entirety of Isla Portillos and over the Colorado River and, on fthe
other hand, its right to protect the environment in those areas over which

it is sovereign ; whereas, however, Nicaragua contends that it holds the
title to sovereignty over the northern part of Isla Portillos, that is tfo say,
the area of wetland of some 3 square kilometres between the right bank
of the disputed caño, the right bank of the San Juan River up to its mouth
at the Caribbean Sea and the Harbor Head Lagoon (hereinafter the

“disputed territory”), and whereas Nicaragua argues that its dredgingf of
the San Juan River, over which it has sovereignty, has only a negligible
impact on the flow of the Colorado River, over which Costa Rica has
sovereignty ;

56. Whereas, therefore, apart from any question linked to the dredging
of the San Juan River and the flow of the Colorado River, the rights at
issue in these proceedings derive from the sovereignty claimed by the Pafr-
ties over the same territory (cf. Land and Maritime Boundary between
Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Provisional Measures,

Order of 15 March 1996, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 22, para. 39); and
whereas the part of Isla Portillos in which the activities complained off by
Costa Rica took place is ex hypothesi an area which, at the present stage
of the proceedings, is to be considered by the Court as in dispute (cf.f
Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey), Interim Protection,

Order of 11 September 1976, I.C.J. Reports 1976, p. 10, para. 28) ;
57. Whereas, at this stage of the proceedings, the Court cannot settle
the Parties’ claims to sovereignty over the disputed territory and is not
called upon to determine once and for all whether the rights which Costaf
Rica wishes to see respected exist, or whether those which Nicaragua conf -

siders itself to possess exist ; whereas, for the purposes of considering the
Request for the indication of provisional measures, the Court needs only
to decide whether the rights claimed by the Applicant on the merits, andf
for which it is seeking protection, are plausible ;

58. Whereas it appears to the Court, after a careful examination of the
evidence and arguments presented by the Parties, that the title to soverf -
eignty claimed by Costa Rica over the entirety of Isla Portillos is plausi -
ble; whereas the Court is not called upon to rule on the plausibility of thfe
title to sovereignty over the disputed territory advanced by Nicaragua ;

whereas the provisional measures it may indicate would not prejudge any
title; and whereas the Parties’ conflicting claims cannot hinder the exefr -
cise of the Court’s power under its Statute to indicate such measuresf;

59. Whereas paragraph 6 of the third clause of the Cleveland Award of

22 March 1888 reads as follows :

1720 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

“The Republic of Costa Rica cannot prevent the Republic of Nica-
ragua from executing at her own expense and within her own territory
such works of improvement, provided such works of improvement do
not result in the occupation or flooding or damage of Costa Rica
territory, or in the destruction or serious impairment of the navigationf
of the said River or any of its branches at any point where Costa Rica

is entitled to navigate the same. The Republic of Costa Rica has the
right to demand indemnification for any places belonging to her on
the right bank of the River San Juan which may be occupied without
her consent, and for any lands on the same bank which may be
flooded or damaged in any other way in consequence of works of
improvement.” (RIAA, Vol. XXVIII, p. 210.);

whereas Costa Rica contends that it has the right to request the suspen -

sion of the dredging operations on the San Juan River if they threaten
seriously to impair navigation on the Colorado River or to damage Costa f
Rican territory ; whereas, relying on the second sentence of paragraph 6
of the third clause of that Award, quoted above, Nicaragua argues that, f
if any damage results from the works to maintain and improve the San
Juan River, Costa Rica can only seek indemnification, and therefore thatf

Costa Rica, in the event of risk of harm, cannot obtain by means of pro -
visional measures a remedy which the Award would exclude on the mer -
its; whereas Costa Rica responds that indemnification is not the only
remedy available to it; whereas at this stage of the proceedings, the Court
finds that the rights claimed by Costa Rica are plausible ;

Link between the Rights Whose Protection Is Being Sought
and the Measures Requested

60. Whereas the first provisional measure requested by Costa Rica is
aimed at ensuring that Nicaragua will refrain from any activity “in the
area comprising the entirety of Isla Portillos” ; whereas the continuation
or resumption of the disputed activities by Nicaragua on Isla Portillos f

would be likely to affect the rights of sovereignty which might be adjudged
on the merits to belong to Costa Rica ; whereas, therefore, a link exists
between these rights and the provisional measure being sought ;
61. Whereas the second provisional measure requested by Costa Rica
concerns the suspension of Nicaragua’s “dredging programme in the f

River San Juan adjacent to the relevant area” ; whereas there is a risk that
the rights which might be adjudged on the merits to belong to Costa Ricaf
would be affected if it were established that the continuation of the fNica-
raguan dredging operations on the San Juan River threatened seriously to
impair navigation on the Colorado River (see paragraph 59 above) or to
cause damage to Costa Rica’s territory ; whereas, therefore, there exists a

link between these rights and the provisional measure being sought ;

1821 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

62. Whereas the final provisional measure sought by Costa Rica is
aimed at ensuring that Nicaragua refrains “from any other action which
might prejudice the rights of Costa Rica, or which may aggravate or
extend the dispute before the Court” pending the “determination off this
case on the merits” ; whereas on a number of occasions the Court has
already indicated provisional measures ordering one or other of the par -

ties, or even both, to refrain from any action which would aggravate or f
extend the dispute or make it more difficult to resolve (see, for examfple,
United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States ▯
of America v. Iran), Provisional Measures, Order of 15 December 1979,
I.C.J. Reports 1979, p. 21, para. 47, point B; Application of the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and

Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Mea ‑
sures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 24, para. 52, point B ;
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon
v. Nigeria), Provisional Measures, Order of 15 March 1996, I.C.J. Reports
1996 (I), p. 24, para. 49, point 1); Armed Activities on the Territory of the

Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Provisional Mea ‑
sures, Order of 1July 2000, I.C.J. Reports 2000, p.129, para. 47, point (1));
whereas “in those cases provisional measures other than measures direfct -
ing the parties not to take actions to aggravate or extend the dispute ofr to
render more difficult its settlement were also indicated” (Pulp Mills on the
River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Provisional Measures, Order of

23 January 2007, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), p. 16, para. 49); whereas the
final provisional measure sought by Costa Rica, being very broadly
worded, is linked to the rights which form the subject of the case beforfe
the Court on the merits, in so far as it is a measure complementing moref
specific measures protecting those same rights ;

*
* *

Risk of Irreparable Prefjudice and Urgency

63. Whereas the Court, pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the
power to indicate provisional measures when irreparable prejudice could f
be caused to rights which are the subject of the judicial proceedings (fsee,
for example, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish ‑

ment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia
(Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993,
I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 19, para. 34) ;
64. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
will be exercised only if there is urgency, in the sense that there is af real
and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice may be caused to the rights

in dispute before the Court has given its final decision (see, for examfple,

1922 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium▯ v.
Senegal), Provisional Measures,Order of28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports2009,
pp. 152-153, para. 62); and whereas the Court must therefore consider
whether such a risk exists in these proceedings ;

* *

65. Whereas, in its Request for the indication of provisional measures,
Costa Rica states that “Nicaraguan armed forces continue to be presenft
on Isla Portillos in breach of Costa Rica’s sovereign rights” and that
Nicaragua “is continuing to damage the territory of Costa Rica, posing a
serious threat to its internationally protected wetlands and forests”f ;

whereas it contends, moreover, that

“Nicaragua[, which] is attempting to unilaterally adjust, to its own f
benefit, a River the right bank of which forms a valid, lawful and
agreed border . . . cannot be permitted to continue to deviate the San
Juan River through Costa Rica’s territory in this manner, so as to
impose on Costa Rica and the Court a fait accompli” ;

66. Whereas, during the course of the oral proceedings, Costa Rica
stated that it wished the status quo ante to be restored, pending the Court’s
judgment on the merits, and indicated that the following rights, which ift

considers itself to possess, are under threat of irreparable prejudice afs a
result of Nicaragua’s activities :
“1. the right to sovereignty and territorial integrity ;

2. the right not to have its territory occupied ;
3. the right not to have its trees chopped down by a foreign force ;

4. the right not to have its territory used for depositing dredging
sediment or as the site for the unauthorized digging of a canal ;

and
5. the several rights corresponding to Nicaragua’s obligation not to
dredge the San Juan if this affects or damages Costa Rica’s land,
environment or the integrity and flow of the Colorado River” ;

67. Whereas Costa Rica maintained that it “does not, at the present
stage, need to establish that its rights have actually been harmed irremfedi -
ably” nor to “prove actual harm”, and that it is sufficient tof establish

“that there is a risk of irreparable prejudice [being caused] to the rights in
dispute, and that the risk of such harm is sufficiently serious and immfi -
nent that provisional measures are required to protect the rights” ;
68. Whereas Costa Rica asserted that the works undertaken by Nica -
ragua at the site of the caño, in particular the felling of trees, the clearing
of vegetation, the removal of soil and the diversion of the waters of thfe

San Juan River, not only entail a violation of Costa Rica’s territorifal

2023 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

integrity, but will have the effect of causing flooding and damage tfo Costa
Rican territory, as well as geomorphological changes ; whereas, according
to Costa Rica, the dredging of the San Juan River carried out by Nicara -
gua will result in similar effects, as well as significantly reducing fthe flow
of the Colorado River ; and whereas it contended that the harm caused
will not merely be irreparable as such, but that it is Nicaragua’s inftention

for it to be irreparable, because it is not doing this for temporary
purposes ;
69. Whereas, moreover, Costa Rica affirms in its Request for the indi -
cation of provisional measures that the request “is of . . . real urgency”,
because of “the continued damage being inflicted on [its] territoryf” by
Nicaragua’s activities, in particular its repeated dredging of the Safn Juan

River; whereas, according to Costa Rica, “[t]here is a real risk that . . .
action prejudicial to the rights of Costa Rica will continue and may sig -
nificantly alter the factual situation on the ground before the Court hafs
the opportunity to render its final decision on the questions for determfi -
nation set out in the Application” ; whereas it adds that “[t]he ongoing

presence of Nicaraguan armed forces on Costa Rica’s territory is contfrib -
uting to a political situation of extreme hostility and tension” and fthat
“[a] provisional measure ordering the withdrawal of Nicaraguan forcesf
from Costa Rican territory is . . . justified so as to prevent the aggravation
and/or extension of the dispute” ; and whereas, in the oral proceedings,
Costa Rica reaffirmed the urgent nature of its request ;

*

70. Whereas, during the oral proceedings, Nicaragua contended that it
acted within its own territory and caused no harm to Costa Rica; whereas
it maintained that its activities, the environmental impact of which had

been duly assessed beforehand, were not likely to cause or aggravate thef
damage feared by Costa Rica and that, in any case, the risk of harm was f
not imminent ;
71. Whereas Nicaragua asserted at the hearings that the cleaning and
clearing operations in respect of the caño were over and finished, and that
none of its armed forces were presently stationed on Isla Portillos ;

whereas, in a written reply to questions put by a Member of the Court at
the end of the hearings, Nicaragua confirmed these assertions, adding
that it did “not intend to send any troops or other personnel to the f
region” contested by the Parties nor to “[establish] a military pofst there in
the future”, while the issue of the felling of trees and the dumping fof sedi -

ment in certain areas along the caño “no longer arises”, since the opera -
tion to clean the latter is “over and finished” ;
72. Whereas Nicaragua stated in its written replies that it does not
“intend to have any personnel stationed in [the disputed] area”; whereas it
nevertheless added that “[t]he only operation currently being carriedf out
there is the replanting of trees” and that “[t]he Ministry of the fEnviron -

ment of Nicaragua (MARENA) will send inspectors to the site periodi -

2124 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

cally in order to monitor the reforestation process and any changes whicfh
might occur in the region, including the Harbor Head Lagoon” ; whereas
Nicaragua also observed that “[t]he caño is no longer obstructed” and fur-
ther stated that “[i]t is possible to patrol the area on the river, afs has
always been the case, for the purposes of enforcing the law, combating
drug trafficking and organized crime, and protecting the environment”f;

*

73. Whereas it is in the light of this information that the first provi -

sional measure requested by Costa Rica in its submissions presented at
the end of its second round of oral observations should be considered,
namely, that

“[p]ending the determination of this case on the merits, Nicaragua
shall not, in the area comprising the entirety of Isla Portillos, that ifs
to say, across the right bank of the San Juan River and between the
banks of the Laguna los Portillos (also known as Harbor Head

Lagoon) and the Taura River (‘the relevant area’) :
(1) station any of its troops or other personnel ;

(2) engage in the construction or enlargement of a canal ;
(3) fell trees or remove vegetation or soil ;

(4) dump sediment” ;

74. Whereas Nicaragua’s written responses set out above (see para -
graph 71) indicate that the work in the area of the caño has come to an
end; whereas the Court takes note of that ; whereas the Court therefore

concludes that, in the circumstances of the case as they now stand, therfe
is no need to indicate the measures numbered (2), (3) and (4) as set out in
paragraph 73 above ;
75. Whereas those written responses nevertheless also show that Nica -
ragua, while stating that “[t]here are no Nicaraguan troops currently sta -
tioned in the area in question” and that “Nicaragua does not intend to

send any troops or other personnel to the region” (see paragraph 71
above), does intend to carry out certain activities, if only occasionalfly, in
the disputed territory, including on the caño (see paragraph 72 above) ;
whereas the Court recalls that there are competing claims over the dis -
puted territory; whereas this situation creates an imminent risk of irrepa -

rable prejudice to Costa Rica’s claimed title to sovereignty over thef said
territory and to the rights deriving therefrom ; whereas this situation
moreover gives rise to a real and present risk of incidents liable to cafuse
irremediable harm in the form of bodily injury or death ;

76. Whereas the Court concludes under these circumstances that provi-

sional measures should be indicated ; whereas it points out that it has the

2225 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

power under its Statute to indicate provisional measures that are in whofle
or in part other than those requested, or measures that are addressed tof the
party which has itself made the request, as Article 75, paragraph 2, of the
Rules of Court expressly states (see, for example, Application of the Conven‑
tion on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia a ▯ nd
Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Mea ‑

sures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 22, para. 46);
77. Whereas, given the nature of the disputed territory, the Court con -
siders that, subject to the provisions in paragraph 80 below, each Party
must refrain from sending to, or maintaining in the disputed territory,
including the caño, any personnel, whether civilian, police or security,
until such time as the Court has decided the dispute on the merits or the

Parties have come to an agreement on this subject ;
78. Whereas, in order to prevent the development of criminal activity
in the disputed territory in the absence of any police or security forcefs of
either Party, each Party has the responsibility to monitor that territory
from the territory over which it unquestionably holds sovereignty, i.e.,f in

Costa Rica’s case, the part of Isla Portillos lying east of the rightf bank of
the caño, excluding the caño ; and, in Nicaragua’s case, the San Juan
River and Harbor Head Lagoon, excluding the caño ; and whereas it shall
be for the Parties’ police or security forces to co-operate with each other
in a spirit of good neighbourliness, in particular to combat any criminal
activity which may develop in the disputed territory ;

79. Whereas the Court observes that there are two wetlands of interna-
tional importance, within the meaning of the Ramsar Convention, in the
boundary area in question ; whereas, acting pursuant to Article 2 of that
Convention, Costa Rica has “designate[d]” the “Humedal Caribe Nfor -
este” wetland “for inclusion in [the] List of Wetlands of International

Importance . . . maintained by the [continuing] bureau” established by the
Convention, and whereas Nicaragua has done likewise in respect of the
“Refugio de Vida Silvestre Río San Juan” wetland, of which Harbor
Head Lagoon is part ; whereas the Court reminds the Parties that, under
Article 5 of the Ramsar Convention :

“[t]he Contracting Parties shall consult with each other about imple -
menting obligations arising from the Convention especially in the case
of a wetland extending over the territories of more than one Contract -

ing Party or where a water system is shared by Contracting Parties.
They shall at the same time endeavour to coordinate and support
present and future policies and regulations concerning the conserva -
tion of wetlands and their flora and fauna” ;

80. Whereas the disputed territory is moreover situated in the
“Humedal Caribe Noreste” wetland, in respect of which Costa Rica bears
obligations under the Ramsar Convention ; whereas the Court considers

that, pending delivery of the Judgment on the merits, Costa Rica must bef

2326 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

in a position to avoid irreparable prejudice being caused to the part off
that wetland where that territory is situated ; whereas for that purpose
Costa Rica must be able to dispatch civilian personnel charged with the f
protection of the environment to the said territory, including the caño,
but only in so far as it is necessary to ensure that no such prejudice bfe
caused; and whereas Costa Rica shall consult with the Secretariat of the

Ramsar Convention in regard to these actions, give Nicaragua prior
notice of them and use its best endeavours to find common solutions withf
Nicaragua in this respect ;

*

81. Whereas the second provisional measure requested by Costa Rica
in its submissions presented at the conclusion of the hearings is an ordfer
requiring Nicaragua to “suspend its ongoing dredging programme in thef
River San Juan adjacent to the relevant area” ; whereas in support of this
request Costa Rica asserts that the programme creates an imminent risk

of irreparable prejudice to its environment, in particular to the flowf, and
hence navigability, of the Colorado River, as well as to the hydrodynamic
balance of the area’s waterways, which Nicaragua disputes ;

82. Whereas it cannot be concluded at this stage from the evidence
adduced by the Parties that the dredging of the San Juan River is creatifng

a risk of irreparable prejudice to Costa Rica’s environment or to thef flow
of the Colorado River ; whereas nor has it been shown that, even if there
were such a risk of prejudice to rights Costa Rica claims in the presentf
case, the risk would be imminent ; and whereas the Court concludes from
the foregoing that in the circumstances of the case as they now stand thfe
second provisional measure requested by Costa Rica should not be indi -

cated ;

*

83. Whereas, in the light of what the Court has already said on the

subject of the final provisional measure requested by Costa Rica (see
paragraph 62 above) and of the Court’s conclusions above on the subject
of the specific provisional measures to be indicated, it is in addition f
appropriate in the circumstances to indicate complementary measures,
calling on both Parties to refrain from any act which may aggravate or
extend the dispute or render it more difficult of solution ;

* * *

84. Whereas the Court’s “orders on provisional measures under Arti -

cle 41 [of the Statute] have binding effect” (LaGrand (Germany v. United

2427 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506, para. 109) and
thus create international legal obligations which both Parties are requifred
to comply with (see, for example, Armed Activities on the Territory of the
Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo vU . ganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Rep‑
orts 2005, p. 258, para. 263));

*
* *

85. Whereas the decision given in the present proceedings in no way
prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with thef
merits of the case or any questions relating to the admissibility of thef
Application, or relating to the merits themselves ; and whereas it leaves
unaffected the right of the Governments of Costa Rica and Nicaragua to

submit arguments in respect of those questions ;

*
* *

86. For these reasons,

The Court,

Indicates the following provisional measures :
(1) Unanimously,

Each Party shall refrain from sending to, or maintaining in the disputed
territory, including the caño, any personnel, whether civilian, police or

security ;
(2) By thirteen votes to four,

Notwithstanding point (1) above, Costa Rica may dispatch civilian
personnel charged with the protection of the environment to the disputed

territory, including the caño, but only in so far as it is necessary to avoid
irreparable prejudice being caused to the part of the wetland where thatf
territory is situated ; Costa Rica shall consult with the Secretariat of the
Ramsar Convention in regard to these actions, give Nicaragua prior
notice of them and use its best endeavours to find common solutions withf
Nicaragua in this respect ;

in favour :President Owada ;Vice‑President Tomka ;Judges Koroma, Al-
Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade,
Yusuf, Greenwood, Donoghue ; Judge ad hoc Dugard ;
against :Judges Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov, Xue; Judge ad hoc Guillaume ;

(3) Unanimously,

Each Party shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or
extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to
resolve ;

2528 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

(4) Unanimously,
Each Party shall inform the Court as to its compliance with the above
provisional measures.

Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at f
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this eighth day of March, two thousand
and eleven, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archivesf of
the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic

of Costa Rica and the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua,
respectively.

(Signed) Hisashi Owada,

President.
(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,

Registrar.

Judges Koroma and Sepúlveda-Amor append separate opinions to
the Order of the Court; Judges Skotnikov, Greenwood and Xue append
declarations to the Order of the Court ; Judge ad hoc Guillaume appends
a declaration to the Order of the Court ; Judge ad hoc Dugard appends
a separate opinion to the Order of the Court.

(Initialled) H.O.
(Initialled) Ph.C.

26

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT
BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA

(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES

ORDER OF 8 MARCH 2011

2011

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES
PAR LE NICARAGUA
DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE

(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU 8 MARS 2011 Official citation :

Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures,
Order of 8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011, p. 6

Mode officiel de citation :

Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région fron▯talière
(Costa Rica c. Nicaragua), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 8 mars 2011, C.I.J. Recueil 2011, p. 6

Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 No de vente: 1013
ISBN 978-92-1-071124-1 8 MARCH 2011

ORDER

CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT
BY NICARAGUA

IN THE BORDER AREA

(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES

CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES
PAR LE NICARAGUA
DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE

(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES

8 MARS 2011

ORDONNANCE 6

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

2011 YEAR 2011
8 March
General List
No. 150 8 March 2011

CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT
BY NICARAGUA

IN THE BORDER AREA

(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES

ORDER

Present : President Owada ; Vice‑President Tomka ; Judges Koroma,
Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abrahafm, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor,
Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançfado Trindade, Yusuf, Green-
wood, Xue, Donoghue ; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Dugard ;
Registrar Couvreur.

The International Court of Justice,

Composed as above,
After deliberation,

Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and
Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court,

Makes the following Order :
1. Whereas by an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on

18 November 2010, the Republic of Costa Rica (hereinafter “Costa
Rica”) instituted proceedings against the Republic of Nicaragua (hefrein-

4 6

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

ANNÉE 2011 2011
8 mars
Rôle général
8 mars 2011 n 150

CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES

PAR LE NICARAGUA

DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE

(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE

Présents: M.Owada, président; M. Tomka, vice‑président; MM. Ko-
roma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abrahafm, Keith, Sepúlveda-
Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikofv, Cançado Trindade, Yusuff,
Greenwood, M mesXue, Donoghue, juges; MM. Guillaume,
Dugard, juges ad hoc; M. Couvreur, greffier.

La Cour internationale de Justice,

Ainsi composée,

Après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
Vu les articles 41 et 48 du Statut de la Cour et les articles 73, 74 et f75
de son Règlement,

Rend l’ordonnance suivante :

1. Considérant que, par requête déposée au Greffe de la Cour fle
18 novembre 2010, la République du CostaRica (ci-après le «Costa Rica»)
a introduit une instance contre la République du Nicaragua (ci-après le

47 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

after “Nicaragua”) on the basis of an alleged “incursion into,f occupation
of and use by Nicaragua’s army of Costa Rican territory” as well afs
alleged breaches of Nicaragua’s obligations towards Costa Rica under :

“(a) the Charter of the United Nations and the Charter of the Organ-
ization of American States ;
(b) the Treaty of Territorial Limits between Costa Rica and

Nicaragua of 15 April 1858 . . ., in particular Articles I, II, V
and IX ;
(c) the arbitral award issued by the President of the United States of
America, Grover Cleveland, on 22 March 1888 . . .;
(d) the first and second arbitral awards rendered by Edward Porter

Alexander dated respectively 30 September 1897 and 20 Decem -
ber 1897 . . .;
(e) the 1971 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
especially as Waterfowl Habitat . . .;

(f) the Judgment of the Court of 13 July 2009 in the case concerning
the Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa
Rica v. Nicaragua) ; and
(g) other applicable rules and principles of international law” ;

2. Whereas Costa Rica states in its Application that

“[b]y sending contingents of its armed forces to Costa Rican territory
and establishing military camps therein, Nicaragua is not only acting
in outright breach of the established boundary regime between the

two States, but also of the core founding principles of the United
Nations, namely the principles of territorial integrity and the prohi -
bition of the threat or use of force against any State in accordance
with Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter; also endorsed as between
the parties in Articles 1, 19 and 29 of the Charter of the Organization

of American States” ;

3. Whereas Costa Rica contends in the said Application that

“Nicaragua has, in two separate incidents, occupied the territory of f
Costa Rica in connection with the construction of a canal across

Costa Rican territory from the San Juan River to Laguna los Portillos
(also known as Harbor Head Lagoon), and certain related works of
dredging on the San Juan River” ;

whereas it states that during the first incursion, which occurred on or
about 18 October 2010, Nicaragua was reported “felling trees and depos -
iting sediment from the dredging works on Costa Rican territory” ;

whereas it adds that, “[a]fter a brief withdrawal, on or about 1 Novem -

5 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 7

«Nicaragua») à raison d’une prétendue « incursion en territoire costa-
ricien de l’armée nicaraguayenne », qui occupe et utilise une partie de
celui-ci, ainsi que de prétendues violations par le Nicaragua d’obligatifons
lui incombant envers le Costa Rica en vertu :

«a) [de] la Charte des Nations Unies et [de] la Charte de l’Organisa -
tion des Etats américains ;
b) [du] traité de limites entre le Costa Rica et le Nicaragua, conclu le

15 avril 1858…, en particulier ses articles I, II, V et IX;

c) [de] la sentence arbitrale rendue le 22 mars 1888 par le président
des Etats-Unis d’Amérique, Grover Cleveland…;
d) [des] première et deuxième sentences arbitrales rendues par Edwardf

Porter Alexander en date respectivement du 30 septembre 1897 et
du 20 décembre 1897…;
e) [de] la convention de 1971 relative aux zones humides d’impor -
tance internationale, particulièrement comme habitats des oiseaux
d’eau… ;

f) [de] l’arrêt rendu par la Cour le 13 juillet 2009 en l’affaire du Dif ‑
férend relatif à des droits de navigation et des droits connexes
(Costa Rica c. Nicaragua) ;
g) d’autres règles et principes applicables du droit international »;

2. Considérant que le Costa Rica, dans sa requête, soutient que,

«[e]n dépêchant des contingents de ses forces armées en territoifre
costa-ricien et en y faisant établir des campements militaires, le Nica -
ragua agit en violation flagrante non seulement du régime frontaliefr

établi entre les deux Etats, mais aussi des grands principes fonda -
teurs des Nations Unies, à savoir le principe de l’intégrité territoriale
et celui de l’interdiction du recours à la menace ou à l’emploi de
la force contre tout Etat, tels qu’affirmés au paragraphe 4 de l’ar -
ticle 2 de la Charte, et auxquels les Parties ont réaffirmé leur adhéf -

sion aux articles premier, 19 et 29 de la Charte de l’Organisation des
Etats américains » ;
3. Considérant que le Costa Rica affirme, dans ladite requête, que

«[l]e Nicaragua, à l’occasion de deux incidents distincts, a occupéf le
sol costa-ricien dans le cadre de la construction d’un canal à travers

le territoire du Costa Rica, entre le fleuve San Juan et la lagune de
los Portillos (également connue sous le nom de « lagune de Har -
bor Head»), et de certaines activités connexes de dragage menées
dans le SanJuan » ;

qu’il indique que, lors de la première incursion, intervenue le 18 oc-
tobre 2010 ou autour de cette date, le Nicaragua, selon certaines informfa-
tions, a procédé « à l’abattage d’arbres et au déversement en territoire

costa-ricien de sédiments provenant des travaux de dragage »; qu’il ajoute

58 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

ber 2010 a second contingent of Nicaraguan troops entered Costa Rican
territory and established a camp” ;

4. Whereas Costa Rica maintains that “[t]his second incursion has
resulted in the continuing occupation by armed Nicaraguan military
forces of an initial area of around 3 square kilometres of Costa Rican tfer-

ritory, located at the north-east Caribbean tip of Costa Rica”, but tfhat
“evidence shows that Nicaraguan military forces have also ventured fufr -
ther inside Costa Rican territory, to the south of that area” ; whereas it
contends that Nicaragua has “also seriously damaged that part of Costfa
Rican territory under its occupation” ;

5. Whereas Costa Rica also asserts in the said Application that “[t]hfe
ongoing and planned dredging and the construction of the canal will serif-
ously affect the flow of water to the Colorado River of Costa Rica, and
will cause further damage to Costa Rican territory, including the wet -

lands and national wildlife protected areas located in the region” ;

6. Whereas, relying on statements made by the Nicaraguan head of the
dredging operations and the President of Nicaragua, Costa Rica asserts
that Nicaragua is seeking to divert the flow of the San Juan River to fwhat
that State erroneously describes as its “historic channel” by cuttfing a

canal which would join the seaward course of the river to the Laguna losf
Portillos; whereas, in so doing, Nicaragua would cause harm to an area
of territory which Costa Rica maintains, for the reasons set out at lengfth
in its Application, falls under its sovereignty ;

7. Whereas Costa Rica contends in particular that the border line,
which it claims Nicaragua is violating by its military and dredging operfa-
tions, has for the last 113 years “consistently been respected and depicted,
in all official maps of both countries, as constituting the international
boundary line between Costa Rica and Nicaragua” ;

8. Whereas in its Application, as a basis for the jurisdiction of the
Court, Costa Rica refers to Article XXXI of the American Treaty on
Pacific Settlement signed at Bogotá on 30 April 1948 (hereinafter the
“Pact of Bogotá”) and to the declarations made under Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, by Costa Rica on 20 Febru-
ary 1973 and by Nicaragua on 24 September 1929 (as amended on

23 October 2001) ;
9. Whereas, at the end of its Application, Costa Rica presents the fol -
lowing submissions :

“For these reasons, and reserving the right to supplement, amplify
or amend the present Application, Costa Rica requests the Court
to adjudge and declare that Nicaragua is in breach of its inter-
national obligations as referred to in paragraph 1 of this Applica-

tion as regards the incursion into and occupation of Costa Rican

6 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 8

que, « [a]près un bref retrait, un second contingenerde troupes nicara -
guayennes est entré en territoire costa-ricien le 1 novembre ou autour de
cette date et y a établi un campement »;
4. Considérant que le Costa Rica précise que, depuis cette seconde
incursion, des membres des forces armées du Nicaragua « occupent de

façon continue une partie du territoire costa-ricien d’une superficie initiale
de quelque trois kilomètres carrés, à l’extrémité nordf-est du Costa Rica,
du côté de la mer des Caraïbes », mais que, « selon certaines indications,
les forces militaires nicaraguayennes se seraient également enfoncéfes en
territoire costa-ricien au sud de cette zone »; qu’il soutient que le Nica-

ragua a « en outre causé des dommages importants dans la partie du
territoire costa-ricien occupée » ;
5. Considérant que, dans ladite requête, le CostaRica fait encore valoir
que «les travaux de dragage actuels et prévus, ainsi que la construction dfu

canal, altéreront gravement le débit des eaux alimentant le Colorafdo, cours
d’eau costa-ricien, et causeront d’autres dommages [à son] territoire…,
notamment aux zones humides et aux réserves nationales de flore et fde
faune sauvages de la région»;
6. Considérant que, s’appuyant sur des déclarations émanant du fres -

ponsable nicaraguayen des opérations de dragage et du président du Ni-
caragua, le Costa Rica soutient que le Nicaragua vise à détourner le cours
du fleuve San Juan vers ce que cet Etat considère erronément êftre le «che-
nal primitif » de ce fleuve par le creusement d’un canal qui relierait ledit f
fleuve, en direction de la mer, à la lagune de los Portillos; que, ce faisant,

le Nicaragua porterait atteinte à une partie du territoire que le CosftaRica
affirme, pour des motifs longuement exposés dans la requête, relefver de sa
souveraineté ;
7. Considérant que le Costa Rica souligne notamment que la ligne fron-
tière que, selon lui, le Nicaragua viole par ses opérations militafires et de

dragage a, au cours des cent treize dernières années, «systématiquement été
reprise et représentée, sur toutes les cartes officielles des deufx pays, comme
constituant la frontière internationale entre le Costa Rica et le Nicfaragu»a;
8. Considérant que, dans sa requête, le Costa Rica se réfère, pfour fon-
der la compétence de la Cour, à l’article XXXI du traité américain de

règlement pacifique des différends signé à Bogotá le 30f avril 1948 (ci-après
le « pacte de Bogotá ») et aux déclarations faites, en application du para -
graphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour, par le Costa Rica le
20 février 1973 et par le Nicaragua le 24 septembre 1929 (déclaration telle
que modifiée le 23 octobre 2001);

9. Considérant qu’au terme de sa requête le Costa Rica formule les
demandes suivantes:

«Pour ces motifs, tout en se réservant le droit de compléter, préfci-
ser ou modifier la présente requête, le Costa Rica prie la Cour de dire
et juger que le Nicaragua viole ses obligations internationales men -
tionnées au paragraphe 1 de la présente requête, à raison de son
incursion en territoire costa-ricien et de l’occupation d’une partie de

69 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

territory, the serious damage inflicted to its protected rainforests
and wetlands, and the damage intended to the Colorado River,
wetlands and protected ecosystems, as well as the dredging and canal-
ization activities being carried out by Nicaragua on the San Juan
River.

In particular the Court is requested to adjudge and declare that, by
its conduct, Nicaragua has breached :
(a) the territory of the Republic of Costa Rica, as agreed and delim -

ited by the 1858 Treaty of Limits, the Cleveland Award and the
first and second Alexander Awards ;
(b) the fundamental principles of territorial integrity and the prohi -
bition of use of force under the Charter of the United Nations
and the Charter of the Organization of American States ;

(c) the obligation imposed upon Nicaragua by Article IX of the
1858 Treaty of Limits not to use the San Juan River to carry out
hostile acts ;
(d) the obligation not to damage Costa Rican territory ;

(e) the obligation not to artificially channel the San Juan River away
from its natural watercourse without the consent of Costa Rica ;
(f) the obligation not to prohibit the navigation on the San Juan
River by Costa Rican nationals ;
(g) the obligation not to dredge the San Juan River if this causes

damage to Costa Rican territory (including the Colorado River),
in accordance with the 1888 Cleveland Award;

(h) the obligations under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands ;

(i) the obligation not to aggravate and extend the dispute by adopt -
ing measures against Costa Rica, including the expansion of the
invaded and occupied Costa Rican territory or by adopting any
further measure or carrying out any further actions that would
infringe Costa Rica’s territorial integrity under international

law” ;

10. Whereas Costa Rica also requests the Court to “determine the rep -
aration which must be made by Nicaragua, in particular in relation to
any measures of the kind referred to . . . above” (para. 9);
11. Whereas on 18 November 2010, having filed its Application, Costa
Rica also submitted a Request for the indication of provisional measuresf,

pursuant to Article 41 of the Statute of the Court and Articles 73 to 75 of
the Rules of Court ;
12. Whereas, in its Request for the indication of provisional measures,
Costa Rica refers to the same bases of jurisdiction of the Court relied fon
in its Application (see paragraph 8 above) and to the facts set out therein;

7 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 9

celui-ci, des graves dommages causés à ses forêts pluviales et zones f
humides protégées, des dommages qu’il entend causer au Coloradof,
à ses zones humides et à ses écosystèmes protégés, ainfsi que des acti-
vités de dragage et de creusement d’un canal qu’il mène actufellement
dans le fleuve San Juan.

En particulier, le Costa Rica prie la Cour de dire et juger que, par
son comportement, le Nicaragua a violé :
a) le territoire de la République du CostaRica, tel qu’il a été convenu

et délimité par le traité de limites de 1858, la sentence Cleveland
ainsi que les première et deuxième sentences Alexander ;
b) les principes fondamentaux de l’intégrité territoriale et de l’finter-ic
tion de l’emploi de la force consacrés par la Charte des Nations
Unies et la Charte de l’Organisation des Etats américains;

c) l’obligation faite au Nicaragua par l’article IX du traité de limites
de 1858 de ne pas utiliser le San Juan pour perpétrer des actes
d’hostilité ;
d) l’obligation de ne pas causer de dommages au territoire costa-
ricien ;

e) l’obligation de ne pas dévier artificiellement le San Juan de son
cours naturel sans le consentement du Costa Rica;
f) l’obligation de ne pas interdire la navigation de ressortissants
costa-riciens sur le San Juan;
g) l’obligation de ne pas mener d’opérations de dragage dans le

San Juan si ces activités ont un effet dommageable pour le ter-
ritoire costa-ricien (y compris le Colorado), conformément à la
sentence Cleveland de 1888;
h) les obligations découlant de la convention de Ramsar sur les zones
humides ;

i) l’obligation de ne pas aggraver ou étendre le différend, que fce soit
par des actes visant le Costa Rica, et consistant notamment à
étendre la portion de territoire costa-ricien envahie et occupée,
ou par l’adoption de toute autre mesure ou la conduite d’activités
qui porteraient atteinte à l’intégrité territoriale du Costaf Rica en

violation du droit international »;

10. Considérant que le Costa Rica prie également la Cour de «détermi-
ner les réparations dues par le Nicaragua à raison, en particulier, de toute
mesure du type de celles qui sont mentionnées » ci-dessus (par. 9);
11. Considérant que, le 18 novembre 2010, après avoir déposé sa f
requête, le Costa Rica a également présenté une demande en indication de

mesures conservatoires en application de l’article 41 du Statut de la Cour
et des articles 73 à 75 de son Règlement ;
12. Considérant que, dans sa demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, le Costa Rica renvoie aux bases de compétence de la Cour
invoquées dans sa requête (voir paragraphe 8 ci-dessus), ainsi qu’aux faits

qui sont exposés dans celle-ci ;

710 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

13. Whereas, in support of the said Request, Costa Rica states that

“Nicaragua is currently destroying an area of primary rainforests and

fragile wetlands on Costa Rican territory (listed as such under the
Ramsar Convention’s List of Wetlands of International Importance)
for the purpose of facilitating the construction of a canal through
Costa Rican territory, intended to deviate the waters of the San Juan
River from its natural historical course into Laguna los Portillos (thef
Harbor Head Lagoon)” ;

whereas it observes that “Nicaraguan officials have indicated that tfhe
intention of Nicaragua is to deviate some 1,700 cubic metres per second

. . . of the water that currently is carried by the Costa Rican Colorado
River” ;
14. Whereas Costa Rica contends that it has regularly protested to
Nicaragua and called on it not to dredge the San Juan River “until it can
be established that the dredging operation will not damage the Colorado
River or other Costa Rican territory”, but that Nicaragua has neverthfe -

less continued with its dredging activities on the San Juan River and thfat
it “even announced on 8 November 2010 that it would deploy two addi -
tional dredges to the San Juan River”, one of which is reportedly stifll
under construction ;
15. Whereas Costa Rica asserts that Nicaragua’s statements demon -

strate “the likelihood of damage to Costa Rica’s Colorado River, afnd to
Costa Rica’s lagoons, rivers, herbaceous swamps and woodlands”, the
dredging operation posing more specifically “a threat to wildlife refuges
in Laguna Maquenque, Barra del Colorado, Corredor Fronterizo and the
Tortuguero National Park” ;

16. Whereas Costa Rica refers to the adoption on 12 November 2010
of a resolution of the Permanent Council of the Organization of Ameri -
can States (CP/RES.978 (1777/10)), welcoming and endorsing the recomf-
mendations made by the Secretary-General of that Organization in his
report of 9 November 2010 (CP/doc.4521/10) ; and whereas it states that
the Permanent Council called on the Parties to comply with those recom -

mendations, in particular that requesting “the avoidance of the presefnce
of military or security forces in the area where their existence might rfouse
tension” ;
17. Whereas Costa Rica asserts that Nicaragua’s “immediate response
to the Resolution of the Permanent Council of the OAS was to state [its]

intention not to comply with [it]” and that Nicaragua has “consistently
refused all requests to remove its armed forces from the Costa Rican terf-
ritory in Isla Portillos” ;
18. Whereas Costa Rica affirms that its rights to sovereignty and ter -
ritorial integrity form the subject of its Request for the indication of pro -
visional measures submitted to the Court ; whereas it maintains that

Nicaragua’s obligation “not to dredge the San Juan if this affects or dam -

8 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 10

13. Considérant que, à l’appui de ladite demande, le Costa Rica sou-
tient que,
«dans l’intention de faciliter la construction d’un canal sur le tefrri -

toire costa-ricien en vue de faire dévier le cours historique naturel
du San Juan vers la lagune de los Portillos (ou lagune de Harbor
Head), le Nicaragua détruit actuellement une zone de forêts pluvifales
primaires ainsi que des zones humides fragiles situées en territoire f
costa-ricien (et inscrites sur la liste de la convention de Ramsar des
zones humides d’importance internationale) »;

qu’il précise que les «responsables nicaraguayens ont indiqué que le Nica-
ragua avait l’intention de détourner une partie des eaux du Colorafdo,

fleuve costa-ricien, équivalant à quelque 1700 mètres cubes par seconde »;

14. Considérant que le Costa Rica indique avoir régulièrement protesté
auprès du Nicaragua et lui avoir demandé de s’abstenir de dragufer le
fleuve San Juan « jusqu’à ce qu’il puisse être établi que ses opérationsf
ne causeront aucun dommage au Colorado ou à d’autres parties du

territoire costa-ricien», mais que le Nicaragua a néanmoins poursuivi ses
activités de dragage du fleuve San Juan et qu’il « a même annoncé, le
8 novembre 2010, qu’il déploierait deux dragues supplémentaires sur
le fleuve», dont l’une serait encore en cours de construction ;
15. Considérant que le Costa Rica estime que les déclarations du Nica-

ragua démontrent que « le Colorado, fleuve costa-ricien, ainsi que les
lagunes, rivières, prairies marécageuses et zones boisées du Cofsta Rica
risquent de subir des dommages », l’opération de dragage représentant
plus précisément « une menace à l’encontre des réserves naturelles de
Laguna Maquenque, Barradel Colorado et Corredor Fronterizo et du parc
national Tortuguero »;

16. Considérant que le Costa Rica fait état de l’adoption, le 12 nof-
vembre 2010, d’une résolution du conseil permanent de l’Organisation
des Etats américains (CP/RES.978 (1777/10)) accueillant et faisanft siennes
les recommandations du secrétaire général de ladite organisatiofn conte -
nues dans son rapport du 9 novembre 2010 (CP/doc.4521/10) ; et qu’il
indique que le conseil permanent a appelé les Parties à adopter cefs recom -

mandations, parmi lesquelles celle consistant à « éviter la présence de
forces armées ou de sécurité dans la zone où une telle présence pourrait
créer des tensions »;
17. Considérant que le CostaRica affirme que le Nicaragua «a répondu
immédiatement à la résolution du conseil permanent de l’OEA fen faisant

part de son intention de ne pas la respecter » et qu’il a «systématiquement
rejeté toutes les demandes visant au retrait de ses forces armées du terri -
toire costa-ricien de l’île de Portillos »;
18. Considérant que le CostaRica expose que ses droits à la souveraineté
et à l’intégrité territoriale forment l’objet de la demanfde en indication
de mesures conservatoires qu’il a présentée à la Cour ; qu’il souligne que,

à ces droits, correspond dans le chef du Nicaragua l’obligation « de ne

811 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

ages Costa Rica’s lands, its environmentally protected areas and the f
integrity and flow of the Colorado River” corresponds to these righfts;

19. Whereas, at the end of its Request for the indication of provisional
measures, Costa Rica asks the Court

“as a matter of urgency to order the following provisional measures
so as to rectify the presently ongoing breach of Costa Rica’s territofrial
integrity and to prevent further irreparable harm to Costa Rica’s terf-

ritory, pending its determination of this case on the merits :

(1) the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of all Nicaraguan
troops from the unlawfully invaded and occupied Costa Rican
territories ;
(2) the immediate cessation of the construction of a canal across
Costa Rican territory ;

(3) the immediate cessation of the felling of trees, removal of vegeta-
tion and soil from Costa Rican territory, including its wetlands
and forests ;
(4) the immediate cessation of the dumping of sediment in Costa
Rican territory ;
(5) the suspension of Nicaragua’s ongoing dredging programme,

aimed at the occupation, flooding and damage of Costa Rican
territory, as well as at the serious damage to and impairment of
the navigation of the Colorado River, giving full effect to the
Cleveland Award and pending the determination of the merits of
this dispute ;

(6) that Nicaragua shall refrain from any other action which might
prejudice the rights of Costa Rica, or which may aggravate or
extend the dispute before the Court” ;

20. Whereas on 18 November 2010, the date on which the Application
and the Request for the indication of provisional measures were filed in
the Registry, the Registrar informed the Nicaraguan Government of the

filing of these documents and transmitted certified copies of them to it
forthwith, in accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of
the Court and Article 38, paragraph 4, and Article 73, paragraph 2, of the
Rules of Court ; and whereas the Registrar also notified the Secretary-
General of the United Nations of this filing ;
21. Whereas on 19 November 2010 the Registrar informed the Parties

that the Court, in accordance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules
of Court, had fixed 11, 12 and 13 January 2011 as the dates for the oral
proceedings on the Request for the indication of provisional measures ;
22. Whereas, pending the notification provided for by Article 40, para-
graph 3, of the Statute and Article 42 of the Rules of Court by transmis -

sion of the printed bilingual text of the Application to the Members of fthe

9 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 11

pas draguer le San Juan si cela affecte ou endommage le territoire du
CostaRica, ses zones naturelles protégées ainsi que l’intégrité et le débit du
Colorado »;
19. Considérant que, au terme de sa demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, le Costa Rica prie la Cour,

«dans l’attente de la décision qu’elle rendra sur le fond de l’faffaire,
d’ordonner d’urgence les mesures conservatoires suivantes, de sortfe à
remédier à l’atteinte actuellement portée à son intégrfité territoriale et

à empêcher que de nouveaux dommages irréparables ne soient causfés
à son territoire :

1) retrait immédiat et inconditionnel de toutes les forces nicara -
guayennes des parties du territoire costa-ricien envahies et occupées
de manière illicite;
2) cessation immédiate du percement d’un canal en territoire costa-
ricien ;

3) cessation immédiate de l’abattage d’arbres, de l’enlèvemefnt de
végétation et des travaux d’excavation en territoire costa-ricien,
notamment dans les zones humides et les forêts ;
4) cessation immédiate du déversement de sédiments en territoire
costa-ricien ;
5) suspension, par le Nicaragua, du programme de dragage en cours,

mis en œuvre par celui-ci en vue d’occuper et d’inonder le territoire
costa-ricien et de causer des dommages à celui-ci ainsi qu’en vue
de porter un lourd préjudice à la navigation sur le Colorado ou
de la perturber gravement, suspension requise pour donner plein
effet à la sentence Cleveland dans l’attente de la décision sfur le

fond du présent différend ;
6) obligation faite au Nicaragua de s’abstenir de toute autre action
qui soit de nature à porter préjudice aux droits du Costa Rica ou
à aggraver ou étendre le différend porté devant la Cour »;

20. Considérant que, le 18 novembre 2010, date à laquelle la requête et
la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires ont été dépofsées au
Greffe, le greffier a informé le Gouvernement nicaraguayen du défpôt de

ces documents et lui en a adressé immédiatement des copies certififées
conformes en application du paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut de la
Cour, ainsi que du paragraphe 4 de l’article 38 et du paragraphe 2 de l’ar-
ticle 73 de son Règlement ; et que le greffier a également informé le Secré -
taire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies de ce dépôt ;
21. Considérant que, le 19 novembre 2010, le greffier a informé les Par-

ties que la Cour, en application du paragraphe 3 de l’article 74 de son
Règlement, avait fixé aux 11, 12 et 13 janvier 2011 les dates de la procé -
dure orale sur la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires ;
22. Considérant que, en attendant que la communication prévue au
paragraphe3 de l’article 40 du Statut et à l’article 42 du Règlement ait été

effectuée par transmission du texte bilingue imprimé de la requêfte aux

912 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

United Nations, the Registrar informed those States of the filing of thef
Application and its subject, and of the filing of the Request for the infdi-a
tion of provisional measures ;
23. Whereas, on the instructions of the Court and in accordance with
Article 43 of the Rules of Court, the Registrar addressed to all the States
parties to the Pact of Bogotá the notification provided for in Articlfe 63,

paragraph 1, of the Statute ; and whereas the Registrar also addressed to
the Secretary-General of the Organization of American States the notifi -
cation provided for in Article 34, paragraph 3, of the Statute ;
24. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the Bench no judge of the
nationality of the Parties, each of them proceeded, in exercise of the rfight
conferred by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute, to choose a judge

ad hoc in the case ; whereas, for this purpose, Costa Rica chose
Mr. John Dugard, and Nicaragua chose Mr. Gilbert Guillaume;
25. Whereas on 4 January2011 Costa Rica transmitted to the Court
certain documents relating to the Request for the indication of provisiofnal
measures, to which it intended to refer during the oral proceeding;swhereas

these documents were communicated forthwith to the other Party;
26. Whereas, on the same day and to the same end, Nicaragua in turn
transmitted certain documents to the Court, which were communicated
forthwith to the other Party ; whereas on the same occasion Nicaragua
filed in the Registry electronic copies of documents, including video maft-
erial which it intended to present to the Court during the oral proceedifng;s

whereas Costa Rica informed the Registrar that it had no objection to
such a presentation ; and whereas the Court authorized the presentation
of the video material at the hearings ;
27. Whereas, on 4 January 2011, Nicaragua also asked the Court, in
the exercise of its power under Article 62, paragraph 1, of the Rules of
Court, to call upon Costa Rica to produce, before the opening of the orafl

proceedings, studies it had carried out with regard to the impact of thef
dredging of the San Juan River on the flow of the Colorado River ;
whereas, following this request, Costa Rica produced such a study on itsf
own initiative on 6 January 2011;
28. Whereas on 10 January 2011 Costa Rica also transmitted to the

Court electronic versions of a Nicaraguan atlas from which it intended tfo
produce certain maps during the oral proceedings ; whereas this docu -
ment was communicated forthwith to Nicaragua ;
29. Whereas at the public hearings held on 11, 12 and 13 January 2011,
in accordance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, oral
observations on the Request for the indication of provisional measures

were presented the following representatives of the Parties :

On behalf of Costa Rica : H.E. Mr. Edgar Ugalde Álvarez, Agent,
Mr. Arnoldo Brenes,
Mr. Sergio Ugalde, Co‑Agent,
Mr. Marcelo Kohen,

Mr. James Crawford;

10 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 12

Membres des Nations Unies, le greffier a informé ces Etats du dépôt de la
requête et de son objet, ainsi que du dépôt de la demande en infdication de
mesures conservatoires;
23. Considérant que, sur les instructions de la Cour et conformément àf
l’article 43 du Règlement, le greffier a adressé la notification prévue au
paragraphe 1 de l’article 63 du Statut à tous les Etats parties au pacte de

Bogotá; et que le greffier a en outre adressé au secrétaire générfal de l’Or-
ganisation des Etats américains la notification prévue au paragrapfhe3 de
l’article 34 du Statut ;
24. Considérant que, la Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de laf
nationalité des Parties, chacune d’elles a procédé, dans l’exercice du droit
que lui confère le paragraphe 3 de l’article 31 du Statut, à la désignation

d’un juge ad hoc en l’affaire ; que le Costa Rica a désigné à cet effet
M. John Dugard et le Nicaragua M. Gilbert Guillaume;
25. Considérant que, le 4 janvier 2011, le Costa Rica a transmis à la
Cour certains documents relatifs à la demande en indication de mesurefs
conservatoires, auxquels il entendait se référer durant la procéfdure orale;

que ces documents ont été immédiatement transmis à l’autrfe Partie;
26. Considérant que, le même jour et à la même fin, le Nicaraguaf a, à
son tour, fait parvenir à la Cour certains documents, lesquels ont éfté immé-
diatement transmis à l’autre Partie; que, à la même occasion, le Nicaragua
a déposé au Greffe des copies électroniques de documents, donft un film
vidéo, qu’il a indiqué vouloir présenter à la Cour lors dfe la procédure ora;le

que le Costa Rica a informé le greffier qu’il n’avait pas d’objection àf cet
égard; et que la Cour a autorisé la présentation du film vidéo lors fdes
audiences;
27. Considérant que, le 4 janvier 2011, le Nicaragua a également
demandé à la Cour, dans l’exercice du pouvoir que lui confèrfe le para -
graphe 1 de l’article 62 du Règlement, d’inviter le Costa Rica à produire,

avant l’ouverture de la procédure orale, les études auxquelles fil avait pro-
cédé concernant l’impact du dragage du fleuve San Juan sur lef débit du
fleuve Colorado; que, à la suite de cette demande, le Costa Rica a sponta-
nément produit une telle étude le 6 janvier 2011 ;
28. Considérant que, le 10 janvier 2011, le Costa Rica a encore fait

parvenir à la Cour des versions électroniques d’un atlas nicarafguayen
dont il a indiqué vouloir produire certaines cartes durant la procéfdure
orale; que ce document a été immédiatement transmis au Nicaragua ;
29. Considérant que, au cours des audiences publiques tenues les 11,
12 et 13 janvier 2011 en vertu du paragraphe 3 de l’article 74 du Règle -
ment, des observations orales sur la demande en indication de mesures

conservatoires ont été présentées par :

Au nom du Costa Rica: S. Exc. M. Edgar Ugalde Álvarez, agent,
M. Arnoldo Brenes,
M. Sergio Ugalde, coagent,
M. Marcelo Kohen,

M. James Crawford;

1013 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

On behalf of Nicaragua : H.E. Mr. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, Agent,
Mr. Stephen C. McCaffrey,
Mr. Paul S. Reichler,
Mr. Alain Pellet;

and whereas, during the hearings, questions were put by certain Members f
of the Court to Nicaragua, to which replies were given in writing by thef

latter; whereas, in accordance with Article 72 of the Rules of Court,
Costa Rica then commented upon Nicaragua’s written replies ;

* * *

30. Whereas, in its first round of oral observations, Costa Rica reiter -
ated the arguments developed in its Application and its Request for the f
indication of provisional measures, and argued that the conditions necesf-

sary for the Court to indicate the requested measures had been fulfilledf;

31. Whereas Costa Rica reaffirmed that, without its consent, Nicara -
gua has constructed an artificial canal across an area of Costa Rican tefr-
ritory unlawfully occupied by Nicaraguan armed forces ; whereas, to this
end, Nicaragua is said to have illegally deforested areas of internationfally

protected primary forests; and whereas, according to Costa Rica, Nicara-
gua’s actions have caused serious damage to a fragile ecosystem and are
aimed at establishing a fait accompli, modifying unilaterally the bound -
ary between the two Parties, by attempting to deviate the course of the f
San Juan River, in spite of the Respondent’s “constant, unambiguoufs
[and] incontestable” recognition of the Applicant’s sovereignty ovfer Isla

Portillos, which the said canal would henceforth intersect ;

32. Whereas Costa Rica declared that it is not opposed to Nicaragua
carrying out works to clean the San Juan River, provided that these
works do not affect Costa Rica’s territory, including the Colorado fRiver,
or its navigation rights on the San Juan River, or its rights in the Bayf of

San Juan del Norte; whereas Costa Rica asserted that the dredging works
carried out by Nicaragua on the San Juan River did not comply with
these conditions, firstly because Nicaragua has deposited large amounts f
of sediment from the river in the Costa Rican territory it is occupying fand
has proceeded to deforest certain areas ; secondly, because these works,

and those relating to the cutting of the disputed canal, have as a consef -
quence the significant deviation of the waters of the Colorado River,
which is situated entirely in Costa Rican territory ; and, thirdly, because
these dredging works will spoil portions of Costa Rica’s northern coast
on the Caribbean Sea ;
33. Whereas Costa Rica asserted that the part of its territory affected

by Nicaragua’s activities is protected under the Convention on Wetlanfds

11 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 13

Au nom du Nicaragua : S. Exc. M. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, agent,
M. Stephen C. McCaffrey,
M. Paul S. Reichler,
M. Alain Pellet;

et qu’au cours des audiences des questions ont été posées pafr certains
membres de la Cour au Nicaragua, questions auxquelles ce dernier a

apporté des réponses par écrit; que, conformément à l’article 72 du Règle -
ment, le Costa Rica a ensuite présenté des observations sur les réponses
écrites du Nicaragua ;

* * *

30. Considérant que, lors de son premier tour d’observations orales,
le Costa Rica a réitéré l’argumentation développée danfs sa requête et sa
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires, et a avancé que les f

conditions requises pour que la Cour indique les mesures demandées
étaient remplies;
31. Considérant que le Costa Rica a réaffirmé que, sans son consente -
ment, le Nicaragua a creusé un canal artificiel à travers une partfie du
territoire costa-ricien illégalement occupé par ses forces armées ; que le
Nicaragua a, à cette fin, illégalement déboisé des zones de fforêts pri -

maires internationalement protégées ; et que, selon le Costa Rica, les
actions du Nicaragua ont entraîné des dommages importants à un féco -
système fragile et ont pour objectif d’établir un fait accompli modifiant
unilatéralement la frontière entre les deux Parties par une tentatfive de
déviation du cours du fleuve San Juan, alors que l’Etat défendeur a, de
manière « constante, dépourvue d’ambiguïté [et] irréfragable », reconnu

la souveraineté de l’Etat demandeur sur Isla Portillos, que ledit fcanal
couperait désormais ;
32. Considérant que le CostaRica a déclaré ne pas s’opposer à ce que le
Nicaragua entreprenne des travaux de nettoyage du fleuve San Juan, pour
autant que ces travaux n’affectent pas son territoire, y compris lef fleuve
Colorado, son droit de navigation sur le fleuve San Juan, ni ses droits sur

la baie de San Juan del Norte ; que le Costa Rica a fait valoir que les tra -
vaux de dragage du fleuve San Juan entrepris par le Nicaragua n’ont pas
respecté ces conditions car, premièrement, le Nicaragua a déverfsé d’impor -
tantes quantités de sédiments retirés du fleuve sur le territfoire costa-ricien
qu’il occupe et a, à certains endroits, procédé à des actions de déboise -

ment, deuxièmement, ces travaux, ainsi que ceux relatifs au creusemenft du
canal litigieux, ont pour conséquence de détourner de manière sfignificative
les eaux du fleuve Colorado, lequel se trouve entièrement en territfoire
costa-ricien, et, troisièmement, ces travaux de dragage altéreront des pfar-
ties du littoral nord du Costa Rica sur la mer des Caraïbes ;
33. Considérant que le Costa Rica a souligné que la partie de son ter-

ritoire affectée par les activités du Nicaragua est protégéfe au titre de

1114 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, done at
Ramsar on 2 February 1971 (United Nations Treaty Series (UNTS),
Vol. 996, No. I-14583, p. 245, hereinafter the “Ramsar Convention”), and
that on 17 December 2010, further to a mission, a report by the Ramsar
Secretariat (hereinafter the “Ramsar Report”) stated that the wofrk under -
taken by Nicaragua had inflicted serious damage on the protected wet -

lands; whereas Costa Rica also referred to a report of 4 January 2011
drawn up by the Operational Satellite Applications Programme of the
United Nations Institute for Training and Research (hereinafter the
“UNITAR/UNOSAT report”) relating to the geomorphological and
environmental changes likely to be caused by Nicaragua’s activities ifn the

border region ;

34. Whereas, according to Costa Rica, the Court is not seised of a
boundary dispute arising from a divergence of interpretation, between thfe
Parties, of a treaty or an arbitral award, because, until the unexpectedf
emergence of the present dispute, Nicaragua had always recognized Isla

Portillos as falling in its entirety under Costa Rican sovereignty ; whereas,
to this end, Costa Rica recalled the history and substance of the territfo -
rial demarcation between the Parties through the 1858 Treaty of Limits, f
the 1888 Cleveland Award, the 1896 Pacheco-Matus Convention and the
five arbitral awards of General Alexander; whereas, in support of its

assertions, it produced a number of maps, including some drawn up at
the time of the above-mentioned awards and, more recently, by Nicara -
gua itself or by third States ; and whereas Costa Rica maintained that
Nicaragua is attempting, in a new and artificial way, to portray these
proceedings as a territorial dispute, even though it is indisputably estfab -

lished that, from the point on the coast originally identified as Punta fCas-
tilla, the boundary runs all around the Harbor Head Lagoon and along
the sea coast of Isla Portillos before joining the mouth of the San Juanf
River, in such a way that the canal cut by Nicaragua across Isla Portillfos
is on Costa Rican territory ;
35. Whereas Costa Rica also asserted that its title to territory was con -

firmed by effectivités, namely the exercise of elements of governmental
authority in the disputed territory, including the deeds of possession
inscribed in the Costa Rican cadastre ;

*

36. Whereas, in its first round of oral observations, Nicaragua stated

that the activities it is accused of by Costa Rica took place on Nicaragfuan
territory and that they did not cause, nor do they risk causing, irreparable
harm to the other Party ;
37. Whereas, referring to the first Alexander Award dated 30 Septem -
ber 1897 (United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards (RIAA),

Vol. XXVIII, pp. 215-222), Nicaragua maintained that, from the point

12 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 14

la convention relative aux zones humides d’importance internationale,
particulièrement comme habitats des oiseaux d’eau, faite à Ramsfar le
2 février 1971 (Recueil des traités des Nations Unies (RTNU), vol. 996,
no I-14583, p. 245, ci-après la « convention de Ramsar ») et que, le
17 décembre 2010, le Secrétariat de ladite convention a, à la suite d’une
mission, présenté un rapport (ci-après le « rapport Ramsar») selon lequel

les travaux entrepris par le Nicaragua avaient causé un dommage imporf -
tant à cette zone humide protégée ; que le Costa Rica a encore fait état
d’un rapport du 4 janvier 2011 établi par le Programme opérationnel pour
les opérations satellitaires de l’Institut des Nations Unies pour la forma -
tion et la recherche (ci-après « rapport UNITAR/UNOSAT») relatif aux

changements géomorphologiques et environnementaux susceptibles d’êftre
causés par les activités du Nicaragua dans la région frontalièfre;
34. Considérant que, selon le Costa Rica, la Cour n’est pas saisie d’un
différend frontalier né d’une divergence d’interprétatifon, entre les Parties,
d’un traité ou d’une sentence arbitrale, dès lors que le Nicaragua a, jusqu’à
la survenance du présent litige, continuellement reconnu que Isla Portillos

relevait, dans sa totalité, de la souveraineté du Costa ica; que le CostaRica
a retracé à cette fin l’histoire et le contenu de la démarcaftion territoriale
entre les Parties, à travers le traité de limites de 1858, la sentence du pré-
sident Cleveland de1888, la convention Pacheco-Matus de1896 et les cinq
sentences du général Alexander ; qu’il a produit à l’appui de ses affirma -

tions un certain nombre de cartes, dont certaines ont été établfies à l’époque
desdites sentences, ou, plus récemment, par le Nicaragua lui-même ou des
Etats tiers; et que le Costa Rica a soutenu que c’est de manière nouvelle et
artificielle que le Nicaragua entend donner à la présente instancef la nature
d’un contentieux territorial, alors qu’il est incontestablement éftabli que,

partant du point sur la côte originellement identifié comme étafnt PunC tas-
tilla, la frontière longe tout le pourtour de la lagune de Harbor Head et la
façade maritime de Isla Portillos avant de rejoindre l’embouchure fdu fleuve
San Juan, de telle manière que le canal creusé par le Nicaragua à tfravers
Isla Portillos est situé en territoire costa-ricien;
35. Considérant que le Costa Rica a encore affirmé que son titre terri -

torial était confirmé par des effectivités, à savoir l’fexercice de prérogatives
de puissance publique sur le territoire litigieux, dont l’octroi de pfermis de
possession inscrits au cadastre costa-ricien ;

*

36. Considérant que, lors de son premier tour d’observations orales, lfe

Nicaragua a soutenu que les activités que le Costa Rica lui reproche se
sont déroulées sur le territoire nicaraguayen et qu’elles n’ont causé, ni ne
risquent de causer, aucun préjudice irréparable à l’autre Pafrtie;
37. Considérant que, se référant à la première sentence du géfnéral
Alexander en date du 30 septembre 1897 (Nations Unies, Recueil des sen ‑

tences arbitrales (RSA), vol. XXVIII, p. 215-222), le Nicaragua a affirmé

1215 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

on the coast originally identified as Punta Castilla, the boundary follows f
the eastern edge of the Harbor Head Lagoon before joining the San Juan
River by the first natural channel in a south-westerly and then a southerly
direction; that this boundary line in the area in dispute derives from the
very terms of the Alexander Award and is more rational than the line
claimed by Costa Rica, since it links, by the said channel, the bed of tfhe

San Juan River to the Harbor Head Lagoon, over which Nicaragua is
indisputably sovereign ; and that the exercise in various forms and over
several years of sovereign prerogatives in the region in question by thef
Nicaraguan public authorities is confirmation of Nicaragua’s title to
territory;
38. Whereas Nicaragua asserted that since the said natural channel had

become obstructed over the years, it had undertaken to make it once moref
navigable for small vessels; whereas the works condemned by Costa Rica
were not therefore aimed at the cutting of an artificial canal ; and whereas
the cleaning and clearing of the channel had been carried out manually ifn
Nicaraguan territory, the right bank of the said channel constituting thfe

boundary between the two Parties;
39. Whereas Nicaragua also asserted that the number of trees felled
was limited and that it has undertaken to replant the affected areas, fall
located on the left bank of the said channel, with ten trees for every ofne
felled; whereas it stated that the works to clean the channel are over and
finished ;

40. Whereas Nicaragua indicated that the dredging operations on the
San Juan River were made necessary by the progressive sedimentation of
its bed and that it has not only a sovereign right to dredge the river, fbut
also an international obligation to do so ; whereas it stated that these
operations, aimed at improving the navigability of the river, had only
been authorized after an environmental impact assessment had been duly

completed; whereas it added that, as in the case of the cleaning and clear -
ing of the channel, any debris from the dredging of the river had been sfet
on Nicaragua’s side of the border, at various clearly identified sitefs;

41. Whereas Nicaragua contended that Costa Rica did not suffer, nor
was it likely to suffer, any harm on account of these disputed activitfies ;

whereas it contested the scientific value of the Ramsar Report on the
grounds that it was drawn up on the basis of information supplied solelyf by
Costa Rica; whereas, according to Nicaragua, the impact of the dredging
works on the San Juan River on the flow of the Colorado River is and wfill
remain negligible, as recognized by a Costa Rican study ; and whereas Nica -

ragua referred to a report by Dutch experts confirming the validity of tfhe
environmental impact assessment carried out by the Nicaraguan administraf -
tion and the non-injurious character of the dredging works undertaken ;
42. Whereas Nicaragua disputed that elements of its armed forces had
occupied an area of Costa Rican territory ; whereas it stated that it had
assigned some of its troops to the protection of staff engaged in the fclean -

ing of the channel and the dredging of the river, but clarified that thefse

13 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 15

que, partant du point sur la côte originellement identifié comme éftant
Punta Castilla, la frontière longe la côte orientale de la lagune de Harf -
bor Head avant de rejoindre le fleuve San Juan par le premier chenal
naturel en direction du sud-ouest puis du sud ; que ce tracé de la frontière
dans la zone litigieuse se déduit des termes mêmes de la sentence Alexan -
der et qu’il est plus rationnel que le tracé revendiqué par le fCosta Rica

puisqu’il relie, par ledit chenal, le lit du fleuve San Juan à la lagune de
Harbor Head, sur lesquels le Nicaragua est incontestablement souverain ;
et que l’exercice, sous différentes formes et depuis de nombreusfes années,
de prérogatives souveraines sur le territoire en cause par les autorités
publiques nicaraguayennes vient confirmer le titre du Nicaragua ;
38. Considérant que le Nicaragua a indiqué que, ledit chenal naturel

s’étant obstrué au fil des ans, il avait entrepris de le rendref à nouveau pra -
ticable pour des embarcations légères ; que les travaux dénoncés par le
Costa Rica n’avaient donc aucunement pour objet le creusement d’unf
canal artificiel; et que le nettoyage et le débroussaillage du chenal avaient
été effectués manuellement en territoire nicaraguayen, la rivfe droite dudit

chenal constituant la frontière entre les Parties;
39. Considérant que le Nicaragua a encore fait valoir que le déboise -
ment auquel il a procédé était d’une ampleur limitée et qu’il a entrepris de
replanter les zones concernées, toutes situées sur la rive gauche fdudit che -
nal, à raison de dix arbres pour chaque arbre abattu ; qu’il a affirmé que
les travaux de nettoyage du chenal sont achevés et ont pris fin ;

40. Considérant que le Nicaragua a indiqué que les opérations de
dragage du fleuve San Juan ont été rendues nécessaires par la sédimenta -
tion progressive de son lit et qu’elles relevaient de l’exercice dfe ses droits
souverains, mais répondaient aussi à une obligation internationalef d’y
procéder; qu’il a précisé que ces opérations, visant à améliorfer la naviga -
bilité du fleuve, avaient été autorisées après qu’unfe évaluation de l’impact

environnemental eut dûment été conduite ; qu’il a ajouté que, comme
dans le cas du nettoyage et du dégagement du chenal, les résidus dfu
dragage du fleuve avaient été déversés de son côté de la frontière, sur dif -
férents sites précisément identifiés ;
41. Considérant que le Nicaragua a soutenu que le Costa Rica n’a subi,
ni ne risquait de subir, aucun préjudice du fait de ces activités flitigieuses ;

qu’il a contesté la valeur scientifique du rapport Ramsar pour avofir
été établi sur la base d’informations fournies par le seul Costa Rica; que,
selon le Nicaragua, les travaux de dragage du fleuve San Juan n’ont et
n’auront qu’un effet très limité sur le débit du fleufve Colorado, ce que
reconnaîtrait une étude du Costa Rica ; et que le Nicaragua excipe d’un

rapport d’experts néerlandais confirmant le bien-fondé de l’évaluation de
l’impact environnemental conduite par son administration et le caractfère
non dommageable des travaux de dragage entrepris ;
42. Considérant que le Nicaragua a contesté que des éléments de fses
forces armées aient occupé une partie du territoire costa-ricien ; qu’il a
indiqué avoir affecté certains éléments de ses forces armées à la protection

du personnel engagé dans les opérations de nettoyage du chenal et fde

1316 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

troops had remained in Nicaraguan territory and that they were no longer
present in the border region where those activities took place ;

*

43. Whereas, in its second round of oral observations, Costa Rica
repudiated the existence of a natural channel joining the San Juan Riverf
to the Harbor Head Lagoon and maintained that the narrow waterway in
question had been artificially constructed by Nicaragua in Costa Rican
territory; whereas, according to Costa Rica, Nicaragua’s territorial claim

to the area in dispute is not “plausible” and derives from a dangefrous
challenge to the principle of the stability of borders ; whereas Costa Rica
contended that the effectivités invoked by Nicaragua are supported only
by affidavits gathered from Nicaraguan State officials after the introfduc -
tion of the present proceedings ;
44. Whereas Costa Rica indicated that, in spite of its requests, it had

not received, before the present proceedings, a copy of the environmentafl
impact assessment conducted by Nicaragua ; whereas it observed that this
study concerned only the dredging operation on the San Juan River and
not the activities relating to the canal cut by Nicaragua and consideredf by
the latter to be a natural channel (hereinafter the “caño”, the Spanish

designation adopted by both Parties as from the second round of oral
argument); and whereas Costa Rica called into question the probative
value of the report of the Dutch experts submitted by Nicaragua and
maintained that it has suffered environmental harm which has the potenf -
tial to be aggravated, thereby rendering necessary the indication of profvi-
sional measures by the Court ;

45. Whereas, at the end of its second round of oral observations, Costa
Rica presented the following submissions :

“Costa Rica requests the Court to order the following provisional
measures :

A. Pending the determination of this case on the merits, Nicaragua
shall not, in the area comprising the entirety of Isla Portillos, that
is to say, across the right bank of the San Juan River and between
the banks of the Laguna los Portillos (also known as Harbor
Head Lagoon) and the Taura River (‘the relevant area’) :

(1) station any of its troops or other personnel ;
(2) engage in the construction or enlargement of a canal ;
(3) fell trees or remove vegetation or soil ;

(4) dump sediment.
B. Pending the determination of this case on the merits, Nicaragua
shall suspend its ongoing dredging programme in the River San

Juan adjacent to the relevant area.

14 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 16

dragage du fleuve, mais a affirmé que ces troupes étaient demeufrées en
territoire nicaraguayen et qu’elles n’étaient plus présentesf dans la région
frontalière où ces activités avaient eu lieu ;

*

43. Considérant que, lors du second tour d’observations orales, le Cosfta
Rica a nié l’existence d’un chenal naturel reliant le fleuve fSan Juan à la
lagune de Harbor Head et a maintenu que l’étroite voie d’eau en ques-
tion avait été artificiellement creusée par le Nicaragua en territoire costa-
ricien; que, selon le Costa Rica, la prétention territoriale du Nicaragua sur

la zone litigieuse n’est pas «plausible» et procède d’une dangereuse remise
en cause du principe de la stabilité des frontières; que le Costa Rica a sou -
tenu que les effectivités mises en avant par le Nicaragua étaienft seulement
fondées sur des déclarations recueillies auprès de fonctionnaires nicara -
guayens après l’introduction de la présente instance;
44. Considérant que le Costa Rica a indiqué qu’en dépit de ses dfe-

mandes il n’avait pas reçu, avant la présente procédure, comfmunication
de l’évaluation de l’impact environnemental conduite par le Nicfaragua ;
qu’il a souligné que cette étude ne portait que sur l’opéfration de
dragage du fleuve San Juan et ne concernait pas les activités relatives au
canal creusé par le Nicaragua et considéré par ce dernier commef étant

un chenal naturel (ci-après le « caño », selon la dénomination espagnole
adoptée par les deux Parties à partir du second tour des plaidoiries) ; et
que le Costa Rica a mis en doute la valeur probante du rapport des
experts néerlandais déposé par le Nicaragua et a maintenu avoirf subi un
préjudice environnemental qui risque de s’aggraver, et rend dèsf lors néces -
saire l’indication de mesures conservatoires par la Cour ;

45. Considérant que, au terme de son second tour de plaidoiries, le
Costa Rica a présenté les conclusions suivantes :

«Le Costa Rica demande à la Cour d’ordonner les mesures conser -
vatoires suivantes :

A. En attendant la décision finale sur le fond, et dans la zone com -
prenant l’entièreté de Isla Portillos, c’est-à-dire la rive droite du
fleuve San Juan et entre les rives de la lagune de los Portillos
(Lagon Harbor Head) et de la rivière Taura («la zone pertinente»),
le Nicaragua doit s’abstenir de :

1) stationner ses troupes armées ou autres agents ;
2) construire ou élargir un canal ;
3) procéder à l’abattage d’arbres ou à l’enlèvement def végétation
ou de terre ;

4) déverser des sédiments.
B. En attendant la décision finale sur le fond, le Nicaragua doit sus -
pendre son programme de dragage du fleuve San Juan dans la zone

adjacente à la zone pertinente.

1417 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

C. Pending the determination of this case on the merits, Nicaragua
shall refrain from any other action which might prejudice the
rights of Costa Rica, or which may aggravate or extend the dis -
pute before the Court” ;

*

46. Whereas, in its second round of oral observations, Nicaragua con -
tended that, contrary to Costa Rica’s affirmations, the caño existed before
it was the subject of the clean-up operation ; that this fact was evidenced

by various maps, satellite photographs, the environmental impact assess -
ment conducted by Nicaragua and affidavits, all of which pre-date the
disputed works ; and that the boundary between the Parties in the con -
tested area does indeed follow this caño, in view of the specific hydrologi -
cal characteristics of the region ;

47. Whereas Nicaragua reaffirmed that it has the right to dredge the
San Juan River without having to obtain Costa Rica’s permission to dof
so; whereas it confirmed that this limited operation, like that relating to
the cleaning and clearing of the caño, had not caused any damage to
Costa Rica and did not risk causing any, since, according to Nicaragua, f
there is no evidence to substantiate the Applicant’s claims ; and whereas it

concluded that there was nothing to justify the indication by the Court fof
the provisional measures sought by Costa Rica ;

48. Whereas, at the end of its second round of oral observations, Nica -
ragua presented the following submissions :

“In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court and having
regard to the Request for the indication of provisional measures of
the Republic of Costa Rica and its oral pleadings, the Republic of

Nicaragua respectfully submits that,
For the reasons explained during these hearings and any other rea -
sons the Court might deem appropriate, the Republic of Nicaragua

asks the Court to dismiss the Request for provisional measures filed
by the Republic of Costa Rica” ;

* * *

Prima Facie Jurisdictiofn

49. Whereas, the Court may indicate provisional measures only if the
provisions relied on by the Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford af
basis on which its jurisdiction could be founded ; whereas the Court need

not satisfy itself in a definitive manner that it has jurisdiction as refgards

15 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 17

C. En attendant la décision finale sur le fond, le Nicaragua doit s’afbs-
tenir de toute autre action pouvant porter préjudice aux droits du
Costa Rica, ou pouvant aggraver ou étendre le différend porté
devant la Cour » ;

*

46. Considérant que, lors du second tour d’observations orales, le Nicfa-
ragua a fait valoir que, contrairement à ce que le Costa Rica a affifrmé,
le caño existait avant l’opération de nettoyage dont il avait fait l’ofbjet ;

que ce fait était attesté par différentes cartes, des photos fsatellites, l’éva
luation de l’impact environnemental conduite par le Nicaragua et des
témoignages, tous ces éléments de preuve étant antérieursf aux travaux
litigieux; et que la frontière entre les Parties dans la zone litigieuse passef
bien par ce caño, compte tenu des caractéristiques hydrologiques particu -
lières de cette région ;

47. Considérant que le Nicaragua a réaffirmé avoir le droit de profcéder
au dragage du fleuve San Juan sans devoir attendre le consentement du
Costa Rica à cette fin ; qu’il a confirmé que cette opération, d’ampleur
limitée, de même que celle relative au nettoyage et au dégagemefnt du caño
n’avaient causé aucun dommage au Costa Rica et ne risquaient pas d’en
engendrer, aucun élément de preuve ne venant, selon le Nicaragua, confir -

mer les affirmations du demandeur ; et qu’il a conclu que rien ne justi -
fiait l’indication par la Cour des mesures conservatoires sollicitéfes par le
Costa Rica;
48. Considérant que, au terme de son second tour de plaidoiries, le Nica-
ragua a présenté les conclusions suivantes:

«Conformément à l’article 60 du Règlement de la Cour et vu la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires introduite par la
République du Costa Rica et ses plaidoiries, la République du Nica -

ragua prie respectueusement la Cour,
Pour les motifs exposés à l’audience et pour tous autres motifs
que la Cour pourrait retenir, de rejeter la demande en indication de

mesures conservatoires introduite par la République du CostaRica»;

* * *

Compétence prima facie

49. Considérant que la Cour ne peut indiquer des mesures conservatoires
que si les dispositions invoquées par le demandeur semblent prima facie
constituer une base sur laquelle sa compétence pourrait être fondéf;eque la

Cour n’a pas besoin de s’assurer de manière définitive qu’felle a compétence

1518 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

the merits of the case (see, for example, Questions relating to the Obliga ‑
tion to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Provisional Measures,
Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 147, para. 40) ;

* *

50. Whereas Costa Rica is seeking to found the jurisdiction of the
Court on Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá and on the declarations
made by the two States pursuant to Article36, paragraph2, of the Statute;
whereas it also refers to a communication sent by the NicaraguanMinister

for Foreign Affairs to his Costa Rican counterpart dated 30 Novem -
ber 2010, in which the Court is presented as “the judicial organ of the
United Nations competent to discern over” the questions raised by thef
present dispute ;
51. Whereas Nicaragua, in the present proceedings, did not contest the

jurisdiction of the Court to entertain the dispute ;
52. Whereas, in view of the foregoing, the Court considers that the
instruments invoked by Costa Rica appear, prima facie, to afford a basfis on
which the Court might have jurisdiction to rule on the merits, enabling fit
to indicate provisional measures if it considers that the circumstances fso

require; whereas, at this stage of the proceedings, the Court is not obliged
to determine with greater precision which instrument or instruments
invoked by Costa Rica afford a basis for its jurisdiction to entertainf the
various claims submitted to it (see ibid., p. 151, para. 54) ;

* * *

Plausible Character off the Rights Whose Protecftion
Is Being Sought and Link bfetween These Rights
and the Measures Requesfted

53. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
under Article 41 of the Statute has as its object the preservation of the
respective rights of the parties pending its decision ; whereas it follows
that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such measures the rights
which may subsequently be adjudged by the Court to belong to either
party; whereas, therefore, the Court may exercise this power only if it is

satisfied that the rights asserted by a party are at least plausible (ibid.,
p. 151, paras. 56-57);
54. Whereas, moreover, a link must exist between the rights which form
the subject of the proceedings before the Court on the merits of the casfe
and the provisional measures being sought (see, for example, ibid., p. 151,

para. 56) ;

16 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 18

quant au fond de l’affaire (voir, par exemple, Questions concernant l’obliga ‑
tion de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal), mesures conserva‑
toires, ordonnance du 28mai 2009, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 147, par. 40) ;

* *

50. Considérant que le Costa Rica entend fonder la compétence de la
Cour sur l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá et sur les déclarations faites
par les deux Etats en application du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Sta -
tut; qu’il se réfère en outre à une communication que le ministfre des

affaires étrangères du Nicaragua a adressée à son homologufe costa-ricien
en date du 30 novembre 2010, dans laquelle la Cour est présentée comme
«l’organe judiciaire des Nations Unies compétent pour trancher » les
questions posées par le présent différend ;
51. Considérant que le Nicaragua, dans la présente procédure, n’fa pas

contesté la compétence de la Cour pour connaître du différfend;
52. Considérant qu’au vu de ce qui précède la Cour estime que lefs ins -
truments invoqués par le Costa Rica semblent, prima facie, constituer une
base sur laquelle la Cour pourrait fonder sa compétence pour se pronon -
cer sur le fond, lui permettant, si elle estime que les circonstances l’fexi -

gent, d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires; qu’à ce stade de la procédure
la Cour n’est pas tenue de déterminer avec plus de précision, pfarmi les
instruments invoqués par le Costa Rica, lequel ou lesquels fondent sa
compétence pour connaître des différentes demandes qui lui sofnt présen -
tées (voir ibid., p. 151, par. 54) ;

* * *

Caractère plausible dfes droits dont
la protection est recfherchée et lien entref ces droits
et les mesures demandfées

53. Considérant que le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires
que la Cour tient de l’article 41 de son Statut a pour objet de sauvegarder
le droit de chacune des parties en attendant qu’elle rende sa décifsion ;
qu’il s’ensuit que la Cour doit se préoccuper de sauvegarder pafr de telles
mesures les droits que l’arrêt qu’elle aura ultérieurement à rendre pourrait
éventuellement reconnaître à l’une ou à l’autre des pafrties ; que, dès lors,

la Cour ne peut exercer ce pouvoir que si les droits allégués par fune partie
apparaissent au moins plausibles (ibid., p. 151, par. 56-57) ;
54. Considérant par ailleurs qu’un lien doit exister entre les droits qui
font l’objet de l’instance pendante devant la Cour sur le fond de fl’affaire
et les mesures conservatoires sollicitées (voir, par exemple, ibid., p. 151,

par. 56);

1619 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

Plausible Character of the Rights Whose
Protection Is Being Sought

55. Whereas the rights claimed by Costa Rica and forming the subject of
the case on the merits are, on the one hand, its right to assert sovereignty
over the entirety of Isla Portillos and over the Colorado River and, on fthe
other hand, its right to protect the environment in those areas over which

it is sovereign ; whereas, however, Nicaragua contends that it holds the
title to sovereignty over the northern part of Isla Portillos, that is tfo say,
the area of wetland of some 3 square kilometres between the right bank
of the disputed caño, the right bank of the San Juan River up to its mouth
at the Caribbean Sea and the Harbor Head Lagoon (hereinafter the

“disputed territory”), and whereas Nicaragua argues that its dredgingf of
the San Juan River, over which it has sovereignty, has only a negligible
impact on the flow of the Colorado River, over which Costa Rica has
sovereignty ;

56. Whereas, therefore, apart from any question linked to the dredging
of the San Juan River and the flow of the Colorado River, the rights at
issue in these proceedings derive from the sovereignty claimed by the Pafr-
ties over the same territory (cf. Land and Maritime Boundary between
Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Provisional Measures,

Order of 15 March 1996, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 22, para. 39); and
whereas the part of Isla Portillos in which the activities complained off by
Costa Rica took place is ex hypothesi an area which, at the present stage
of the proceedings, is to be considered by the Court as in dispute (cf.f
Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey), Interim Protection,

Order of 11 September 1976, I.C.J. Reports 1976, p. 10, para. 28) ;
57. Whereas, at this stage of the proceedings, the Court cannot settle
the Parties’ claims to sovereignty over the disputed territory and is not
called upon to determine once and for all whether the rights which Costaf
Rica wishes to see respected exist, or whether those which Nicaragua conf -

siders itself to possess exist ; whereas, for the purposes of considering the
Request for the indication of provisional measures, the Court needs only
to decide whether the rights claimed by the Applicant on the merits, andf
for which it is seeking protection, are plausible ;

58. Whereas it appears to the Court, after a careful examination of the
evidence and arguments presented by the Parties, that the title to soverf -
eignty claimed by Costa Rica over the entirety of Isla Portillos is plausi -
ble; whereas the Court is not called upon to rule on the plausibility of thfe
title to sovereignty over the disputed territory advanced by Nicaragua ;

whereas the provisional measures it may indicate would not prejudge any
title; and whereas the Parties’ conflicting claims cannot hinder the exefr -
cise of the Court’s power under its Statute to indicate such measuresf;

59. Whereas paragraph 6 of the third clause of the Cleveland Award of

22 March 1888 reads as follows :

17 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 19

Caractère plausible des droits
dont la protection est recherchée

55. Considérant que les droits qui font l’objet de l’affaire au ffond et
que le Costa Rica revendique sont, d’une part, son droit au respect de sa
souveraineté sur l’entièreté de Isla Portillos et sur le fleuve Colorado, et,
d’autre part, son droit à protéger l’environnement sur les efspaces sur les-

quels il est souverain ; que, toutefois, le Nicaragua soutient détenir le titre
de souveraineté sur la partie septentrionale de Isla Portillos, soit la zone
humide d’environ trois kilomètres carrés comprise entre la rivef droite du
caño litigieux, la rive droite du fleuve San Juan lui-même jusqu’à son
embouchure dans la mer des Caraïbes et la lagune de Harbor Head

(ci-après le «territoire litigieux»), et qu’il fait valoir que ses opérations de
dragage du fleuve San Juan, sur lequel il a la souveraineté, n’ont qu’un
impact tout à fait mineur sur le débit du fleuve Colorado, sur lfequel le
Costa Rica est souverain ;

56. Considérant, dès lors, que, toute question liée au dragage du flfeuve
San Juan et au débit du fleuve Colorado mise à part, les droits en lfitige
dans la présente instance découlent des prétentions des Partiesf à la souve-
raineté sur le même territoire (voir Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le
Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), mesures conservatoires,

ordonnance du 15 mars 1996, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (I), p. 22, par. 39); et que
la zone de Isla Portillos où les activités incriminées par le Costa Rica ont
eu lieu est par hypothèse une zone que la Cour, en la présente phafse de la
procédure, doit considérer comme contestée (voir Plateau continental de
la mer Egée (Grèce c. Turquie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnan▯ce du

11 septembre 1976, C.I.J. Recueil 1976, p. 10, par. 28);
57. Considérant que, à ce stade de la procédure, la Cour ne peut défpar -
tager les prétentions des Parties à la souveraineté sur le terrfitoire litigieux
et n’a pas à établir de façon définitive l’existence dfes droits dont le Costa
Rica revendique le respect, ni celle des droits que le Nicaragua estime f

siens; que, pour les besoins de l’examen de la demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires, la Cour doit seulement décider si les droits freven-
diqués par le demandeur sur le fond, et dont il sollicite la protectifon, sont
plausibles;

58. Considérant qu’il apparaît à la Cour, après un examen attfentif des
éléments de preuve et des arguments présentés par les Partiefs, que le titre
de souveraineté revendiqué par le Costa Rica sur l’entièreté de Isla Portil-
los est plausible; que la Cour n’a pas à se prononcer sur la plausibilité du
titre de souveraineté avancé par le Nicaragua sur le territoire litigieux ;

que les mesures conservatoires qu’elle pourrait indiquer ne préjugeraient
d’aucun titre; et que les revendications contradictoires des Parties ne sau -
raient constituer un obstacle à l’exercice du pouvoir que la Cour ftient de
son Statut d’indiquer de telles mesures ;
59. Considérant que le point 6 de la troisième partie de la sentence afrbi -

trale du président Cleveland en date du 22 mars 1888 se lit comme suit :

1720 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

“The Republic of Costa Rica cannot prevent the Republic of Nica-
ragua from executing at her own expense and within her own territory
such works of improvement, provided such works of improvement do
not result in the occupation or flooding or damage of Costa Rica
territory, or in the destruction or serious impairment of the navigationf
of the said River or any of its branches at any point where Costa Rica

is entitled to navigate the same. The Republic of Costa Rica has the
right to demand indemnification for any places belonging to her on
the right bank of the River San Juan which may be occupied without
her consent, and for any lands on the same bank which may be
flooded or damaged in any other way in consequence of works of
improvement.” (RIAA, Vol. XXVIII, p. 210.);

whereas Costa Rica contends that it has the right to request the suspen -

sion of the dredging operations on the San Juan River if they threaten
seriously to impair navigation on the Colorado River or to damage Costa f
Rican territory ; whereas, relying on the second sentence of paragraph 6
of the third clause of that Award, quoted above, Nicaragua argues that, f
if any damage results from the works to maintain and improve the San
Juan River, Costa Rica can only seek indemnification, and therefore thatf

Costa Rica, in the event of risk of harm, cannot obtain by means of pro -
visional measures a remedy which the Award would exclude on the mer -
its; whereas Costa Rica responds that indemnification is not the only
remedy available to it; whereas at this stage of the proceedings, the Court
finds that the rights claimed by Costa Rica are plausible ;

Link between the Rights Whose Protection Is Being Sought
and the Measures Requested

60. Whereas the first provisional measure requested by Costa Rica is
aimed at ensuring that Nicaragua will refrain from any activity “in the
area comprising the entirety of Isla Portillos” ; whereas the continuation
or resumption of the disputed activities by Nicaragua on Isla Portillos f

would be likely to affect the rights of sovereignty which might be adjudged
on the merits to belong to Costa Rica ; whereas, therefore, a link exists
between these rights and the provisional measure being sought ;
61. Whereas the second provisional measure requested by Costa Rica
concerns the suspension of Nicaragua’s “dredging programme in the f

River San Juan adjacent to the relevant area” ; whereas there is a risk that
the rights which might be adjudged on the merits to belong to Costa Ricaf
would be affected if it were established that the continuation of the fNica-
raguan dredging operations on the San Juan River threatened seriously to
impair navigation on the Colorado River (see paragraph 59 above) or to
cause damage to Costa Rica’s territory ; whereas, therefore, there exists a

link between these rights and the provisional measure being sought ;

18 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 20

«La République du Costa Rica ne peut empêcher la République
du Nicaragua d’exécuter à ses propres frais et sur son propre tferri -
toire de tels travaux d’amélioration, à condition que le territfoire du
Costa Rica ne soit pas occupé, inondé ou endommagé en consé -
quence de ces travaux et que ceux-ci n’arrêtent pas ou ne perturbefnt
pas gravement la navigation sur ledit fleuve ou sur l’un quelconquef

de ses affluents en aucun endroit où le Costa Rica a le droit de navi -
guer. La République du Costa Rica aura le droit d’être indemnisée si
des parties de la rive droite du fleuve San Juan qui lui appartiennent
sont occupées sans son consentement ou si des terres situées sur cfette
même rive sont inondées ou endommagées de quelque manière qufe
ce soit en conséquence de travaux d’amélioration». (RSA, vol.XXVIII,

p. 210.);
que le Costa Rica soutient avoir le droit de demander la suspension des f

opérations de dragage du fleuve San Juan si celles-ci risquent de perturber
gravement la navigation sur le fleuve Colorado ou de porter préjudice à
son territoire ; que, s’appuyant sur la deuxième phrase du paragraphe 6
de la troisième partie de ladite sentence, citée ci-dessus, le Nicaragua
fait valoir que, en cas de dommages résultant des travaux d’entretfien
et d’amélioration du fleuve San Juan, le Costa Rica peut seulemefnt en

demander l’indemnisation, et que celui-ci ne saurait donc obtenir par la
voie de mesures conservatoires, en cas de risque de préjudice, un remfède
que ladite sentence exclurait au fond ; et que le Costa Rica répond que
l’indemnisation n’est pas le seul remède à sa disposition ; considérant que,
à ce stade de la procédure, la Cour estime que les droits revendiqués par
le Costa Rica sont plausibles ;

Lien entre les droits dont la protection est recherchée
et les mesures demandées

60. Considérant que la première mesure conservatoire demandée par lfe
Costa Rica tend à garantir que le Nicaragua s’abstiendra de toute factivité
«dans la zone comprenant l’entièreté de Isla Portillos»; que la poursuite
ou la reprise des activités litigieuses du Nicaragua sur Isla Portillfos

seraient susceptibles d’affecter les droits de souveraineté que fle CostaRica
pourrait se voir reconnaître au fond ; que, dès lors, un lien existe entre ces
droits et la mesure conservatoire sollicitée ;
61. Considérant que la deuxième mesure conservatoire demandée par
le Costa Rica concerne la suspension du programme nicaraguayen « de

dragage du fleuve San Juan dans la zone adjacente à la zone pertinente »;
que les droits que le Costa Rica pourrait se voir reconnaître au fondf ris -
queraient d’être atteints s’il était établi que la poursufite des opérations
nicaraguayennes de dragage du fleuve San Juan risquait de gravement
perturber la navigation sur le fleuve Colorado (voir paragraphe 59 ci-
dessus) ou de causer des dommages au territoire du Costa Rica; que ainsi,

il existe un lien entre ces droits et la mesure conservatoire sollicitéfe ;

1821 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

62. Whereas the final provisional measure sought by Costa Rica is
aimed at ensuring that Nicaragua refrains “from any other action which
might prejudice the rights of Costa Rica, or which may aggravate or
extend the dispute before the Court” pending the “determination off this
case on the merits” ; whereas on a number of occasions the Court has
already indicated provisional measures ordering one or other of the par -

ties, or even both, to refrain from any action which would aggravate or f
extend the dispute or make it more difficult to resolve (see, for examfple,
United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States ▯
of America v. Iran), Provisional Measures, Order of 15 December 1979,
I.C.J. Reports 1979, p. 21, para. 47, point B; Application of the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and

Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Mea ‑
sures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 24, para. 52, point B ;
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon
v. Nigeria), Provisional Measures, Order of 15 March 1996, I.C.J. Reports
1996 (I), p. 24, para. 49, point 1); Armed Activities on the Territory of the

Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Provisional Mea ‑
sures, Order of 1July 2000, I.C.J. Reports 2000, p.129, para. 47, point (1));
whereas “in those cases provisional measures other than measures direfct -
ing the parties not to take actions to aggravate or extend the dispute ofr to
render more difficult its settlement were also indicated” (Pulp Mills on the
River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Provisional Measures, Order of

23 January 2007, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), p. 16, para. 49); whereas the
final provisional measure sought by Costa Rica, being very broadly
worded, is linked to the rights which form the subject of the case beforfe
the Court on the merits, in so far as it is a measure complementing moref
specific measures protecting those same rights ;

*
* *

Risk of Irreparable Prefjudice and Urgency

63. Whereas the Court, pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the
power to indicate provisional measures when irreparable prejudice could f
be caused to rights which are the subject of the judicial proceedings (fsee,
for example, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish ‑

ment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia
(Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993,
I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 19, para. 34) ;
64. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
will be exercised only if there is urgency, in the sense that there is af real
and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice may be caused to the rights

in dispute before the Court has given its final decision (see, for examfple,

19 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 21

62. Considérant que la dernière mesure conservatoire sollicitée par le
Costa Rica tend à garantir que le Nicaragua s’abstienne « de toute autre
action pouvant porter préjudice aux droits du Costa Rica, ou pouvant
aggraver ou étendre le différend porté devant la Cour» jusqu’à la «décision
finale sur le fond »; que la Cour a déjà indiqué à plusieurs reprises des
mesures conservatoires ordonnant à l’une ou l’autre des partiesf, voire aux

deux, de s’abstenir de tous actes de nature à aggraver ou étendre le diffé -
rend ou à en rendre la solution plus difficile (voir, par exemple, fPersonnel
diplomatique et consulaire des Etats‑Unis à Téhéran, mesures con ▯ servatoires,
ordonnance du 15 décembre 1979, C.I.J. Recueil 1979, p. 21, par4 .7, pointB;
Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du▯ crime de
génocide (Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténé ▯ gro)),

mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 8 avril 1993, C.I.J. Recueil 1993,
p. 24, par. 52, point B; Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et
le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), mesures conservatoires, ordonna ▯ nce du
15 mars 1996, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (I), p. 24, par. 49, point 1 ; Activités
armées sur le territoire du Congo (République démocratique du C ▯ ongo
er
c. Ouganda), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 1 juillet 2000,
C.I.J. Recueil 2000, p. 129, par. 47, point 1); que, « dans ces affaires, des
mesures conservatoires autres que celles ordonnant aux parties de s’afbste -
nir de tous actes de nature à aggraver ou étendre le différenfd ou à en rendre
la solution plus difficile ont été également indiquées » (Usines de pâte à
papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c.Uruguay), mesures conservatoires,

ordonnance du 23 janvier 2007, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (I), p. 16, par. 49;)que,
étant formulée en des termes très larges, la dernière mesuref conservatoire
sollicitée par le Costa Rica présente un lien avec les droits qui font l’objet
de l’instance pendante devant la Cour sur le fond en ce qu’elle vifent en
complément de mesures plus spécifiques de protection de ces mêmfes
droits;

*
* *

Risque de préjudice irrféparable et urgence

63. Considérant que la Cour tient de l’article 41 de son Statut le pou -
voir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires lorsqu’un préjudice irrépa -
rable risque d’être causé aux droits en litige dans une procéfdure judiciaire
(voir, par exemple, Application de la convention pour la prévention et la

répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie (Ser ‑
bie et Monténégro), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 8 avril 1993,
C.I.J. Recueil 1993, p. 19, par. 34);
64. Considérant que le pouvoir de la Cour d’indiquer des mesures
conservatoires ne sera exercé que s’il y a urgence, c’est-à-dire s’il existe un
risque réel et imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit caufsé aux droits

en litige avant que la Cour n’ait rendu sa décision définitive f(voir, par

1922 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium▯ v.
Senegal), Provisional Measures,Order of28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports2009,
pp. 152-153, para. 62); and whereas the Court must therefore consider
whether such a risk exists in these proceedings ;

* *

65. Whereas, in its Request for the indication of provisional measures,
Costa Rica states that “Nicaraguan armed forces continue to be presenft
on Isla Portillos in breach of Costa Rica’s sovereign rights” and that
Nicaragua “is continuing to damage the territory of Costa Rica, posing a
serious threat to its internationally protected wetlands and forests”f ;

whereas it contends, moreover, that

“Nicaragua[, which] is attempting to unilaterally adjust, to its own f
benefit, a River the right bank of which forms a valid, lawful and
agreed border . . . cannot be permitted to continue to deviate the San
Juan River through Costa Rica’s territory in this manner, so as to
impose on Costa Rica and the Court a fait accompli” ;

66. Whereas, during the course of the oral proceedings, Costa Rica
stated that it wished the status quo ante to be restored, pending the Court’s
judgment on the merits, and indicated that the following rights, which ift

considers itself to possess, are under threat of irreparable prejudice afs a
result of Nicaragua’s activities :
“1. the right to sovereignty and territorial integrity ;

2. the right not to have its territory occupied ;
3. the right not to have its trees chopped down by a foreign force ;

4. the right not to have its territory used for depositing dredging
sediment or as the site for the unauthorized digging of a canal ;

and
5. the several rights corresponding to Nicaragua’s obligation not to
dredge the San Juan if this affects or damages Costa Rica’s land,
environment or the integrity and flow of the Colorado River” ;

67. Whereas Costa Rica maintained that it “does not, at the present
stage, need to establish that its rights have actually been harmed irremfedi -
ably” nor to “prove actual harm”, and that it is sufficient tof establish

“that there is a risk of irreparable prejudice [being caused] to the rights in
dispute, and that the risk of such harm is sufficiently serious and immfi -
nent that provisional measures are required to protect the rights” ;
68. Whereas Costa Rica asserted that the works undertaken by Nica -
ragua at the site of the caño, in particular the felling of trees, the clearing
of vegetation, the removal of soil and the diversion of the waters of thfe

San Juan River, not only entail a violation of Costa Rica’s territorifal

20 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 22

exemple, Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader
(Belgique c. Sénégal), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 28 mai 2009,
C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 152-153, par. 62) ; et que la Cour doit donc exami -
ner si, dans la présente instance, un tel risque existe ;

* *

65. Considérant que, dans sa demande en indication de mesures conser -
vatoires, le Costa Rica fait valoir que les « forces armées nicaraguayennes
continuent d’être présentes sur l’île de Portillos, en vifolation des droits
souverains du Costa Rica» et que le Nicaragua « continue de causer des
dommages au territoire costa-ricien, faisant peser une grave menace sur les

zones humides et forêts de ce territoire qui jouissent d’une protefction inter-
nationale »; qu’il soutient, de surcroît, que

«le Nicaragua[, qui] tente de modifier unilatéralement, à son profift, le
cours d’un fleuve dont la rive droite constitue une frontière cofnvenue,
valide et licite…, ne saurait être autorisé à continuer de ffaire dévier
ainsi le San Juan en territoire costa-ricien, en vue de mettre le Costa
Rica et la Cour devant un fait accompli»;

66. Considérant que, au cours de la procédure orale, le Costa Rica a
indiqué qu’il souhaitait, en attendant l’arrêt de la Cour sufr le fond, le rét-
blissement du statu quo ante et a souligné que les droits suivants, qu’il

estime être les siens, sont menacés de préjudice irréparablef du fait des
activités du Nicaragua:

«1) le droit à la souveraineté et à l’intégrité territoriafle;
2) le droit à la non-occupation ;
3) le droit à ce que son territoire ne soit pas déboisé par une fofrce
étrangère;
4) le droit à ce que son territoire ne soit pas utilisé pour le défverse -
ment de sédiments provenant d’un dragage ou le creusement non

autorisé d’un canal ;
5) les différents droits correspondant à l’obligation qui incombfe au
Nicaragua de ne pas draguer le San Juan si cela affecte ou endom-
mage le territoire du Costa Rica, son environnement ou l’intégritéf
et le débit du Colorado »;

67. Considérant que le Costa Rica a fait valoir qu’il «n’a pas, à ce stade,
besoin d’établir que ses droits ont réellement subi un préjufdice irrémé -
diable», ni « l’existence d’un réel dommage », mais qu’il lui suffit d’établir

«que le risque existe qu’un préjudice irréparable [soit causé] aux droits en
litige et qu’il est suffisamment grave et imminent pour que l’indication de
mesures conservatoires soit nécessaire »;
68. Considérant que le Costa Rica a affirmé que les travaux entreprisf
par le Nicaragua dans la zone du caño, en particulier l’abattage d’arbres,
l’arrachage de végétation, l’extraction de terre et la défviation des eaux du

fleuve San Juan, en plus de procéder d’une violation de l’intégrité territo -

2023 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

integrity, but will have the effect of causing flooding and damage tfo Costa
Rican territory, as well as geomorphological changes ; whereas, according
to Costa Rica, the dredging of the San Juan River carried out by Nicara -
gua will result in similar effects, as well as significantly reducing fthe flow
of the Colorado River ; and whereas it contended that the harm caused
will not merely be irreparable as such, but that it is Nicaragua’s inftention

for it to be irreparable, because it is not doing this for temporary
purposes ;
69. Whereas, moreover, Costa Rica affirms in its Request for the indi -
cation of provisional measures that the request “is of . . . real urgency”,
because of “the continued damage being inflicted on [its] territoryf” by
Nicaragua’s activities, in particular its repeated dredging of the Safn Juan

River; whereas, according to Costa Rica, “[t]here is a real risk that . . .
action prejudicial to the rights of Costa Rica will continue and may sig -
nificantly alter the factual situation on the ground before the Court hafs
the opportunity to render its final decision on the questions for determfi -
nation set out in the Application” ; whereas it adds that “[t]he ongoing

presence of Nicaraguan armed forces on Costa Rica’s territory is contfrib -
uting to a political situation of extreme hostility and tension” and fthat
“[a] provisional measure ordering the withdrawal of Nicaraguan forcesf
from Costa Rican territory is . . . justified so as to prevent the aggravation
and/or extension of the dispute” ; and whereas, in the oral proceedings,
Costa Rica reaffirmed the urgent nature of its request ;

*

70. Whereas, during the oral proceedings, Nicaragua contended that it
acted within its own territory and caused no harm to Costa Rica; whereas
it maintained that its activities, the environmental impact of which had

been duly assessed beforehand, were not likely to cause or aggravate thef
damage feared by Costa Rica and that, in any case, the risk of harm was f
not imminent ;
71. Whereas Nicaragua asserted at the hearings that the cleaning and
clearing operations in respect of the caño were over and finished, and that
none of its armed forces were presently stationed on Isla Portillos ;

whereas, in a written reply to questions put by a Member of the Court at
the end of the hearings, Nicaragua confirmed these assertions, adding
that it did “not intend to send any troops or other personnel to the f
region” contested by the Parties nor to “[establish] a military pofst there in
the future”, while the issue of the felling of trees and the dumping fof sedi -

ment in certain areas along the caño “no longer arises”, since the opera -
tion to clean the latter is “over and finished” ;
72. Whereas Nicaragua stated in its written replies that it does not
“intend to have any personnel stationed in [the disputed] area”; whereas it
nevertheless added that “[t]he only operation currently being carriedf out
there is the replanting of trees” and that “[t]he Ministry of the fEnviron -

ment of Nicaragua (MARENA) will send inspectors to the site periodi -

21 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 23

riale du Costa Rica, auront pour effet de provoquer des inondations etf
des dégâts sur le territoire costa-ricien, ainsi que des modifications géo -
morphologiques; que, selon le Costa Rica, le dragage du fleuve San Juan
entrepris par le Nicaragua emportera des effets comparables, en plus dfe
réduire significativement le débit du fleuve Colorado ; et qu’il a soutenu
que ces préjudices ne seront pas seulement irréparables en tant qufe tels,

mais que le Nicaragua entend bien qu’il en soit ainsi, car les objectfifs
poursuivis par cet Etat ne sont pas temporaires ;
69. Considérant en outre que le Costa Rica soutient dans sa demande
en indication de mesures conservatoires que celle-ci « revêt un réel carac -
tère d’urgence» car des dommages « continuent d’être causés [à son] terri-
toire» par les activités du Nicaragua, notamment par la poursuite du

dragage du fleuve San Juan; que, selon le Costa Rica, «le risque est réel de
voir se poursuivre des actes préjudiciables [à ses] droits…, qui pourraient
sensiblement modifier la situation sur le terrain avant que la Cour n’fait eu
l’occasion de rendre sa décision définitive sur les questions qui lui sont
soumises dans la requête »; qu’il ajoute que « [l]e maintien de la présence

de forces armées nicaraguayennes sur le territoire du CostaRica contribue
à créer une situation politique marquée par une hostilité etf une tension
extrêmes» et qu’«une mesure conservatoire prescrivant le retrait des forces
nicaraguayennes du territoire costa-ricien est justifiée afin d’empêcher que
le différend ne s’aggrave ou ne s’étende»; et que, lors de la procédure orale,
le Costa Rica a réaffirmé le caractère urgent de sa demande ;

*

70. Considérant qu’au cours de la procédure orale le Nicaragua a sofu -
tenu avoir agi sur son territoire et n’avoir causé aucun dommage afu Costa
Rica; qu’il a souligné que ses activités, dont l’impact environnfemental

avait dûment et préalablement été étudié, n’étaifent pas susceptibles de
causer ou d’aggraver les préjudices craints par le Costa Rica et qfue, en
toute hypothèse, aucun de ceux-ci n’était imminent ;
71. Considérant que le Nicaragua a affirmé à l’audience que lesf opéra -
tions de nettoyage et de dégagement du caño étaient achevées et avaient
pris fin, et qu’aucun élément de ses forces armées n’éftait stationné sur Isla

Portillos; que, répondant par écrit à des questions posées par un jugfe à la
fin des audiences, le Nicaragua a confirmé ces dires, ajoutant qu’fil n’avait
«nullement l’intention d’envoyer des troupes ou d’autres agents fdans la
région» contestée entre les Parties ni « d’y établir de poste militaire à
l’avenir», tandis que la question de l’abattage d’arbres ou du dépôt de

sédiments dans certaines zones le long du caño « ne se pose plus » dès lors
que l’opération de nettoyage de ce dernier « est terminé[e]»;
72. Considérant que le Nicaragua a indiqué, dans ses réponses écfrites,
qu’il n’avait pas «l’intention de faire stationner des agents dans [la] zone »
litigieuse; qu’il a néanmoins ajouté que « la seule opération qui … [y était
en cours était] la replantation d’arbres » et que « [l]e ministère de l’envi -

ronnement du Nicaragua (MARENA) enverra[it] périodiquement des ins-

2124 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

cally in order to monitor the reforestation process and any changes whicfh
might occur in the region, including the Harbor Head Lagoon” ; whereas
Nicaragua also observed that “[t]he caño is no longer obstructed” and fur-
ther stated that “[i]t is possible to patrol the area on the river, afs has
always been the case, for the purposes of enforcing the law, combating
drug trafficking and organized crime, and protecting the environment”f;

*

73. Whereas it is in the light of this information that the first provi -

sional measure requested by Costa Rica in its submissions presented at
the end of its second round of oral observations should be considered,
namely, that

“[p]ending the determination of this case on the merits, Nicaragua
shall not, in the area comprising the entirety of Isla Portillos, that ifs
to say, across the right bank of the San Juan River and between the
banks of the Laguna los Portillos (also known as Harbor Head

Lagoon) and the Taura River (‘the relevant area’) :
(1) station any of its troops or other personnel ;

(2) engage in the construction or enlargement of a canal ;
(3) fell trees or remove vegetation or soil ;

(4) dump sediment” ;

74. Whereas Nicaragua’s written responses set out above (see para -
graph 71) indicate that the work in the area of the caño has come to an
end; whereas the Court takes note of that ; whereas the Court therefore

concludes that, in the circumstances of the case as they now stand, therfe
is no need to indicate the measures numbered (2), (3) and (4) as set out in
paragraph 73 above ;
75. Whereas those written responses nevertheless also show that Nica -
ragua, while stating that “[t]here are no Nicaraguan troops currently sta -
tioned in the area in question” and that “Nicaragua does not intend to

send any troops or other personnel to the region” (see paragraph 71
above), does intend to carry out certain activities, if only occasionalfly, in
the disputed territory, including on the caño (see paragraph 72 above) ;
whereas the Court recalls that there are competing claims over the dis -
puted territory; whereas this situation creates an imminent risk of irrepa -

rable prejudice to Costa Rica’s claimed title to sovereignty over thef said
territory and to the rights deriving therefrom ; whereas this situation
moreover gives rise to a real and present risk of incidents liable to cafuse
irremediable harm in the form of bodily injury or death ;

76. Whereas the Court concludes under these circumstances that provi-

sional measures should be indicated ; whereas it points out that it has the

22 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 24

pecteurs sur place afin de surveiller le processus de reboisement, ainsif que
les changements qui pourraient se produire dans la région, y compris fla
lagune de Harbor Head »; que le Nicaragua a encore précisé que « [l]e
caño n’[était] plus obstrué » et qu’il a déclaré en outre qu’« [i]l [était] pos-
sible de patrouiller dans la zone des eaux du fleuve comme cela a[vaitf]
toujours été le cas, afin de faire respecter la loi, de lutter conftre le trafic de

drogue et le crime organisé et pour la protection de l’environnemefnt»;

*

73. Considérant que c’est à la lumière de ces précisions qu’fil y a lieu

d’examiner la première mesure conservatoire demandée par le Cosfta Rica
dans ses conclusions présentées au terme de son second tour d’ofbserva -
tions orales, à savoir que,

«[e]n attendant la décision finale sur le fond, et dans la zone compref-
nant l’entièreté de Isla Portillos, c’est-à-dire la rive droite du fleuve
San Juan et entre les rives de la lagune de los Portillos (Lagon Harbor
Head) et de la rivière Taura («la zone pertinente»), le Nicaragua doit

s’abstenir de :
1) stationner ses troupes armées ou autres agents ;

2) construire ou élargir un canal ;
3) procéder à l’abattage d’arbres ou à l’enlèvement def végétation ou
de terre ;
4) déverser des sédiments » ;

74. Considérant qu’il ressort des réponses écrites du Nicaragua frap -
portées ci-dessus (voir paragraphe 71) que les travaux dans la zone du
caño ont pris fin ; que la Cour en prend note ; et qu’elle conclut dès lors

qu’il n’y a pas lieu, dans les circonstances actuelles de l’espfèce, d’indiquer
les mesures 2), 3) et 4) énoncées au paragraphe 73 ci-dessus ;

75. Considérant néanmoins qu’il ressort aussi desdites réponses fécrites
que, même si le Nicaragua a indiqué qu’« [a]ucune troupe nicaraguayenne
ne stationn[ait] actuellement dans la zone en question » et qu’il « n’avait

nullement l’intention d’envoyer des troupes ou d’autres agents dans la
région» (voir paragraphe 71 ci-dessus), il entend, fût-ce ponctuellement,
mener certaines activités sur le territoire litigieux, y compris sur fle caño
(voir paragraphe 72 ci-dessus) ; que la Cour rappelle que le territoire liti -
gieux fait l’objet de prétentions concurrentes ; que cette situation crée un

risque imminent de préjudice irréparable au titre de souverainetéf reven-
diqué par le Costa Rica sur ledit territoire ainsi qu’aux droits qfui en
découlent; considérant de surcroît que cette situation fait naître un rifsque
réel et actuel d’incidents susceptibles d’entraîner une attefinte irrémédiable
à l’intégrité physique de personnes ou à leur vie ;
76. Considérant que la Cour conclut que, dans ces circonstances, il y a

lieu d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires; qu’elle rappelle tenir de son Sta-

2225 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

power under its Statute to indicate provisional measures that are in whofle
or in part other than those requested, or measures that are addressed tof the
party which has itself made the request, as Article 75, paragraph 2, of the
Rules of Court expressly states (see, for example, Application of the Conven‑
tion on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia a ▯ nd
Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Mea ‑

sures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 22, para. 46);
77. Whereas, given the nature of the disputed territory, the Court con -
siders that, subject to the provisions in paragraph 80 below, each Party
must refrain from sending to, or maintaining in the disputed territory,
including the caño, any personnel, whether civilian, police or security,
until such time as the Court has decided the dispute on the merits or the

Parties have come to an agreement on this subject ;
78. Whereas, in order to prevent the development of criminal activity
in the disputed territory in the absence of any police or security forcefs of
either Party, each Party has the responsibility to monitor that territory
from the territory over which it unquestionably holds sovereignty, i.e.,f in

Costa Rica’s case, the part of Isla Portillos lying east of the rightf bank of
the caño, excluding the caño ; and, in Nicaragua’s case, the San Juan
River and Harbor Head Lagoon, excluding the caño ; and whereas it shall
be for the Parties’ police or security forces to co-operate with each other
in a spirit of good neighbourliness, in particular to combat any criminal
activity which may develop in the disputed territory ;

79. Whereas the Court observes that there are two wetlands of interna-
tional importance, within the meaning of the Ramsar Convention, in the
boundary area in question ; whereas, acting pursuant to Article 2 of that
Convention, Costa Rica has “designate[d]” the “Humedal Caribe Nfor -
este” wetland “for inclusion in [the] List of Wetlands of International

Importance . . . maintained by the [continuing] bureau” established by the
Convention, and whereas Nicaragua has done likewise in respect of the
“Refugio de Vida Silvestre Río San Juan” wetland, of which Harbor
Head Lagoon is part ; whereas the Court reminds the Parties that, under
Article 5 of the Ramsar Convention :

“[t]he Contracting Parties shall consult with each other about imple -
menting obligations arising from the Convention especially in the case
of a wetland extending over the territories of more than one Contract -

ing Party or where a water system is shared by Contracting Parties.
They shall at the same time endeavour to coordinate and support
present and future policies and regulations concerning the conserva -
tion of wetlands and their flora and fauna” ;

80. Whereas the disputed territory is moreover situated in the
“Humedal Caribe Noreste” wetland, in respect of which Costa Rica bears
obligations under the Ramsar Convention ; whereas the Court considers

that, pending delivery of the Judgment on the merits, Costa Rica must bef

23 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 25

tut le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures totalement ou partiellement différentes
de celles sollicitées, ou des mesures qui s’adressent à la partfie même dont
émane la demande, ce que le paragraphe2 de l’article75 du Règlement men-
tionne expressément (voir, par exemple, Application de la convention pour la
prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie‑Herzégovinec. You‑
goslavie (Serbie et Monténégro)), mesures conser vatoires, ordonnance du

8 avril 1993, C.I.J. Recueil 1993, p. 22, par. 46;)
77. Considérant que, compte tenu de la nature du territoire litigieux, laf
Cour estime que, sous réserve de ce qui sera précisé au paragrafphe 80
ci-après, chaque Partie doit s’abstenir d’envoyer ou de maintenir fsur le ter-
ritoire litigieux, y compris le caño, des agents, qu’ils soient civils, de police
ou de sécurité, aussi longtemps que la Cour n’aura pas tranchéf le différend

sur le fond ou que les Parties ne se seront pas entendues à cet égfard ;
78. Considérant que, afin d’éviter que des activités criminellesf ne se dév-
loppent sur le territoire litigieux en l’absence de forces de police fou de s-u
rité de l’une ou l’autre Partie, chacune des Parties a la responsabilité de le
surveiller à partir des territoires sur lesquels elles sont respectivfement et

incontestablement souveraines, à savoir, s’agissant du Costa Rica,f la partie
de Isla Portillos située à l’est de la rive droite du caño, à l’exclusion de
celui-ci, et, s’agissant du Nicaragua, le fleuve San Juan et la lagune de Har-
bor Head, à l’exclusion du caño; et qu’il appartient aux forces de police ou
de sécurité des Parties de coopérer entre elles dans un esprit fde bon voisi-
nage, notamment afin de lutter contre la criminalité qui pourrait se fdével-op

per sur le territoire litigieux;
79. Considérant que la Cour constate que, dans la région frontalièrfe
en cause, il existe deux zones humides d’importance internationale auf
sens de la convention de Ramsar; que, en application de l’article 2 de cette
convention, le Costa Rica a « désign[é]» la zone humide « Humedal
Caribe Noreste » aux fins de l’« inclure dans la Liste des zones humides

d’importance internationale … tenue par le bureau » permanent de la-
dite convention, et que le Nicaragua a fait de même au sujet de la zofne
humide « Refugio de Vida Silvestre Río San Juan », dont fait partie la
lagune de Harbor Head ; que la Cour rappelle aux Parties que, en vertu
de l’article 5 de la convention de Ramsar,

«[l]es Parties contractantes se consultent sur l’exécution des oblif-
gations découlant de la convention, particulièrement dans le cas
d’une zone humide s’étendant sur les territoires de plus d’ufne Partie

contractante ou lorsqu’un bassin hydrographique est partagé entre f
plusieurs Parties contractantes. Elles s’efforcent en même tempsf de
coordonner et de soutenir leurs politiques et réglementations pré-
sentes et futures rela tives à la conservation des zones humides, de
leur flore et de leur faune »;

80. Considérant par ailleurs que le territoire litigieux est situé danfs la
zone humide « Humedal Caribe Noreste » par rapport à laquelle le Costa
Rica a des obligations au titre de la convention de Ramsar ; que la Cour

considère que, en attendant l’arrêt sur le fond, le Costa Rica doit être en

2326 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

in a position to avoid irreparable prejudice being caused to the part off
that wetland where that territory is situated ; whereas for that purpose
Costa Rica must be able to dispatch civilian personnel charged with the f
protection of the environment to the said territory, including the caño,
but only in so far as it is necessary to ensure that no such prejudice bfe
caused; and whereas Costa Rica shall consult with the Secretariat of the

Ramsar Convention in regard to these actions, give Nicaragua prior
notice of them and use its best endeavours to find common solutions withf
Nicaragua in this respect ;

*

81. Whereas the second provisional measure requested by Costa Rica
in its submissions presented at the conclusion of the hearings is an ordfer
requiring Nicaragua to “suspend its ongoing dredging programme in thef
River San Juan adjacent to the relevant area” ; whereas in support of this
request Costa Rica asserts that the programme creates an imminent risk

of irreparable prejudice to its environment, in particular to the flowf, and
hence navigability, of the Colorado River, as well as to the hydrodynamic
balance of the area’s waterways, which Nicaragua disputes ;

82. Whereas it cannot be concluded at this stage from the evidence
adduced by the Parties that the dredging of the San Juan River is creatifng

a risk of irreparable prejudice to Costa Rica’s environment or to thef flow
of the Colorado River ; whereas nor has it been shown that, even if there
were such a risk of prejudice to rights Costa Rica claims in the presentf
case, the risk would be imminent ; and whereas the Court concludes from
the foregoing that in the circumstances of the case as they now stand thfe
second provisional measure requested by Costa Rica should not be indi -

cated ;

*

83. Whereas, in the light of what the Court has already said on the

subject of the final provisional measure requested by Costa Rica (see
paragraph 62 above) and of the Court’s conclusions above on the subject
of the specific provisional measures to be indicated, it is in addition f
appropriate in the circumstances to indicate complementary measures,
calling on both Parties to refrain from any act which may aggravate or
extend the dispute or render it more difficult of solution ;

* * *

84. Whereas the Court’s “orders on provisional measures under Arti -

cle 41 [of the Statute] have binding effect” (LaGrand (Germany v. United

24 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 26

mesure d’éviter qu’un préjudice irréparable ne soit causéf à la partie de
cette zone humide où ce territoire est situé ; qu’à cette fin le Costa Rica
doit pouvoir envoyer sur ledit territoire, y compris le caño, des agents
civils chargés de la protection de l’environnement dans la strictef mesure
où un tel envoi serait nécessaire pour éviter la survenance d’un tel préju -
dice; et que le Costa Rica devra consulter le Secrétariat de la conventiofn

de Ramsar au sujet de ces activités, informer préalablement le Nicfaragua
de celles-ci et faire de son mieux pour rechercher avec ce dernier des sfolu-
tions communes à cet égard ;

*

81. Considérant que la deuxième mesure conservatoire demandée par
le Costa Rica dans ses conclusions présentées à la fin des audifences consiste
à ordonner au Nicaragua de « suspendre son programme de dragage du
fleuve San Juan dans la zone adjacente à la zone pertinente »; que, à l’ap-
pui de cette demande, le Costa Rica affirme que ce programme crée unf

risque imminent de préjudice irréparable à son environnement, sfingulière -
ment au débit du fleuve Colorado et, en conséquence, à la navfigabilité de
ce fleuve, ainsi qu’à l’équilibre hydrodynamique des voiesf d’eau de la
région, ce que le Nicaragua conteste ;
82. Considérant que les éléments de preuve produits par les Partiesf ne
permettent pas de conclure à ce stade que les opérations de dragage du

fleuve San Juan font peser sur l’environnement du Costa Rica ou surf le
débit du fleuve Colorado un risque de préjudice irréparable ; qu’il n’a pas
été davantage démontré que, quand bien même il existeraitf un tel risque
de préjudice aux droits allégués par le Costa Rica en l’espèfce, celui-ci
serait imminent ; et que la Cour conclut de ce qui précède qu’il n’y a pas
lieu, dans les circonstances actuelles de l’espèce, d’indiquer fla deuxième

mesure conservatoire demandée par le Costa Rica ;

*

83. Considérant que, compte tenu de ce que la Cour a déjà observéf au

sujet de la dernière mesure conservatoire demandée par le Costa Rifca
(voir paragraphe 62 ci-dessus) et des conclusions auxquelles elle est parve -
nue ci-dessus au sujet des mesures conservatoires spécifiques à indiquer,f
il y a lieu, eu égard aux circonstances, d’indiquer en outre, àf charge des
deux Parties, des mesures complémentaires tendant à ce qu’ellesf s’abstien -
nent de tout acte de nature à aggraver ou étendre le différend ou à en

rendre la solution plus difficile ;

* * *

84. Considérant que les ordonnances de la Cour « indiquant des

mesures conservatoires au titre de l’article 41 [du Statut] ont un cafractère

2427 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506, para. 109) and
thus create international legal obligations which both Parties are requifred
to comply with (see, for example, Armed Activities on the Territory of the
Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo vU . ganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Rep‑
orts 2005, p. 258, para. 263));

*
* *

85. Whereas the decision given in the present proceedings in no way
prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with thef
merits of the case or any questions relating to the admissibility of thef
Application, or relating to the merits themselves ; and whereas it leaves
unaffected the right of the Governments of Costa Rica and Nicaragua to

submit arguments in respect of those questions ;

*
* *

86. For these reasons,

The Court,

Indicates the following provisional measures :
(1) Unanimously,

Each Party shall refrain from sending to, or maintaining in the disputed
territory, including the caño, any personnel, whether civilian, police or

security ;
(2) By thirteen votes to four,

Notwithstanding point (1) above, Costa Rica may dispatch civilian
personnel charged with the protection of the environment to the disputed

territory, including the caño, but only in so far as it is necessary to avoid
irreparable prejudice being caused to the part of the wetland where thatf
territory is situated ; Costa Rica shall consult with the Secretariat of the
Ramsar Convention in regard to these actions, give Nicaragua prior
notice of them and use its best endeavours to find common solutions withf
Nicaragua in this respect ;

in favour :President Owada ;Vice‑President Tomka ;Judges Koroma, Al-
Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade,
Yusuf, Greenwood, Donoghue ; Judge ad hoc Dugard ;
against :Judges Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov, Xue; Judge ad hoc Guillaume ;

(3) Unanimously,

Each Party shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or
extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to
resolve ;

25 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 27

obligatoire » (LaGrand (Allemagne c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 506, par. 109) et créent donc des obligations juri -
diques internationales que les deux Parties sont tenues de respecter (voir,
par exemple, Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (République dém▯o ‑

cratique du Congo c.Ouganda), arrêt, C.I.J.Recueil 2005, p.258, par.263);

*
* *

85. Considérant que la décision rendue en la présente procédure fne
préjuge en rien la question de la compétence de la Cour pour connafître du
fond de l’affaire, ni aucune question relative à la recevabilitéf de la requête

ou au fond lui-même, et qu’elle laisse intact le droit des Gouvernements
du Costa Rica et du Nicaragua de faire valoir leurs moyens en ces
matières;

* * *

86. Par ces motifs,

La Cour,

Indique à titre provisoire les mesures conservatoires suivantes :

1) A l’unanimité,

Chaque Partie s’abstiendra d’envoyer ou de maintenir sur le territfoire
litigieux, y compris le caño, des agents, qu’ils soient civils, de police ou de
sécurité ;

2) Par treize voix contre quatre,

Nonobstant le point 1 ci-dessus, le Costa Rica pourra envoyer sur le
territoire litigieux, y compris le caño, des agents civils chargés de la pro
tection de l’environnement dans la stricte mesure où un tel envoi fserait
nécessaire pour éviter qu’un préjudice irréparable ne soit causé àf la partie

de la zone humide où ce territoire est situé; le Costa Rica devra consulter
le Secrétariat de la convention de Ramsar au sujet de ces activitéfs, infor-
mer préalablement le Nicaragua de celles-ci et faire de son mieux pour
rechercher avec ce dernier des solutions communes à cet égard ;

pour: M. Owada, président; M. Tomka, vice‑président; MM. Koroma,
Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade,
Yusuf, Greenwood, M meDonoghue, juges; M. Dugard, juge ad hoc ;
contre: MM. Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov, M meXue, juges ; M.Guillaume,
juge ad hoc ;

3) A l’unanimité,

Chaque Partie s’abstiendra de tout acte qui risquerait d’aggraver fou
d’étendre le différend dont la Cour est saisie ou d’en renfdre la solution
plus difficile;

2528 certain activities (ofrder 8 III 11)

(4) Unanimously,
Each Party shall inform the Court as to its compliance with the above
provisional measures.

Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at f
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this eighth day of March, two thousand
and eleven, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archivesf of
the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic

of Costa Rica and the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua,
respectively.

(Signed) Hisashi Owada,

President.
(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,

Registrar.

Judges Koroma and Sepúlveda-Amor append separate opinions to
the Order of the Court; Judges Skotnikov, Greenwood and Xue append
declarations to the Order of the Court ; Judge ad hoc Guillaume appends
a declaration to the Order of the Court ; Judge ad hoc Dugard appends
a separate opinion to the Order of the Court.

(Initialled) H.O.
(Initialled) Ph.C.

26 certaines activités f(ordonnance 8 III 11) 28

4) A l’unanimité,
Chaque Partie informera la Cour de la manière dont elle assure l’efxécu-

tion des mesures conservatoires ci-dessus indiquées.

Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au Palafis de la
Paix, à La Haye, le huit mars deux mille onze, en trois exemplaires, dont
l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres seronft transmis

respectivement au Gouvernement de la République du Costa Rica et au
Gouvernement de la République du Nicaragua.

Le président,

(Signé) Hisashi Owada.

Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe Couvreur.

MM. les juges Koroma et Sepúlveda-Amor joignent à l’ordonnance
les exposés de leur opinion individuelle ; MM. les juges Skotnikov,
me
Greenwood et M la juge Xue joignent des déclarations à l’ordonnance;
M. le juge ad hoc Guillaume joint une déclaration à l’ordonnance ; M. le
juge ad hoc Dugard joint à l’ordonnance l’exposé de son opinion
individuelle.

(Paraphé) H.O.
(Paraphé) Ph.C.

26

ICJ document subtitle

Provisional measures

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 8 March 2011

Links