Order of 18 April 2013

Document Number
150-20130418-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES PAR LE NICARAGUA

DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE

(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)

CONSTRUCTION D’UNE ROUTE AU COSTA RICA
LE LONG DU FLEUVE SAN JUAN

(NICARAGUA c. COSTA RICA)

DEMANDES RECONVENTIONNELLES

ORDONNANCE DU 18 AVRIL 2013

2013

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA

(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)

CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA

ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER

(NICARAGUA v. COSTA RICA)

COUNTER-CLAIMS

ORDER OF 18 APRIL 2013

6 CIJ 1045.indb 1 5/06/14 09:42 Mode officiel de citation :

Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région fron▯talière
(Costa Rica c. Nicaragua); Construction d’une route au Costa Rica
le long du fleuve San Juan (Nicaragua c. Costa Rica),
demandes reconventionnelles, ordonnance du 18 avril 2013,
C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 200

Official citation :

Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua); Construction of a Road in Costa Rica
along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica),
Counter-Claims, Order of 18 April 2013,
I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 200

o
N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 1045
ISBN 978-92-1-071160-9

6 CIJ 1045.indb 2 5/06/14 09:42 18 AVRIL 2013

ORDONNANCE

CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES PAR LE NICARAGUA

DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE

(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)

CONSTRUCTION D’UNE ROUTE AU COSTA RICA
LE LONG DU FLEUVE SAN JUAN

(NICARAGUA c. COSTA RICA)

DEMANDES RECONVENTIONNELLES

CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA

(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)

CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA
ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER

(NICARAGUA v. COSTA RICA)

COUNTER-CLAIMS

18 APRIL 2013

ORDER

6 CIJ 1045.indb 3 5/06/14 09:42 200

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2013 2013
18 April
General List
18 April 2013 Nos. 150 and 152

CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA

(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)

CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA

ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER

(NICARAGUA v. COSTA RICA)

COUNTER-CLAIMS

ORDER

Present: President Tomka ; Vice-President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Benfnouna, Skotnikov,

Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwoofd, Xue, Donoghue,
Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandarif ; Judges ad hoc Guillaume,
Dugard ; Registrar Couvreur.

The International Court of Justice,

Composed as above,
After deliberation,

Having regard to Article 48 of the Statute of the Court and to Arti
cle 80 of the Rules of Court,

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Makes the following Order :

Whereas :

1. By an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on 18 Novem -
ber 2010, the Government of the Republic of Costa Rica (hereinafter
“Costa Rica”) instituted proceedings against the Government of thfe
Republic of Nicaragua (hereinafter “Nicaragua”) in the case concerning
Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa

Rica v. Nicaragua) (hereinafter referred to as the “Costa Rica v. Nicara -
gua case”) for “the incursion into, occupation of and use by Nicaragfua’s
army of Costa Rican territory”, contending, in particular, that Nicarfagua
had “in two separate incidents, occupied the territory of Costa Rica fin
connection with the construction of a canal across Costa Rican terri -

tory . . . and certain related works of dredging on the San Juan River”.
Costa Rica alleges breaches by Nicaragua of its obligations towards
Costa Rica under a number of treaty instruments and other applicable
rules of international law, as well as under certain arbitral and judicifal
decisions. In this regard, Costa Rica refers to the Charter of the Unitefd

Nations and the Charter of the Organization of American States ; the
Treaty of Territorial Limits between Costa Rica and Nicaragua of
15 April 1858 (hereinafter the “1858 Treaty of Limits”), namely, Arti -
cles I, II, V and IX ; the arbitral award issued by the President of the
United States of America, Grover Cleveland, on 22 March 1888 (herein -
after the “Cleveland Award”) ; the first and second arbitral awards ren -

dered by Edward Porter Alexander dated respectively 30 September 1897
and 20 December 1897 (hereinafter the “Alexander Awards”) ; the 1971
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (hereinafter the
“Ramsar Convention”) ; and the Judgment of the Court of 13 July 2009
in the case concerning the Dispute regarding Navigational and Related

Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua).

2. In its Application, Costa Rica invokes as a basis of the jurisdiction
of the Court Article XXXI of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement
signed at Bogotá on 30 April 1948 (hereinafter the “Pact of Bogotá”). In

addition, Costa Rica seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court on the
declaration it made on 20 February 1973 under Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute, as well as on the declaration which Nicaragua made on
24 September 1929 (and amended on 23 October 2001) under Article 36
of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and whichf
is deemed, pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute of the pres -

ent Court, for the period which it still has to run, to be acceptance off the
compulsory jurisdiction of this Court.
3. On 18 November 2010, having filed its Application, Costa Rica also
submitted a Request for the indication of provisional measures, pursuantf
to Article 41 of the Statute and Articles 73 to 75 of the Rules of Court.

4. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the

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Registrar communicated a signed copy of the Application forthwith to
the Government of Nicaragua ; and, under paragraph 3 of that Article,

all States entitled to appear before the Court were notified of the filifng of
the Application.
5. Pursuant to the instructions of the Court under Article 43 of the
Rules of Court, the Registrar addressed to States parties to the Pact of
Bogotá and to the Ramsar Convention the notifications provided for fin

Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute. In accordance with the provisions
of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, the Registrar moreover
addressed to the Organization of American States the notification pro -
vided for in Article 34, paragraph 3, of the Statute. The Organization of
American States indicated that it did not intend to submit any observa -
tions in writing under Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court.

6. By an Order of 8 March 2011, the Court indicated certain provi -
sional measures to both Parties.
7. By an Order of 5 April 2011, the Court fixed 5 December 2011 and
6 August 2012 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by
Costa Rica and a Counter-Memorial by Nicaragua. The Memorial and

Counter-Memorial were filed within the time-limits thus fixed.

8. By an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on 22 Decem -
ber 2011, Nicaragua instituted proceedings against Costa Rica in the case
concerning Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River

(Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) (hereinafter referred to as the “Nicaragua v.
Costa Rica case”). The content of that Application and the procedural
history of that case are set out in the Court’s Orders dated 17 April 2013
joining the proceedings in that case with those in the Costa Rica v. Nica -
ragua case.
By a communication dated 17 April 2013, Mr. Simma, who had been

chosen by Costa Rica to sit as judge ad hoc in the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica
case, informed the Court of his decision to resign from his functions, ffur -
ther to the above-mentioned joinder of proceedings.

9. In Chapter 9 of its Counter-Memorial filed in the Costa Rica v.

Nicaragua case, Nicaragua, making reference to Article 80 of the Rules of
Court, submitted four counter-claims.
10. At a meeting held by the President of the Court with the represen -
tatives of the Parties on 19 September 2012, the Parties agreed not to
request the Court’s authorization to file a reply and a rejoinder ifn the

Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case. At the same meeting, and in a letter from
its Co-Agent dated 19 September 2012, Costa Rica indicated that it con -
sidered the first three counter-claims contained in the Counter-Memorial
of Nicaragua to be inadmissible. Costa Rica further added that, while it
had no objection to the admissibility of the fourth counter-claim, it
reserved the right to comment further on the substance of that counter-

claim in the subsequent proceedings.

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11. By letters dated 28 September 2012, the Registrar informed the

Parties that the Court had decided that the Government of Costa Rica
should specify in writing, by 30 November 2012 at the latest, the legal
grounds on which it relied in maintaining that the Respondent’s firfst
three counter-claims were inadmissible, and that the Government of
Nicaragua should present its own views on the question in writing, by

30 January 2013 at the latest. Costa Rica and Nicaragua submitted their
written observations on the admissibility of Nicaragua’s counter-claims
within the time-limits thus fixed.
12. Having received full and detailed written observations from each
of the Parties, the Court considered that it was sufficiently well informed of

the positions they held as to the admissibility of Nicaragua’s countefr-
claims, and did not consider it necessary to hear the Parties further onf the
subject.

*

13. At the end of its Application filed in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua
case, Costa Rica set out its claims as follows :

“For these reasons, and reserving the right to supplement, amplify
or amend the present Application, Costa Rica requests the Court to
adjudge and declare that Nicaragua is in breach of its international
obligations as referred to in paragraph 1 of this Application as regards
the incursion into and occupation of Costa Rican territory, the ser-

ious damage inflicted to its protected rainforests and wetlands, and
the damage intended to the Colorado River, wetlands and protected
ecosystems, as well as the dredging and canalization activities being
carried out by Nicaragua on the San Juan River.

In particular the Court is requested to adjudge and declare that, by
its conduct, Nicaragua has breached :

(a) the territory of the Republic of Costa Rica, as agreed and delim -
ited by the 1858 Treaty of Limits, the Cleveland Award and the
first and second Alexander Awards ;
(b) the fundamental principles of territorial integrity and the prohi -

bition of use of force under the Charter of the United Nations
and the Charter of the Organization of American States ;
(c) the obligation imposed upon Nicaragua by Article IX of the
1858 Treaty of Limits not to use the San Juan River to carry out
hostile acts ;

(d) the obligation not to damage Costa Rican territory ;

(e) the obligation not to artificially channel the San Juan River away
from its natural watercourse without the consent of Costa Rica ;
(f) the obligation not to prohibit the navigation on the San Juan

River by Costa Rican nationals ;

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(g) the obligation not to dredge the San Juan River if this causes

damage to Costa Rican territory (including the Colorado River),
in accordance with the 1888 Cleveland Award ;

(h) the obligations under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands ;

(i) the obligation not to aggravate and extend the dispute by adopt -
ing measures against Costa Rica, including the expansion of the
invaded and occupied Costa Rican territory or by adopting any
further measure or carrying out any further actions that would

infringe Costa Rica’s territorial integrity under international
law.”

Costa Rica also requests the Court to “determine the reparation whichf
must be made by Nicaragua, in particular in relation to any measures of f
the kind referred to . . . above”.
14. At the end of its Memorial filed in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua
case, Costa Rica made the following submissions :

“For these reasons, and reserving the right to supplement, amplify
or amend the present submissions :

1. Costa Rica requests the Court to adjudge and declare that, by

its conduct, Nicaragua has breached :
(a) the obligation to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity
of the Republic of Costa Rica, within the boundaries delimited
by the 1858 Treaty of Limits and further defined by the Demar -

cation Commission established by the Pacheco-Matus Conven -
tion, in particular by the first and second Alexander Awards ;

(b) the prohibition of use of force under Article 2 (4) of the United
Nations Charter and Articles 1, 19, 21 and 29 of the Charter of

the Organization of American States ;

(c) the obligation of Nicaragua under Article IX of the 1858 Treaty
of Limits not to use the San Juan to carry out hostile acts ;

(d) the rights of Costa Rican nationals to free navigation on the San
Juan in accordance with the 1858 Treaty of Limits, the Cleveland
Award and the Court’s Judgment of 13 July 2009 ;

(e) the obligation not to dredge, divert or alter the course of the San

Juan, or conduct any other works on the San Juan, if this causes
damage to Costa Rican territory (including the Colorado River),
its environment, or to Costa Rican rights in accordance with the
Cleveland Award ;
(f) the obligation to consult with Costa Rica about implementing

obligations arising from the Ramsar Convention, in particular the

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obligation to co-ordinate future policies and regulations concern-

ing the conservation of wetlands and their flora and fauna under
Article 5 (1) of the Ramsar Convention ; and
(g) the Court’s Order for Provisional Measures of 8 March 2011 ;

and further to adjudge and declare that Nicaragua is :
(h) obliged to cease such breaches and to make reparation therefor.

2. The Court is requested to order, in consequence, that Nicara -

gua :
(a) withdraw any presence, including all troops and other personnel
(whether civilian, police or security, or volunteers) from that part

of Costa Rica known as Isla Portillos, on the right bank of the
San Juan, and prevent any return there of any such persons ;

(b) cease all dredging activities on the San Juan in the area between
the point of bifurcation of the Colorado River and the San Juan

and the outlet of the San Juan in the Caribbean Sea (‘the area’)f,
pending :
(i) an adequate environmental impact assessment ;

(ii) notification to Costa Rica of further dredging plans for the
area, not less than three months prior to the implementation
of such plans ;
(iii) due consideration of any comments of Costa Rica made

within one month of notification ;

(c) not engage in any dredging operations or other works in the area

if and to the extent that these may cause significant harm to Costa
Rican territory (including the Colorado River) or its environ -
ment, or to impair Costa Rica’s rights under the Cleveland Award.

3. The Court is also requested to determine, in a separate phase,
the reparation and satisfaction to be made by Nicaragua.”

15. Nicaragua, for its part, made the following submissions at the end
of its Counter-Memorial filed in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case :

“For the reasons given herein, the Republic of Nicaragua requests
the Court to :

(1) dismiss and reject the requests and submissions of Costa Rica in
her pleadings ;
(2) adjudge and declare that :
(i) Nicaragua enjoys full sovereignty over the caño joining Har -

bour Head Lagoon with the San Juan River proper, the right

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bank of which constitutes the land boundary as established

by the 1858 Treaty as interpreted by the Cleveland and Alex-
ander Awards ;
(ii) Costa Rica is under an obligation to respect the sovereignty
and territorial integrity of Nicaragua, within the boundaries
delimited by the 1858 Treaty of Limits as interpreted by the

Cleveland and Alexander Awards ;
(iii) Nicaragua is entitled, in accordance with the 1858 Treaty as
interpreted by the subsequent arbitral awards, to execute
works to improve navigation on the San Juan River as it
deems suitable, and that these works include the dredging of

the San Juan de Nicaragua River ; and,
(iv) in so doing, Nicaragua is entitled as it deems suitable to re-
establish the situation that existed at the time the 1858
Treaty was concluded ;
(v) the only rights enjoyed by Costa Rica on the San Juan de

Nicaragua River are those defined by [the] said Treaty as
interpreted by the Cleveland and Alexander Awards.
As to Nicaragua’s counter-claims as specified in Chapter 9 of this

Counter-Memorial, Nicaragua requests a declaration by the Court
that :
(1) Nicaragua has become the sole sovereign over the area formerly

occupied by the Bay of San Juan del Norte ;
(2) Nicaragua has a right to free navigation on the Colorado Branch
of the San Juan de Nicaragua River until the conditions of navi -
gability existing at the time the 1858 Treaty was concluded are
re-established ;

(3) Costa Rica bears responsibility to Nicaragua
— for the construction of a road along the San Juan de Nicaragua

River in violation of Costa Rica’s obligations stemming from the
1858 Treaty of Limits and various treaty or customary rules relat -
ing to the protection of the environment and good neighbourli -
ness ; and
— for the non-implementation of the provisional measures indicated

by the Court’s Order of 8 March 2011.

Compensation in the form of damages, should be awarded by the

Court in a subsequent phase of the case.
Nicaragua reserves its right to amend and modify these submissions
in the light of the further pleadings in this case.”

*
16. In its “written observations on the admissibility of Nicaragua’s

counter-claims” in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case, Costa Rica deals

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with those counter-claims in an order that differs from the presentation

made by Nicaragua in the submissions of its Counter-Memorial. In fact,
Costa Rica deals with the counter-claim concerning the construction of a
road along the San Juan River under the heading of “The first countfer-
claim”, with the counter-claim concerning the status of the Bay of San
Juan del Norte under the heading of “The second counter-claim”, and

with the counter-claim concerning the right of free navigation on the
Colorado River under the heading of “The third counter-claim”. At the
end of its written observations, Costa Rica requests the Court “to defter -
mine that Nicaragua’s counter-claims 1, 2 and 3 as presented in its Counter-
Memorial, are inadmissible in these proceedings”.

With regard to the “fourth” counter-claim, concerning alleged breaches
of the Court’s Order on Provisional Measures of 8 March 2011,
Costa Rica accepts that it is admissible, although it reserves the right to
deal with the merits of this counter-claim in subsequent proceedings.

17. At the end of its “written observations on the admissibility of its
counter-claims” in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case, Nicaragua requests
the Court to adjudge and declare that :

“— it has jurisdiction to decide on the counter-claims made by
Nicaragua in its Counter-Memorial ; and
— that these counter-claims are admissible”.

*
* *

I. General Framework

18. Article 80 of the Rules of Court provides as follows :
“1. The Court may entertain a counter-claim only if it comes
within the jurisdiction of the Court and is directly connected with the f

subject-matter of the claim of the other party.
2. A counter-claim shall be made in the Counter-Memorial and
shall appear as part of the submissions contained therein. The right
of the other party to present its views in writing on the counter-claim,
in an additional pleading, shall be preserved, irrespective of any deci-

sion of the Court, in accordance with Article 45, paragraph 2, of these
Rules, concerning the filing of further written pleadings.

3. Where an objection is raised concerning the application of par -
agraph 1 or whenever the Court deems necessary, the Court shall take

its decision thereon after hearing the parties.”
19. It is not disputed that, in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case, Nicara -

gua’s claims are “counter-claims” within the meaning of Article 80 of the

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Rules of Court, since they are autonomous legal acts the object of whichf

is to submit new claims to the Court which are, at the same time, linkedf
to the principal claims, in so far as formulated as “counter” claims that
react to them (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish -
ment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia),
Counter-Claims, Order of 17 December 1997, I.C.J. Reports 1997, p. 256,

para. 27) ; nor is it disputed that the counter-claims have been “made in
the Counter-Memorial and [appear] as part of the submissions contained
therein”, in accordance with Article 80, paragraph 2, of the Rules of
Court.
20. Under Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, two require -

ments must be met for the Court to be able to entertain a counter-claim
at the same time as the principal claim, namely, that the counter-claim
“comes within the jurisdiction of the Court” and, that it “is directly con -
nected with the subject-matter of the claim of the other party.” In earlier
pronouncements, the Court has characterized these requirements as relat -

ing to the admissibility of a counter-claim as such (Oil Platforms (Islamic
Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Counter-Claim, Order of
10 March 1998, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 203, para. 33 ; Armed Activities on
the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda),
Counter-Claims, Order of 29 November 2001, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 678,

para. 35). In this context, the Court has accepted that the term “admissi -
bility” must be understood to encompass both the jurisdictional requifre-
ment and the direct-connection requirement (Jurisdictional Immunities of
the State (Germany v. Italy), Counter-Claim, Order of 6 July 2010,
I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I), p. 316, para. 14).

*

21. Nicaragua, in its written observations in the Costa Rica v. Nicara -

gua case, follows the order of presentation of its counter-claims as dealt
with by Costa Rica in its Written Observations (see paragraph 16 above).
It is therefore appropriate to follow that same order for the purposes off
the present Order.

II. First Counter-Claim

22. In its first counter-claim, Nicaragua requests the Court to declare
that “Costa Rica bears responsibility to Nicaragua” for “the imfpairment

and possible destruction of navigation on the San Juan River caused by
the construction of a road next to its right bank” by Costa Rica in viola -
tion of its obligations stemming from the 1858 Treaty of Limits and vari -
ous treaty or customary rules relating to the protection of the environmfent
and good neighbourliness.

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23. Costa Rica maintains that the first counter-claim “is identical in

terms to, or plainly included in and covered by, the claim” made by Nfica -
ragua in its Application instituting proceedings in the Nicaragua v. Costa
Rica case and that, consistent with a basic principle (electa una via),
under which two legal actions cannot be pursued simultaneously by the
same applicant against the same party for the same cause of action, it

cannot be open to a party to request the Court to condemn the same
State twice. Costa Rica refers, in this context, to Article IV of the Pact of
Bogotá, which reads as follows : “Once any pacific procedure has been
initiated, whether by agreement between the parties or in fulfilment off the
present Treaty or a previous pact, no other procedure may be commenced

until that procedure is concluded.”

24. The Court notes that, in the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case, Nicara -

gua indeed put forward principal claims which in substance deal with thef
same subject-matter as its first counter-claim in the Costa Rica v. Nicara -
gua case. As a result of the joinder of the proceedings in these two cases
(see paragraph 8 above), Nicaragua’s first counter-claim in the Costa
Rica v. Nicaragua case is subsumed under its principal claim in the Nica -

ragua v. Costa Rica case relating to Costa Rica’s alleged responsibility for
“the impairment and possible destruction of navigation on the San Juan
River caused by the construction of a road next to its right bank”. Tfhis
claim is to be examined as a principal claim, within the context of the f
joined proceedings, thereby eliminating the need to examine it as a

counter-claim. In these circumstances, the first counter-claim has become
without object, and the Court does not need to decide whether it is admifs -
sible within the meaning of Article 80 of the Rules of Court. In view of the
foregoing, the Court need not address the question whether the consider -
ation of the first counter-claim may be contrary to the rule stated in Arti -

cle IV of the Pact of Bogotá.

III. Second and Third Countefr-Claims

1. Content of the Second and Third Counter-Claims

25. In its second counter-claim, Nicaragua asks the Court to declare
that it “has become the sole sovereign over the area formerly occupiefd by

the Bay of San Juan del Norte”. In its third counter-claim, Nicaragua
requests the Court to find that “Nicaragua has a right to free navifgation
on the Colorado Branch of the San Juan de Nicaragua River until the
conditions of navigability existing at the time the 1858 Treaty was
concluded are re-established”.

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2. Method of Examination

26. The Court notes, with regard to the second and third counter-claims

of Nicaragua, that the respective arguments presented by the Parties con -
cerning the question of whether these counter-claims come within the
jurisdiction of the Court and whether they are directly connected to thef
subject-matter of the claims of Costa Rica in the main proceedings are

similar if not identical. Therefore, it is appropriate to examine the sefcond
and third counter-claims jointly, keeping in mind, nevertheless, that they
are separate claims.
27. The requirements of admissibility under Article 80 of the Rules of
Court are cumulative ; each requirement must be satisfied for a counter-

claim to be found admissible. In examining those requirements, the Courtf
is not bound by the sequence set out in that Article. In the present
circumstances, the Court deems it appropriate to begin with the questionf
whether the second and third counter-claims are directly connected with
the subject-matter of Costa Rica’s principal claims.

3. Question of Direct Connection

28. Nicaragua asserts, with regard to its second counter-claim, that

although Costa Rica did not claim sovereignty over the Bay of San Juan
del Norte in its Application, the question of sovereignty over the bay ifs
part of the issue of sovereignty near the mouth of the San Juan River
which lies at the heart of the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case. Furthermore,
the status of the bay was fixed by the 1858 Treaty of Limits and is there -

fore, according to Nicaragua, indisputably part of this case. Nicaragua f
further observes that, in respect of its second counter-claim, both Parties
rely on the same instrument, namely the 1858 Treaty of Limits, and even
on the same provisions of that instrument, in particular its Article IV,
and, more generally, its Articles I, II, V, VI and IX.

29. Nicaragua asserts in its third counter-claim that it possesses a “right
of navigation on the Colorado River” on the basis of the 1858 Treaty of
Limits and general international law. In particular, Nicaragua asserts tfhat

Costa Rica is attempting to prevent Nicaragua from taking the measures
needed — that is, the dredging works of which CostaRica complains— to
restore the navigability of the San Juan River. In this regard, Nicaragufa
takes the position that one purpose of the 1858 Treaty of Limits was to
guarantee navigation from the San Juan River to and from the Caribbean

Sea. Nicaragua highlights Article V of the 1858 Treaty of Limits, which
stated that the Colorado River, not the San Juan River, would constitutef
the course of the boundary until such time as Nicaragua had “recover[ed]
the full possession of all her rights in the port of San Juan del Norte”. In
Nicaragua’s view, this provision is applicable to the present situatifon because

Nicaragua is currently without access to the sea via the San Juan River.f

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According to Nicaragua, its second and third counter-claims are thus

part of the same factual complex as Costa Rica’s principal claims andf
have a direct legal connection with them.

*

30. Examining the direct-connection requirement with regard to the
second counter-claim, Costa Rica first underlines the fact that it has made
no claim relating to the Bay of San Juan del Norte, nor does it refer to the
bay in the operative part of its submissions. Costa Rica further notes that

this counter-claim and Costa Rica’s principal claims do not form part of
the same factual complex, as they concern geographically distinct areas f
and are not temporally related. Costa Rica maintains that the respective
claims are not “legally related” as they do not concern reciprocal obliga -
tions and do not pursue the same legal aim. Finally, Costa Rica contends

that the law applicable to its own claims differs from the law applicafble to
Nicaragua’s second counter-claim.

31. As to the third counter-claim, Costa Rica considers that it is not

directly connected to any of Costa Rica’s principal claims as it bearfs no
relation to any of the submissions presented by Costa Rica in its Applicfa -
tion and Memorial. In particular, Costa Rica asserts that Nicaragua has f
failed to establish that a direct connection exists between the law applfi -
cable to its own claims and the law invoked by Nicaragua in support of

its third counter-claim. Costa Rica observes that Nicaragua alleges that it
possesses a right of navigation on the Colorado River based on Article V
of the 1858 Treaty of Limits. In that regard, Costa Rica maintains, first,
that there is nothing in the 1858 Treaty of Limits, including Article V
thereof, that can be construed as giving Nicaragua navigational rights ofn

any Costa Rican river, including the Colorado. Secondly, Costa Rica
notes that it has not relied upon Article V at any point in support of the
principal claims. Rather, it has complained that Nicaragua has breached f
Article II of the 1858 Treaty of Limits and has thereby violated its terri-
torial integrity.

Costa Rica accordingly concludes that Nicaragua has failed to show
that its second and third counter-claims meet the conditions for admissi -
bility set out in Article 80 of the Rules of Court, and that, consequently,
these two counter-claims must be declared inadmissible.

* *

32. The Court recalls that it is for the Court to assess “whether the

counter-claim is sufficiently connected to the principal claim, taking

15

6 CIJ 1045.indb 27 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 212

account of the particular aspects of each case” (see Application of the

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Counter-Claims, Order of
17 December 1997, I.C.J. Reports 1997, p. 258, para. 33). In previous
decisions relating to the admissibility of counter-claims, the Court has
taken into consideration a range of factors that could establish a direct

connection both in fact and in law between a counter-claim and the claims
in the principal case for purposes of Article 80.

The Court has thus considered whether the facts relied upon by each
party relate to the same geographical area or the same time period (see

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Counter-
Claims, Order of 17 December 1997, I.C.J. Reports 1997, p. 258,
para. 34 ; Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of
America), Counter-Claim, Order of 10 March 1998, I.C.J. Reports 1998,

p. 205, para. 38). The Court has also considered whether the facts relied
upon by each party are of the same nature, in that they allege similar
types of conduct (see Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Counter-Claims, Order of
29 November 2001, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 679, para. 38).

The Court has further examined whether there is a direct connection
between the counter-claim and the principal claims of the other party
based on the legal principles or instruments relied upon, or where the
Applicant and the Respondent were considered as pursuing the same
legal aim by their respective claims (see Application of the Convention on

the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Her -
zegovina v. Yugoslavia), Counter-Claims, Order of 17 December 1997,
I.C.J. Reports 1997, p. 258, para. 35 ; Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of
Iran v. United States of America), Counter-Claim, Order of 10 March 1998,
I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 205, para. 38 ; Land and Maritime Boundary

between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Order of
30 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), pp. 985-986 ; Armed Activities on
the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo v. Uganda),
Counter-Claims, Order of 29 November 2001, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 679,
paras. 38 and 40).

*

33. With regard to the nature of the alleged facts which constitute the

basis of Costa Rica’s principal claims and Nicaragua’s second counfter-
claim, respectively, the Court observes that Costa Rica complains of
Nicaragua’s actions in Isla Portillos and of Nicaragua’s dredging fpro -
gramme on the San Juan River. By contrast, Nicaragua’s second
counter-claim is based on alleged changes to the physical characteristics

of the Bay of San Juan del Norte, which, in Nicaragua’s view, extingufish

16

6 CIJ 1045.indb 29 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 213

any rights that Costa Rica may have once possessed in connection with

that bay based on the 1858 Treaty of Limits.
34. In geographical terms, Nicaragua’s second counter-claim relates, in
a general sense, to the same region that is the focus of Costa Rica’sf prin -
cipal claims, an area that is near the mouth of the San Juan River. How -
ever, the geographical point of reference of each Party’s claims is dfifferent,

in the sense that the claim and the counter-claim do not relate to the same
area. Moreover, a temporal connection is lacking. Nicaragua’s counterf-
claim refers to physical changes to the Bay of San Juan del Norte that
apparently date to the nineteenth century. By contrast, Costa Rica’s
claims relate to alleged Nicaraguan conduct dating to 2010. In addition,

the facts underpinning Nicaragua’s second counter-claim are not of the
same nature as those underpinning Costa Rica’s principal claims. While it
may be said that both Parties invoke facts in connection with territoriafl
sovereignty, Nicaragua’s counter-claim does not relate to territorial sov -
ereignty over Isla Portillos, nor does it relate to a question of territforial

sovereignty based on the course of the river boundary as established by f
the 1858 Treaty of Limits, the Cleveland Award, or the subsequent Alex -
ander Awards. In sum, the issues raised by Nicaragua with respect to thef
Bay of San Juan del Norte in its second counter-claim do not form part
of the same factual complex from which Costa Rica’s principal claims f

arise.

The Court is thus of the view that Nicaragua has failed to demonstrate
that its second counter-claim is directly connected, as a matter of fact, to
the principal claims of Costa Rica in this case.

35. Furthermore, no direct legal connection exists between Costa
Rica’s principal claims and Nicaragua’s second counter-claim. The
essence of Costa Rica’s claims is that its sovereignty has been breacfhed
and its territorial integrity violated through Nicaragua’s actions cafrried

out in Isla Portillos, and that Nicaragua’s dredging activities have fnot
complied with international environmental law and pose a risk of seriousf
environmental harm to Costa Rica, whereas Nicaragua’s second counter-
claim is in essence that it has exclusive sovereignty over the area “fformerly
occupied” by the Bay of San Juan del Norte. In addition, Costa Rica

asserts sovereignty over Isla Portillos based on provisions of the 1858 f
Treaty of Limits and associated awards that govern the location of the
boundary between the Parties, and also invokes international environ -
mental law. By contrast, Nicaragua bases its second counter-claim on the
contention that the legal situation of the Parties with respect to the Bay

of San Juan del Norte has evolved since the conclusion of the 1858 Treatfy
of Limits, as a result of physical changes to that bay. Thus, the Parties do
not pursue the same legal aims.

*

17

6 CIJ 1045.indb 31 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 214

36. With regard to the factual connection between Costa Rica’s princi -

pal claims and Nicaragua’s third counter-claim, the Court recalls that,
while Costa Rica’s claims are based on certain activities of Nicaragufa in
the border area, namely, the presence of Nicaraguan troops and other
personnel at Isla Portillos and dredging activities on the San Juan Rivefr,
Nicaragua’s third counter-claim concerns the use of the Colorado River

for navigation until access to the Caribbean Sea via the San Juan River f
can be restored. In particular, Nicaragua refers to the fact that the ouftlet
of the San Juan River to the sea is blocked for much of the year, therebfy
hindering navigation for its vessels, and the fact that Costa Rica has
barred the entrance to the Colorado River. The Court notes that there isf,

in a general sense, a geographical link between Nicaragua’s third counter-
claim and Costa Rica’s claims relating to Nicaragua’s dredging actfivities
in that these claims relate to a common river system. An approximate
temporal connection can also be made, in the sense that Nicaragua claimsf
that its right to navigate the Colorado River has been revived by Costa f

Rica’s efforts to prevent Nicaragua from dredging the San Juan Rivefr in
order to enhance its navigability. Nonetheless, the facts underpinning
Nicaragua’s third counter-claim are of a different nature from those
underpinning Costa Rica’s claims, which are invoked to demonstrate
alleged violations of its territorial sovereignty and of Nicaragua’s fobliga -

tions under international environmental law. Nicaragua’s third countefr-
claim, by contrast, is based on facts relating to damage allegedly causefd
by Costa Rica’s effort to prevent Nicaragua from dredging the San Juan
River. Under these circumstances, the factual link between Nicaragua’s
third counter-claim and Costa Rica’s principal claims is not sufficient for

purposes of admissibility under Article 80 of the Rules of Court. There is
therefore no direct connection between the facts relied on by Costa Ricaf
in its principal claims and the facts invoked by Nicaragua to substantiafte
its third counter-claim, because of their different nature.

37. Furthermore, Nicaragua has failed to establish the existence of a
direct legal connection between its third counter-claim and Costa Rica’s

principal claims. Costa Rica and Nicaragua do not pursue the same legal f
aims in their respective claims and counter-claim. Costa Rica’s claims
concern allegations of violations of its territorial sovereignty and its navi -
gational rights on the San Juan River, and of environmental damage to
its territory. Nicaragua, for its part, seeks to assert its alleged navifga -

tional rights on the Colorado River, on the basis of Article V of the
1858 Treaty of Limits, which provided for the temporary shared use and
possession of Punta Castilla and designated the Colorado River as a
boundary until such time as Nicaragua recovered full possession over thef

Port of San Juan del Norte, which it did in 1860.

18

6 CIJ 1045.indb 33 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 215

4. Conclusion of the Court as to the Second

and Third Counter-Claims

38. The Court therefore concludes that there is no direct connection,
either in fact or in law, between Nicaragua’s second and third countefr-
claims and Costa Rica’s principal claims. Consequently, those counterf-
claims are inadmissible as such under Article 80, paragraph 1, of the

Rules of Court. It is not necessary for the Court to address the questiofn
whether those counter-claims come within its jurisdiction.

IV. Fourth Counter-Claim

39. In its fourth counter-claim, Nicaragua alleges that Costa Rica did
not implement the provisional measures indicated by the Court in its

Order of 8 March 2011. Costa Rica does not contest the admissibility of
this counter-claim.

40. The Court recalls that, where it “has jurisdiction to decide a case, f

it also has jurisdiction to deal with submissions requesting it to deterfmine
that an order indicating measures which seeks to preserve the rights of fthe
Parties to this dispute has not been complied with” (see LaGrand (Ger -
many v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 484,
para. 45). It follows that the question of compliance by both Parties with

the provisional measures indicated in this case may be considered by thef
Court in the principal proceedings, irrespective of whether or not the
respondent State raised that issue by way of a counter-claim. The Parties
thus remain at liberty to take up this issue in the further course of thfe

proceedings. The Court, accordingly, finds that there is no need to enfter-
tain Nicaragua’s fourth counter-claim, as such.

*
* *

41. For these reasons,

The Court,

(A) Unanimously,

Finds that there is no need for the Court to adjudicate on the admissi -
bility of Nicaragua’s first counter-claim as such ;

(B) Unanimously,
Finds that Nicaragua’s second counter-claim is inadmissible as such

and does not form part of the current proceedings ;

19

6 CIJ 1045.indb 35 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 216

(C) Unanimously,

Finds that Nicaragua’s third counter-claim is inadmissible as such and
does not form part of the current proceedings ;

(D) Unanimously,

Finds that there is no need for the Court to entertain Nicaragua’s
fourth counter-claim as such, and that the Parties may take up any ques -
tion relating to the implementation of the provisional measures indicatefd

by the Court in its Order of 8 March 2011 in the further course of the
proceedings ;

Reserves the subsequent procedure for further decision.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this eighteenth day of April, two thousand f
and thirteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archivfes

of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Repub -
lic of Costa Rica and the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua,
respectively.

(Signed) Peter Tomka,

President.

(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.

Judge ad hoc Guillaume appends a declaration to the Order.

(Initialled) P.T.
(Initialled) Ph.C.

20

6 CIJ 1045.indb 37 5/06/14 09:42

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES PAR LE NICARAGUA

DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE

(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)

CONSTRUCTION D’UNE ROUTE AU COSTA RICA
LE LONG DU FLEUVE SAN JUAN

(NICARAGUA c. COSTA RICA)

DEMANDES RECONVENTIONNELLES

ORDONNANCE DU 18 AVRIL 2013

2013

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA

(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)

CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA

ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER

(NICARAGUA v. COSTA RICA)

COUNTER-CLAIMS

ORDER OF 18 APRIL 2013

6 CIJ 1045.indb 1 5/06/14 09:42 Mode officiel de citation :

Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région fron▯talière
(Costa Rica c. Nicaragua); Construction d’une route au Costa Rica
le long du fleuve San Juan (Nicaragua c. Costa Rica),
demandes reconventionnelles, ordonnance du 18 avril 2013,
C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 200

Official citation :

Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua); Construction of a Road in Costa Rica
along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica),
Counter-Claims, Order of 18 April 2013,
I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 200

o
N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 1045
ISBN 978-92-1-071160-9

6 CIJ 1045.indb 2 5/06/14 09:42 18 AVRIL 2013

ORDONNANCE

CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES PAR LE NICARAGUA

DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE

(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)

CONSTRUCTION D’UNE ROUTE AU COSTA RICA
LE LONG DU FLEUVE SAN JUAN

(NICARAGUA c. COSTA RICA)

DEMANDES RECONVENTIONNELLES

CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA

(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)

CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA
ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER

(NICARAGUA v. COSTA RICA)

COUNTER-CLAIMS

18 APRIL 2013

ORDER

6 CIJ 1045.indb 3 5/06/14 09:42 200

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

ANNÉE 2013
2013
18 avril
osle général 18 avril 2013
n 150 et 152

CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES PAR LE NICARAGUA

DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE

(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)

CONSTRUCTION D’UNE ROUTE AU COSTA RICA

LE LONG DU FLEUVE SAN JUAN

(NICARAGUA c. COSTA RICA)

DEMANDES RECONVENTIONNELLES

ORDONNANCE

Présents :M.Tomka, président ; M. Sepúlveda-Amor, vice-président ;

MM. Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov,
Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, M mes Xue,
Donoghue, M. Gaja, M me Sebutinde, M. Bhandari, juges ;
MM. Guillaume, Dugard, juges ad hoc; M. Couvreur,

greffier.

La Cour internationale de Justice,

Ainsi composée,

Après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
Vu l’article 48 de son Statut et l’article 80 de son Règlement,

4

6 CIJ 1045.indb 4 5/06/14 09:42 200

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2013 2013
18 April
General List
18 April 2013 Nos. 150 and 152

CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA

(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)

CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA

ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER

(NICARAGUA v. COSTA RICA)

COUNTER-CLAIMS

ORDER

Present: President Tomka ; Vice-President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Benfnouna, Skotnikov,

Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwoofd, Xue, Donoghue,
Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandarif ; Judges ad hoc Guillaume,
Dugard ; Registrar Couvreur.

The International Court of Justice,

Composed as above,
After deliberation,

Having regard to Article 48 of the Statute of the Court and to Arti
cle 80 of the Rules of Court,

4

6 CIJ 1045.indb 5 5/06/14 09:42 201 certaines activitésf; construction d’une rfoute (ordonnance 18 IV 13)

Rend l’ordonnance suivante :

Considérant que :

1. Par requête déposée au Greffe de la Cour le 18 novembre 2010, le
Gouvernement de la République du Costa Rica (ci-après le «Costa Rica»)
a introduit contre le Gouvernement de la République du Nicaragua
(ci-après le « Nicaragua») une instance en l’affaire relative à Certaines
activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région frontalière▯ (Costa Rica

c. Nicaragua) (ci-après l’« affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua »), à raison de
«l’incursion en territoire costa-ricien de l’armée nicaraguayenne, [de] l’oc -
cupation et [de] l’utilisation d’une partie de celui-ci », alléguant notam -
ment que le Nicaragua avait, « à l’occasion de deux incidents distincts, …
occupé le sol costa-ricien dans le cadre de la construction d’un canal à

travers le territoire du Costa Rica … et de certaines activités connexes de
dragage menées dans le fleuve San Juan ». Le Costa Rica fait grief au
Nicaragua d’avoir manqué à des obligations lui incombant à son égard
au titre de plusieurs instruments et autres règles de droit internatifonal
applicables, ainsi que de certaines décisions arbitrales et judiciairfes. Le

Costa Rica invoque ainsi : la Charte des Nations Unies et la Charte de
l’Organisation des Etats américains ; le traité de limites territoriales entre
le Costa Rica et le Nicaragua du 15 avril 1858 (ci-après le « traité
de limites de 1858 »), et plus spécifiquement ses articles I, II, V et IX ; la
sentence arbitrale rendue le 22 mars 1888 par le président des Etats-
Unis d’Amérique Grover Cleveland (ci-après la « sentence Cleveland »);

les première et deuxième sentences arbitrales rendues par Edward
Porter Alexander en date, respectivement, du 30 septembre et du
20 décembre 1897 (ci-après les « sentences Alexander »); la convention
de 1971 relative aux zones humides d’importance internationale (ci-aprèfs
la « convention de Ramsar »); et l’arrêt rendu par la Cour le 13 juil -

let 2009 en l’affaire du Différend relatif à des droits de navigation et des
droits connexes (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua).
2. Dans sa requête, le Costa Rica invoque comme base de compétence
de la Cour l’article XXXI du traité américain de règlement pacifique signé
à Bogotá le 30 avril 1948 (ci-après le « pacte de Bogotá »). Le Costa Rica

entend également fonder la compétence de la Cour sur sa déclaraftion faite
le 20 février 1973 en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut, ainsi
que sur la déclaration que le Nicaragua a faite le 24 septembre 1929 en
vertu de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour permanente de Justice interna -
tionale (puis modifiée le 23 octobre 2001) et qui, aux termes du para -
graphe 5 de l’article 36 du Statut de la présente Cour, est considérée, pour

la durée lui restant à courir, comme comportant acceptation de la fjuridic -
tion obligatoire de la Cour.
3. Le 18 novembre 2010, après avoir déposé sa requête, le Costa Rica
a également présenté une demande en indication de mesures consefrva -
toires en application de l’article 41 du Statut de la Cour et des articles 73

à 75 de son Règlement.
4. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut, le greffier

5

6 CIJ 1045.indb 6 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 201

Makes the following Order :

Whereas :

1. By an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on 18 Novem -
ber 2010, the Government of the Republic of Costa Rica (hereinafter
“Costa Rica”) instituted proceedings against the Government of thfe
Republic of Nicaragua (hereinafter “Nicaragua”) in the case concerning
Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa

Rica v. Nicaragua) (hereinafter referred to as the “Costa Rica v. Nicara -
gua case”) for “the incursion into, occupation of and use by Nicaragfua’s
army of Costa Rican territory”, contending, in particular, that Nicarfagua
had “in two separate incidents, occupied the territory of Costa Rica fin
connection with the construction of a canal across Costa Rican terri -

tory . . . and certain related works of dredging on the San Juan River”.
Costa Rica alleges breaches by Nicaragua of its obligations towards
Costa Rica under a number of treaty instruments and other applicable
rules of international law, as well as under certain arbitral and judicifal
decisions. In this regard, Costa Rica refers to the Charter of the Unitefd

Nations and the Charter of the Organization of American States ; the
Treaty of Territorial Limits between Costa Rica and Nicaragua of
15 April 1858 (hereinafter the “1858 Treaty of Limits”), namely, Arti -
cles I, II, V and IX ; the arbitral award issued by the President of the
United States of America, Grover Cleveland, on 22 March 1888 (herein -
after the “Cleveland Award”) ; the first and second arbitral awards ren -

dered by Edward Porter Alexander dated respectively 30 September 1897
and 20 December 1897 (hereinafter the “Alexander Awards”) ; the 1971
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (hereinafter the
“Ramsar Convention”) ; and the Judgment of the Court of 13 July 2009
in the case concerning the Dispute regarding Navigational and Related

Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua).

2. In its Application, Costa Rica invokes as a basis of the jurisdiction
of the Court Article XXXI of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement
signed at Bogotá on 30 April 1948 (hereinafter the “Pact of Bogotá”). In

addition, Costa Rica seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court on the
declaration it made on 20 February 1973 under Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute, as well as on the declaration which Nicaragua made on
24 September 1929 (and amended on 23 October 2001) under Article 36
of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and whichf
is deemed, pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute of the pres -

ent Court, for the period which it still has to run, to be acceptance off the
compulsory jurisdiction of this Court.
3. On 18 November 2010, having filed its Application, Costa Rica also
submitted a Request for the indication of provisional measures, pursuantf
to Article 41 of the Statute and Articles 73 to 75 of the Rules of Court.

4. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the

5

6 CIJ 1045.indb 7 5/06/14 09:42 202 certaines activitésf; construction d’une rfoute (ordonnance 18 IV 13)

a immédiatement communiqué au Gouvernement du Nicaragua une
copie signée de la requête ; en application du paragraphe 3 du même

article, tous les Etats admis à ester devant la Cour ont été infformés du
dépôt de la requête.
5. Sur les instructions données par la Cour en vertu de l’article 43 de
son Règlement, le greffier a adressé aux Etats parties au pacte dfe Bogotá
et à la convention de Ramsar les notifications prévues au paragrfaphe 1 de

l’article 63 du Statut. Conformément aux dispositions du paragraphe 3 de
l’article 69 du Règlement, le greffier a en outre adressé à l’Organisfation
des Etats américains la notification prévue au paragraphe 3 de l’article 34
du Statut. L’Organisation des Etats américains a indiqué qu’felle n’enten -
dait pas présenter d’observations écrites en vertu du paragraphfe 3 de l’ar-
ticle 69 du Règlement.

6. Par ordonnance du 8 mars 2011, la Cour a indiqué certaines mesures
conservatoires à l’intention des deux Parties.
7. Par ordonnance du 5 avril 2011, la Cour a fixé au 5 décembre 2011
et au 6 août 2012, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des délais pour le
dépôt d’un mémoire par le Costa Rica et d’un contre-mémoire par le

Nicaragua. Le mémoire et le contre-mémoire ont été déposéfs dans les
délais ainsi fixés.
8. Par requête déposée au Greffe de la Cour le 22 décembre 2011, le
Nicaragua a introduit contre le Costa Rica une instance en l’affairfe rela -
tive à la Construction d’une route au Costa Rica le long du fleuve San Juan

(Nicaragua c. Costa Rica) (ci-après l’« affaire Nicaragua c. Costa Rica »).
La teneur de cette requête et l’historique de cette procédure sfont exposés
dans les ordonnances datées du 17 avril 2013 par lesquelles la Cour a joint
les instances dans cette affaire et dans l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua.

Par une communication en date du 17 avril 2013, M. Simma, qui avait

été désigné par le Costa Rica pour siéger en qualité dfe juge ad hoc en
l’affaire Nicaragua c. Costa Rica, a fait part à la Cour de sa décision de
démissionner de ses fonctions, comme suite à la jonction d’instfances sus -
mentionnée.
9. Au chapitre 9 de son contre-mémoire déposé en l’affaire Costa Rica

c. Nicaragua, le Nicaragua, se référant à l’article 80 du Règlement, a pré -
senté quatre demandes reconventionnelles.
10. Lors d’une réunion que le président de la Cour a tenue avec lesf
représentants des Parties le 19 septembre 2012, celles-ci sont convenues de
ne pas demander à la Cour d’autoriser le dépôt d’une réfplique et d’une

duplique en l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua. Lors de la même réunion,
et dans une lettre de son coagent datée du même jour, le Costa Rica a indi -
qué qu’il considérait comme irrecevables les trois premièresf demandes
reconventionnelles contenues dans le contre-mémoire du Nicaragua. Le
Costa Rica a ajouté qu’il ne contestait pas la recevabilité de fla quatrième
demande reconventionnelle, mais se réservait le droit de formuler, dafns

la suite de la procédure, des observations concernant le fond de cette
demande.

6

6 CIJ 1045.indb 8 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 202

Registrar communicated a signed copy of the Application forthwith to
the Government of Nicaragua ; and, under paragraph 3 of that Article,

all States entitled to appear before the Court were notified of the filifng of
the Application.
5. Pursuant to the instructions of the Court under Article 43 of the
Rules of Court, the Registrar addressed to States parties to the Pact of
Bogotá and to the Ramsar Convention the notifications provided for fin

Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute. In accordance with the provisions
of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, the Registrar moreover
addressed to the Organization of American States the notification pro -
vided for in Article 34, paragraph 3, of the Statute. The Organization of
American States indicated that it did not intend to submit any observa -
tions in writing under Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court.

6. By an Order of 8 March 2011, the Court indicated certain provi -
sional measures to both Parties.
7. By an Order of 5 April 2011, the Court fixed 5 December 2011 and
6 August 2012 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by
Costa Rica and a Counter-Memorial by Nicaragua. The Memorial and

Counter-Memorial were filed within the time-limits thus fixed.

8. By an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on 22 Decem -
ber 2011, Nicaragua instituted proceedings against Costa Rica in the case
concerning Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River

(Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) (hereinafter referred to as the “Nicaragua v.
Costa Rica case”). The content of that Application and the procedural
history of that case are set out in the Court’s Orders dated 17 April 2013
joining the proceedings in that case with those in the Costa Rica v. Nica -
ragua case.
By a communication dated 17 April 2013, Mr. Simma, who had been

chosen by Costa Rica to sit as judge ad hoc in the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica
case, informed the Court of his decision to resign from his functions, ffur -
ther to the above-mentioned joinder of proceedings.

9. In Chapter 9 of its Counter-Memorial filed in the Costa Rica v.

Nicaragua case, Nicaragua, making reference to Article 80 of the Rules of
Court, submitted four counter-claims.
10. At a meeting held by the President of the Court with the represen -
tatives of the Parties on 19 September 2012, the Parties agreed not to
request the Court’s authorization to file a reply and a rejoinder ifn the

Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case. At the same meeting, and in a letter from
its Co-Agent dated 19 September 2012, Costa Rica indicated that it con -
sidered the first three counter-claims contained in the Counter-Memorial
of Nicaragua to be inadmissible. Costa Rica further added that, while it
had no objection to the admissibility of the fourth counter-claim, it
reserved the right to comment further on the substance of that counter-

claim in the subsequent proceedings.

6

6 CIJ 1045.indb 9 5/06/14 09:42 203 certaines activitésf; construction d’une rfoute (ordonnance 18 IV 13)

11. Par lettres datées du 28 septembre 2012, le greffier a informé les
Parties que la Cour avait décidé que le Gouvernement du Costa Rica

devait spécifier par écrit, le 30 novembre 2012 au plus tard, les motifs juri-
diques sur lesquels il s’appuyait pour soutenir que les trois premièfres
demandes reconventionnelles du défendeur étaient irrecevables, et fque le
Gouvernement du Nicaragua serait à son tour invité à présentfer par écrit
ses vues sur la question le 30 janvier 2013 au plus tard. Le Costa Rica et

le Nicaragua ont présenté leurs observations écrites sur la recfevabilité des
demandes reconventionnelles nicaraguayennes dans les délais ainsi fifxés.
12. Ayant reçu des observations écrites complètes et détailléfes de la
part de chacune des Parties, la Cour s’estime suffisamment informée def
leurs positions respectives quant à la recevabilité des demandes rfeconven -
tionnelles du Nicaragua, et ne juge pas nécessaire d’entendre plus avant

les Parties à ce sujet.

*

13. Au terme de sa requête déposée en l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua,
le Costa Rica formule les demandes suivantes :

«Pour ces motifs, tout en se réservant le droit de compléter, préfci -
ser ou modifier la présente requête, le Costa Rica prie la Cour de dire

et juger que le Nicaragua viole ses obligations internationales men -
tionnées au paragraphe 1 de la présente requête, à raison de son
incursion en territoire costa-ricien et de l’occupation d’une partfie de
celui-ci, des graves dommages causés à ses forêts pluviales et fzones
humides protégées, des dommages qu’il entend causer au fleuve

Colorado, à ses zones humides et à ses écosystèmes protégfés, ainsi
que des activités de dragage et de creusement d’un canal qu’il fmène
actuellement dans le fleuve San Juan.
En particulier, le Costa Rica prie la Cour de dire et juger que, par
son comportement, le Nicaragua a violé :

a) le territoire de la République du Costa Rica, tel qu’il a été convenu
et délimité par le traité de limites de 1858, la sentence Cleveland

ainsi que les première et deuxième sentences Alexander ;
b) les principes fondamentaux de l’intégrité territoriale et de l’finter -
diction de l’emploi de la force consacrés par la Charte des
Nations Unies et la Charte de l’Organisation des Etats américains;
c) l’obligation faite au Nicaragua par l’article IX du traité de limites
de 1858 de ne pas utiliser le fleuve San Juan pour perpétrer des

actes d’hostilité ;
d) l’obligation de ne pas causer de dommages au territoire costa-
ricien ;
e) l’obligation de ne pas dévier artificiellement le fleuve San Juan de
son cours naturel sans le consentement du Costa Rica ;

f) l’obligation de ne pas interdire la navigation de ressortissants
costa-riciens sur le fleuve San Juan ;

7

6 CIJ 1045.indb 10 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 203

11. By letters dated 28 September 2012, the Registrar informed the

Parties that the Court had decided that the Government of Costa Rica
should specify in writing, by 30 November 2012 at the latest, the legal
grounds on which it relied in maintaining that the Respondent’s firfst
three counter-claims were inadmissible, and that the Government of
Nicaragua should present its own views on the question in writing, by

30 January 2013 at the latest. Costa Rica and Nicaragua submitted their
written observations on the admissibility of Nicaragua’s counter-claims
within the time-limits thus fixed.
12. Having received full and detailed written observations from each
of the Parties, the Court considered that it was sufficiently well informed of

the positions they held as to the admissibility of Nicaragua’s countefr-
claims, and did not consider it necessary to hear the Parties further onf the
subject.

*

13. At the end of its Application filed in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua
case, Costa Rica set out its claims as follows :

“For these reasons, and reserving the right to supplement, amplify
or amend the present Application, Costa Rica requests the Court to
adjudge and declare that Nicaragua is in breach of its international
obligations as referred to in paragraph 1 of this Application as regards
the incursion into and occupation of Costa Rican territory, the ser-

ious damage inflicted to its protected rainforests and wetlands, and
the damage intended to the Colorado River, wetlands and protected
ecosystems, as well as the dredging and canalization activities being
carried out by Nicaragua on the San Juan River.

In particular the Court is requested to adjudge and declare that, by
its conduct, Nicaragua has breached :

(a) the territory of the Republic of Costa Rica, as agreed and delim -
ited by the 1858 Treaty of Limits, the Cleveland Award and the
first and second Alexander Awards ;
(b) the fundamental principles of territorial integrity and the prohi -

bition of use of force under the Charter of the United Nations
and the Charter of the Organization of American States ;
(c) the obligation imposed upon Nicaragua by Article IX of the
1858 Treaty of Limits not to use the San Juan River to carry out
hostile acts ;

(d) the obligation not to damage Costa Rican territory ;

(e) the obligation not to artificially channel the San Juan River away
from its natural watercourse without the consent of Costa Rica ;
(f) the obligation not to prohibit the navigation on the San Juan

River by Costa Rican nationals ;

7

6 CIJ 1045.indb 11 5/06/14 09:42 204 certaines activitésf; construction d’une rfoute (ordonnance 18 IV 13)

g) l’obligation de ne pas mener d’opérations de dragage du fleuvfe

San Juan si ces activités ont un effet dommageable pour le terri -
toire costa-ricien (y compris le fleuve Colorado), conformément à
la sentence Cleveland de 1888 ;
h) les obligations découlant de la convention de Ramsar sur les zones
humides ;

i) l’obligation de ne pas aggraver ou étendre le différend, que fce soit
par des actes visant le Costa Rica, et consistant notamment à
étendre la portion de territoire costa-ricien envahie et occupée, fou
par l’adoption de toute autre mesure ou la conduite d’activités qui

porteraient atteinte à l’intégrité territoriale du Costa Rica en vio-
lation du droit international. »

Le Costa Rica prie également la Cour de «déterminer les réparations dues
par le Nicaragua à raison, en particulier, de toutes mesures du type fde
celles qui sont mentionnées » ci-dessus.
14. Au terme de son mémoire déposé en l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicara-
gua, le Costa Rica présente les conclusions suivantes :

«Pour ces motifs, tout en se réservant le droit de compléter, préfci -
ser ou modifier les présentes conclusions :

1. Le Costa Rica prie la Cour de dire et juger que, par son com -

portement, le Nicaragua a violé :
a) l’obligation de respecter la souveraineté et l’intégrité fterritoriale
de la République du Costa Rica, en observant les frontières déli -
mitées par le traité de limites de 1858 et définies plus avant par la

commission de démarcation établie en vertu de la convention
Pacheco-Matus, et notamment par les première et deuxième sen -
tences Alexander ;
b) l’interdiction de l’emploi de la force consacrée par la Charte fdes
Nations Unies au paragraphe 4 de son article 2 et par la Charte

de l’Organisation des Etats américains en son article premier et sfes
articles 19, 21 et 29 ;
c) l’obligation faite au Nicaragua par l’article IX du traité de limites
de 1858 de ne pas utiliser le fleuve San Juan pour perpétrer des
actes d’hostilité ;

d) les droits de libre navigation dont les ressortissants costa-riciens
peuvent se prévaloir sur le San Juan, conformément au traité de
limites de 1858, à la sentence Cleveland et à l’arrêt de la fCour du
13 juillet 2009 ;
e) l’obligation de ne pas mener d’opérations de dragage du San Juan,

ou d’opérations ayant pour effet d’en dévier ou d’en mofdifier le
cours, ni aucune autre opération dommageable pour le territoire
costa-ricien (y compris le fleuve Colorado), son environnement ou
les droits du Costa Rica, conformément à la sentence Cleveland ;
f) l’obligation de consulter le Costa Rica sur l’exécution des obligations

découlant de la convention de Ramsar, en particulier de celle que le

8

6 CIJ 1045.indb 12 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 204

(g) the obligation not to dredge the San Juan River if this causes

damage to Costa Rican territory (including the Colorado River),
in accordance with the 1888 Cleveland Award ;

(h) the obligations under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands ;

(i) the obligation not to aggravate and extend the dispute by adopt -
ing measures against Costa Rica, including the expansion of the
invaded and occupied Costa Rican territory or by adopting any
further measure or carrying out any further actions that would

infringe Costa Rica’s territorial integrity under international
law.”

Costa Rica also requests the Court to “determine the reparation whichf
must be made by Nicaragua, in particular in relation to any measures of f
the kind referred to . . . above”.
14. At the end of its Memorial filed in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua
case, Costa Rica made the following submissions :

“For these reasons, and reserving the right to supplement, amplify
or amend the present submissions :

1. Costa Rica requests the Court to adjudge and declare that, by

its conduct, Nicaragua has breached :
(a) the obligation to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity
of the Republic of Costa Rica, within the boundaries delimited
by the 1858 Treaty of Limits and further defined by the Demar -

cation Commission established by the Pacheco-Matus Conven -
tion, in particular by the first and second Alexander Awards ;

(b) the prohibition of use of force under Article 2 (4) of the United
Nations Charter and Articles 1, 19, 21 and 29 of the Charter of

the Organization of American States ;

(c) the obligation of Nicaragua under Article IX of the 1858 Treaty
of Limits not to use the San Juan to carry out hostile acts ;

(d) the rights of Costa Rican nationals to free navigation on the San
Juan in accordance with the 1858 Treaty of Limits, the Cleveland
Award and the Court’s Judgment of 13 July 2009 ;

(e) the obligation not to dredge, divert or alter the course of the San

Juan, or conduct any other works on the San Juan, if this causes
damage to Costa Rican territory (including the Colorado River),
its environment, or to Costa Rican rights in accordance with the
Cleveland Award ;
(f) the obligation to consult with Costa Rica about implementing

obligations arising from the Ramsar Convention, in particular the

8

6 CIJ 1045.indb 13 5/06/14 09:42 205 certaines activitésf; construction d’une rfoute (ordonnance 18 IV 13)

paragraphe 1 de l’article 5 de cette convention fait aux deux Etats

de coordonner leurs politiques et réglementations futures relatives à
la conservation des zones humides, de leur flore et de leur faune;
g) l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires rendue par
la Cour le 8 mars 2011 ;

la Cour est également priée de dire et juger que le Nicaragua :

h) est tenu de mettre un terme à ces violations et d’apporter répafra-
tion pour les dommages ainsi causés.
2. Par voie de conséquence, la Cour est priée d’ordonner au Nica -

ragua :
a) de procéder à un retrait total, notamment de tous les membres de
ses forces et autres agents (qu’il s’agisse de civils, de membresf des

forces de police ou de sécurité, ou de volontaires), du territoire
costa-ricien dénommé Isla Portillos, situé sur la rive droite du
San Juan, et d’empêcher leur retour sur ce territoire ;
b) de cesser toute activité de dragage du San Juan dans la zone située
entre le point où celui-ci donne naissance au Colorado et l’embou -

chure du San Juan dans la mer des Caraïbes (ci-après la « zone»),
en attendant :
i) qu’une évaluation de l’impact sur l’environnement en bonne eft

due forme ait été réalisée ;
ii) que la suite des opérations de dragage prévue dans la zone ait
été notifiée au Costa Rica, dans un délai d’au moins trfois mois
avant la mise en œuvre de celles-ci ;
iii) que les observations susceptibles d’être formulées par le

Costa Rica dans le mois suivant la notification aient été dûment
prises en considération ;
c) de n’entreprendre dans la zone aucune opération de dragage ou

autre susceptible de causer des dommages importants au territoire
costa-ricien (y compris au fleuve Colorado) ou à son environne -
ment, ou de porter atteinte aux droits du Costa Rica, conformé -
ment à la sentence Cleveland.

3. La Cour est enfin priée de déterminer, lors d’une phase ultéfrieure,
les mesures de réparation et de satisfaction dues par le Nicaragua.»

15. Au terme de son contre-mémoire déposé en l’affaire Costa Rica
c. Nicaragua, le Nicaragua présente quant à lui les conclusions suivantes :

«Pour les motifs exposés ci-dessus, la République du Nicaragua
prie la Cour :

1) de rejeter les demandes et conclusions présentées par le Costa Rica
dans ses exposés ;
2) de dire et juger que :
i) le Nicaragua jouit de la pleine souveraineté sur le caño reliant

la lagune de Harbor Head au fleuve San Juan proprement dit,

9

6 CIJ 1045.indb 14 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 205

obligation to co-ordinate future policies and regulations concern-

ing the conservation of wetlands and their flora and fauna under
Article 5 (1) of the Ramsar Convention ; and
(g) the Court’s Order for Provisional Measures of 8 March 2011 ;

and further to adjudge and declare that Nicaragua is :
(h) obliged to cease such breaches and to make reparation therefor.

2. The Court is requested to order, in consequence, that Nicara -

gua :
(a) withdraw any presence, including all troops and other personnel
(whether civilian, police or security, or volunteers) from that part

of Costa Rica known as Isla Portillos, on the right bank of the
San Juan, and prevent any return there of any such persons ;

(b) cease all dredging activities on the San Juan in the area between
the point of bifurcation of the Colorado River and the San Juan

and the outlet of the San Juan in the Caribbean Sea (‘the area’)f,
pending :
(i) an adequate environmental impact assessment ;

(ii) notification to Costa Rica of further dredging plans for the
area, not less than three months prior to the implementation
of such plans ;
(iii) due consideration of any comments of Costa Rica made

within one month of notification ;

(c) not engage in any dredging operations or other works in the area

if and to the extent that these may cause significant harm to Costa
Rican territory (including the Colorado River) or its environ -
ment, or to impair Costa Rica’s rights under the Cleveland Award.

3. The Court is also requested to determine, in a separate phase,
the reparation and satisfaction to be made by Nicaragua.”

15. Nicaragua, for its part, made the following submissions at the end
of its Counter-Memorial filed in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case :

“For the reasons given herein, the Republic of Nicaragua requests
the Court to :

(1) dismiss and reject the requests and submissions of Costa Rica in
her pleadings ;
(2) adjudge and declare that :
(i) Nicaragua enjoys full sovereignty over the caño joining Har -

bour Head Lagoon with the San Juan River proper, the right

9

6 CIJ 1045.indb 15 5/06/14 09:42 206 certaines activitésf; construction d’une rfoute (ordonnance 18 IV 13)

dont la rive droite constitue la frontière terrestre établie par lfe

traité de limites de 1858 tel qu’interprété par les sentences Cle-
veland et Alexander ;
ii) le Costa Rica est tenu de respecter la souveraineté et l’intégrfité
territoriale du Nicaragua, en observant les frontières délimitées
par le traité de 1858 tel qu’interprété par les sentences Cleve -

land et Alexander ;
iii)le Nicaragua a le droit, conformément au traité de 1858 tel
qu’interprété par les sentences arbitrales ultérieures, d’effectuer
les travaux qu’il estime opportuns pour améliorer la navigation
sur le San Juan, y compris les travaux de dragage ;

iv)ce faisant, le Nicaragua a le droit, s’il l’estime opportun, de
rétablir la situation qui existait à l’époque de la conclusifon du
traité de 1858 ;
v) les seuls droits dont le Costa Rica peut se prévaloir sur le

fleuve San Juan de Nicaragua sont ceux définis par ledit traité,
tel qu’interprété par les sentences Cleveland et Alexander.
S’agissant des demandes reconventionnelles dont la teneur est

exposée au chapitre 9 du présent contre-mémoire, le Nicaragua prie
la Cour de déclarer que :
1) le Nicaragua est devenu l’unique souverain dans la zone jadis

occupée par la baie de San Juan del Norte ;
2) le Nicaragua jouit d’un droit de libre navigation sur le Colorado,
un affluent du fleuve San Juan de Nicaragua, tant que n’auront
pas été rétablies les conditions de navigabilité qui existaient à
l’époque de la conclusion du traité de 1858 ;

3) la responsabilité du Costa Rica est engagée vis-à-vis du Nicarafgua
— en raison de la construction d’une route le long du fleuveSan Juan

de Nicaragua par le Costa Rica, en violation des obligations qui
découlent du traité de limites de 1858 et de plusieurs règles
conventionnelles ou coutumières relatives à la protection de l’fen -
vironnement et aux relations de bon voisinage ; et
— en raison de l’absence de mise en œuvre, par le Costa Rica, des

mesures conservatoires indiquées par la Cour dans son ordon -
nance du 8 mars 2011.
Une indemnisation, sous forme de dommages et intérêts, devra

être fixée par la Cour lors d’une phase ultérieure de l’faffaire.
Le Nicaragua se réserve le droit d’amender ou de modifier les prfé-
sentes conclusions à la lumière des exposés qui seront présefntés dans
la suite de l’affaire. »

*
16. Dans ses «[o]bservations écrites … sur la recevabilité des demandes

reconventionnelles présentées par le Nicaragua » en l’affaire Costa Rica

10

6 CIJ 1045.indb 16 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 206

bank of which constitutes the land boundary as established

by the 1858 Treaty as interpreted by the Cleveland and Alex-
ander Awards ;
(ii) Costa Rica is under an obligation to respect the sovereignty
and territorial integrity of Nicaragua, within the boundaries
delimited by the 1858 Treaty of Limits as interpreted by the

Cleveland and Alexander Awards ;
(iii) Nicaragua is entitled, in accordance with the 1858 Treaty as
interpreted by the subsequent arbitral awards, to execute
works to improve navigation on the San Juan River as it
deems suitable, and that these works include the dredging of

the San Juan de Nicaragua River ; and,
(iv) in so doing, Nicaragua is entitled as it deems suitable to re-
establish the situation that existed at the time the 1858
Treaty was concluded ;
(v) the only rights enjoyed by Costa Rica on the San Juan de

Nicaragua River are those defined by [the] said Treaty as
interpreted by the Cleveland and Alexander Awards.
As to Nicaragua’s counter-claims as specified in Chapter 9 of this

Counter-Memorial, Nicaragua requests a declaration by the Court
that :
(1) Nicaragua has become the sole sovereign over the area formerly

occupied by the Bay of San Juan del Norte ;
(2) Nicaragua has a right to free navigation on the Colorado Branch
of the San Juan de Nicaragua River until the conditions of navi -
gability existing at the time the 1858 Treaty was concluded are
re-established ;

(3) Costa Rica bears responsibility to Nicaragua
— for the construction of a road along the San Juan de Nicaragua

River in violation of Costa Rica’s obligations stemming from the
1858 Treaty of Limits and various treaty or customary rules relat -
ing to the protection of the environment and good neighbourli -
ness ; and
— for the non-implementation of the provisional measures indicated

by the Court’s Order of 8 March 2011.

Compensation in the form of damages, should be awarded by the

Court in a subsequent phase of the case.
Nicaragua reserves its right to amend and modify these submissions
in the light of the further pleadings in this case.”

*
16. In its “written observations on the admissibility of Nicaragua’s

counter-claims” in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case, Costa Rica deals

10

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c. Nicaragua, le Costa Rica traite ces demandes reconventionnelles dans
un ordre différent de celui adopté par le Nicaragua dans les confclusions

de son contre-mémoire. En effet, il examine tout d’abord la demafnde
reconventionnelle relative à la construction d’une route le long dfu fleuve
San Juan sous l’intitulé «première demande reconventionnelle», puis celle
concernant le statut de la baie de San Juan del Norte sous l’intituléf
«deuxième demande reconventionnelle » et, enfin, celle relative au droit

de libre navigation sur le fleuve Colorado sous l’intitulé « troisième
demande reconventionnelle ». A la fin de ses observations écrites, le
Costa Rica prie la Cour « de déclarer irrecevables en la présente instance
les première, deuxième et troisième demandes reconventionnelles présen -
tées par le Nicaragua dans son contre-mémoire ».

S’agissant de la « quatrième» demande reconventionnelle, qui a trait à
des violations alléguées de l’ordonnance en indication de mesurfes conser -
vatoires rendue par la Cour le 8 mars 2011, le Costa Rica convient de sa
recevabilité mais se réserve le droit de traiter du fond de cette fdemande
reconventionnelle dans la suite de la procédure.
17. Au terme de ses « [o]bservations écrites sur la recevabilité de ses

demandes reconventionnelles » en l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua, le
Nicaragua prie la Cour de dire et juger que :

«— elle a compétence pour connaître des demandes reconvention -
nelles présentées par le Nicaragua dans son contre-mémoire ;
— ces demandes reconventionnelles sont recevables ».

* * *

I. Cadre général

18. L’article 80 du Règlement dispose :

«1. La Cour ne peut connaître d’une demande reconventionnelle
que si celle-ci relève de sa compétence et est en connexité dirfecte avec
l’objet de la demande de la partie adverse.
2. La demande reconventionnelle est présentée dans le contre-
mémoire et figure parmi les conclusions contenues dans celui-ci. Lef

droit qu’a l’autre partie d’exprimer ses vues par écrit sur fla demande
reconventionnelle dans une pièce de procédure additionnelle est prfé -
servé, indépendamment de toute décision prise par la Cour, conffor -
mément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 45 du présent Règlement, quant
au dépôt de nouvelles pièces de procédure.

3. En cas d’objection relative à l’application du paragraphe 1 ou à
tout moment lorsque la Cour le considère nécessaire, la Cour prendf
sa décision à cet égard après avoir entendu les parties. »

19. Il n’est pas contesté que, dans l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua, les
demandes du Nicaragua constituent des «demandes reconventionnelles» au

11

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with those counter-claims in an order that differs from the presentation

made by Nicaragua in the submissions of its Counter-Memorial. In fact,
Costa Rica deals with the counter-claim concerning the construction of a
road along the San Juan River under the heading of “The first countfer-
claim”, with the counter-claim concerning the status of the Bay of San
Juan del Norte under the heading of “The second counter-claim”, and

with the counter-claim concerning the right of free navigation on the
Colorado River under the heading of “The third counter-claim”. At the
end of its written observations, Costa Rica requests the Court “to defter -
mine that Nicaragua’s counter-claims 1, 2 and 3 as presented in its Counter-
Memorial, are inadmissible in these proceedings”.

With regard to the “fourth” counter-claim, concerning alleged breaches
of the Court’s Order on Provisional Measures of 8 March 2011,
Costa Rica accepts that it is admissible, although it reserves the right to
deal with the merits of this counter-claim in subsequent proceedings.

17. At the end of its “written observations on the admissibility of its
counter-claims” in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case, Nicaragua requests
the Court to adjudge and declare that :

“— it has jurisdiction to decide on the counter-claims made by
Nicaragua in its Counter-Memorial ; and
— that these counter-claims are admissible”.

*
* *

I. General Framework

18. Article 80 of the Rules of Court provides as follows :
“1. The Court may entertain a counter-claim only if it comes
within the jurisdiction of the Court and is directly connected with the f

subject-matter of the claim of the other party.
2. A counter-claim shall be made in the Counter-Memorial and
shall appear as part of the submissions contained therein. The right
of the other party to present its views in writing on the counter-claim,
in an additional pleading, shall be preserved, irrespective of any deci-

sion of the Court, in accordance with Article 45, paragraph 2, of these
Rules, concerning the filing of further written pleadings.

3. Where an objection is raised concerning the application of par -
agraph 1 or whenever the Court deems necessary, the Court shall take

its decision thereon after hearing the parties.”
19. It is not disputed that, in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case, Nicara -

gua’s claims are “counter-claims” within the meaning of Article 80 of the

11

6 CIJ 1045.indb 19 5/06/14 09:42 208 certaines activitésf; construction d’une rfoute (ordonnance 18 IV 13)

sens de l’article 80 du Règlement, en tant qu’elles sont des actes juridiques
autonomes ayant pour objet de soumettre au juge des prétentions nouveflles

qui, en même temps, se rattachent aux demandes principales dans la mefsure
où, formulées à titre «reconventionnel», elles y ripostent (Application de la
convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-
Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), demandes reconventionnelles, ordonnance du
17 décembre 1997, C.I.J. Recueil 1997, p. 256, par. 27) ; il n’est pas davan -

tage contesté que ces demandes reconventionnelles ont été « présentée[s]
dans le contre-mémoire et figure[nt] parmi les conclusions contenuefs dans
celui-ci», conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 80 du Règlement.
20. Selon le paragraphe 1 de l’article 80 du Règlement, deux conditions
doivent être réunies pour que la Cour puisse connaître d’unef demande
reconventionnelle en même temps que de la demande principale : il faut

que la demande reconventionnelle « relève de sa compétence » et qu’elle
«[soit] en connexité directe avec l’objet de la demande de la partife
adverse». Dans des décisions antérieures, la Cour a jugé que ces cofndi -
tions se rapportaient à la recevabilité d’une demande reconventionnelle
comme telle (Plates-formes pétrolières (République islamique d’Iran

c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), demande reconventionnelle, ordonnance du ▯
10 mars 1998, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 203, par. 33 ; Activités armées sur le
territoire du Congo (République démocratique du Congo c. Ouganda),
demandes reconventionnelles, ordonnance du 29 novembre 2001,
C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 678, par. 35). Dans ce contexte, la Cour a admis

que le terme « recevabilité» devait être compris comme couvrant à la fois
la condition de compétence et celle de connexité directe (Immunités juri -
dictionnelles de l’Etat (Allemagne c. Italie), demande reconventionnelle,
ordonnance du 6 juillet 2010, C.I.J. Recueil 2010 (I), p. 316, par. 14).

*

21. Dans ses observations écrites en l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua,
le Nicaragua reprend l’ordre dans lequel ses demandes reconventionnelfles
ont été traitées dans les observations écrites du Costa Ricaf (voir para -
graphe 16 ci-dessus). Il est donc approprié de suivre ce même ordre aux f

fins de la présente ordonnance.

II. Première demande recofnventionnelle

22. Dans sa première demande reconventionnelle, le Nicaragua prie la
Cour de déclarer que « la responsabilité du Costa Rica est engagée vis-à-
vis du Nicaragua » en raison de « [l]a perturbation et [de] l’arrêt éventuel
de la navigation sur le San Juan causés par la construction d’une route le
long de la rive droite du fleuve » par le Costa Rica, en violation des obli -
gations qu’imposent à celui-ci le traité de limites de 1858 et plusieurs

règles conventionnelles ou coutumières relatives à la protection de l’envi -
ronnement et aux relations de bon voisinage.

12

6 CIJ 1045.indb 20 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 208

Rules of Court, since they are autonomous legal acts the object of whichf

is to submit new claims to the Court which are, at the same time, linkedf
to the principal claims, in so far as formulated as “counter” claims that
react to them (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish -
ment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia),
Counter-Claims, Order of 17 December 1997, I.C.J. Reports 1997, p. 256,

para. 27) ; nor is it disputed that the counter-claims have been “made in
the Counter-Memorial and [appear] as part of the submissions contained
therein”, in accordance with Article 80, paragraph 2, of the Rules of
Court.
20. Under Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, two require -

ments must be met for the Court to be able to entertain a counter-claim
at the same time as the principal claim, namely, that the counter-claim
“comes within the jurisdiction of the Court” and, that it “is directly con -
nected with the subject-matter of the claim of the other party.” In earlier
pronouncements, the Court has characterized these requirements as relat -

ing to the admissibility of a counter-claim as such (Oil Platforms (Islamic
Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Counter-Claim, Order of
10 March 1998, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 203, para. 33 ; Armed Activities on
the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda),
Counter-Claims, Order of 29 November 2001, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 678,

para. 35). In this context, the Court has accepted that the term “admissi -
bility” must be understood to encompass both the jurisdictional requifre-
ment and the direct-connection requirement (Jurisdictional Immunities of
the State (Germany v. Italy), Counter-Claim, Order of 6 July 2010,
I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I), p. 316, para. 14).

*

21. Nicaragua, in its written observations in the Costa Rica v. Nicara -

gua case, follows the order of presentation of its counter-claims as dealt
with by Costa Rica in its Written Observations (see paragraph 16 above).
It is therefore appropriate to follow that same order for the purposes off
the present Order.

II. First Counter-Claim

22. In its first counter-claim, Nicaragua requests the Court to declare
that “Costa Rica bears responsibility to Nicaragua” for “the imfpairment

and possible destruction of navigation on the San Juan River caused by
the construction of a road next to its right bank” by Costa Rica in viola -
tion of its obligations stemming from the 1858 Treaty of Limits and vari -
ous treaty or customary rules relating to the protection of the environmfent
and good neighbourliness.

12

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23. Le Costa Rica soutient que la première demande reconventionnelle
«est identique en ses termes à celle » que le Nicaragua a présentée dans sa

requête introductive d’instance en l’affaire Nicaragua c. Costa Rica, « ou
est manifestement incluse dans celle-ci et couverte par elle », et que, selon
le principe fondamental (electa una via) en vertu duquel deux actions
en justice à l’encontre de la même partie et sur le même fondemfent ne
peuvent être introduites simultanément par un même demandeur, ifl ne

saurait être loisible à une partie de demander à la Cour de confdamner
le même Etat deux fois. Le Costa Rica renvoie à cet égard à l’article IV
du pacte de Bogotá, qui se lit comme suit : « Lorsque l’une des procé -
dures pacifiques aura été entamée, soit en vertu d’un accord entfre les
parties, soit en exécution du présent traité ou d’un pacte afntérieur, il ne

pourra être recouru à aucune autre avant l’épuisement de celfle déjà
entamée.»
24. La Cour note que, dans l’affaire Nicaragua c. Costa Rica,
le Nicaragua a effectivement présenté des demandes principales dont
l’objet est, en substance, le même que celui de sa première demfande

reconventionnelle en l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua. En conséquence de
la jonction des instances dans ces deux affaires (voir paragraphe 8
ci-dessus), la première demande reconventionnelle du Nicaragua en l’faf -
faire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua est intégrée dans sa demande principale en
l’affaire Nicaragua c. Costa Rica concernant la responsabilité alléguée du

Costa Rica en raison de « [l]a perturbation et [de] l’arrêt éventuel de la
navigation sur le San Juan causés par la construction d’une route le long
de la rive droite du fleuve ». Cette demande sera examinée en tant que
demande principale dans le cadre des instances jointes et, de ce fait, ifl n’y
a plus lieu de l’examiner en tant que demande reconventionnelle. Dansf
ces circonstances, la première demande reconventionnelle est devenue f

sans objet, et la Cour n’a pas à décider si elle est recevable fau sens de
l’article 80 de son Règlement. Compte tenu de ce qui précède, la Cour n’fa
pas à déterminer si l’examen de la première demande reconvenftionnelle
pourrait aller à l’encontre de la règle exprimée à l’afrticle IV du pacte de
Bogotá.

III. Deuxième et troisième dfemandes reconventiofnnelles

1. Objet des deuxième et troisième demandes reconventionnelles

25. Dans sa deuxième demande reconventionnelle, le Nicaragua prie
la Cour de déclarer qu’il « est devenu l’unique souverain dans la
zone jadis occupée par la baie de San Juan del Norte ». Dans sa troi-
sième demande reconventionnelle, il prie la Cour de conclure qu’« [il]
jouit d’un droit de libre navigation sur le Colorado, un affluent duf fleuve
San Juan de Nicaragua, tant que n’auront pas été rétablies les cfondi -

tions de navigabilité qui existaient à l’époque de la conclusion dfu traité
de 1858 ».

13

6 CIJ 1045.indb 22 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 209

23. Costa Rica maintains that the first counter-claim “is identical in

terms to, or plainly included in and covered by, the claim” made by Nfica -
ragua in its Application instituting proceedings in the Nicaragua v. Costa
Rica case and that, consistent with a basic principle (electa una via),
under which two legal actions cannot be pursued simultaneously by the
same applicant against the same party for the same cause of action, it

cannot be open to a party to request the Court to condemn the same
State twice. Costa Rica refers, in this context, to Article IV of the Pact of
Bogotá, which reads as follows : “Once any pacific procedure has been
initiated, whether by agreement between the parties or in fulfilment off the
present Treaty or a previous pact, no other procedure may be commenced

until that procedure is concluded.”

24. The Court notes that, in the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case, Nicara -

gua indeed put forward principal claims which in substance deal with thef
same subject-matter as its first counter-claim in the Costa Rica v. Nicara -
gua case. As a result of the joinder of the proceedings in these two cases
(see paragraph 8 above), Nicaragua’s first counter-claim in the Costa
Rica v. Nicaragua case is subsumed under its principal claim in the Nica -

ragua v. Costa Rica case relating to Costa Rica’s alleged responsibility for
“the impairment and possible destruction of navigation on the San Juan
River caused by the construction of a road next to its right bank”. Tfhis
claim is to be examined as a principal claim, within the context of the f
joined proceedings, thereby eliminating the need to examine it as a

counter-claim. In these circumstances, the first counter-claim has become
without object, and the Court does not need to decide whether it is admifs -
sible within the meaning of Article 80 of the Rules of Court. In view of the
foregoing, the Court need not address the question whether the consider -
ation of the first counter-claim may be contrary to the rule stated in Arti -

cle IV of the Pact of Bogotá.

III. Second and Third Countefr-Claims

1. Content of the Second and Third Counter-Claims

25. In its second counter-claim, Nicaragua asks the Court to declare
that it “has become the sole sovereign over the area formerly occupiefd by

the Bay of San Juan del Norte”. In its third counter-claim, Nicaragua
requests the Court to find that “Nicaragua has a right to free navifgation
on the Colorado Branch of the San Juan de Nicaragua River until the
conditions of navigability existing at the time the 1858 Treaty was
concluded are re-established”.

13

6 CIJ 1045.indb 23 5/06/14 09:42 210 certaines activitésf; construction d’une rfoute (ordonnance 18 IV 13)

2. Méthode d’examen

26. La Cour note que les Parties ont avancé, au sujet des deuxième et f

troisième demandes reconventionnelles du Nicaragua, des arguments
similaires voire identiques sur la question de savoir si ces demandes refle -
vaient de sa compétence et si leur objet était en connexité dirfecte avec
celui des demandes présentées par le Costa Rica dans le cadre de la pro -
cédure principale. Aussi convient-il d’examiner conjointement les f

deuxième et troisième demandes reconventionnelles, sans toutefois fperdre
de vue qu’il s’agit de demandes distinctes.
27. Les conditions de recevabilité énoncées à l’article 80 du Règlement
sont cumulatives; chacune de ces conditions doit être remplie pour qu’une
demande reconventionnelle puisse être jugée recevable. Aux fins fde l’exa -

men de ces conditions, la Cour n’est pas tenue de suivre l’ordre adopté
dans cette disposition. En l’espèce, la Cour estime qu’il convifent de
répondre tout d’abord à la question de savoir si les deuxième et troisième
demandes reconventionnelles sont en connexité directe avec l’objetf des
demandes principales du Costa Rica.

3. La question de la connexité directe

28. S’agissant de sa deuxième demande reconventionnelle, le Nicaragua
affirme que, bien que le Costa Rica n’ait pas revendiqué la souveraineté sur
la baie de San Juan del Norte dans sa requête, la question de la souverai -

neté sur la baie est comprise dans celle de la souveraineté sur lef territoire
situé près de l’embouchure du fleuve San Juan, qui est au cœur de l’affaire
Costa Rica c. Nicaragua. En outre, le statut de la baie a été fixé par le traité
de limites de 1858 et relève donc incontestablement, selon le Nicaragua, de
cette affaire. Le Nicaragua fait au surplus observer que, en ce qui cofncerne
sa deuxième demande reconventionnelle, les Parties invoquent non seule -

ment le même instrument — à savoir le traité de limites de 1858 — mais
encore les mêmes dispositions de cet instrument, en particulier son afrticle IV
et, de manière plus générale, ses articles I, II, V, VI et IX.
29. Dans le cadre de sa troisième demande reconventionnelle, le Nica -
ragua affirme détenir un « droit de navigation sur le Colorado » en vertu

du traité de limites de 1858 et du droit international général. Il allègue en
particulier que le Costa Rica cherche à l’empêcher de prendre les mesures
nécessaires — les opérations de dragage dont le Costa Rica tire grief —
pour rendre de nouveau navigable le fleuve San Juan. A cet égard, le
Nicaragua estime que le traité de limites de 1858 visait notamment à

garantir la navigation entre le fleuve San Juan et la mer des Caraïbes. Il
met l’accent sur l’article V du traité de limites de 1858, qui indiquait que
la frontière serait marquée non par le fleuve San Juan mais par le Colo -
rado tant que le Nicaragua n’aurait pas « recouvré la pleine possession de
ses droits sur le port de San Juan del Norte ». Selon lui, cette disposition

trouve à s’appliquer ici puisqu’il est actuellement privé d’faccès à la mer
via le fleuve San Juan.

14

6 CIJ 1045.indb 24 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 210

2. Method of Examination

26. The Court notes, with regard to the second and third counter-claims

of Nicaragua, that the respective arguments presented by the Parties con -
cerning the question of whether these counter-claims come within the
jurisdiction of the Court and whether they are directly connected to thef
subject-matter of the claims of Costa Rica in the main proceedings are

similar if not identical. Therefore, it is appropriate to examine the sefcond
and third counter-claims jointly, keeping in mind, nevertheless, that they
are separate claims.
27. The requirements of admissibility under Article 80 of the Rules of
Court are cumulative ; each requirement must be satisfied for a counter-

claim to be found admissible. In examining those requirements, the Courtf
is not bound by the sequence set out in that Article. In the present
circumstances, the Court deems it appropriate to begin with the questionf
whether the second and third counter-claims are directly connected with
the subject-matter of Costa Rica’s principal claims.

3. Question of Direct Connection

28. Nicaragua asserts, with regard to its second counter-claim, that

although Costa Rica did not claim sovereignty over the Bay of San Juan
del Norte in its Application, the question of sovereignty over the bay ifs
part of the issue of sovereignty near the mouth of the San Juan River
which lies at the heart of the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case. Furthermore,
the status of the bay was fixed by the 1858 Treaty of Limits and is there -

fore, according to Nicaragua, indisputably part of this case. Nicaragua f
further observes that, in respect of its second counter-claim, both Parties
rely on the same instrument, namely the 1858 Treaty of Limits, and even
on the same provisions of that instrument, in particular its Article IV,
and, more generally, its Articles I, II, V, VI and IX.

29. Nicaragua asserts in its third counter-claim that it possesses a “right
of navigation on the Colorado River” on the basis of the 1858 Treaty of
Limits and general international law. In particular, Nicaragua asserts tfhat

Costa Rica is attempting to prevent Nicaragua from taking the measures
needed — that is, the dredging works of which CostaRica complains— to
restore the navigability of the San Juan River. In this regard, Nicaragufa
takes the position that one purpose of the 1858 Treaty of Limits was to
guarantee navigation from the San Juan River to and from the Caribbean

Sea. Nicaragua highlights Article V of the 1858 Treaty of Limits, which
stated that the Colorado River, not the San Juan River, would constitutef
the course of the boundary until such time as Nicaragua had “recover[ed]
the full possession of all her rights in the port of San Juan del Norte”. In
Nicaragua’s view, this provision is applicable to the present situatifon because

Nicaragua is currently without access to the sea via the San Juan River.f

14

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Pour le Nicaragua, ses deuxième et troisième demandes reconventionf -
nelles s’inscrivent donc dans le cadre du même ensemble factuel qufe les

demandes principales du Costa Rica et sont en connexité juridique directe
avec elles.

*

30. Examinant la question de savoir si la deuxième demande reconven -
tionnelle répond à la condition de connexité directe, le Costa Rica sou -
ligne tout d’abord qu’il n’a formulé aucune revendication concernant la
baie de San Juan del Norte, pas plus qu’il n’y a fait référence dans ses
conclusions. Il note également que cette demande reconventionnelle etf ses
propres demandes principales ne s’inscrivent pas dans le cadre d’un même

ensemble factuel, en tant qu’elles se rapportent à des lieux et àf des
moments différents. Il soutient que les demandes respectives des Pafrties
ne présentent aucun « lien juridique » puisqu’elles n’ont pas trait à des
obligations réciproques et ne poursuivent pas le même but juridiqufe.
Enfin, le Costa Rica fait valoir que le droit applicable à ses propres

demandes diffère du droit applicable à la deuxième demande refconven -
tionnelle du Nicaragua.
31. Pour ce qui est de la troisième demande reconventionnelle, le
Costa Rica considère qu’elle n’est en connexité directe avec aucunfe de ses
demandes principales puisqu’elle ne se rattache à aucune des conclfusions

qu’il a présentées dans sa requête et dans son mémoire. En particulier,
selon lui, le Nicaragua n’a pas démontré de connexité directfe entre le
droit applicable à ses propres demandes et celui qu’il invoque àf l’appui de
sa troisième demande reconventionnelle. Le Costa Rica fait observer que
le Nicaragua prétend tenir de l’article V du traité de limites de 1858 un
droit de navigation sur le fleuve Colorado. A cet égard, le Costa Rica

affirme, premièrement, qu’aucune disposition du traité de limites de 1858,
y compris son article V, ne saurait être interprétée comme conférant
au Nicaragua des droits de navigation sur l’un quelconque des fleuves f
costa-riciens, et notamment sur le Colorado. Deuxièmement, le Costa Rica
relève qu’il n’a invoqué l’article V à aucun moment à l’appui de ses

demandes principales. En revanche, il a fait grief au Nicaragua d’avofir
violé l’article II du traité de limites de 1858 et porté ainsi atteinte à son
intégrité territoriale.
Le Costa Rica conclut en conséquence que le Nicaragua n’a pas défmon -
tré que ses deuxième et troisième demandes reconventionnelles remplis -

saient les conditions de recevabilité énoncées à l’articlfe 80 du Règlement,
et que, partant, ces deux demandes reconventionnelles doivent être défcla -
rées irrecevables.

* *

32. La Cour rappelle qu’il lui appartient d’apprécier, «compte tenu des
particularités de chaque espèce, si le lien qui doit rattacher la fdemande

15

6 CIJ 1045.indb 26 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 211

According to Nicaragua, its second and third counter-claims are thus

part of the same factual complex as Costa Rica’s principal claims andf
have a direct legal connection with them.

*

30. Examining the direct-connection requirement with regard to the
second counter-claim, Costa Rica first underlines the fact that it has made
no claim relating to the Bay of San Juan del Norte, nor does it refer to the
bay in the operative part of its submissions. Costa Rica further notes that

this counter-claim and Costa Rica’s principal claims do not form part of
the same factual complex, as they concern geographically distinct areas f
and are not temporally related. Costa Rica maintains that the respective
claims are not “legally related” as they do not concern reciprocal obliga -
tions and do not pursue the same legal aim. Finally, Costa Rica contends

that the law applicable to its own claims differs from the law applicafble to
Nicaragua’s second counter-claim.

31. As to the third counter-claim, Costa Rica considers that it is not

directly connected to any of Costa Rica’s principal claims as it bearfs no
relation to any of the submissions presented by Costa Rica in its Applicfa -
tion and Memorial. In particular, Costa Rica asserts that Nicaragua has f
failed to establish that a direct connection exists between the law applfi -
cable to its own claims and the law invoked by Nicaragua in support of

its third counter-claim. Costa Rica observes that Nicaragua alleges that it
possesses a right of navigation on the Colorado River based on Article V
of the 1858 Treaty of Limits. In that regard, Costa Rica maintains, first,
that there is nothing in the 1858 Treaty of Limits, including Article V
thereof, that can be construed as giving Nicaragua navigational rights ofn

any Costa Rican river, including the Colorado. Secondly, Costa Rica
notes that it has not relied upon Article V at any point in support of the
principal claims. Rather, it has complained that Nicaragua has breached f
Article II of the 1858 Treaty of Limits and has thereby violated its terri-
torial integrity.

Costa Rica accordingly concludes that Nicaragua has failed to show
that its second and third counter-claims meet the conditions for admissi -
bility set out in Article 80 of the Rules of Court, and that, consequently,
these two counter-claims must be declared inadmissible.

* *

32. The Court recalls that it is for the Court to assess “whether the

counter-claim is sufficiently connected to the principal claim, taking

15

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reconventionnelle à la demande principale est suffisant » (voir Application
de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de g▯énocide

(Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), demandes reconventionnelles, ordon -
nance du 17 décembre 1997, C.I.J. Recueil 1997, p. 258, par. 33). Dans de
précédentes décisions concernant la recevabilité de demandesf reconven -
tionnelles, la Cour a pris en considération divers facteurs susceptibfles
d’établir la connexité directe, tant en fait qu’en droit, enftre une demande

reconventionnelle et les demandes formulées dans le cadre de la procéf -
dure principale, requise par l’article 80.
Elle s’est ainsi posé la question de savoir si les faits invoquéfs par chaque
partie concernaient une même zone géographique ou une même péfriode
(voir Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression d▯u
crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), demandes recon -

ventionnelles, ordonnance du 17 décembre 1997, C.I.J. Recueil 1997, p. 258,
par. 34 ; Plates-formes pétrolières (République islamique d’Iran c. Etats-
Unis d’Amérique), demande reconventionnelle, ordonnance du 10 mars 1998,
C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 205, par. 38). Elle a également recherché si ces faits
étaient de même nature, c’est-à-dire si les parties tiraientf grief de compor -

tements similaires (voir Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (Répu -
blique démocratique du Congo c. Ouganda), demandes reconventionnelles,
ordonnance du 29 novembre 2001, C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 679, par. 38).
La Cour s’est par ailleurs demandé si la demande reconventionnellef
était en connexité directe avec les demandes principales de la parftie

adverse au regard des principes ou instruments juridiques invoqués, ofu si
le demandeur et le défendeur pouvaient être réputés poursuivre le même
but juridique à travers leurs demandes respectives (voir Application de la
convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de géno▯cide (Bosnie-
Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), demandes reconventionnelles, ordonnance du
17 décembre 1997, C.I.J. Recueil 1997, p. 258, par. 35 ; Plates-formes

pétrolières (République islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique),
demande reconventionnelle, ordonnance du 10 mars 1998, C.I.J. Recueil 1998,
p. 205, par. 38; Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le
Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), ordonnance du 30 juin 1999,
C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (II), p. 985-986 ; Activités armées sur le territoire du

Congo (République démocratique du Congo c. Ouganda), demandes recon -
ventionnelles, ordonnance du 29 novembre 2001, C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 679,
par. 38 et 40).

*

33. S’agissant de la nature des faits invoqués à l’appui des demfandes
principales du Costa Rica et de la deuxième demande reconventionnelle
du Nicaragua, respectivement, la Cour observe que le Costa Rica tire
grief d’activités menées par le Nicaragua sur Isla Portillos et du pro -
gramme nicaraguayen de dragage du fleuve San Juan, tandis que le

Nicaragua fait état de modifications des caractéristiques physiqfues de
la baie de San Juan del Norte qui auraient mis fin à tout droit que le

16

6 CIJ 1045.indb 28 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 212

account of the particular aspects of each case” (see Application of the

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Counter-Claims, Order of
17 December 1997, I.C.J. Reports 1997, p. 258, para. 33). In previous
decisions relating to the admissibility of counter-claims, the Court has
taken into consideration a range of factors that could establish a direct

connection both in fact and in law between a counter-claim and the claims
in the principal case for purposes of Article 80.

The Court has thus considered whether the facts relied upon by each
party relate to the same geographical area or the same time period (see

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Counter-
Claims, Order of 17 December 1997, I.C.J. Reports 1997, p. 258,
para. 34 ; Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of
America), Counter-Claim, Order of 10 March 1998, I.C.J. Reports 1998,

p. 205, para. 38). The Court has also considered whether the facts relied
upon by each party are of the same nature, in that they allege similar
types of conduct (see Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Counter-Claims, Order of
29 November 2001, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 679, para. 38).

The Court has further examined whether there is a direct connection
between the counter-claim and the principal claims of the other party
based on the legal principles or instruments relied upon, or where the
Applicant and the Respondent were considered as pursuing the same
legal aim by their respective claims (see Application of the Convention on

the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Her -
zegovina v. Yugoslavia), Counter-Claims, Order of 17 December 1997,
I.C.J. Reports 1997, p. 258, para. 35 ; Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of
Iran v. United States of America), Counter-Claim, Order of 10 March 1998,
I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 205, para. 38 ; Land and Maritime Boundary

between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Order of
30 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), pp. 985-986 ; Armed Activities on
the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo v. Uganda),
Counter-Claims, Order of 29 November 2001, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 679,
paras. 38 and 40).

*

33. With regard to the nature of the alleged facts which constitute the

basis of Costa Rica’s principal claims and Nicaragua’s second counfter-
claim, respectively, the Court observes that Costa Rica complains of
Nicaragua’s actions in Isla Portillos and of Nicaragua’s dredging fpro -
gramme on the San Juan River. By contrast, Nicaragua’s second
counter-claim is based on alleged changes to the physical characteristics

of the Bay of San Juan del Norte, which, in Nicaragua’s view, extingufish

16

6 CIJ 1045.indb 29 5/06/14 09:42 213 certaines activitésf; construction d’une rfoute (ordonnance 18 IV 13)

Costa Rica a pu détenir à l’égard de celle-ci sur la base du traitfé de limites

de 1858.
34. Sur le plan géographique, la deuxième demande reconventionnelle duf
Nicaragua concerne globalement la même région que les demandes prifnci -
pales du Costa Rica, à savoir une zone située à proximité de l’embouchurfe
du fleuve San Juan. Toutefois, les demandes des Parties n’ont pas le même

point de référence géographique, en ce sens qu’elles ne se rfapportent pas au
même endroit. Le lien temporel fait également défaut. La demandfe recon -
ventionnelle du Nicaragua concerne des modifications physiques de la bfaie
de San Juan del Norte qui remonteraient au XIX e siècle, tandis que les
demandes du Costa Rica ont trait au comportement qu’il attribue au Nica -

ragua en 2010. En outre, les faits sous-tendant la deuxième demande recon -
ventionnelle du Nicaragua ne sont pas de même nature que ceux qui
sous-tendent les demandes principales du Costa Rica. S’il est permis de
considérer que les Parties invoquent l’une et l’autre des faitsf en rapport avec
la souveraineté territoriale, la demande reconventionnelle du Nicaragfua,

toutefois, ne concerne pas la souveraineté territoriale sur Isla Portfillos, ni ne
soulève cette question de la souveraineté territoriale par rapport au tracé de
la frontière le long du fleuve tel qu’établi par le traité de limites de 1858, la
sentence Cleveland ou, plus tard, les sentences Alexander. En somme, les
questions que le Nicaragua soulève au sujet de la baie de San Juan defl Norte

dans le cadre de sa deuxième demande reconventionnelle et les demandefs
principales du CostaRica ne s’inscrivent pas dans le même ensemble factuel.
La Cour est donc d’avis que le Nicaragua n’a pas démontré l’fexistence
d’une connexité directe, en ce qui concerne les faits, entre sa defuxième
demande reconventionnelle et les demandes principales du Costa Rica en

l’espèce.
35. Il n’existe pas non plus de connexité juridique directe entre les
demandes principales du Costa Rica et la deuxième demande reconven -
tionnelle du Nicaragua. Le Costa Rica soutient pour l’essentiel que sa
souveraineté et son intégrité territoriale ont été violéfes du fait d’actes

accomplis par le Nicaragua sur Isla Portillos, que les activités de dragage
menées par celui-ci ne sont pas conformes au droit international de lf’en -
vironnement et qu’elles risquent de lui causer de graves dommages envfi -
ronnementaux, tandis que le Nicaragua revendique essentiellement la
souveraineté exclusive sur la zone «jadis occupée» par la baie de San Juan

del Norte. En outre, le Costa Rica revendique la souveraineté sur Isla
Portillos sur la base des dispositions du traité de limites de 1858 et des
sentences connexes régissant le tracé de la frontière entre lesf Parties, et
invoque également le droit international de l’environnement. Le Nifcara -
gua, en revanche, fonde sa deuxième demande reconventionnelle sur l’far-

gument selon lequel la situation juridique des Parties à l’égarfd de la baie
de San Juan del Norte a évolué depuis la conclusion du traité de limitfes
de 1858, en raison des modifications physiques de cette baie. Ainsi, les f
Parties ne poursuivent pas les mêmes buts juridiques.

*

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6 CIJ 1045.indb 30 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 213

any rights that Costa Rica may have once possessed in connection with

that bay based on the 1858 Treaty of Limits.
34. In geographical terms, Nicaragua’s second counter-claim relates, in
a general sense, to the same region that is the focus of Costa Rica’sf prin -
cipal claims, an area that is near the mouth of the San Juan River. How -
ever, the geographical point of reference of each Party’s claims is dfifferent,

in the sense that the claim and the counter-claim do not relate to the same
area. Moreover, a temporal connection is lacking. Nicaragua’s counterf-
claim refers to physical changes to the Bay of San Juan del Norte that
apparently date to the nineteenth century. By contrast, Costa Rica’s
claims relate to alleged Nicaraguan conduct dating to 2010. In addition,

the facts underpinning Nicaragua’s second counter-claim are not of the
same nature as those underpinning Costa Rica’s principal claims. While it
may be said that both Parties invoke facts in connection with territoriafl
sovereignty, Nicaragua’s counter-claim does not relate to territorial sov -
ereignty over Isla Portillos, nor does it relate to a question of territforial

sovereignty based on the course of the river boundary as established by f
the 1858 Treaty of Limits, the Cleveland Award, or the subsequent Alex -
ander Awards. In sum, the issues raised by Nicaragua with respect to thef
Bay of San Juan del Norte in its second counter-claim do not form part
of the same factual complex from which Costa Rica’s principal claims f

arise.

The Court is thus of the view that Nicaragua has failed to demonstrate
that its second counter-claim is directly connected, as a matter of fact, to
the principal claims of Costa Rica in this case.

35. Furthermore, no direct legal connection exists between Costa
Rica’s principal claims and Nicaragua’s second counter-claim. The
essence of Costa Rica’s claims is that its sovereignty has been breacfhed
and its territorial integrity violated through Nicaragua’s actions cafrried

out in Isla Portillos, and that Nicaragua’s dredging activities have fnot
complied with international environmental law and pose a risk of seriousf
environmental harm to Costa Rica, whereas Nicaragua’s second counter-
claim is in essence that it has exclusive sovereignty over the area “fformerly
occupied” by the Bay of San Juan del Norte. In addition, Costa Rica

asserts sovereignty over Isla Portillos based on provisions of the 1858 f
Treaty of Limits and associated awards that govern the location of the
boundary between the Parties, and also invokes international environ -
mental law. By contrast, Nicaragua bases its second counter-claim on the
contention that the legal situation of the Parties with respect to the Bay

of San Juan del Norte has evolved since the conclusion of the 1858 Treatfy
of Limits, as a result of physical changes to that bay. Thus, the Parties do
not pursue the same legal aims.

*

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36. En ce qui concerne la connexité factuelle entre les demandes prin -
cipales du Costa Rica et la troisième demande reconventionnelle du Nica-

ragua, la Cour rappelle que, si les demandes du Costa Rica sont fondées
sur certaines activités du Nicaragua dans la région frontalièref et, plus pré -
cisément, sur la présence de membres des forces armées et d’fautres agents
de cet Etat sur Isla Portillos, ainsi que sur des activités de dragage du
fleuve San Juan, la troisième demande reconventionnelle du Nicaragua

vise en revanche la navigation sur le fleuve Colorado jusqu’au réftablisse -
ment de l’accès à la mer des Caraïbes par le fleuve San Juan. En particu -
lier, le Nicaragua indique que l’embouchure du fleuve San Juan sur la mer
est obstruée la majeure partie de l’année, ce qui empêche sefs navires de
l’emprunter, et que le Costa Rica leur barre l’accès au Colorado. La Cour
constate que, d’une manière générale, la troisième demandfe reconvention -

nelle du Nicaragua et les demandes du Costa Rica relatives aux activités
de dragage nicaraguayennes présentent un lien géographique en tantf
qu’elles portent sur un réseau fluvial commun. Elles présentefnt également
un certain lien temporel, le Nicaragua prétendant que son droit de navi -
guer sur le fleuve Colorado se trouve rétabli du fait que le Costa fRica

s’efforce de l’empêcher de draguer le San Juan pour améliorer sa naviga -
bilité. Néanmoins, les faits sous-tendant la troisième demande freconven-
tionnelle du Nicaragua sont de nature différente de ceux qui sous-tendent
les demandes du Costa Rica, lequel les invoque pour démontrer l’exis -
tence de violations de sa souveraineté et de manquements du Nicaraguaf

aux obligations lui incombant au titre du droit international de l’environ -
nement. La troisième demande reconventionnelle du Nicaragua, elle,
repose sur des faits en rapport avec les dommages qui découleraient dfes
efforts déployés par le Costa Rica pour empêcher le Nicaragua de draguer
le fleuve San Juan. Dans ces circonstances, la troisième demande recon -
ventionnelle du Nicaragua n’est pas suffisamment liée aux demandefs prin -

cipales du Costa Rica sur le plan factuel pour pouvoir être déclarée
recevable sur la base de l’article 80 du Règlement. Il n’y a donc pas, en
raison de leur nature différente, de connexité directe entre les faits invo -
qués par le Costa Rica dans ses demandes principales et ceux que le Nica-
ragua fait valoir à l’appui de sa troisième demande reconventiofnnelle.

37. Le Nicaragua n’a pas davantage démontré l’existence d’unef connexité
juridique directe entre sa troisième demande reconventionnelle et lesf
demandes principales du Costa Rica. Le Costa Rica et le Nicaragua ne
poursuivent pas les mêmes buts juridiques à travers ces demandes rfespec -
tives. Dans ses demandes, le Costa Rica allègue des violations de sa souve-

raineté territoriale et de ses droits de navigation sur le fleuve Sfan Juan, ainsi
que des dommages environnementaux causés à son territoire. Le Nicafra -
gua, pour sa part, cherche à affirmer les droits de navigation qu’il estime
détenir sur le fleuve Colorado. A cet effet, il invoque l’artifcle V du traité de
limites de 1858, aux termes duquel, tant que le Nicaragua n’aurait pas
recouvré la pleine possession du port de San Juan del Norte — ce qu’il fit

en 1860 —, l’usage et la possession de Punta Castilla devaient provisoire -
ment être partagés et le fleuve Colorado tenir lieu de limite.

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6 CIJ 1045.indb 32 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 214

36. With regard to the factual connection between Costa Rica’s princi -

pal claims and Nicaragua’s third counter-claim, the Court recalls that,
while Costa Rica’s claims are based on certain activities of Nicaragufa in
the border area, namely, the presence of Nicaraguan troops and other
personnel at Isla Portillos and dredging activities on the San Juan Rivefr,
Nicaragua’s third counter-claim concerns the use of the Colorado River

for navigation until access to the Caribbean Sea via the San Juan River f
can be restored. In particular, Nicaragua refers to the fact that the ouftlet
of the San Juan River to the sea is blocked for much of the year, therebfy
hindering navigation for its vessels, and the fact that Costa Rica has
barred the entrance to the Colorado River. The Court notes that there isf,

in a general sense, a geographical link between Nicaragua’s third counter-
claim and Costa Rica’s claims relating to Nicaragua’s dredging actfivities
in that these claims relate to a common river system. An approximate
temporal connection can also be made, in the sense that Nicaragua claimsf
that its right to navigate the Colorado River has been revived by Costa f

Rica’s efforts to prevent Nicaragua from dredging the San Juan Rivefr in
order to enhance its navigability. Nonetheless, the facts underpinning
Nicaragua’s third counter-claim are of a different nature from those
underpinning Costa Rica’s claims, which are invoked to demonstrate
alleged violations of its territorial sovereignty and of Nicaragua’s fobliga -

tions under international environmental law. Nicaragua’s third countefr-
claim, by contrast, is based on facts relating to damage allegedly causefd
by Costa Rica’s effort to prevent Nicaragua from dredging the San Juan
River. Under these circumstances, the factual link between Nicaragua’s
third counter-claim and Costa Rica’s principal claims is not sufficient for

purposes of admissibility under Article 80 of the Rules of Court. There is
therefore no direct connection between the facts relied on by Costa Ricaf
in its principal claims and the facts invoked by Nicaragua to substantiafte
its third counter-claim, because of their different nature.

37. Furthermore, Nicaragua has failed to establish the existence of a
direct legal connection between its third counter-claim and Costa Rica’s

principal claims. Costa Rica and Nicaragua do not pursue the same legal f
aims in their respective claims and counter-claim. Costa Rica’s claims
concern allegations of violations of its territorial sovereignty and its navi -
gational rights on the San Juan River, and of environmental damage to
its territory. Nicaragua, for its part, seeks to assert its alleged navifga -

tional rights on the Colorado River, on the basis of Article V of the
1858 Treaty of Limits, which provided for the temporary shared use and
possession of Punta Castilla and designated the Colorado River as a
boundary until such time as Nicaragua recovered full possession over thef

Port of San Juan del Norte, which it did in 1860.

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4. Conclusion de la Cour quant aux deuxième et troisième

demandes reconventionnelles

38. La Cour conclut donc qu’il n’existe pas de lien de connexité difrecte,
que ce soit en fait ou en droit, entre les deuxième et troisième dfemandes
reconventionnelles du Nicaragua et les demandes principales du Costa
Rica. En conséquence, ces demandes reconventionnelles sont irrecevablfes

comme telles au regard du paragraphe 1 de l’article 80 du Règlement. Il
n’est pas nécessaire pour la Cour d’examiner la question de savfoir si ces
demandes reconventionnelles relèvent de sa compétence.

IV. Quatrième demande recfonventionnelle

39. Dans sa quatrième demande reconventionnelle, le Nicaragua fait
grief au Costa Rica de n’avoir pas mis en œuvre les mesures conser va-

toires indiquées par la Cour dans son ordonnance du 8 mars 2011.
Le Costa Rica ne conteste pas la recevabilité de cette demande reconven -
tionnelle.
40. La Cour rappelle que, lorsqu’elle « a compétence pour trancher un

différend, elle a également compétence pour se prononcer sur fdes conclu-
sions la priant de constater qu’une ordonnance » indiquant des mesures
visant à « préserver les droits des Parties à ce différend n’a pas éfté exécu -
tée » (voir LaGrand (Allemagne c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2001, p. 484, par. 45). Il s’ensuit que la question de la mise en

œuvre par les deux Parties des mesures conservatoires indiquées enf l’es -
pèce peut être examinée par la Cour dans le cadre de la procéfdure princi-
pale, que l’Etat défendeur ait ou non soulevé cette question pafr voie de
demande reconventionnelle. Il demeure donc loisible aux Parties d’abofr -

der cette question dans la suite de la procédure. La Cour conclut, enf
conséquence, qu’il n’y a pas lieu de connaître de la quatrièfme demande
reconventionnelle du Nicaragua comme telle.

*
* *

41. Par ces motifs,

La Cour,

A) A l’unanimité,

Dit qu’il n’y a pas lieu pour elle de statuer sur la recevabilité fde la pre -
mière demande reconventionnelle du Nicaragua comme telle ;

B) A l’unanimité,
Dit que la deuxième demande reconventionnelle du Nicaragua est irre -

cevable comme telle et ne fait pas partie de l’instance en cours ;

19

6 CIJ 1045.indb 34 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 215

4. Conclusion of the Court as to the Second

and Third Counter-Claims

38. The Court therefore concludes that there is no direct connection,
either in fact or in law, between Nicaragua’s second and third countefr-
claims and Costa Rica’s principal claims. Consequently, those counterf-
claims are inadmissible as such under Article 80, paragraph 1, of the

Rules of Court. It is not necessary for the Court to address the questiofn
whether those counter-claims come within its jurisdiction.

IV. Fourth Counter-Claim

39. In its fourth counter-claim, Nicaragua alleges that Costa Rica did
not implement the provisional measures indicated by the Court in its

Order of 8 March 2011. Costa Rica does not contest the admissibility of
this counter-claim.

40. The Court recalls that, where it “has jurisdiction to decide a case, f

it also has jurisdiction to deal with submissions requesting it to deterfmine
that an order indicating measures which seeks to preserve the rights of fthe
Parties to this dispute has not been complied with” (see LaGrand (Ger -
many v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 484,
para. 45). It follows that the question of compliance by both Parties with

the provisional measures indicated in this case may be considered by thef
Court in the principal proceedings, irrespective of whether or not the
respondent State raised that issue by way of a counter-claim. The Parties
thus remain at liberty to take up this issue in the further course of thfe

proceedings. The Court, accordingly, finds that there is no need to enfter-
tain Nicaragua’s fourth counter-claim, as such.

*
* *

41. For these reasons,

The Court,

(A) Unanimously,

Finds that there is no need for the Court to adjudicate on the admissi -
bility of Nicaragua’s first counter-claim as such ;

(B) Unanimously,
Finds that Nicaragua’s second counter-claim is inadmissible as such

and does not form part of the current proceedings ;

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6 CIJ 1045.indb 35 5/06/14 09:42 216 certaines activitésf; construction d’une rfoute (ordonnance 18 IV 13)

C) A l’unanimité,

Dit que la troisième demande reconventionnelle du Nicaragua est irre -
cevable comme telle et ne fait pas partie de l’instance en cours ;

D) A l’unanimité,

Dit qu’il n’y a pas lieu pour elle de connaître de la quatrième demande
reconventionnelle du Nicaragua comme telle et que les Parties pourront
aborder, dans la suite de la procédure, toute question relative à fla mise en

œuvre des mesures conservatoires indiquées par elle dans son ordonfnance
du 8 mars 2011 ;

Réserve la suite de la procédure.

Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix, à La Haye, le dix-huit avril deux mille treize, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres fseront trans

mis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République du Costa Rica et
au Gouvernement de la République du Nicaragua.

Le président,

(Signé) Peter Tomka.

Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe Couvreur.

M. le juge ad hoc Guillaume joint une déclaration à l’ordonnance.

(Paraphé) P.T.
(Paraphé) Ph.C.

20

6 CIJ 1045.indb 36 5/06/14 09:42 certain activities; construction of a roafd (order 18 IV 13) 216

(C) Unanimously,

Finds that Nicaragua’s third counter-claim is inadmissible as such and
does not form part of the current proceedings ;

(D) Unanimously,

Finds that there is no need for the Court to entertain Nicaragua’s
fourth counter-claim as such, and that the Parties may take up any ques -
tion relating to the implementation of the provisional measures indicatefd

by the Court in its Order of 8 March 2011 in the further course of the
proceedings ;

Reserves the subsequent procedure for further decision.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this eighteenth day of April, two thousand f
and thirteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archivfes

of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Repub -
lic of Costa Rica and the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua,
respectively.

(Signed) Peter Tomka,

President.

(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.

Judge ad hoc Guillaume appends a declaration to the Order.

(Initialled) P.T.
(Initialled) Ph.C.

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6 CIJ 1045.indb 37 5/06/14 09:42

ICJ document subtitle

Counter-claims

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 18 April 2013

Links