INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT
BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA
(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)
JOINDER OF PROCEEDINGS
ORDER OF 17 APRIL 2013
2013
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES
PAR LE NICARAGUA
DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE
(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)
JONCTION D’INSTANCES
ORDONNANCE DU 17 AVRIL 2013
4 CIJ1043.indb 1 11/04/14 10:58 Official citation :
Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Joinder of Proceedings,
Order of 17 April 2013, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 166
Mode officiel de citation :
Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région fron▯talière
(Costa Rica c. Nicaragua), jonction d’instances,
ordonnance du 17 avril 2013, C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 166
Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 N ode vente: 1043
ISBN 978-92-1-071158-6
4 CIJ1043.indb 2 11/04/14 10:58 17 APRIL 2013
ORDER
CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT
BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA
(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)
JOINDER OF PROCEEDINGS
CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES
PAR LE NICARAGUA
DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE
(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)
JONCTION D’INSTANCES
17 AVRIL 2013
ORDONNANCE
4 CIJ1043.indb 3 11/04/14 10:58 166
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
2013 YEAR 2013
17 April
General List
No. 150 17 April 2013
CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT
BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA
(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)
JOINDER OF PROCEEDINGS
ORDER
Present: President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado
Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwoofd, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja,
Sebutinde, Bhandari ; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Dugard ;
Registrar Couvreur.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Article 48 of the Statute of the Court and to Arti
cle 47 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order :
Whereas :
1. By an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on 18 Novem -
ber 2010, the Government of the Republic of Costa Rica (hereinafter
“Costa Rica”) instituted proceedings against the Government of thfe
Republic of Nicaragua (hereinafter “Nicaragua”) in the case concerning
4
4 CIJ1043.indb 44 11/04/14 10:58 167 certain activities (forder 17 IV 13)
Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa
Rica v. Nicaragua) (hereinafter referred to as the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua
case) for “the incursion into, occupation of and use by Nicaragua’fs army
of Costa Rican territory”, contending, in particular, that Nicaragua fhad
“in two separate incidents, occupied the territory of Costa Rica in cfon -
nection with the construction of a canal across Costa Rican territory . . .
and certain related works of dredging on the San Juan River”. Costa Rfica
alleged breaches by Nicaragua of its obligations towards Costa Rica
under a number of treaty instruments and other applicable rules of interf -
national law, as well as under certain arbitral and judicial decisions. fIn
this regard, Costa Rica refers to the Charter of the United Nations and f
the Charter of the Organization of American States ; the Treaty of Terri -
torial Limits between Costa Rica and Nicaragua of 15 April 1858 (here-
inafter the “1858 Treaty of Limits”), namely, Articles I, II, V and IX ; the
arbitral award issued by the President of the United States of America,
Grover Cleveland, on 22 March 1888 (hereinafter the “Cleveland
Award”); the first and second arbitral awards rendered by Edward Por -
ter Alexander dated respectively 30 September 1897 and 20 Decem -
ber 1897 (hereinafter the “Alexander Awards”) ; the 1971 Convention on
Wetlands of International Importance (hereinafter the “Ramsar Convenf -
tion”); and the Judgment of the Court of 13 July 2009 in the case con -
cerning the Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa
Rica v. Nicaragua).
2. In its Application, Costa Rica invokes, as a basis for the jurisdiction
of the Court, Article XXXI of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement
signed at Bogotá on 30 April 1948 (hereinafter the “Pact of Bogotá”). In
addition, Costa Rica seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court on thef
declaration it made on 20 February 1973 under Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute, as well as on the declaration which Nicaragua made on
24 September 1929 (and amended on 23 October 2001) under Article 36
of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and whichf
is deemed, pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute of the pres -
ent Court, for the period which it still has to run, to be acceptance off the
compulsory jurisdiction of this Court.
3. On 18 November 2010, having filed its Application, Costa Rica also
submitted a Request for the indication of provisional measures, pursuantf
to Article 41 of the Statute of the Court and Articles 73 to 75 of the Rules
of Court.
4. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Reg -
istrar communicated a signed copy of the Application forthwith to the
Government of Nicaragua ; and, under paragraph 3 of that Article, all
States entitled to appear before the Court were notified of the filifng of the
Application.
5. Pursuant to the instructions of the Court under Article 43 of the
Rules of Court, the Registrar addressed to States parties to the Pact of
Bogotá and to the Ramsar Convention the notifications provided for fin
5
4 CIJ1043.indb 46 11/04/14 10:58 168 certain activities (forder 17 IV 13)
Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute. In accordance with the provisions
of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, the Registrar moreover
addressed to the Organization of American States the notification pro -
vided for in Article 34, paragraph 3, of the Statute. The Organization of
American States indicated that it did not intend to submit any observa -
tions in writing under Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court.
6. Since the Court includes no judge of the nationality of the Parties
upon the Bench, each of them, in exercise of the right conferred by
Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute, chose a judge ad hoc in the case.
Costa Rica chose Mr. John Dugard, and Nicaragua chose Mr. Gilbert
Guillaume.
7. By an Order of 8 March 2011, the Court indicated certain provi -
sional measures to both Parties.
8. By an Order of 5 April 2011 the Court fixed 5 December 2011 and
6 August 2012 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by
Costa Rica and a Counter-Memorial by Nicaragua. Costa Rica’s Memo -
rial was duly filed within the time-limit so prescribed.
9. On 22 December 2011, Nicaragua instituted proceedings against
Costa Rica in the case concerning Construction of a Road in Costa Rica
along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) (hereinafter referred
to as the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case). In its Application, Nicaragua
stated that the case relates to “violations of Nicaraguan sovereigntyf and
major environmental damages on its territory”, contending, in particuflar,
that Costa Rica was carrying out major works along most of the border
area between the two countries along the San Juan River, namely the
construction of a road, with grave environmental consequences. Nicara -
gua also reserved the right to request that the proceedings in the Nicara ‑
gua v. Costa Rica case and the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case be joined.
10. Nicaragua filed its Counter-Memorial in the present case on
6 August 2012, within the time-limit fixed for that purpose in the Court’s
Order of 5 April 2011. That pleading included four counter-claims. Nica -
ragua stated in the Counter-Memorial that,
“with the filing of its counter-claims . . . including its claim based on
the harm caused to the San Juan de Nicaragua River caused by the
construction of this road and particularly, on its navigability, a dis -
cussion of the joinder of the cases [became] more opportune”.
11. At a meeting held by the President with representatives of the Par -
ties on 19 September 2012, the Parties agreed not to request the Court’s
authorization to file a reply and a rejoinder in the present case. At fthe
same meeting the Co-Agent of Costa Rica raised certain objections to the
admissibility of the first three counter-claims contained in the Counter-
Memorial of Nicaragua. These objections were confirmed in a letter frofm
the Co-Agent of Costa Rica dated 19 September 2012.
6
4 CIJ1043.indb 48 11/04/14 10:58 169 certain activities (forder 17 IV 13)
12. By letters dated 28 September 2012, the Registrar informed the
Parties that the Court had decided that the Government of Costa Rica
should specify in writing, by 30 November 2012 at the latest, the legal
grounds on which it relied in maintaining that the Respondent’s firfst
three counter-claims were inadmissible, and that the Government of
Nicaragua should then present its own views on the question in writing, f
by 30 January 2013 at the latest.
13. The written observations of the Republic of Costa Rica were duly
filed within the time-limit so prescribed. In these written observations,
Costa Rica argued that Nicaragua was “effectively seeking the joindfer of
the two different cases” pending between both Parties before the Cofurt
and that such joinder would be neither timely nor equitable. In particulfar,
Costa Rica contended that the present case concerned the exercise of terf -
ritorial sovereignty and that, in the absence of the Court’s ruling tfhereon,
“Costa Rica [was] prevented from exercising sovereignty over part of fits
territory”, while the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case had a different sub -
ject-matter. Costa Rica underlined that, as each of the two cases has its
own procedural timetable, the joinder of proceedings would lead to a
delay in the resolution of the dispute over territorial sovereignty and f
would thus constitute a serious prejudice to Costa Rica. Finally, Costa f
Rica noted that the composition of the Court is different in the two cfases.
14. In a letter dated 19 December 2012, accompanying its Memorial in
the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case, Nicaragua again asked the Court to
consider the need to join the proceedings in the above-mentioned case
and the present case, and requested the Court to decide on this matter in
the interests of the administration of justice.
15. By a letter dated 15 January 2013, the Registrar, on the instruc -
tions of the President, asked the Government of Costa Rica to inform thef
Court, by 18 February 2013, of its views on Nicaragua’s position regard -
ing the proposed joinder of the proceedings in the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica
case and the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case.
16. The written observations of the Republic of Nicaragua containing
its views on the admissibility of the first three counter-claims made in its
Counter-Memorial in the present case were duly filed on 30 January 2013,
within the time-limit prescribed in the Registrar’s letter dated 28 Septem -
ber 2012. Nicaragua stated that the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case and the
present case “involve the same Parties and are tightly connected bothf in
law and in fact” and that there was “therefore no reason why they fcould
not be joined”. It requested the Court to “decide the joinder of tfhe pro -
ceedings” in the two cases in accordance with Article 47 of the Rules of
Court.
17. By a letter dated 7 February 2013, Costa Rica, with regard to the
question of the proposed joinder, stated that the proceedings in the twof
cases should not be joined for the reasons previously indicated in its wfrit -
ten observations on the admissibility of Nicaragua’s Counter-Claims,
filed in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case on 30 November 2012. In the
7
4 CIJ1043.indb 50 11/04/14 10:58 170 certain activities (forder 17 IV 13)
same letter, Costa Rica reiterated its position that it would be neitherf
timely nor equitable to join the proceedings in the two cases. Costa Ricfa
contended that there was no close connection between the two cases such f
as might justify a joinder. In particular, according to Costa Rica, the f
Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case concerns an area which is geographically
distant from the road the construction of which is the subject of the Nica ‑
ragua v. Costa Rica case. Costa Rica argued that “[i]t [was] not sufficient
that both cases [were] related — although in very different respects — to
the San Juan River, which is more than 205 km in length”.
* * *
18. Under Article 47 of its Rules, “[t]he Court may at any time direct
that the proceedings in two or more cases be joined”. That provision f
leaves the Court a broad margin of discretion. Where the Court, or its
predecessor, has exercised its power to join proceedings, it has done sof in
circumstances where joinder was consonant not only with the principle off
the sound administration of justice but also with the need for judicial f
economy (see, e.g., Legal Status of the South‑Eastern Territory of Green ‑
land, Order of 2 August 1932, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 48, p. 268 ; North
Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark ; Federal
Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Order of 26 April 1968, I.C.J. Reports
1968, p. 9). Any decision to that effect will have to be taken in the light off
the specific circumstances of each case.
19. The two cases here concerned involve the same Parties and relate
to the area where the common border between them runs along the right
bank of the San Juan River.
20. Both cases are based on facts relating to works being carried out
in, along, or in close proximity to the San Juan River, namely the dredgf -
ing of the river by Nicaragua and the construction of a road along its
right bank by Costa Rica. Both sets of proceedings are about the effect of
the aforementioned works on the local environment and on the free navi -
gation on, and access to, the San Juan River. In this regard, both Partifes
refer to the risk of sedimentation of the San Juan River.
21. In the present case and in the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case, the
Parties make reference, in addition, to the harmful environmental effefct
of the works in and along the San Juan River on the fragile fluvial ecfosys -
tem (including protected nature preserves in and along the river).
22. In both cases, the Parties refer to violations of the 1858 Treaty of
Limits, the Cleveland Award, the Alexander Awards and the Ramsar
Convention.
23. A decision to join the proceedings will allow the Court to address
simultaneously the totality of the various interrelated and contested isfsues
8
4 CIJ1043.indb 52 11/04/14 10:58 171 certain activities (forder 17 IV 13)
raised by the Parties, including any questions of fact or law that are cfom-
mon to the disputes presented. In the view of the Court, hearing and
deciding the two cases together will have significant advantages. The f
Court does not expect any undue delay in rendering its Judgment in the
two cases.
24. In view of the above, the Court, in conformity with the principle of
the sound administration of justice and with the need for judicial econ -
omy, considers it appropriate to join the proceedings in the present casfe
and in the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case.
*
* *
25. For these reasons,
The Court,
Unanimously,
Decides to join the proceedings in the present case with those in the
case concerning Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan
River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) ;
Reserves the subsequent procedure for further decision.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at f
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this seventeenth day of April, two thousandf
and thirteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archivfes
of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Repub-
lic of Costa Rica and the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua,
respectively.
(Signed) Peter Tomka,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.
Judge Cançado Trindade appends a separate opinion to the Order.
(Initialled) P.T.
(Initialled) Ph.C.
9
4 CIJ1043.indb 54 11/04/14 10:58
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT
BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA
(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)
JOINDER OF PROCEEDINGS
ORDER OF 17 APRIL 2013
2013
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES
PAR LE NICARAGUA
DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE
(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)
JONCTION D’INSTANCES
ORDONNANCE DU 17 AVRIL 2013
4 CIJ1043.indb 1 11/04/14 10:58 Official citation :
Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Joinder of Proceedings,
Order of 17 April 2013, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 166
Mode officiel de citation :
Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région fron▯talière
(Costa Rica c. Nicaragua), jonction d’instances,
ordonnance du 17 avril 2013, C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 166
Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 N ode vente: 1043
ISBN 978-92-1-071158-6
4 CIJ1043.indb 2 11/04/14 10:58 17 APRIL 2013
ORDER
CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT
BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA
(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)
JOINDER OF PROCEEDINGS
CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES
PAR LE NICARAGUA
DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE
(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)
JONCTION D’INSTANCES
17 AVRIL 2013
ORDONNANCE
4 CIJ1043.indb 3 11/04/14 10:58 166
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
2013 YEAR 2013
17 April
General List
No. 150 17 April 2013
CERTAIN ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT
BY NICARAGUA
IN THE BORDER AREA
(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)
JOINDER OF PROCEEDINGS
ORDER
Present: President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado
Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwoofd, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja,
Sebutinde, Bhandari ; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Dugard ;
Registrar Couvreur.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Article 48 of the Statute of the Court and to Arti
cle 47 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order :
Whereas :
1. By an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on 18 Novem -
ber 2010, the Government of the Republic of Costa Rica (hereinafter
“Costa Rica”) instituted proceedings against the Government of thfe
Republic of Nicaragua (hereinafter “Nicaragua”) in the case concerning
4
4 CIJ1043.indb 44 11/04/14 10:58 166
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2013
2013
17 avril
17 avril 2013 Rôle général
n 150
CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS MENÉES
PAR LE NICARAGUA
DANS LA RÉGION FRONTALIÈRE
(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)
JONCTION D’INSTANCES
ORDONNANCE
Présents : M. Tomka, président ; M. Sepúlveda-Amor, vice‑président ;
MM. Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov,
mes
CançadoTrindade,Yusuf,Greenwood, M Xue,Donoghue,
M. Gaja, M meSebutinde, M. Bhandari,juges ;MM. Guillaume,
Dugard, juges ad hoc; M. Couvreur, greffier.
La Cour internationale de Justice,
Ainsi composée,
Après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
Vu l’article 48 de son Statut et l’article 47 de son Règlement,
Rend l’ordonnance suivante :
Considérant que :
1. Par requête déposée au Greffe de la Cour le 18 novembre 2010, le
Gouvernement de la République du Costa Rica (ci-après le «Costa Rica»)
a introduit contre le Gouvernement de la République du Nicaragua
(ci-après le « Nicaragua») une instance en l’affaire relative à Certaines
4
4 CIJ1043.indb 45 11/04/14 10:58 167 certain activities (forder 17 IV 13)
Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa
Rica v. Nicaragua) (hereinafter referred to as the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua
case) for “the incursion into, occupation of and use by Nicaragua’fs army
of Costa Rican territory”, contending, in particular, that Nicaragua fhad
“in two separate incidents, occupied the territory of Costa Rica in cfon -
nection with the construction of a canal across Costa Rican territory . . .
and certain related works of dredging on the San Juan River”. Costa Rfica
alleged breaches by Nicaragua of its obligations towards Costa Rica
under a number of treaty instruments and other applicable rules of interf -
national law, as well as under certain arbitral and judicial decisions. fIn
this regard, Costa Rica refers to the Charter of the United Nations and f
the Charter of the Organization of American States ; the Treaty of Terri -
torial Limits between Costa Rica and Nicaragua of 15 April 1858 (here-
inafter the “1858 Treaty of Limits”), namely, Articles I, II, V and IX ; the
arbitral award issued by the President of the United States of America,
Grover Cleveland, on 22 March 1888 (hereinafter the “Cleveland
Award”); the first and second arbitral awards rendered by Edward Por -
ter Alexander dated respectively 30 September 1897 and 20 Decem -
ber 1897 (hereinafter the “Alexander Awards”) ; the 1971 Convention on
Wetlands of International Importance (hereinafter the “Ramsar Convenf -
tion”); and the Judgment of the Court of 13 July 2009 in the case con -
cerning the Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa
Rica v. Nicaragua).
2. In its Application, Costa Rica invokes, as a basis for the jurisdiction
of the Court, Article XXXI of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement
signed at Bogotá on 30 April 1948 (hereinafter the “Pact of Bogotá”). In
addition, Costa Rica seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court on thef
declaration it made on 20 February 1973 under Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute, as well as on the declaration which Nicaragua made on
24 September 1929 (and amended on 23 October 2001) under Article 36
of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and whichf
is deemed, pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute of the pres -
ent Court, for the period which it still has to run, to be acceptance off the
compulsory jurisdiction of this Court.
3. On 18 November 2010, having filed its Application, Costa Rica also
submitted a Request for the indication of provisional measures, pursuantf
to Article 41 of the Statute of the Court and Articles 73 to 75 of the Rules
of Court.
4. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Reg -
istrar communicated a signed copy of the Application forthwith to the
Government of Nicaragua ; and, under paragraph 3 of that Article, all
States entitled to appear before the Court were notified of the filifng of the
Application.
5. Pursuant to the instructions of the Court under Article 43 of the
Rules of Court, the Registrar addressed to States parties to the Pact of
Bogotá and to the Ramsar Convention the notifications provided for fin
5
4 CIJ1043.indb 46 11/04/14 10:58 certaines activitésf (ordonnance 17 IV 13) 167
activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région frontalière▯ (Costa Rica
c. Nicaragua) (ci-après l’« affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua »), à raison de
«l’incursion en territoire costa-ricien de l’armée nicaraguayenne, [de] l’oc-
cupation et [de] l’utilisation d’une partie de celui-ci », alléguant notam -
ment que le Nicaragua avait, « à l’occasion de deux incidents distincts, …
occupé le sol costa-ricien dans le cadre de la construction d’un canal à
travers le territoire du Costa Rica … et de certaines activités connexes de
dragage menées dans le fleuve San Juan ». Le Costa Rica fait grief au
Nicaragua d’avoir manqué à des obligations lui incombant à son égard
au titre de plusieurs instruments et autres règles de droit internatifonal
applicables, ainsi que de certaines décisions arbitrales et judiciairfes. Le
Costa Rica invoque ainsi : la Charte des Nations Unies et la Charte de
l’Organisation des Etats américains ; le traité de limites territoriales entre
le Costa Rica et le Nicaragua du 15 avril 1858 (ci-après le « traité de
limites de 1858 »), et plus spécifiquement ses articles I, II, V et IX ; la sen
tence arbitrale rendue le 22 mars 1888 par le président des Etats-Unis
d’Amérique Grover Cleveland (ci-après la « sentence Cleveland »); les
première et deuxième sentences arbitrales rendues par Edward Por-
ter Alexander en date, respectivement, du 30 septembre et du
20 décembre 1897 (ci-après les « sentences Alexander »); la convention
de 1971 relative aux zones humides d’importance internationale (ci-aprèfs
la «convention de Ramsar»); et l’arrêt rendu par la Cour le 13 juillet 2009
en l’affaire du Différend relatif à des droits de navigation et des droits
connexes (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua).
2. Dans sa requête, le Costa Rica invoque comme base de compétence
de la Cour l’article XXXI du traité américain de règlement pacifique signé
à Bogotá le 30 avril 1948 (ci-après le « pacte de Bogotá »). Le Costa Rica
entend également fonder la compétence de la Cour sur sa déclaraftion faite
le 20 février 1973 en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut, ainsi
que sur la déclaration que le Nicaragua a faite le 24 septembre 1929 en
vertu de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour permanente de Justice interna -
tionale (puis modifiée le 23 octobre 2001) et qui, aux termes du para -
graphe 5 de l’article 36 du Statut de la présente Cour, est considérée, pour
la durée lui restant à courir, comme comportant acceptation de la fjuridic -
tion obligatoire de la Cour.
3. Le 18 novembre 2010, après avoir déposé sa requête, le Costa Rica
a également présenté une demande en indication de mesures consefrva -
toires fondée sur l’article 41 du Statut de la Cour et les articles 73 à 75 de
son Règlement.
4. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut, le greffier
a immédiatement communiqué au Gouvernement du Nicaragua une
copie signée de la requête ; en application du paragraphe 3 du même
article, tous les Etats admis à ester devant la Cour ont été infformés du
dépôt de la requête.
5. Sur les instructions données par la Cour en vertu de l’article 43 de
son Règlement, le greffier a adressé aux Etats parties au pacte dfe Bogotá
et à la convention de Ramsar les notifications prévues au paragrfaphe 1 de
5
4 CIJ1043.indb 47 11/04/14 10:58 168 certain activities (forder 17 IV 13)
Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute. In accordance with the provisions
of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, the Registrar moreover
addressed to the Organization of American States the notification pro -
vided for in Article 34, paragraph 3, of the Statute. The Organization of
American States indicated that it did not intend to submit any observa -
tions in writing under Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court.
6. Since the Court includes no judge of the nationality of the Parties
upon the Bench, each of them, in exercise of the right conferred by
Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute, chose a judge ad hoc in the case.
Costa Rica chose Mr. John Dugard, and Nicaragua chose Mr. Gilbert
Guillaume.
7. By an Order of 8 March 2011, the Court indicated certain provi -
sional measures to both Parties.
8. By an Order of 5 April 2011 the Court fixed 5 December 2011 and
6 August 2012 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by
Costa Rica and a Counter-Memorial by Nicaragua. Costa Rica’s Memo -
rial was duly filed within the time-limit so prescribed.
9. On 22 December 2011, Nicaragua instituted proceedings against
Costa Rica in the case concerning Construction of a Road in Costa Rica
along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) (hereinafter referred
to as the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case). In its Application, Nicaragua
stated that the case relates to “violations of Nicaraguan sovereigntyf and
major environmental damages on its territory”, contending, in particuflar,
that Costa Rica was carrying out major works along most of the border
area between the two countries along the San Juan River, namely the
construction of a road, with grave environmental consequences. Nicara -
gua also reserved the right to request that the proceedings in the Nicara ‑
gua v. Costa Rica case and the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case be joined.
10. Nicaragua filed its Counter-Memorial in the present case on
6 August 2012, within the time-limit fixed for that purpose in the Court’s
Order of 5 April 2011. That pleading included four counter-claims. Nica -
ragua stated in the Counter-Memorial that,
“with the filing of its counter-claims . . . including its claim based on
the harm caused to the San Juan de Nicaragua River caused by the
construction of this road and particularly, on its navigability, a dis -
cussion of the joinder of the cases [became] more opportune”.
11. At a meeting held by the President with representatives of the Par -
ties on 19 September 2012, the Parties agreed not to request the Court’s
authorization to file a reply and a rejoinder in the present case. At fthe
same meeting the Co-Agent of Costa Rica raised certain objections to the
admissibility of the first three counter-claims contained in the Counter-
Memorial of Nicaragua. These objections were confirmed in a letter frofm
the Co-Agent of Costa Rica dated 19 September 2012.
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4 CIJ1043.indb 48 11/04/14 10:58 certaines activitésf (ordonnance 17 IV 13) 168
l’article 63 du Statut. Conformément aux dispositions du paragraphe 3 de
l’article 69 du Règlement, le greffier a en outre adressé à l’Organisfation
des Etats américains la notification prévue au paragraphe 3 de l’article 34
du Statut. L’Organisation des Etats américains a indiqué qu’felle n’enten-
dait pas présenter d’observations écrites en vertu du paragraphfe 3 de l’ar-
ticle 69 du Règlement.
6. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de la nationalité des f
Parties, chacune d’elles s’est prévalue du droit que lui confèfre le para -
graphe 3 de l’article 31 du Statut de désigner un juge ad hoc pour siéger
en l’affaire. Le Costa Rica a désigné M. John Dugard et le Nicaragua,
M. Gilbert Guillaume.
7. Par ordonnance du 8 mars 2011, la Cour a indiqué certaines mesures
conservatoires à l’intention des deux Parties.
8. Par ordonnance du 5 avril 2011, la Cour a fixé au 5 décembre 2011
et au 6 août 2012, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des délais pour le
dépôt d’un mémoire par le Costa Rica et d’un contre-mémoire par le
Nicaragua. Le mémoire du Costa Rica a été dûment déposéf dans le délai
ainsi fixé.
9. Le 22 décembre 2011, le Nicaragua a introduit contre le Costa Rica
une instance en l’affaire relative à la Construction d’une route au Costa Rica
le long du fleuve San Juan (Nicaragua c. Costa Rica) (ci-après l’« affaire
Nicaragua c. Costa Rica»). Dans sa requête, le Nicaragua précise que l’af -
faire a trait à des « atteintes à [s]a souveraineté … et [à des] dommages
importants à l’environnement sur son territoire », soutenant en particulier
que le Costa Rica réalise, sur la majeure partie de la frontière efntre les
deux pays, le long du fleuve San Juan, de vastes travaux visant à construire
une route et ayant de graves conséquences pour l’environnement. Lef Nica -
ragua se réserve également le droit de demander la jonction des infstances
dans l’affaire Nicaragua c. Costa Rica et dans l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nica ‑
ragua.
10. Le Nicaragua a déposé son contre-mémoire en la présente affaire le
6 août 2012, dans le délai fixé à cet effet dans l’ordonnance dfe la Cour du
5 avril 2011. Cette pièce contient quatre demandes reconventionnelles. Le
Nicaragua déclare dans son contre-mémoire que,
«avec le dépôt de ses demandes reconventionnelles …, notamment
de celle portant sur les dommages causés par la construction de cettef
route au fleuve San Juan de Nicaragua et plus particulièrement à sa
navigabilité, le débat concernant la jonction des deux instances efst à
présent parfaitement d’actualité ».
11. Lors d’une réunion que le président a tenue avec les représefntants
des Parties le 19 septembre 2012, celles-ci sont convenues de ne pas
demander à la Cour d’autoriser le dépôt d’une répliquef et d’une duplique
en la présente instance. Lors de la même réunion, le coagent duf Costa Rica
a élevé certaines objections à la recevabilité des trois premières demandes
reconventionnelles contenues dans le contre-mémoire du Nicaragua. Il a
confirmé ces objections dans une lettre datée du même jour.
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4 CIJ1043.indb 49 11/04/14 10:58 169 certain activities (forder 17 IV 13)
12. By letters dated 28 September 2012, the Registrar informed the
Parties that the Court had decided that the Government of Costa Rica
should specify in writing, by 30 November 2012 at the latest, the legal
grounds on which it relied in maintaining that the Respondent’s firfst
three counter-claims were inadmissible, and that the Government of
Nicaragua should then present its own views on the question in writing, f
by 30 January 2013 at the latest.
13. The written observations of the Republic of Costa Rica were duly
filed within the time-limit so prescribed. In these written observations,
Costa Rica argued that Nicaragua was “effectively seeking the joindfer of
the two different cases” pending between both Parties before the Cofurt
and that such joinder would be neither timely nor equitable. In particulfar,
Costa Rica contended that the present case concerned the exercise of terf -
ritorial sovereignty and that, in the absence of the Court’s ruling tfhereon,
“Costa Rica [was] prevented from exercising sovereignty over part of fits
territory”, while the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case had a different sub -
ject-matter. Costa Rica underlined that, as each of the two cases has its
own procedural timetable, the joinder of proceedings would lead to a
delay in the resolution of the dispute over territorial sovereignty and f
would thus constitute a serious prejudice to Costa Rica. Finally, Costa f
Rica noted that the composition of the Court is different in the two cfases.
14. In a letter dated 19 December 2012, accompanying its Memorial in
the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case, Nicaragua again asked the Court to
consider the need to join the proceedings in the above-mentioned case
and the present case, and requested the Court to decide on this matter in
the interests of the administration of justice.
15. By a letter dated 15 January 2013, the Registrar, on the instruc -
tions of the President, asked the Government of Costa Rica to inform thef
Court, by 18 February 2013, of its views on Nicaragua’s position regard -
ing the proposed joinder of the proceedings in the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica
case and the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case.
16. The written observations of the Republic of Nicaragua containing
its views on the admissibility of the first three counter-claims made in its
Counter-Memorial in the present case were duly filed on 30 January 2013,
within the time-limit prescribed in the Registrar’s letter dated 28 Septem -
ber 2012. Nicaragua stated that the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case and the
present case “involve the same Parties and are tightly connected bothf in
law and in fact” and that there was “therefore no reason why they fcould
not be joined”. It requested the Court to “decide the joinder of tfhe pro -
ceedings” in the two cases in accordance with Article 47 of the Rules of
Court.
17. By a letter dated 7 February 2013, Costa Rica, with regard to the
question of the proposed joinder, stated that the proceedings in the twof
cases should not be joined for the reasons previously indicated in its wfrit -
ten observations on the admissibility of Nicaragua’s Counter-Claims,
filed in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case on 30 November 2012. In the
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4 CIJ1043.indb 50 11/04/14 10:58 certaines activitésf (ordonnance 17 IV 13) 169
12. Par lettres datées du 28 septembre 2012, le greffier a informé les
Parties que la Cour avait décidé que le Gouvernement du Costa Rica
devait spécifier par écrit, le 30 novembre 2012 au plus tard, les motifs juri-
diques sur lesquels il s’appuyait pour soutenir que les trois premièfres
demandes reconventionnelles du défendeur étaient irrecevables, et fque le
Gouvernement du Nicaragua serait à son tour invité à présentfer par écrit
ses vues sur la question le 30 janvier 2013 au plus tard.
13. Les observations écrites de la République du Costa Rica ont étéf
dûment déposées dans le délai ainsi fixé. Dans ces obsefrvations écrites, le
Costa Rica affirme que le Nicaragua «cherche de fait à obtenir la jonction
des deux instances » pendantes entre les Parties devant la Cour et qu’une
telle jonction ne serait ni opportune au moment présent ni équitabfle. Il
fait notamment valoir que la présente affaire concerne l’exercicfe de la
souveraineté territoriale et que, tant que la Cour n’aura pas statfué à cet
égard, il « se verra empêché d’exercer sa souveraineté sur une partie def
son territoire », tandis que l’affaire Nicaragua c. Costa Rica a un objet
différent. Le Costa Rica souligne que, chacune des deux affaires ayant son
propre calendrier procédural, la jonction d’instances aurait pour feffet de
retarder le règlement du différend relatif à la souverainetéf territoriale et
lui porterait ainsi gravement préjudice. Enfin, il fait valoir que fla compo -
sition de la Cour diffère d’une affaire à l’autre.
14. Dans une lettre datée du 19 décembre 2012 accompagnant son
mémoire en l’affaire Nicaragua c. Costa Rica, le Nicaragua a une nouvelle
fois demandé à la Cour d’examiner la nécessité de procéfder à la jonction
des instances dans l’affaire susvisée et dans la présente espfèce, en la priant
de se prononcer sur la question dans l’intérêt de l’administfration de la
justice.
15. Par lettre datée du 15 janvier 2013, le greffier, sur les instructions
du président, a demandé au Gouvernement du Costa Rica de faire part à
la Cour le 18 février 2013 au plus tard de ses vues sur la position du Nica -
ragua quant à la jonction d’instances envisagée dans les affaires Nicara‑
gua c. Costa Rica et Costa Rica c. Nicaragua.
16. Les observations écrites de la République du Nicaragua, exposant
ses vues sur la recevabilité des trois premières demandes reconvention -
nelles présentées dans son contre-mémoire en l’espèce, ont été dûment
déposées le 30 janvier 2013, dans le délai prescrit dans la lettre du greffier
en date du 28 septembre 2012. Le Nicaragua y déclare que l’affaire Nica ‑
ragua c. Costa Rica et la présente espèce « opposent les mêmes Parties et
sont étroitement liées, tant sur le plan du droit que sur celui defs faits», et
que «[r]ien ne fait donc obstacle à leur jonction ». Il prie la Cour d’« opé -
rer la jonction des instances » dans les deux affaires, en application de
l’article 47 de son Règlement.
17. Par lettre datée du 7 février 2013, le Costa Rica s’est de nouveau
opposé à la proposition de joindre les instances dans les deux afffaires en
renvoyant aux raisons précédemment exposées dans ses observatiofns
écrites sur la recevabilité des demandes reconventionnelles du Nicaragua,
déposées en l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua le 30 novembre 2012. Dans
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4 CIJ1043.indb 51 11/04/14 10:58 170 certain activities (forder 17 IV 13)
same letter, Costa Rica reiterated its position that it would be neitherf
timely nor equitable to join the proceedings in the two cases. Costa Ricfa
contended that there was no close connection between the two cases such f
as might justify a joinder. In particular, according to Costa Rica, the f
Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case concerns an area which is geographically
distant from the road the construction of which is the subject of the Nica ‑
ragua v. Costa Rica case. Costa Rica argued that “[i]t [was] not sufficient
that both cases [were] related — although in very different respects — to
the San Juan River, which is more than 205 km in length”.
* * *
18. Under Article 47 of its Rules, “[t]he Court may at any time direct
that the proceedings in two or more cases be joined”. That provision f
leaves the Court a broad margin of discretion. Where the Court, or its
predecessor, has exercised its power to join proceedings, it has done sof in
circumstances where joinder was consonant not only with the principle off
the sound administration of justice but also with the need for judicial f
economy (see, e.g., Legal Status of the South‑Eastern Territory of Green ‑
land, Order of 2 August 1932, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 48, p. 268 ; North
Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark ; Federal
Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Order of 26 April 1968, I.C.J. Reports
1968, p. 9). Any decision to that effect will have to be taken in the light off
the specific circumstances of each case.
19. The two cases here concerned involve the same Parties and relate
to the area where the common border between them runs along the right
bank of the San Juan River.
20. Both cases are based on facts relating to works being carried out
in, along, or in close proximity to the San Juan River, namely the dredgf -
ing of the river by Nicaragua and the construction of a road along its
right bank by Costa Rica. Both sets of proceedings are about the effect of
the aforementioned works on the local environment and on the free navi -
gation on, and access to, the San Juan River. In this regard, both Partifes
refer to the risk of sedimentation of the San Juan River.
21. In the present case and in the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case, the
Parties make reference, in addition, to the harmful environmental effefct
of the works in and along the San Juan River on the fragile fluvial ecfosys -
tem (including protected nature preserves in and along the river).
22. In both cases, the Parties refer to violations of the 1858 Treaty of
Limits, the Cleveland Award, the Alexander Awards and the Ramsar
Convention.
23. A decision to join the proceedings will allow the Court to address
simultaneously the totality of the various interrelated and contested isfsues
8
4 CIJ1043.indb 52 11/04/14 10:58 certaines activitésf (ordonnance 17 IV 13) 170
cette lettre, le Costa Rica réaffirme qu’une telle jonction d’instances dans
les deux affaires ne serait ni opportune au moment présent ni éqfuitable. Il
soutient qu’il n’existe entre les deux affaires aucun lien étfroit qui puisse
justifier une jonction. En particulier, selon lui, l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nica‑
ragua concerne un secteur géographiquement éloigné de la route dont la
construction est en cause dans l’affaire Nicaragua c. Costa Rica. Il estime
qu’«il ne suffit pas que les deux affaires concernent (quoique de façfons
très différentes) le fleuve San Juan, qui fait plus de 205 km de long ».
*
* *
18. Aux termes de l’article 47 de son Règlement, « [l]a Cour peut à tout
moment ordonner que les instances dans deux ou plusieurs affaires soiefnt
jointes». Cette disposition laisse à la Cour une large marge de discrétion.
Lorsqu’elle a exercé son pouvoir de joindre des instances, la Cour, ou sa
devancière, l’a néanmoins fait dans des circonstances où unef telle jonction
était conforme non seulement au principe de bonne administration de la
justice, mais aussi aux impératifs d’économie judiciaire (voirf par exemple:
Statut juridique du territoire du sud‑est du Groënland, ordonnance du▯
o
2 août 1932, C.P.J.I. série A/B n 48, p. 268 ; Plateau continental de la mer
du Nord (République fédérale d’Allemagne/Danemark; République fédérale
d’Allemagne/Pays‑Bas), ordonnance du 26 avril 1968, C.I.J. Recueil 1968,
p. 9). Toute décision en ce sens aura à être prise à la lumière des spécifici -
tés de chaque cas d’espèce.
19. Les deux affaires dont il s’agit ici opposent les mêmes Parties fet
portent sur la zone où la frontière commune entre celles-ci suit la rive
droite du fleuve San Juan.
20. Elles sont l’une et l’autre fondées sur des faits en rapport avec des
travaux exécutés sur le San Juan, le long de ce fleuve ou à proximité
immédiate de celui-ci, le Nicaragua se livrant à des activités de dragage du
fleuve et le Costa Rica ayant entrepris de construire une route le lonfg de
sa rive droite. Les deux instances ont pour objet les conséquences def ces
travaux pour la liberté de navigation sur le San Juan et leur incidence sur
l’environnement local et l’accès au fleuve. A cet égard, lfes Parties font
l’une et l’autre état d’un risque de sédimentation du Sanf Juan.
21. Dans la présente affaire comme dans l’affaire Nicaragua
c. Costa Rica, les Parties mettent par ailleurs en avant les conséquences
néfastes qu’auraient les travaux menés sur le San Juan ou le long de sa
rive pour l’écosystème fragile du fleuve (qui comprend des rféserves natu -
relles protégées).
22. Dans les deux affaires, les Parties font état de violations du traité
de limites de 1858, de la sentence Cleveland, des sentences Alexander et
de la convention de Ramsar.
23. Une décision de joindre ces instances permettrait à la Cour d’efxa -
miner simultanément la totalité des différents points en litifge entre les
8
4 CIJ1043.indb 53 11/04/14 10:58 171 certain activities (forder 17 IV 13)
raised by the Parties, including any questions of fact or law that are cfom-
mon to the disputes presented. In the view of the Court, hearing and
deciding the two cases together will have significant advantages. The f
Court does not expect any undue delay in rendering its Judgment in the
two cases.
24. In view of the above, the Court, in conformity with the principle of
the sound administration of justice and with the need for judicial econ -
omy, considers it appropriate to join the proceedings in the present casfe
and in the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica case.
*
* *
25. For these reasons,
The Court,
Unanimously,
Decides to join the proceedings in the present case with those in the
case concerning Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan
River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) ;
Reserves the subsequent procedure for further decision.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at f
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this seventeenth day of April, two thousandf
and thirteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archivfes
of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Repub-
lic of Costa Rica and the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua,
respectively.
(Signed) Peter Tomka,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.
Judge Cançado Trindade appends a separate opinion to the Order.
(Initialled) P.T.
(Initialled) Ph.C.
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4 CIJ1043.indb 54 11/04/14 10:58 certaines activitésf (ordonnance 17 IV 13) 171
Parties, qui sont liés les uns aux autres, et notamment toutes questifons de
droit ou de fait communes aux deux différends qui lui ont étéf soumis.
Selon la Cour, le fait d’entendre et de trancher les deux affaires fensemble
présenterait de nombreux avantages. La Cour n’escompte pas qu’ufne telle
décision retarderait indûment la procédure au terme de laquellef elle ren -
dra son arrêt dans les deux affaires.
24. Compte tenu de ce qui précède, la Cour, conformément au principfe
de bonne administration de la justice et aux impératifs d’éconofmie judi -
ciaire, estime approprié de joindre les instances dans la présentef affaire et
dans l’affaire Nicaragua c. Costa Rica.
*
* *
25. Par ces motifs,
La Cour,
A l’unanimité,
Décide de joindre l’instance dans la présente affaire à celle dans fl’affaire
relative à la Construction d’une route au Costa Rica le long du fleuve
San Juan (Nicaragua c. Costa Rica) ;
Réserve la suite de la procédure.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au Palafis de la
Paix, à La Haye, le dix-sept avril deux mille treize, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres fseront trans-
mis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République du Costa Rica et
au Gouvernement de la République du Nicaragua.
Le président,
(Signé) Peter Tomka.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe Couvreur.
M. le juge Cançado Trindade joint à l’ordonnance l’exposé de son
opinion individuelle.
(Paraphé) P.T.
(Paraphé) Ph.C.
9
4 CIJ1043.indb 55 11/04/14 10:58
Joinder of proceedings
Order of 17 April 2013