INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES
OF THE STATE
(GERMANY v. ITALY)
COUNTER-CLAIM
ORDER OF 6 JULY 2010
2010
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES AR|TS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES
DE L’ÉTAT
(ALLEMAGNE c. ITALIE)
DEMANDE RECONVENTIONNELLE
ORDONNANCE DU 6 JUILLET 2010 Official citation:
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy),
Counter-Claim, Order of 6 July 2010,
I.C.J. Reports 2010,p.310
Mode officiel de citation:
Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat (Allemagne c. Italie),
demande reconventionnelle, ordonnance du 6 juillet 2010,
C.I.J. Recueil 2010,p.310
Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 o
N de vente: 984
ISBN 978-92-1-071094-7 6 JULY 2010
ORDER
JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES
OF THE STATE
(GERMANY v. ITALY)
COUNTER-CLAIM
IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES
DE L’ÉTAT
(ALLEMAGNE c. ITALIE)
DEMANDE RECONVENTIONNELLE
6 JUILLET 2010
ORDONNANCE 310
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
2010 YEAR 2010
6 July
General List
No. 143 6 July 2010
JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES
OF THE STATE
(GERMANY v. ITALY)
COUNTER-CLAIM
ORDER
Present: President OWADA ; Vice-PresidentOMKA ; Judges KOROMA ,
AL-K HASAWNEH ,B UERGENTHAL ,S IMMA ,A BRAHAM ,K EITH,
SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR ,BENNOUNA ,SKOTNIKOV,C ANÇADO T RINDADE,
GREENWOOD ; Judge ad hoc AJA; RegistrarOUVREUR .
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Article 48 of the Statute of the Court and to Articles 31,
44, 45 and 80 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order:
1. Whereas, on 23 December 2008, the Government of the Federal
Republic of Germany (hereinafter “Germany”) filed in the Registry of
the Court an Application instituting proceedings against the Government
of the Italian Republic (hereinafter “Italy”) alleging that “[t]hrough its
judicial practice . . . Italy has infringed and continues to infringe its obli-
gations towards Germany under international law”; whereas, in its Appli-
cation, Germany based the jurisdiction of the Court on Article 1 of the
4311 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE ORDER 6 VII 10)
European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes of
29 April 1957 (hereinafter the “European Convention”); and whereas at
the end of its Application, it set out its claims as follows:
“Germany prays the Court to adjudge and declare that the Italian
Republic:
(1) by allowing civil claims based on violations of international
humanitarian law by the German Reich during World War II
from September 1943 to May 1945, to be brought against the
Federal Republic of Germany, committed violations of obliga-
tions under international law in that it has failed to respect the
jurisdictional immunity which the Federal Republic of Germany
enjoys under international law;
(2) by taking measures of constraint against ‘Villa Vigoni’, German
State property used for government non-commercial purposes,
also committed violations of Germany’s jurisdictional immunity;
(3) by declaring Greek judgments based on occurrences similar to
those defined above in request No. 1 enforceable in Italy, com-
mitted a further breach of Germany’s jurisdictional immunity.
Accordingly, the Federal Republic of Germany prays the Court to
adjudge and declare that:
(4) the Italian Republic’s international responsibility is engaged;
(5) the Italian Republic must, by means of its own choosing, take
any and all steps to ensure that all the decisions of its courts and
other judicial authorities infringing Germany’s sovereign immu-
nity become unenforceable;
(6) the Italian Republic must take any and all steps to ensure that in
the future Italian courts do not entertain legal actions against
Germany founded on the occurrences described in request No. 1
above”;
2. Whereas, on 23 June 2009, within the time-limits fixed by the Court
in its Order of 29 April 2009, Germany filed its Memorial, at the end of
which it presented its submissions in the same form as the claims set out
in the Application;
3. Whereas, on 23 December 2009, within the time-limits fixed by the
Court in its Order of 29 April 2009, Italy filed its Counter-Memorial;
whereas, in Chapter VII of the Counter-Memorial, Italy, making refer-
ence to Article 80 of the Rules of Court, submitted a counter-claim “with
respect to the question of the reparation owed to Italian victims of grave
5312 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE (ORDER 6 VII 10)
violations of international humanitarian law committed by forces of the
German Reich”; whereas it based the Court’s jurisdiction over the counter-
claim on Article 1 of the European Convention, taken together with Arti-
cle 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court; whereas it asserted that
there exists a “direct connection between the facts and law upon which
Italy relies in rebutting Germany’s claim and the facts and law upon
which Italy relies to support its counter-claim”; and whereas at the end
of the Counter-Memorial, it presented its submissions as follows:
“On the basis of the facts and arguments set out above, and
reserving its right to supplement or amend these Submissions, Italy
respectfully requests that the Court adjudge and declare that all the
claims of Germany are rejected.
With respect to its counter-claim, and in accordance with Arti-
cle 80 of the Rules of the Court, Italy asks respectfully the Court to
adjudge and declare that, considering the existence under interna-
tional law of an obligation of reparation owed to the victims of war
crimes and crimes against humanity perpetrated by the III° Reich:
1. Germany has violated this obligation with regard to Italian vic-
tims of such crimes by denying them effective reparation.
2. Germany’s international responsibility is engaged for this con-
duct.
3. Germany must cease its wrongful conduct and offer appropriate
and effective reparation to these victims, by means of its own
choosing, as well as through the conclusion of agreements with
Italy”;
4. Whereas, on 27 January 2010, at a meeting held by the President of
the Court with the Agents of the Parties, the Agent of Germany indicated
that his Government did not consider the counter-claim submitted by
Italy to be in accordance with Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Rules of
Court and that it intended to raise objections to the Italian counter-
claim; whereas the Court decided that the German Government should
specify in writing, by 26 March 2010 at the latest, the legal grounds on
which it relied in maintaining that the Respondent’s counter-claim did
not fall within the provisions of Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Rules of
Court, and that the Government of Italy would in turn be invited to
present its views in writing on the question by 26 May 2010 at the latest;
and whereas by letters dated 5 February 2010, the Registrar informed the
Parties accordingly;
5. Whereas, on 24 March 2010, Germany submitted its written obser-
vations entitled “Preliminary objections of the Federal Republic of Ger-
many regarding Italy’s counter-claim”, in which it set out the legal
grounds on which it argues that the counter-claim does not meet the
requirements of Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court; and
6313 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE (ORDER 6 VII 10)
whereas a copy of those observations was transmitted to the other Party
on the same day;
6. Whereas, by a communication from its Agent dated 25 May 2010
and received in the Registry on the same day, Italy submitted to the
Court its written observations entitled “Observations of Italy on the pre-
liminary objections of the Federal Republic of Germany regarding Italy’s
counter-claim”; and whereas, by a letter dated 25 May 2010, the Regis-
trar communicated a copy of those observations to the German Govern-
ment;
7. Whereas, having received full and detailed written observations
from each of the Parties, the Court is sufficiently well informed of the
positions they hold as to whether the Court may entertain the claim pre-
sented as a counter-claim by Italy in its Counter-Memorial; and whereas,
accordingly, the Court does not consider it necessary to hear the Parties
further on the subject;
* * *
8. Whereas the Court finds it useful at the outset briefly to describe the
factual background of the case which is not contested between the
Parties; whereas between 1943 and 1945 war crimes and crimes against
humanity were committed by the Third Reich against Italian citizens;
whereas on 10 February 1947, the Allied Powers concluded a Peace
Treaty with Italy, regulating, in particular, the legal and economic con-
sequences of the war with Italy; whereas paragraphs 1 to 4 of Article 77
of the Peace Treaty read as follows:
“1. From the coming into force of the present Treaty property in
Germany of Italy and of Italian nationals shall no longer be treated
as enemy property and all restrictions based on such treatment shall
be removed.
2. Identifiable property of Italy and of Italian nationals removed
by force or duress from Italian territory to Germany by German
forces or authorities after September 3, 1943 shall be eligible for res-
titution.
3. The restoration and restitution of Italian property in Germany
shall be effected in accordance with measures which will be deter-
mined by the Powers in occupation of Germany.
4. Without prejudice to these and to any other dispositions in
favour of Italy and Italian nationals by the Powers occupying Ger-
many, Italy waives on its own behalf and on behalf of Italian nation-
als all claims against Germany and German nationals outstanding
on May 8, 1945, except those arising out of contracts and other obli-
gations entered into, and rights acquired, before September 1, 1939.
This waiver shall be deemed to include debts, all inter-governmental
7314 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE (ORDER 6 VII 10)
claims in respect of arrangements entered into in the course of the
war, and all claims for loss or damage arising during the war”;
9. Whereas on 2 June 1961, two Agreements were concluded between
the Parties; whereas the first Agreement concerned the “Settlement of
certain property-related, economic and financial questions” (entered into
force on 16 September 1963); whereas by virtue of this Agreement, Ger-
many paid compensation to Italy for “outstanding questions of an eco-
nomic nature” (Art. 1); whereas the Italian Government, under Article 2
of that Agreement, declared
“all outstanding claims on the part of the Italian Republic or Italian
natural or legal persons against the Federal Republic of Germany or
German natural or legal persons to be settled to the extent that they
are based on rights and circumstances which arose during the period
from 1 September 1939 to 8 May 1945”;
whereas by the second Agreement, concerning “Compensation for Italian
nationals subjected to National-Socialist measures of persecution”
(entered into force on 31 July 1963), Germany undertook to pay com-
pensation to Italian nationals affected by those measures; whereas Arti-
cle 3 of that Agreement provided that
“[w]ithout prejudice to any rights of Italian nationals based on Ger-
man compensation legislation, the payment provided for in Article 1
shall constitute final settlement between the Federal Republic of
Germany and the Italian Republic of all questions governed by the
present Treaty”;
10. Whereas, after the Second World War, Germany, from 1953 to
2000, enacted legislation on the compensation of victims of the Nazi
régime; whereas, under this legislation, including the most recent Ger-
man federal law of 2 August 2000 for the establishment of a “Remem-
brance, Responsibility and Future” Foundation, not all Italian victims
were entitled to obtain compensation; whereas from that date on, a
number of judicial decisions in Germany found that certain categories of
victims, including certain Italian nationals, were not entitled to compen-
sation under the legislation in force;
11. Whereas on 11 March 2004 the Italian Corte di Cassazione held
that Italian courts had jurisdiction over the claims for compensation
brought against Germany by Mr. Luigi Ferrini, an Italian national who
had been arrested in August 1944 and deported to Germany, where he
was detained and compelled to work in a munitions factory until the end
of the war; whereas the Corte di Cassazione, by two Orders of
29 May 2008 issued, respectively, in the case concerning Giovanni Man-
8315 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE ORDER 6 VII 10)
telli and Others and in the case concerning Liberato Maietta, confirmed
that the Italian courts had jurisdiction over claims of the same nature
brought against Germany; and whereas a number of similar claims are
currently pending before the Italian courts;
**
12. Whereas the Court now turns to the question whether the claim
presented as a counter-claim by Italy in its Counter-Memorial complies
with the requirements of Article 80 of the Rules of Court; and whereas
that Article reads as follows:
“1. The Court may entertain a counter-claim only if it comes
within the jurisdiction of the Court and is directly connected with
the subject-matter of the claim of the other party.
2. A counter-claim shall be made in the Counter-Memorial and
shall appear as part of the submissions contained therein. The right
of the other party to present its views in writing on the counter-
claim, in an additional pleading, shall be preserved, irrespective of
any decision of the Court, in accordance with Article 45, para-
graph 2, of these Rules, concerning the filing of further written
pleadings.
3. Where an objection is raised concerning the application of
paragraph 1 or whenever the Court deems necessary, the Court shall
take its decision thereon after hearing the parties”;
13. Whereas Germany does not dispute that the Italian claim is not
presented as a defence on the merits, but as a “counter-claim” within the
meaning of Article 80 of the Rules of Court, that is to say, a counter-
claim constituting “an autonomous legal act the object of which is to sub-
mit a new claim to the Court” and, at the same time, “linked to the
principal claim, in so far as, formulated as a ‘counter’ claim, it reacts to
it” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Counter-
Claims, Order of 17 December 1997, I.C.J. Reports 1997 , p. 256,
para. 27); nor is it disputed that the claim has been “made in the Counter-
Memorial and [appears] as part of the submissions contained therein”,
in accordance with Article 80, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court;
14. Whereas under Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court two
requirements must be met for the Court to be able to entertain a counter-
claim at the same time as the principal claim; whereas in earlier pro-
nouncements the Court has characterized these requirements as require-
ments on the “admissibility of a counter-claim as such” (Oil Platforms
(Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Counter-Claim,
Order of 10 March 1998, I.C.J. Reports 1998 , p. 203, para. 33; Armed
Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the
9316 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE (ORDER 6 VII 10)
Congo v. Uganda), Counter-Claims, Order of 29 November 2001, I.C.J.
Reports 2001, p. 678, para. 35); whereas “admissibility” in this context
must be understood broadly to encompass both the jurisdictional require-
ment and the direct-connection requirement; and whereas the Court will
employ the term in that sense herein as well;
15. Whereas the Court has already had occasion to state the reasons
why the admissibility of a counter-claim as such is contingent on those
two requirements in the following terms:
“Whereas the Respondent cannot use a counter-claim as a means
of referring to an international court claims which exceed the limits
of its jurisdiction as recognized by the parties; and whereas the
Respondent cannot use that means either to impose on the Appli-
cant any claim it chooses, at the risk of infringing the Applicant’s
rights and of compromising the proper administration of justice;
and whereas it is for that reason that paragraph 1 of Article 80 of
the Rules of Court requires that the counter-claim ‘comes within the
jurisdiction of the Court’ and ‘that it is directly connected with the
subject-matter of the claim of the other party’” (Application of the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Geno-
cide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Counter-Claims, Order
of 17 December 1997, I.C.J. Reports 1997 , pp. 257-258, para. 31);
16. Whereas Germany reserved its position on the question whether
the requirement of direct connection is met in this case; whereas, how-
ever, Germany denies expressly that the counter-claim meets the require-
ment of jurisdiction contained in Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Rules of
Court; and whereas it is to that issue that the Court will now turn;
**
17. Whereas Article 1 of the European Convention, on which Italy
bases the Court’s jurisdiction on its counter-claim in the present proceed-
ings, provides that:
“The High Contracting Parties shall submit to the judgment of
the International Court of Justice all international legal disputes
which may arise between them including, in particular, those con-
cerning:
(a) the interpretation of a treaty;
(b) any question of international law;
(c) the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute
a breach of an international obligation;
(d) the nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach
of an international obligation”;
10317 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE (ORDER 6 VII 10)
whereas Article 27 (a) of the European Convention reads as follows:
“The provisions of this Convention shall not apply to:
(a) disputes relating to facts or situations prior to the entry into
force of this Convention as between the parties to the dispute”;
and whereas the European Convention came into force as between the
Parties on 18 April 1961;
18. Whereas in its Judgment of 10 February 2005 in the case concern-
ing Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany), in relation to the tem-
poral limitation contained in the same Article 27 (a) of the European
Convention, the Court stated that “the critical issue is not the date when
the dispute arose, but the date of the facts or situations in relation to
which the dispute arose” (Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2005, p. 25, para. 48);
*
19. Whereas the Court must first identify the subject-matter of the dis-
pute that Italy intends to bring before the Court by way of its counter-
claim in order to determine whether the facts or situations to which the
dispute relates fall within the temporal scope of the European Conven-
tion;
20. Whereas Germany contends that the dispute that Italy intends to
submit by way of its counter-claim relates to “violations of international
law that were committed by the armed forces and the occupation authori-
ties of Nazi Germany when they held sway over Italy and Italian nationals”
between September 1943 and May 1945 and an alleged failure by
Germany to comply with its duties of reparation arising from those vio-
lations;
21. Whereas, for its part, Italy contends that the subject-matter of the
dispute that it intends to bring before the Court is “twofold”; whereas,
on the one hand, the dispute concerns the question of the existence, at the
present time, “of a right of reparation in favour of Italy”; and whereas,
on the other hand, the Parties also disagree as to whether Germany, fol-
lowing the establishment in 2000 of the “Remembrance, Responsibility
and Future” Foundation, failed to comply with its obligations concern-
ing reparation for the Italian victims of crimes committed by the German
Reich;
22. Whereas the Parties do not dispute the fact that Italian nationals
were victims of serious violations of international humanitarian law com-
mitted by Nazi Germany between 1943 and 1945; whereas the Parties
however hold opposing views as to whether and to what extent Germany
is under an obligation to make reparation to those victims; and whereas
the existence and scope of this obligation to make reparation is the subject-
11318 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE (ORDER 6 VII 10)
matter of the dispute that Italy intends to bring before the Court by
way of its counter-claim;
*
23. Whereas the Court will now examine whether it has jurisdiction
ratione temporis under the European Convention; whereas in accordance
with the Court’s earlier case law, the facts and situations it must take into
consideration are those with regard to which the dispute has arisen or, in
other words, only those which must be considered as being the source of
the dispute, those which are its “real cause” rather than those which are
the source of the claimed rights (Right of Passage over Indian Territory
(Portugal v. India), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1960 , p. 35);
whereas, in the present case, the Court thus has to determine whether the
dispute that Italy intends to submit by way of its counter-claim, as
defined in paragraph 22 above, relates to facts or situations occurring
prior to the entry into force of the European Convention as between the
Parties on 18 April 1961, namely, events which took place from 1943 to
1945 and the Peace Treaty of 1947 between the Allied Powers and Italy,
or whether it relates to “new situations” resulting from the 1961 Agree-
ments (which entered into force in 1963; see paragraph 9 above) and
from decisions taken by German authorities after the entry into force of
the European Convention as between the Parties; and whereas, in other
words, the Court has, in the case at hand, to establish which of those
facts and situations are the source or real cause of the dispute concerning
the obligation of Germany to make reparation to certain Italian victims
of serious violations of humanitarian law committed by Nazi Germany
between 1943 and 1945;
*
24. Whereas Germany argues that the facts and situations to which
the dispute that Italy intends to submit by way of its counter-claim
relates are the occupation of Italian territory from September 1943
to May 1945 and the ensuing consequences for Italian civilians and cap-
tured members of the Italian armed forces; whereas Germany states that
the German Government, when concluding the 1961 Agreements, was of
the view that by virtue of the waiver clause contained in Article 77, para-
graph 4, of the Peace Treaty of 1947 no further claims for reparation
could be made and therefore considered those Agreements as “a gesture
of goodwill designed to put an end to legal fights about compensation
due in individual cases”; whereas Germany asserts that the real cause of
the dispute that Italy intends to submit by way of its counter-claim lies
only in the serious violations of international humanitarian law committed
during the Second World War by the German Reich; whereas Germany
denies that the two Agreements concluded between the Parties in 1961
12319 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE ORDER 6 VII 10)
are the real cause of the dispute; whereas Germany points out that Italy
does not identify any dispute between the Parties relating to the 1961
Agreements and stresses that these Agreements have no relevance
with regard to the counter-claim, in particular because they did not bring
about a new situation with a new critical date; whereas Germany also
denies that the German law of 2 August 2000 could be deemed the real
cause of the dispute; whereas, according to Germany, Italy does not con-
tend that, by not including the captured members of the Italian armed
forces in the scope of the law ratione materiae, Germany committed a
violation of its duties towards Italy; whereas Germany asserts that the
facts and situations to which the dispute that Italy intends to bring before
the Court by way of its counter-claim relates, fall within the temporal
limitation contained in Article 27 (a) of the European Convention; and
whereas Germany thus concludes the Court has no jurisdiction over that
dispute under Article 1 of the European Convention;
25. Whereas Italy submits that the dispute that it intends to bring
before the Court by way of its counter-claim originates from the repara-
tion régime set in place by the 1961 Agreements as well as the events fol-
lowing the establishment of the “Remembrance, Responsibility and
Future” Foundation (see paragraph 10 above) — which together consti-
tute the source or real cause of the dispute; whereas Italy considers that
the two Agreements concluded between the Parties on 2 June 1961 pro-
viding, inter alia, for compensation to be paid by the German Govern-
ment, created a “new situation” between Italy and Germany on the issue
of reparation because Germany, by concluding these Agreements,
renounced its right to invoke the 1947 Peace Treaty waiver clause and
acknowledged the existence of an ongoing obligation to provide repara-
tion to Italy and Italian nationals; whereas, additionally, Italy states that
the decisions by the German authorities from 2000 onwards, rejecting the
claims for reparation put forward by Italian nationals, also constitute a
“new situation”; whereas Italy contends that the dispute that it intends to
submit by way of its counter-claim originates from these two “new situ-
ations”, which do not fall within the temporal limitation of Article 27 (a)
of the European Convention; and whereas Italy thus concludes that the
Court has jurisdiction over that dispute under Article 1 of the European
Convention;
*
26. Whereas the Court notes that the dispute that Italy intends to sub-
mit to the Court by way of its counter-claim relates to the existence and
the scope of the obligation of Germany to make reparation to certain
Italian victims of serious violations of humanitarian law committed by
Nazi Germany between 1943 and 1945 (see paragraph 22 above), rather
than to the violations themselves; whereas, the Court observes that while
13320 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE (ORDER 6 VII 10)
those violations are the source of the alleged rights of Italy or its citizens,
they are not the source or “real cause” of the dispute; whereas those vio-
lations are not therefore the facts or situations to which the dispute in
question relates;
27. Whereas, in 1947, the Allied Powers concluded a Peace Treaty
with Italy which formed part of a legal régime designed to settle various
property and other claims arising out of the events of the Second World
War; whereas that Treaty determined the status of Italian property in
Germany and dealt with the restoration and restitution of property of
Italy and its nationals (Art. 77, paras. 1 to 3) (see paragraph 8 above);
whereas, by the same Peace Treaty, Italy, “without prejudice to [para-
graphs 1 to 3 of Article 77] and to any other dispositions in favour of
Italy and Italian nationals by the Powers occupying Germany”, agreed,
with certain exceptions, to waive “on its own behalf and on behalf of
Italian nationals all claims against Germany and German nationals
outstanding on May 8, 1945” (Art. 77, para. 4) (see paragraph 8 above);
28. Whereas, under the 1961 Agreements on compensation to be paid
by Germany to the Italian Government (see paragraph 9 above), Ger-
many made certain specific and limited commitments with regard to
Italy; whereas, while the 1961 Agreements provided to Italy, for certain
of its nationals, forms of compensation extending beyond the régime
established in the aftermath of the Second World War, they did not affect
or change the legal situation of the Italian nationals at issue in the
present case; and whereas, moreover, the legal situation of those Italian
nationals is inextricably linked to an appreciation of the scope and effect
of the waiver contained in Article 77, paragraph 4, of the 1947 Peace
Treaty and the different views of the Parties as to the ability of Germany
to rely upon that provision;
29. Whereas, between 1953 and 2000, Germany enacted legislation
concerning reparation for certain categories of victims of serious viola-
tions of humanitarian law committed by the Third Reich; whereas the
Court cannot consider either the legislation itself, including the 2000 law
on the “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future” Foundation, or the
fact that under this legislation certain Italian victims did not receive com-
pensation, as constituting “new situations” with regard to any obligation
of Germany under international law to pay compensation to the Italian
nationals at issue in the present case and did not give rise to any new
dispute in that regard;
30. Whereas, in view of the foregoing, the Court finds that the dispute
that Italy intends to bring before the Court by way of its counter-claim
relates to facts and situations existing prior to the entry into force of the
14321 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE ORDER 6 VII 10)
European Convention as between the Parties; and whereas the said dis-
pute accordingly falls outside the temporal scope of this Convention;
31. Whereas the Court accordingly concludes that the counter-claim
presented by Italy does not come within its jurisdiction as required by
Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court;
**
32. Whereas, the Court, having concluded that the counter-claim sub-
mitted by Italy does not fall within its jurisdiction, need not address the
question whether that counter-claim is directly connected with the subject-
matter of the claims presented by Germany;
**
33. Whereas, in the light of all the foregoing, the Court finds that the
counter-claim presented by Italy is inadmissible under Article 80, para-
graph 1, of the Rules of Court;
**
34. Whereas the proceedings relating to the claims brought by Ger-
many continue; whereas, at a meeting held on 27 January 2010 by the
President of the Court with the Agents of the Parties, the Agent of Ger-
many proposed that the Court authorize a second round of written
pleadings on the merits, and considered that time-limits of three months
for the preparation of a Reply and a Rejoinder, respectively, would be
sufficient; and whereas the Agent of Italy did not object to this proposal;
* * *
35. For these reasons,
T HE COURT ,
(A) By thirteen votes to one,
Finds that the counter-claim presented by Italy in its Counter-
Memorial is inadmissible as such and does not form part of the current
proceedings;
IN FAVOUR : President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma,
Al-Khasawneh, Buergenthal, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor,
Bennouna, Skotnikov, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Gaja;
AGAINST: Judge Cançado Trindade;
(B) Unanimously,
Authorizes Germany to submit a Reply and Italy to submit a Rejoinder
and fixes the following dates as time-limits for the filing of these
pleadings:
15322 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE (ORDER 6 VII 10)
For the Reply of Germany, 14 October 2010;
For the Rejoinder of Italy, 14 January 2011; and
Reserves the subsequent procedure for further decision.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this sixth day of July, two thousand and
ten, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the
Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Federal
Republic of Germany and the Government of the Italian Republic,
respectively.
(Signed) President. (Signed) Hisashi O WADA ,
President.
(Signed) Philippe C OUVREUR ,
Registrar.
Judges K EITH and G REENWOOD append a joint declaration to the Order
of the Court; Judge CANÇADO TRINDADE appends a dissenting opinion to
the Order of the Court; Judge ad hoc G AJA appends a declaration to the
Order of the Court.
(Initialled) H.O.
(Initialled) Ph.C.
16
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES
OF THE STATE
(GERMANY v. ITALY)
COUNTER-CLAIM
ORDER OF 6 JULY 2010
2010
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES AR|TS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES
DE L’ÉTAT
(ALLEMAGNE c. ITALIE)
DEMANDE RECONVENTIONNELLE
ORDONNANCE DU 6 JUILLET 2010 Official citation:
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy),
Counter-Claim, Order of 6 July 2010,
I.C.J. Reports 2010,p.310
Mode officiel de citation:
Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat (Allemagne c. Italie),
demande reconventionnelle, ordonnance du 6 juillet 2010,
C.I.J. Recueil 2010,p.310
Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 o
N de vente: 984
ISBN 978-92-1-071094-7 6 JULY 2010
ORDER
JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES
OF THE STATE
(GERMANY v. ITALY)
COUNTER-CLAIM
IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES
DE L’ÉTAT
(ALLEMAGNE c. ITALIE)
DEMANDE RECONVENTIONNELLE
6 JUILLET 2010
ORDONNANCE 310
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
2010 YEAR 2010
6 July
General List
No. 143 6 July 2010
JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES
OF THE STATE
(GERMANY v. ITALY)
COUNTER-CLAIM
ORDER
Present: President OWADA ; Vice-PresidentOMKA ; Judges KOROMA ,
AL-K HASAWNEH ,B UERGENTHAL ,S IMMA ,A BRAHAM ,K EITH,
SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR ,BENNOUNA ,SKOTNIKOV,C ANÇADO T RINDADE,
GREENWOOD ; Judge ad hoc AJA; RegistrarOUVREUR .
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Article 48 of the Statute of the Court and to Articles 31,
44, 45 and 80 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order:
1. Whereas, on 23 December 2008, the Government of the Federal
Republic of Germany (hereinafter “Germany”) filed in the Registry of
the Court an Application instituting proceedings against the Government
of the Italian Republic (hereinafter “Italy”) alleging that “[t]hrough its
judicial practice . . . Italy has infringed and continues to infringe its obli-
gations towards Germany under international law”; whereas, in its Appli-
cation, Germany based the jurisdiction of the Court on Article 1 of the
4 310
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2010 2010
6 juillet
Rôle général
6 juillet 2010 no143
IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES
DE L’ÉTAT
(ALLEMAGNE c. ITALIE)
DEMANDE RECONVENTIONNELLE
ORDONNANCE
Présents: M. OWADA , président ;M.OMKA , vice-président ; MM.ORO-
MA,A L-KHASAWNEH ,BUERGENTHAL ,SIMMA ,A BRAHAM ,KEITH,
SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR ,BENNOUNA ,S KOTNIKOV,CANÇADO TRINDADE,
GREENWOOD , juges;.G AJA, juge ad hoc; M. COUVREUR ,
greffier.
La Cour internationale de Justice,
Ainsi composée,
Après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
Vu l’article 48 du Statut de la Cour et les articles 31, 44, 45 et 80 de son
Règlement,
Rend l’ordonnance suivante:
1. Considérant que, le 23 décembre 2008, le Gouvernement de la
République fédérale d’Allemagne (dénommée ci-après l’«Allemagne») a
déposé au Greffe de la Cour une requête introductive d’instance contre le
Gouvernement de la République italienne (dénommée ci-après l’«Italie»),
dans laquelle il déclarait que «[p]ar sa pratique judiciaire ... l’Italie a
manqué et continue de manquer à ses obligations envers l’Allemagne en
vertu du droit international»; que, dans sa requête, l’Allemagne a invo-
4311 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE ORDER 6 VII 10)
European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes of
29 April 1957 (hereinafter the “European Convention”); and whereas at
the end of its Application, it set out its claims as follows:
“Germany prays the Court to adjudge and declare that the Italian
Republic:
(1) by allowing civil claims based on violations of international
humanitarian law by the German Reich during World War II
from September 1943 to May 1945, to be brought against the
Federal Republic of Germany, committed violations of obliga-
tions under international law in that it has failed to respect the
jurisdictional immunity which the Federal Republic of Germany
enjoys under international law;
(2) by taking measures of constraint against ‘Villa Vigoni’, German
State property used for government non-commercial purposes,
also committed violations of Germany’s jurisdictional immunity;
(3) by declaring Greek judgments based on occurrences similar to
those defined above in request No. 1 enforceable in Italy, com-
mitted a further breach of Germany’s jurisdictional immunity.
Accordingly, the Federal Republic of Germany prays the Court to
adjudge and declare that:
(4) the Italian Republic’s international responsibility is engaged;
(5) the Italian Republic must, by means of its own choosing, take
any and all steps to ensure that all the decisions of its courts and
other judicial authorities infringing Germany’s sovereign immu-
nity become unenforceable;
(6) the Italian Republic must take any and all steps to ensure that in
the future Italian courts do not entertain legal actions against
Germany founded on the occurrences described in request No. 1
above”;
2. Whereas, on 23 June 2009, within the time-limits fixed by the Court
in its Order of 29 April 2009, Germany filed its Memorial, at the end of
which it presented its submissions in the same form as the claims set out
in the Application;
3. Whereas, on 23 December 2009, within the time-limits fixed by the
Court in its Order of 29 April 2009, Italy filed its Counter-Memorial;
whereas, in Chapter VII of the Counter-Memorial, Italy, making refer-
ence to Article 80 of the Rules of Court, submitted a counter-claim “with
respect to the question of the reparation owed to Italian victims of grave
5 IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES DE L ÉTAT ORDONNANCE 6 VII 10) 311
qué comme base de compétence de la Cour l’article premier de la conven-
tion européenne pour le règlement pacifique des différends du 29 avril 1957
(dénommée ci-après la «convention européenne»); et qu’au terme de sa
requête elle a formulé les demandes suivantes:
«L’Allemagne prie la Cour de dire et juger que:
1) en permettant que soient intentées à son encontre des actions
civiles fondées sur des violations du droit international humani-
taire commises par le Reich allemand au cours de la seconde
guerre mondiale de septembre 1943 à mai 1945, la République
italienne a commis des violations de ses obligations juridiques
internationales en ne respectant pas l’immunité de juridiction
reconnue à la République fédérale d’Allemagne par le droit inter-
national;
2) en prenant des mesures d’exécution forcée visant la «Villa
Vigoni», propriété de l’Etat allemand utilisée par le gouvernement
de ce dernier à des fins non commerciales, la République italienne
a également violé l’immunité de juridiction de l’Allemagne;
3) en déclarant exécutoires sur le sol italien des décisions judiciaires
grecques fondées sur des faits comparables à ceux qui sont men-
tionnés au point 1 ci-dessus, la République italienne a commis
une autre violation de l’immunité de juridiction de l’Allemagne.
En conséquence, la République fédérale d’Allemagne prie la Cour
de dire et juger que:
4) la responsabilité internationale de la République italienne est
engagée;
5) la République italienne prendra, par les moyens de son choix,
toutes les mesures nécessaires pour faire en sorte que l’ensemble
des décisions de ses juridictions et d’autres autorités judiciaires
qui contreviennent à l’immunité souveraine de l’Allemagne soient
privées d’effet;
6) la République italienne prendra toutes les mesures nécessaires
pour faire en sorte que ses juridictions s’abstiennent à l’avenir de
connaître d’actions intentées contre l’Allemagne à raison des faits
mentionnés au point 1 ci-dessus»;
2. Considérant que, le 23 juin 2009, dans le délai fixé par la Cour dans
son ordonnance du 29 avril 2009, l’Allemagne a déposé son mémoire,
dont les conclusions sont formulées dans les mêmes termes que les
demandes figurant dans la requête;
3. Considérant que, le 23 décembre 2009, dans le délai fixé par la Cour
dans son ordonnance du 29 avril 2009, l’Italie a déposé son contre-
mémoire; qu’au chapitre VII de ce contre-mémoire, se référant à l’article 80
du Règlement, elle a présenté une demande reconventionnelle «portant
sur la question des réparations dues aux victimes italiennes des graves
5312 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE (ORDER 6 VII 10)
violations of international humanitarian law committed by forces of the
German Reich”; whereas it based the Court’s jurisdiction over the counter-
claim on Article 1 of the European Convention, taken together with Arti-
cle 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court; whereas it asserted that
there exists a “direct connection between the facts and law upon which
Italy relies in rebutting Germany’s claim and the facts and law upon
which Italy relies to support its counter-claim”; and whereas at the end
of the Counter-Memorial, it presented its submissions as follows:
“On the basis of the facts and arguments set out above, and
reserving its right to supplement or amend these Submissions, Italy
respectfully requests that the Court adjudge and declare that all the
claims of Germany are rejected.
With respect to its counter-claim, and in accordance with Arti-
cle 80 of the Rules of the Court, Italy asks respectfully the Court to
adjudge and declare that, considering the existence under interna-
tional law of an obligation of reparation owed to the victims of war
crimes and crimes against humanity perpetrated by the III° Reich:
1. Germany has violated this obligation with regard to Italian vic-
tims of such crimes by denying them effective reparation.
2. Germany’s international responsibility is engaged for this con-
duct.
3. Germany must cease its wrongful conduct and offer appropriate
and effective reparation to these victims, by means of its own
choosing, as well as through the conclusion of agreements with
Italy”;
4. Whereas, on 27 January 2010, at a meeting held by the President of
the Court with the Agents of the Parties, the Agent of Germany indicated
that his Government did not consider the counter-claim submitted by
Italy to be in accordance with Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Rules of
Court and that it intended to raise objections to the Italian counter-
claim; whereas the Court decided that the German Government should
specify in writing, by 26 March 2010 at the latest, the legal grounds on
which it relied in maintaining that the Respondent’s counter-claim did
not fall within the provisions of Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Rules of
Court, and that the Government of Italy would in turn be invited to
present its views in writing on the question by 26 May 2010 at the latest;
and whereas by letters dated 5 February 2010, the Registrar informed the
Parties accordingly;
5. Whereas, on 24 March 2010, Germany submitted its written obser-
vations entitled “Preliminary objections of the Federal Republic of Ger-
many regarding Italy’s counter-claim”, in which it set out the legal
grounds on which it argues that the counter-claim does not meet the
requirements of Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court; and
6 IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES DE L ’ÉTAT (ORDONNANCE 6 VII 10) 312
violations du droit international humanitaire commises par les
forces du Reich allemand»; qu’elle a fondé la compétence de la Cour
pour connaître de cette demande reconventionnelle sur l’article premier de
la convention européenne, invoqué conjointement avec le paragraphe 1
de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour; qu’elle a affirmé qu’il existait «une
connexité directe entre les faits et le droit sur lesquels se fonde l’Italie
pour contrer la demande de l’Allemagne et les faits et le droit invoqués
par l’Italie à l’appui de sa demande reconventionnelle»; et qu’au terme
de son contre-mémoire elle a présenté les conclusions suivantes:
«Sur la base des faits et arguments exposés ci-dessus, et en se
réservant le droit de compléter ou de modifier les présentes conclu-
sions, l’Italie prie la Cour de dire et juger que toutes les demandes de
l’Allemagne sont rejetées.
En ce qui concerne sa demande reconventionnelle, et conformé-
ment à l’article 80 du Règlement, l’Italie prie la Cour de dire et juger
que, compte tenu de l’existence en droit international d’une obli-
gation de réparation envers les victimes de cremes de guerre et de
crimes contre l’humanité perpétrés par le III Reich:
1) L’Allemagne a violé cette obligation à l’égard de victimes ita-
liennes de tels crimes en refusant de leur accorder une répara-
tion effective.
2) Ce comportement engage la responsabilité internationale de
l’Allemagne.
3) L’Allemagne doit mettre fin à son comportement illicite et accor-
der une réparation appropriée et effective auxdites victimes, par
les moyens de son choix et par la conclusion d’accords avec
l’Italie»;
4. Considérant que, le 27 janvier 2010, lors d’une réunion que le pré-
sident de la Cour a tenue avec les agents des Parties, l’agent de l’Alle-
magne a indiqué que son gouvernement considérait que la demande recon-
ventionnelle présentée par l’Italie n’entrait pas dans les prévisions du
paragraphe 1 de l’article 80 du Règlement et qu’il entendait soulever des
exceptions à la demande; que la Cour a décidé que le Gouvernement alle-
mand devrait spécifier par écrit, le 26 mars 2010 au plus tard, les motifs
juridiques sur lesquels il s’appuyait pour soutenir que la demande recon-
ventionnelle formulée par le défendeur n’entrait pas dans les prévisions
du paragraphe 1 de l’article 80 du Règlement, et que le Gouvernement
italien serait à son tour invité à présenter par écrit ses vues sur la question
le 26 mai 2010 au plus tard; et considérant que, par lettres en date du
5 février 2010, le greffier en a informé les Parties;
5. Considérant que, le 24 mars 2010, l’Allemagne a soumis ses obser-
vations écrites intitulées «Exceptions préliminaires de la République
fédérale d’Allemagne à la demande reconventionnelle de l’Italie», dans
lesquelles elle a exposé les motifs juridiques sur lesquels elle s’appuyait
pour affirmer que cette demande reconventionnelle n’était pas conforme
6313 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE (ORDER 6 VII 10)
whereas a copy of those observations was transmitted to the other Party
on the same day;
6. Whereas, by a communication from its Agent dated 25 May 2010
and received in the Registry on the same day, Italy submitted to the
Court its written observations entitled “Observations of Italy on the pre-
liminary objections of the Federal Republic of Germany regarding Italy’s
counter-claim”; and whereas, by a letter dated 25 May 2010, the Regis-
trar communicated a copy of those observations to the German Govern-
ment;
7. Whereas, having received full and detailed written observations
from each of the Parties, the Court is sufficiently well informed of the
positions they hold as to whether the Court may entertain the claim pre-
sented as a counter-claim by Italy in its Counter-Memorial; and whereas,
accordingly, the Court does not consider it necessary to hear the Parties
further on the subject;
* * *
8. Whereas the Court finds it useful at the outset briefly to describe the
factual background of the case which is not contested between the
Parties; whereas between 1943 and 1945 war crimes and crimes against
humanity were committed by the Third Reich against Italian citizens;
whereas on 10 February 1947, the Allied Powers concluded a Peace
Treaty with Italy, regulating, in particular, the legal and economic con-
sequences of the war with Italy; whereas paragraphs 1 to 4 of Article 77
of the Peace Treaty read as follows:
“1. From the coming into force of the present Treaty property in
Germany of Italy and of Italian nationals shall no longer be treated
as enemy property and all restrictions based on such treatment shall
be removed.
2. Identifiable property of Italy and of Italian nationals removed
by force or duress from Italian territory to Germany by German
forces or authorities after September 3, 1943 shall be eligible for res-
titution.
3. The restoration and restitution of Italian property in Germany
shall be effected in accordance with measures which will be deter-
mined by the Powers in occupation of Germany.
4. Without prejudice to these and to any other dispositions in
favour of Italy and Italian nationals by the Powers occupying Ger-
many, Italy waives on its own behalf and on behalf of Italian nation-
als all claims against Germany and German nationals outstanding
on May 8, 1945, except those arising out of contracts and other obli-
gations entered into, and rights acquired, before September 1, 1939.
This waiver shall be deemed to include debts, all inter-governmental
7 IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES DE L ÉTAT (ORDONNANCE 6 VII 10) 313
aux dispositions du paragraphe 1 de l’article 80 du Règlement; et qu’un
exemplaire de ces observations a été communiqué à la Partie adverse le
même jour;
6. Considérant que, par communication de son agent datée du
25 mai 2010 et reçue au Greffe le même jour, l’Italie a fait tenir à la Cour
ses observations écrites intitulées «Observations de l’Italie concernant les
exceptions préliminaires de la République fédérale d’Allemagne relatives
à la demande reconventionnelle de l’Italie»; et que, par lettre en date du
25 mai 2010, le greffier a communiqué un exemplaire de ces observations
au Gouvernement allemand;
7. Considérant que, ayant reçu des observations écrites complètes et
détaillées de la part de chacune des Parties, la Cour est suffisamment
informée de leurs positions respectives quant à la question de savoir si
elle peut connaître de la demande présentée par l’Italie à titre reconven-
tionnel dans son contre-mémoire; et que, en conséquence, la Cour ne
juge pas nécessaire d’entendre plus avant les Parties à ce sujet;
* * *
8. Considérant que la Cour juge utile d’exposer brièvement le contexte
factuel de l’affaire, qui ne donne lieu à aucune contestation entre les
Parties; qu’entre 1943 et 1945 des criees de guerre et des crimes contre
l’humanité ont été commis par le III Reich contre des citoyens italiens;
que, le 10 février 1947, les Puissances alliées ont conclu un traité de paix
avec l’Italie réglant, en particulier, les conséquences juridiques et écono-
miques de la guerre avec cet Etat; que les paragraphes 1 à 4 de l’article 77
du traité de paix se lisent comme suit:
«1. A dater de l’entrée en vigueur du présent Traité, les biens en
Allemagne de l’Etat et des ressortissants italiens ne seront plus consi-
dérés comme biens ennemis et toutes les restrictions résultant de leur
caractère ennemi seront levées.
2. Les biens identifiables de l’Etat et des ressortissants italiens que
les forces armées ou les autorités allemandes ont enlevés, par force
ou par contrainte, du territoire italien et emportés en Allemagne
après le 3 septembre 1943, donneront lieu à restitution.
3. Le rétablissement des droits de propriété ainsi que la restitution
des biens italiens en Allemagne seront effectués conformément aux
mesures qui seront arrêtées par les Puissances occupant l’Alle-
magne.
4. Sans préjudice de ces dispositions et de toutes autres qui seraient
prises en faveur de l’Italie et des ressortissants italiens par les Puis-
sances occupant l’Allemagne, l’Italie renonce, en son nom et au nom
des ressortissants italiens, à toutes réclamations contre l’Allemagne
et les ressortissants allemands, qui n’étaient pas réglées au 8 mai 1945,
à l’exception de celles qui résultent de contrats et d’autres obliga-
tions qui étaient en vigueur ainsi que de droits qui étaient acquis
7314 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE (ORDER 6 VII 10)
claims in respect of arrangements entered into in the course of the
war, and all claims for loss or damage arising during the war”;
9. Whereas on 2 June 1961, two Agreements were concluded between
the Parties; whereas the first Agreement concerned the “Settlement of
certain property-related, economic and financial questions” (entered into
force on 16 September 1963); whereas by virtue of this Agreement, Ger-
many paid compensation to Italy for “outstanding questions of an eco-
nomic nature” (Art. 1); whereas the Italian Government, under Article 2
of that Agreement, declared
“all outstanding claims on the part of the Italian Republic or Italian
natural or legal persons against the Federal Republic of Germany or
German natural or legal persons to be settled to the extent that they
are based on rights and circumstances which arose during the period
from 1 September 1939 to 8 May 1945”;
whereas by the second Agreement, concerning “Compensation for Italian
nationals subjected to National-Socialist measures of persecution”
(entered into force on 31 July 1963), Germany undertook to pay com-
pensation to Italian nationals affected by those measures; whereas Arti-
cle 3 of that Agreement provided that
“[w]ithout prejudice to any rights of Italian nationals based on Ger-
man compensation legislation, the payment provided for in Article 1
shall constitute final settlement between the Federal Republic of
Germany and the Italian Republic of all questions governed by the
present Treaty”;
10. Whereas, after the Second World War, Germany, from 1953 to
2000, enacted legislation on the compensation of victims of the Nazi
régime; whereas, under this legislation, including the most recent Ger-
man federal law of 2 August 2000 for the establishment of a “Remem-
brance, Responsibility and Future” Foundation, not all Italian victims
were entitled to obtain compensation; whereas from that date on, a
number of judicial decisions in Germany found that certain categories of
victims, including certain Italian nationals, were not entitled to compen-
sation under the legislation in force;
11. Whereas on 11 March 2004 the Italian Corte di Cassazione held
that Italian courts had jurisdiction over the claims for compensation
brought against Germany by Mr. Luigi Ferrini, an Italian national who
had been arrested in August 1944 and deported to Germany, where he
was detained and compelled to work in a munitions factory until the end
of the war; whereas the Corte di Cassazione, by two Orders of
29 May 2008 issued, respectively, in the case concerning Giovanni Man-
8 IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES DE L ’ÉTAT ORDONNANCE 6 VII 10) 314
er
avant le 1 septembre 1939. Cette renonciation sera considérée
comme s’appliquant aux créances, à toutes les réclamations de carac-
tère intergouvernemental relatives à des accords conclus au cours de
la guerre et à toutes les réclamations portant sur des pertes ou des
dommages survenus pendant la guerre»;
9. Considérant que, le 2 juin 1961, deux accords ont été conclus entre
les Parties; que le premier, entré en vigueur le 16 septembre 1963, concer-
nait le «règlement de certaines questions d’ordre patrimonial, écono-
mique et financier»; qu’en vertu de cet accord l’Allemagne a versé des
indemnités à l’Italie au titre de «questions économiques pendantes»
(art. 1); que le Gouvernement italien a déclaré, aux termes de l’article 2
dudit accord, que
«toutes les réclamations pendantes de la République italienne ou de
personnes physiques ou morales italiennes contre la République
fédérale d’Allemagne ou contre des personnes physiques ou morales
allemandes [étaient] réglées, pour autant qu’elles [fussent] fondées
sur des droits et situations de fait nés au cours de la période allant
du 1 erseptembre 1939 au 8 mai 1945»;
qu’en vertu du second accord, entré en vigueur le 31 juillet 1963, relatif à
l’«indemnisation des ressortissants italiens ayant fait l’objet de mesures
de persécution sous le régime national-socialiste», l’Allemagne s’est enga-
gée à verser des indemnités aux ressortissants italiens et victimes de telles
mesures; qu’aux termes de l’article 3 de cet accord,
«le paiement prévu à l’article premier port[ait] règlement définitif
entre la République fédérale d’Allemagne et la République italienne
de toutes les questions faisant l’objet [dudit accord], sans préjudice
des droits éventuels de ressortissants italiens fondés sur la législation
allemande en matière d’indemnisation»;
10. Considérant que, après la seconde guerre mondiale, l’Allemagne a
adopté, entre 1953 et 2000, une législation relative à l’indemnisation de
victimes du régime nazi; qu’en vertu de cette législation — y compris le
texte le plus récent, la loi fédérale allemande du 2 août 2000 portant créa-
tion de la fondation «Mémoire, responsabilité et avenir» — toutes les
victimes italiennes ne pouvaient prétendre à une indemnisation; qu’à
compter de cette date plusieurs décisions rendues par la justice allemande
ont estimé que certaines catégories de victimes, parmi lesquelles certains
ressortissants italiens, n’avaient pas droit à réparation en vertu de la
législation en vigueur;
11. Considérant que, le 11 mars 2004, la Corte di Cassazione italienne
a rendu un arrêt selon lequel les tribunaux italiens pouvaient connaître de
l’action en réparation engagée à l’encontre de l’Allemagne par
M. Luigi Ferrini, un ressortissant italien arrêté en août 1944 et déporté en
Allemagne, où il fut détenu et obligé de travailler dans une usine de
munitions jusqu’à la fin de la guerre; que la Corte di Cassazione, par
deux ordonnances rendues le 29 mai 2008, respectivement, dans l’affaire
8315 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE ORDER 6 VII 10)
telli and Others and in the case concerning Liberato Maietta, confirmed
that the Italian courts had jurisdiction over claims of the same nature
brought against Germany; and whereas a number of similar claims are
currently pending before the Italian courts;
**
12. Whereas the Court now turns to the question whether the claim
presented as a counter-claim by Italy in its Counter-Memorial complies
with the requirements of Article 80 of the Rules of Court; and whereas
that Article reads as follows:
“1. The Court may entertain a counter-claim only if it comes
within the jurisdiction of the Court and is directly connected with
the subject-matter of the claim of the other party.
2. A counter-claim shall be made in the Counter-Memorial and
shall appear as part of the submissions contained therein. The right
of the other party to present its views in writing on the counter-
claim, in an additional pleading, shall be preserved, irrespective of
any decision of the Court, in accordance with Article 45, para-
graph 2, of these Rules, concerning the filing of further written
pleadings.
3. Where an objection is raised concerning the application of
paragraph 1 or whenever the Court deems necessary, the Court shall
take its decision thereon after hearing the parties”;
13. Whereas Germany does not dispute that the Italian claim is not
presented as a defence on the merits, but as a “counter-claim” within the
meaning of Article 80 of the Rules of Court, that is to say, a counter-
claim constituting “an autonomous legal act the object of which is to sub-
mit a new claim to the Court” and, at the same time, “linked to the
principal claim, in so far as, formulated as a ‘counter’ claim, it reacts to
it” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Counter-
Claims, Order of 17 December 1997, I.C.J. Reports 1997 , p. 256,
para. 27); nor is it disputed that the claim has been “made in the Counter-
Memorial and [appears] as part of the submissions contained therein”,
in accordance with Article 80, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court;
14. Whereas under Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court two
requirements must be met for the Court to be able to entertain a counter-
claim at the same time as the principal claim; whereas in earlier pro-
nouncements the Court has characterized these requirements as require-
ments on the “admissibility of a counter-claim as such” (Oil Platforms
(Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Counter-Claim,
Order of 10 March 1998, I.C.J. Reports 1998 , p. 203, para. 33; Armed
Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the
9 IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES DE L ’ÉTAT (ORDONNANCE 6 VII 10) 315
concernant Giovanni Mantelli et autres et dans celle concernant Libe-
rato Maietta, a confirmé que les tribunaux italiens pouvaient connaître
des demandes de même nature introduites contre l’Allemagne; et qu’un
certain nombre de demandes similaires sont actuellement en instance
devant la justice italienne;
**
12. Considérant que la Cour examinera à présent la question de savoir
si la demande présentée par l’Italie dans son contre-mémoire à titre
reconventionnel satisfait aux conditions énoncées à l’article 80 de son
Règlement; et que, aux termes de cet article:
«1. La Cour ne peut connaître d’une demande reconventionnelle
que si celle-ci relève de sa compétence et est en connexité directe avec
l’objet de la demande de la partie adverse.
2. La demande reconventionnelle est présentée dans le contre-
mémoire et figure parmi les conclusions contenues dans celui-ci. Le
droit qu’a l’autre partie d’exprimer ses vues par écrit sur la demande
reconventionnelle dans une pièce de procédure additionnelle est pré-
servé, indépendamment de toute décision prise par la Cour, confor-
mément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 45 du présent Règlement, quant
au dépôt de nouvelles pièces de procédure.
3. En cas d’objection relative à l’application du paragraphe 1 ou à
tout moment lorsque la Cour le considère nécessaire, la Cour prend
sa décision à cet égard après avoir entendu les parties»;
13. Considérant que l’Allemagne ne conteste pas que la demande de
l’Italie n’est pas présentée comme un moyen de défense au fond mais
comme une «demande reconventionnelle» au sens de l’article 80 du
Règlement, c’est-à-dire comme «un acte juridique autonome ayant pour
objet de soumettre une prétention nouvelle au juge, et [qui], en même
temps, [se] rattache [à la demande principale], dans la mesure où, formu-
lée à titre «reconventionnel», elle [y] riposte» (Application de la conven-
tion pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-
Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), demandes reconventionnelles, ordonnance
du 17 décembre 1997, C.I.J. Recueil 1997 , p. 256, par. 27); qu’il n’est pas
davantage contesté que la demande est «présentée dans le contre-
mémoire et figure parmi les conclusions contenues dans celui-ci», confor-
mément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 80 du Règlement;
14. Considérant que, aux termes du paragraphe 1 de l’article 80 du
Règlement, deux conditions doivent être remplies pour que la Cour
puisse connaître d’une demande reconventionnelle en même temps que de
la demande principale; que, dans ses prononcés antérieurs, la Cour a
qualifié ces conditions de conditions de «recevabilité d’une demande
reconventionnelle en tant que telle» (Plates-formes pétrolières (Républi-
que islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), demande reconvention-
nelle, ordonnance du 10 mars 1998, C.I.J. Recueil 1998 , p. 203, par. 33;
9316 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE (ORDER 6 VII 10)
Congo v. Uganda), Counter-Claims, Order of 29 November 2001, I.C.J.
Reports 2001, p. 678, para. 35); whereas “admissibility” in this context
must be understood broadly to encompass both the jurisdictional require-
ment and the direct-connection requirement; and whereas the Court will
employ the term in that sense herein as well;
15. Whereas the Court has already had occasion to state the reasons
why the admissibility of a counter-claim as such is contingent on those
two requirements in the following terms:
“Whereas the Respondent cannot use a counter-claim as a means
of referring to an international court claims which exceed the limits
of its jurisdiction as recognized by the parties; and whereas the
Respondent cannot use that means either to impose on the Appli-
cant any claim it chooses, at the risk of infringing the Applicant’s
rights and of compromising the proper administration of justice;
and whereas it is for that reason that paragraph 1 of Article 80 of
the Rules of Court requires that the counter-claim ‘comes within the
jurisdiction of the Court’ and ‘that it is directly connected with the
subject-matter of the claim of the other party’” (Application of the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Geno-
cide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Counter-Claims, Order
of 17 December 1997, I.C.J. Reports 1997 , pp. 257-258, para. 31);
16. Whereas Germany reserved its position on the question whether
the requirement of direct connection is met in this case; whereas, how-
ever, Germany denies expressly that the counter-claim meets the require-
ment of jurisdiction contained in Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Rules of
Court; and whereas it is to that issue that the Court will now turn;
**
17. Whereas Article 1 of the European Convention, on which Italy
bases the Court’s jurisdiction on its counter-claim in the present proceed-
ings, provides that:
“The High Contracting Parties shall submit to the judgment of
the International Court of Justice all international legal disputes
which may arise between them including, in particular, those con-
cerning:
(a) the interpretation of a treaty;
(b) any question of international law;
(c) the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute
a breach of an international obligation;
(d) the nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach
of an international obligation”;
10 IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES DE L ’ÉTAT (ORDONNANCE 6 VII 10) 316
Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (République démocratique du
Congo c. Ouganda), demandes reconventionnelles, ordonnance du
29 novembre 2001, C.I.J. Recueil 2001 , p. 678, par. 35); que le terme
«recevabilité», dans ce contexte, doit être compris au sens large, comme
couvrant à la fois la condition de compétence et celle de connexité
directe; et que la Cour l’utilisera également dans ce sens en l’espèce;
15. Considérant que la Cour a déjà eu l’occasion d’exposer comme suit
les raisons pour lesquelles la recevabilité d’une demande reconvention-
nelle en tant que telle est subordonnée à ces deux conditions:
«Considérant que le défendeur ne saurait tirer parti de l’action
reconventionnelle pour porter devant le juge international des
demandes qui excéderaient les limites dans lesquelles les parties ont
reconnu sa compétence; et que le défendeur ne saurait davantage
imposer par cette voie au demandeur n’importe quelle demande, au
risque de porter atteinte aux droits de celui-ci et de compromettre la
bonne administration de la justice; et considérant que c’est pour ce
motif qu’il est exigé, au paragraphe 1 de l’article 80 du Règlement,
que la demande reconventionnelle «relève de la compétence de la
Cour» et «soit en connexité directe avec l’objet de la demande de la
partie adverse»» (Application de la convention pour la prévention et
la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougo-
slavie), demandes reconventionnelles, ordonnance du 17 décembre
1997, C.I.J. Recueil 1997 , p. 257-258, par. 31);
16. Considérant que l’Allemagne a réservé sa position sur le point de
savoir si la condition de connexité directe est remplie en l’espèce; qu’elle
conteste en revanche expressément que la demande reconventionnelle
satisfasse à la condition de compétence énoncée au paragraphe 1 de l’ar-
ticle 80 du Règlement; et que c’est sur cette dernière question que la
Cour va maintenant se pencher;
**
17. Considérant qu’aux termes de l’article premier de la convention
européenne, sur lequel l’Italie fonde la compétence de la Cour pour
connaître de sa demande reconventionnelle en la présente instance:
«Les hautes parties contractantes soumettront pour jugement à la
Cour internationale de Justice tous les différends juridiques relevant
du droit international qui s’élèveraient entre elles et notamment ceux
ayant pour objet:
a) l’interprétation d’un traité;
b) tout point de droit international;
c) la réalité de tout fait qui, s’il était établi, constituerait la viola-
tion d’une obligation internationale;
d) la nature ou l’étendue de la réparation due pour rupture d’une
obligation internationale»;
10317 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE (ORDER 6 VII 10)
whereas Article 27 (a) of the European Convention reads as follows:
“The provisions of this Convention shall not apply to:
(a) disputes relating to facts or situations prior to the entry into
force of this Convention as between the parties to the dispute”;
and whereas the European Convention came into force as between the
Parties on 18 April 1961;
18. Whereas in its Judgment of 10 February 2005 in the case concern-
ing Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany), in relation to the tem-
poral limitation contained in the same Article 27 (a) of the European
Convention, the Court stated that “the critical issue is not the date when
the dispute arose, but the date of the facts or situations in relation to
which the dispute arose” (Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2005, p. 25, para. 48);
*
19. Whereas the Court must first identify the subject-matter of the dis-
pute that Italy intends to bring before the Court by way of its counter-
claim in order to determine whether the facts or situations to which the
dispute relates fall within the temporal scope of the European Conven-
tion;
20. Whereas Germany contends that the dispute that Italy intends to
submit by way of its counter-claim relates to “violations of international
law that were committed by the armed forces and the occupation authori-
ties of Nazi Germany when they held sway over Italy and Italian nationals”
between September 1943 and May 1945 and an alleged failure by
Germany to comply with its duties of reparation arising from those vio-
lations;
21. Whereas, for its part, Italy contends that the subject-matter of the
dispute that it intends to bring before the Court is “twofold”; whereas,
on the one hand, the dispute concerns the question of the existence, at the
present time, “of a right of reparation in favour of Italy”; and whereas,
on the other hand, the Parties also disagree as to whether Germany, fol-
lowing the establishment in 2000 of the “Remembrance, Responsibility
and Future” Foundation, failed to comply with its obligations concern-
ing reparation for the Italian victims of crimes committed by the German
Reich;
22. Whereas the Parties do not dispute the fact that Italian nationals
were victims of serious violations of international humanitarian law com-
mitted by Nazi Germany between 1943 and 1945; whereas the Parties
however hold opposing views as to whether and to what extent Germany
is under an obligation to make reparation to those victims; and whereas
the existence and scope of this obligation to make reparation is the subject-
11 IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES DE L ÉTAT (ORDONNANCE 6 VII 10) 317
considérant que l’alinéa a) de l’article 27 de la convention européenne est
ainsi libellé:
«Les dispositions de la présente convention ne s’appliquent pas:
a) aux différends concernant des faits ou situations antérieurs à
l’entrée en vigueur de la présente convention entre les parties au
différend»;
et considérant que la convention européenne est entrée en vigueur entre
les Parties le 18 avril 1961;
18. Considérant que, dans son arrêt du 10 février 2005 en l’affaire rela-
tive à Certains biens (Liechtenstein c. Allemagne) , la Cour, s’agissant de
la limitation ratione temporis prévue par ce même alinéa a) de l’article 27
de la convention européenne, a déclaré que «l’élément décisif n’[était] pas
la date à laquelle le différend a[vait] vu le jour, mais celle des faits ou
situations concernant lesquels le différend s’[était] élevé» (exceptions pré-
liminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2005 , p. 25, par. 48);
*
19. Considérant que la Cour doit en premier lieu déterminer l’objet du
différend dont l’Italie entend la saisir par voie de demande reconvention-
nelle, afin de décider si celui-ci concerne des faits ou situations qui entrent
dans le champ d’application temporel de la convention européenne;
20. Considérant que, de l’avis de l’Allemagne, le différend que l’Italie
entend soumettre par la voie de sa demande reconventionnelle concerne
les «violations du droit international qui ont été commises par les forces
armées et les autorités d’occupation de l’Allemagne nazie alors qu’elles
exerçaient leur domination sur l’Italie et ses nationaux» entre septembre
1943 et mai 1945 et le fait que l’Allemagne aurait manqué à ses obliga-
tions de réparation découlant de ces violations;
21. Considérant que l’Italie, quant à elle, soutient que l’objet du diffé-
rend qu’elle entend soumettre à la Cour est «double»; que les divergen-
ces entre les Parties portent, d’une part, sur la question de l’existence, à
l’heure actuelle, d’un «droit à réparation de l’Italie» et, d’autre part, sur
celle de savoir si l’Allemagne, à la suite de la création en 2000 de la fon-
dation «Mémoire, responsabilité et avenir», a manqué à ses obligations
de réparation à l’égard de victimes italiennes de crimes perpétrés par le
Reich allemand;
22. Considérant que les Parties ne sont pas divisées sur le fait que des
ressortissants italiens ont été victimes de violations sérieuses du droit
international humanitaire commises par l’Allemagne nazie entre 1943
et 1945; qu’elles ont néanmoins des vues divergentes sur la question de
savoir si et dans quelle mesure l’Allemagne est tenue de réparer le préju-
dice causé à ces victimes; et que c’est l’existence et la portée de cette obli-
11318 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE (ORDER 6 VII 10)
matter of the dispute that Italy intends to bring before the Court by
way of its counter-claim;
*
23. Whereas the Court will now examine whether it has jurisdiction
ratione temporis under the European Convention; whereas in accordance
with the Court’s earlier case law, the facts and situations it must take into
consideration are those with regard to which the dispute has arisen or, in
other words, only those which must be considered as being the source of
the dispute, those which are its “real cause” rather than those which are
the source of the claimed rights (Right of Passage over Indian Territory
(Portugal v. India), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1960 , p. 35);
whereas, in the present case, the Court thus has to determine whether the
dispute that Italy intends to submit by way of its counter-claim, as
defined in paragraph 22 above, relates to facts or situations occurring
prior to the entry into force of the European Convention as between the
Parties on 18 April 1961, namely, events which took place from 1943 to
1945 and the Peace Treaty of 1947 between the Allied Powers and Italy,
or whether it relates to “new situations” resulting from the 1961 Agree-
ments (which entered into force in 1963; see paragraph 9 above) and
from decisions taken by German authorities after the entry into force of
the European Convention as between the Parties; and whereas, in other
words, the Court has, in the case at hand, to establish which of those
facts and situations are the source or real cause of the dispute concerning
the obligation of Germany to make reparation to certain Italian victims
of serious violations of humanitarian law committed by Nazi Germany
between 1943 and 1945;
*
24. Whereas Germany argues that the facts and situations to which
the dispute that Italy intends to submit by way of its counter-claim
relates are the occupation of Italian territory from September 1943
to May 1945 and the ensuing consequences for Italian civilians and cap-
tured members of the Italian armed forces; whereas Germany states that
the German Government, when concluding the 1961 Agreements, was of
the view that by virtue of the waiver clause contained in Article 77, para-
graph 4, of the Peace Treaty of 1947 no further claims for reparation
could be made and therefore considered those Agreements as “a gesture
of goodwill designed to put an end to legal fights about compensation
due in individual cases”; whereas Germany asserts that the real cause of
the dispute that Italy intends to submit by way of its counter-claim lies
only in the serious violations of international humanitarian law committed
during the Second World War by the German Reich; whereas Germany
denies that the two Agreements concluded between the Parties in 1961
12 IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES DE L ÉTAT ORDONNANCE 6 VII 10) 318
gation de réparation qui constituent l’objet du différend que l’Italie
entend soumettre à la Cour par voie de demande reconventionnelle;
*
23. Considérant que la Cour va à présent examiner la question de
savoir si elle est compétente ratione temporis en vertu de la convention
européenne; que, conformément à sa jurisprudence, les faits et situations
qu’elle doit prendre en considération sont ceux au sujet desquels s’est
élevé le différend, ou, en d’autres termes, uniquement ceux qui doivent
être regardés comme générateurs du différend, ceux qui en sont «réelle-
ment la cause», et non ceux qui constituent la source des droits revendi-
qués (Droit de passage sur territoire indien (Portugal c. Inde), fond,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1960 , p. 35); qu’en l’instance la Cour doit donc
déterminer si le différend que l’Italie entend soumettre par voie de
demande reconventionnelle, tel que défini au paragraphe 22 ci-dessus,
concerne des faits ou situations qui se sont produits avant l’entrée en
vigueur entre les Parties de la convention européenne le 18 avril 1961 — à
savoir les événements survenus entre 1943 et 1945 et le traité de paix
de 1947 entre les Puissances alliées et l’Italie —, ou s’il concerne des
«situations nouvelles» résultant des accords de 1961 (entrés en vigueur
en 1963; voir paragraphe 9 ci-dessus) et de décisions prises par les auto-
rités allemandes après l’entrée en vigueur de la convention européenne
entre les Parties; et que, autrement dit, il échet à la Cour de décider en
l’espèce quels sont, parmi ces faits et situations, ceux qui constituent la
source ou la cause réelle du différend concernant l’obligation de répara-
tion de l’Allemagne à l’égard de certaines victimes italiennes de violations
sérieuses du droit humanitaire perpétrées par l’Allemagne nazie entre 1943
et 1945;
*
24. Considérant que, selon l’Allemagne, les faits et situations que
concerne le différend que l’Italie entend soumettre par voie de demande
reconventionnelle sont l’occupation de territoire italien entre septembre
1943 et mai 1945 et les conséquences qui en ont découlé pour des civils
italiens et des membres des forces armées italiennes capturés; que,
selon elle, le Gouvernement allemand, lorsqu’il a conclu les accords
de 1961, considérait que la clause de renonciation prévue au paragra-
phe 4 de l’article 77 du traité de paix de 1947 avait mis un terme à toute
demande de réparation, et que la conclusion des deux accords était «un
geste de bonne volonté destiné à mettre fin aux querelles juridiques rela-
tives à l’indemnisation due dans des cas particuliers»; que, selon l’Alle-
magne, seules les violations sérieuses du droit international humanitaire
perpétrées pendant la seconde guerre mondiale par le Reich allemand
constituent la cause réelle du différend que l’Italie entend soumettre par
voie de demande reconventionnelle; que l’Allemagne nie que les deux
12319 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE ORDER 6 VII 10)
are the real cause of the dispute; whereas Germany points out that Italy
does not identify any dispute between the Parties relating to the 1961
Agreements and stresses that these Agreements have no relevance
with regard to the counter-claim, in particular because they did not bring
about a new situation with a new critical date; whereas Germany also
denies that the German law of 2 August 2000 could be deemed the real
cause of the dispute; whereas, according to Germany, Italy does not con-
tend that, by not including the captured members of the Italian armed
forces in the scope of the law ratione materiae, Germany committed a
violation of its duties towards Italy; whereas Germany asserts that the
facts and situations to which the dispute that Italy intends to bring before
the Court by way of its counter-claim relates, fall within the temporal
limitation contained in Article 27 (a) of the European Convention; and
whereas Germany thus concludes the Court has no jurisdiction over that
dispute under Article 1 of the European Convention;
25. Whereas Italy submits that the dispute that it intends to bring
before the Court by way of its counter-claim originates from the repara-
tion régime set in place by the 1961 Agreements as well as the events fol-
lowing the establishment of the “Remembrance, Responsibility and
Future” Foundation (see paragraph 10 above) — which together consti-
tute the source or real cause of the dispute; whereas Italy considers that
the two Agreements concluded between the Parties on 2 June 1961 pro-
viding, inter alia, for compensation to be paid by the German Govern-
ment, created a “new situation” between Italy and Germany on the issue
of reparation because Germany, by concluding these Agreements,
renounced its right to invoke the 1947 Peace Treaty waiver clause and
acknowledged the existence of an ongoing obligation to provide repara-
tion to Italy and Italian nationals; whereas, additionally, Italy states that
the decisions by the German authorities from 2000 onwards, rejecting the
claims for reparation put forward by Italian nationals, also constitute a
“new situation”; whereas Italy contends that the dispute that it intends to
submit by way of its counter-claim originates from these two “new situ-
ations”, which do not fall within the temporal limitation of Article 27 (a)
of the European Convention; and whereas Italy thus concludes that the
Court has jurisdiction over that dispute under Article 1 of the European
Convention;
*
26. Whereas the Court notes that the dispute that Italy intends to sub-
mit to the Court by way of its counter-claim relates to the existence and
the scope of the obligation of Germany to make reparation to certain
Italian victims of serious violations of humanitarian law committed by
Nazi Germany between 1943 and 1945 (see paragraph 22 above), rather
than to the violations themselves; whereas, the Court observes that while
13 IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES DE L ÉTAT (ORDONNANCE 6 VII 10) 319
accords conclus entre les Parties en 1961 soient la cause réelle du diffé-
rend; qu’elle observe que l’Italie ne fait état d’aucun différend entre les
Parties au sujet des accords de 1961, et souligne que ceux-ci sont sans
pertinence au regard de la demande reconventionnelle, notamment parce
qu’ils n’ont pas donné naissance à une situation nouvelle à une nouvelle
date critique; que l’Allemagne conteste également que la loi allemande du
2 août 2000 puisse être considérée comme la cause réelle du différend;
que, selon elle, l’Italie ne prétend pas que l’Allemagne a violé des obliga-
tions à son égard en n’incluant pas dans le champ d’application ratione
materiae de la loi les membres des forces armées italiennes capturés; que,
selon l’Allemagne, les faits et situations que concerne le différend que
l’Italie entend porter devant la Cour par voie de demande reconvention-
nelle tombent dans le champ de la limitation temporelle prévue à l’ali-
néa a) de l’article 27 de la convention européenne; et que l’Allemagne en
conclut donc que la Cour n’a pas compétence pour trancher ce différend
au titre de l’article premier de la convention européenne;
25. Considérant que l’Italie soutient que le différend qu’elle entend
porter devant la Cour par voie de demande reconventionnelle trouve son
origine dans le régime de réparation établi par les accords de 1961 et les
événements qui ont suivi la création de la fondation «Mémoire, respon-
sabilité et avenir» (voir paragraphe 10 ci-dessus) — qui constituent
ensemble la source ou la cause réelle du différend; que l’Italie considère
que les deux accords conclus entre les Parties le 2 juin 1961, prévoyant,
notamment, des indemnités à verser par le Gouvernement allemand, ont
créé une «situation nouvelle» entre les deux pays quant à la question de
la réparation puisque, en concluant ces accords, l’Allemagne a aban-
donné son droit d’invoquer la clause de renonciation du traité de paix
de 1947 et reconnu l’existence d’une obligation continue de réparation à
l’égard de l’Italie et de ressortissants italiens; que, de surcroît, l’Italie sou-
tient que les décisions prises par les autorités allemandes à compter
de 2000, qui tendent à débouter les ressortissants italiens de leurs actions
en réparation, constituent également une «situation nouvelle»; qu’elle
affirme que le différend qu’elle entend soumettre par voie de demande
reconventionnelle trouve son origine dans ces deux «situations nouvel-
les», qui ne tombent pas dans le champ de la limitation temporelle prévue
à l’alinéa a) de l’article 27 de la convention européenne; et que l’Italie en
conclut que la Cour a compétence pour trancher ce différend au titre de
l’article premier de la convention européenne;
*
26. Considérant que, selon la Cour, le différend dont l’Italie entend la
saisir par voie de demande reconventionnelle concerne l’existence et la
portée de l’obligation de réparation de l’Allemagne à l’égard de certaines
victimes italiennes de violations sérieuses du droit humanitaire commises
par l’Allemagne nazie entre 1943 et 1945 (voir paragraphe 22 ci-dessus),
plutôt que ces violations elles-mêmes; que, si lesdites violations consti-
13320 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE (ORDER 6 VII 10)
those violations are the source of the alleged rights of Italy or its citizens,
they are not the source or “real cause” of the dispute; whereas those vio-
lations are not therefore the facts or situations to which the dispute in
question relates;
27. Whereas, in 1947, the Allied Powers concluded a Peace Treaty
with Italy which formed part of a legal régime designed to settle various
property and other claims arising out of the events of the Second World
War; whereas that Treaty determined the status of Italian property in
Germany and dealt with the restoration and restitution of property of
Italy and its nationals (Art. 77, paras. 1 to 3) (see paragraph 8 above);
whereas, by the same Peace Treaty, Italy, “without prejudice to [para-
graphs 1 to 3 of Article 77] and to any other dispositions in favour of
Italy and Italian nationals by the Powers occupying Germany”, agreed,
with certain exceptions, to waive “on its own behalf and on behalf of
Italian nationals all claims against Germany and German nationals
outstanding on May 8, 1945” (Art. 77, para. 4) (see paragraph 8 above);
28. Whereas, under the 1961 Agreements on compensation to be paid
by Germany to the Italian Government (see paragraph 9 above), Ger-
many made certain specific and limited commitments with regard to
Italy; whereas, while the 1961 Agreements provided to Italy, for certain
of its nationals, forms of compensation extending beyond the régime
established in the aftermath of the Second World War, they did not affect
or change the legal situation of the Italian nationals at issue in the
present case; and whereas, moreover, the legal situation of those Italian
nationals is inextricably linked to an appreciation of the scope and effect
of the waiver contained in Article 77, paragraph 4, of the 1947 Peace
Treaty and the different views of the Parties as to the ability of Germany
to rely upon that provision;
29. Whereas, between 1953 and 2000, Germany enacted legislation
concerning reparation for certain categories of victims of serious viola-
tions of humanitarian law committed by the Third Reich; whereas the
Court cannot consider either the legislation itself, including the 2000 law
on the “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future” Foundation, or the
fact that under this legislation certain Italian victims did not receive com-
pensation, as constituting “new situations” with regard to any obligation
of Germany under international law to pay compensation to the Italian
nationals at issue in the present case and did not give rise to any new
dispute in that regard;
30. Whereas, in view of the foregoing, the Court finds that the dispute
that Italy intends to bring before the Court by way of its counter-claim
relates to facts and situations existing prior to the entry into force of the
14 IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES DE L ÉTAT (ORDONNANCE 6 VII 10) 320
tuent la source des droits allégués par l’Italie ou ses ressortissants, elles ne
sont pas la source ou la «cause réelle» du différend; que, par conséquent,
ces violations ne sont pas les faits ou situations que ledit différend
concerne;
27. Considérant qu’en 1947 les Puissances alliées ont conclu un traité
de paix avec l’Italie, qui faisait partie d’un régime juridique destiné à
régler un certain nombre de réclamations patrimoniales et autres résul-
tant d’événements survenus pendant la seconde guerre mondiale; que
ledit traité déterminait le statut des biens italiens en Allemagne et portait
sur le rétablissement des droits de propriété et la restitution des biens de
l’Italie et de ses ressortissants (art. 77, par. 1 à 3) (voir paragraphe 8 ci-
dessus); qu’en vertu de ce même traité de paix l’Italie, «sans préjudice des
[dispositions des paragraphes 1 à 3 de l’article 77] et de toutes autres qui
seraient prises en faveur de l’Italie et des ressortissants italiens par les
Puissances occupant l’Allemagne», a accepté, avec certaines exceptions,
de renoncer «en son nom et au nom des ressortissants italiens à toutes
réclamations contre l’Allemagne et les ressortissants allemands, qui
n’étaient pas réglées au 8 mai 1945» (art. 77, par. 4) (voir paragraphe 8
ci-dessus);
28. Considérant que, en vertu des accords de 1961 relatifs aux indem-
nités devant être versées au Gouvernement italien par l’Allemagne
(voir paragraphe 9 ci-dessus), cette dernière a pris certains engagements
spécifiques et limités à l’égard de l’Italie; que, si les accords de 1961 ont
offert à l’Italie, pour certains de ses ressortissants, des formes de
réparation allant au-delà du régime institué au lendemain de la seconde
guerre mondiale, ils n’ont toutefois pas affecté ou modifié la situation
juridique des ressortissants italiens dont il est question dans la pré-
sente instance; et que, de surcroît, la situation juridique de ces ressor-
tissants italiens est inextricablement liée à l’appréciation de la portée
et de l’effet de la clause de renonciation contenue au paragraphe 4 de
l’article 77 du traité de paix de 1947 et aux divergences de vues entre les
Parties quant à la possibilité pour l’Allemagne de se fonder sur cette
disposition;
29. Considérant que, entre 1953 et 2000, l’Allemagne a adopté une
législation relative à l’indemnisation de certaines catégories de victimes de
violations sérieuses du droit humanitaire commises par le III Reich; que,
selon la Cour, ni cette législation, dont fait partie la loi de 2000 portant
création de la fondation «Mémoire, responsabilité et avenir», ni le fait
que certaines victimes italiennes n’ont pas reçu d’indemnisation au titre
de cette législation ne sauraient être considérés comme constituant des
«situations nouvelles» par rapport à toute obligation de l’Allemagne, en
vertu du droit international, de verser des indemnités aux ressortissants
italiens dont il est question en l’instance, et n’ont donné lieu à aucun nou-
veau différend à cet égard;
30. Considérant qu’il résulte de ce qui précède que le différend dont
l’Italie entend la saisir par voie de demande reconventionnelle concerne
des faits et situations antérieurs à l’entrée en vigueur de la convention
14321 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE ORDER 6 VII 10)
European Convention as between the Parties; and whereas the said dis-
pute accordingly falls outside the temporal scope of this Convention;
31. Whereas the Court accordingly concludes that the counter-claim
presented by Italy does not come within its jurisdiction as required by
Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court;
**
32. Whereas, the Court, having concluded that the counter-claim sub-
mitted by Italy does not fall within its jurisdiction, need not address the
question whether that counter-claim is directly connected with the subject-
matter of the claims presented by Germany;
**
33. Whereas, in the light of all the foregoing, the Court finds that the
counter-claim presented by Italy is inadmissible under Article 80, para-
graph 1, of the Rules of Court;
**
34. Whereas the proceedings relating to the claims brought by Ger-
many continue; whereas, at a meeting held on 27 January 2010 by the
President of the Court with the Agents of the Parties, the Agent of Ger-
many proposed that the Court authorize a second round of written
pleadings on the merits, and considered that time-limits of three months
for the preparation of a Reply and a Rejoinder, respectively, would be
sufficient; and whereas the Agent of Italy did not object to this proposal;
* * *
35. For these reasons,
T HE COURT ,
(A) By thirteen votes to one,
Finds that the counter-claim presented by Italy in its Counter-
Memorial is inadmissible as such and does not form part of the current
proceedings;
IN FAVOUR : President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma,
Al-Khasawneh, Buergenthal, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor,
Bennouna, Skotnikov, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Gaja;
AGAINST: Judge Cançado Trindade;
(B) Unanimously,
Authorizes Germany to submit a Reply and Italy to submit a Rejoinder
and fixes the following dates as time-limits for the filing of these
pleadings:
15 IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES DE L ’ÉTAT (ORDONNANCE 6 VII 10) 321
européenne entre les Parties; et que ledit différend est donc exclu du
champ d’application temporel de la convention;
31. Considérant que la Cour conclut dès lors que la demande recon-
ventionnelle présentée par l’Italie ne relève pas de sa compétence au titre
du paragraphe 1 de l’article 80 de son Règlement;
**
32. Considérant que la Cour, ayant conclu que la demande reconven-
tionnelle de l’Italie ne relève pas de sa compétence, n’a pas à aborder la
question de savoir si cette demande est en connexité directe avec l’objet
des réclamations présentées par l’Allemagne;
**
33. Considérant que, à la lumière de tout ce qui précède, la Cour juge
que la demande reconventionnelle présentée par l’Italie est irrecevable au
titre du paragraphe 1 de l’article 80 de son Règlement;
**
34. Considérant que la procédure concernant les demandes présentées
par l’Allemagne se poursuit; que, lors d’une réunion tenue le 27 jan-
vier 2010 par le président de la Cour avec les agents des Parties, l’agent de
l’Allemagne a proposé à la Cour d’autoriser un second tour de procédure
écrite sur le fond, et a estimé que des délais de trois mois seraient suffi-
sants pour la préparation d’une réplique et d’une duplique; et considé-
rant que l’agent de l’Italie ne s’est pas opposé à cette proposition;
* * *
35. Par ces motifs,
L A COUR ,
A) Par treize voix contre une,
Dit que la demande reconventionnelle présentée par l’Italie dans son
contre-mémoire est irrecevable comme telle et ne fait pas partie de l’ins-
tance en cours;
POUR : M. Owada, président ; M. Tomka, vice-président ; MM. Koroma, Al-
Khasawneh, Buergenthal, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor,
Bennouna, Skotnikov, Greenwood, juges; M. Gaja, juge ad hoc;
CONTRE : M. Cançado Trindade, juge;
B) A l’unanimité,
Autorise l’Allemagne à présenter une réplique et l’Italie, une duplique,
et fixe comme suit les dates d’expiration des délais pour le dépôt de ces
pièces de procédure:
15322 JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE (ORDER 6 VII 10)
For the Reply of Germany, 14 October 2010;
For the Rejoinder of Italy, 14 January 2011; and
Reserves the subsequent procedure for further decision.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this sixth day of July, two thousand and
ten, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the
Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Federal
Republic of Germany and the Government of the Italian Republic,
respectively.
(Signed) President. (Signed) Hisashi O WADA ,
President.
(Signed) Philippe C OUVREUR ,
Registrar.
Judges K EITH and G REENWOOD append a joint declaration to the Order
of the Court; Judge CANÇADO TRINDADE appends a dissenting opinion to
the Order of the Court; Judge ad hoc G AJA appends a declaration to the
Order of the Court.
(Initialled) H.O.
(Initialled) Ph.C.
16 IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES DE L ’ÉTAT (ORDONNANCE 6 VII 10) 322
Pour la réplique de l’Allemagne, le 14 octobre 2010;
Pour la duplique de l’Italie, le 14 janvier 2011;
Réserve la suite de la procédure.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au Palais de la
Paix, à La Haye, le six juillet deux mille dix, en trois exemplaires, dont
l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres seront transmis
respectivement au Gouvernement de la République fédérale d’Allemagne
et au Gouvernement de la République italienne.
Le président,
(Signé) Hisashi O WADA .
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe C OUVREUR .
MM. les juges K EITH et G REENWOOD joignent une déclaration com-
mune à l’ordonnance; M. le juge C ANÇADO TRINDADE joint à l’ordon-
nance l’exposé de son opinion dissidente; M. le juge ad hoc G AJA joint
une déclaration à l’ordonnance.
(Paraphé) H.O.
(Paraphé) Ph.C.
16
Order of 6 July 2010
Order of 6 July 2010