INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING PULP MILLS
ON THE RIVER URUGUAY
(ARGENTINA v. URUGUAY)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES
ORDER OF 13 JULY 2006
2006
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES A|TS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE RELATIVE A v DES USINES DE PA |TE
v PAPIER SUR LE FLEUVE URUGUAY
(ARGENTINE c. URUGUAY)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE DU 13 JUILLET 2006 Official citation:
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay),
Provisional Measures, Order of 13 July 2006,
I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 113
Mode officiel de citation:
Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c. Uruguay),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 13 juillet 2006,
C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 113
Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 o
N de vente: 915
ISBN 92-1-071024-X 13 JULY 2006
ORDER
PULP MILLS ON THE RIVER URUGUAY
(ARGENTINA v. URUGUAY)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES
USINES DE PA|TE v PAPIER SUR LE FLEUVE URUGUAY
(ARGENTINE c. URUGUAY)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES
13 JUILLET 2006
ORDONNANCE 113
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
2006 YEAR 2006
13 July
General List
No. 135 13 July 2006
CASE CONCERNING PULP MILLS
ON THE RIVER URUGUAY
(ARGENTINA v. URUGUAY)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES
ORDER
Present: President HIGGIN; Vice-President AL-KHASAWNEH ; Judges
RANJEVA,K OROMA,P ARRA-ARANGUREN ,BUERGENTHAL ,O WADA,
SIMMA,A BRAHAM ,K EITH,S EPÚLVEDA -AMOR,B ENNOUNA ,
SKOTNIKOV; Judges ad hoc T ORRES BERNÁRDEZ ,V INUESA;
Registrar OUVREUR.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to
Articles 73 and 74 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order:
1. Whereas by an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on
4 May 2006, the Argentine Republic (hereinafter “Argentina”) instituted
proceedings against the Eastern Republic of Uruguay (hereinafter
“Uruguay”) for the alleged breach by Uruguay of obligations under
the Statute of the River Uruguay, which was signed by Argentina and
Uruguay on 26 February 1975 and entered into force on 18 September
4114 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
1976 (hereinafter the “1975 Statute”); whereas such breach is said to
arise from “the authorization, construction and future commissioning
of two pulp mills on the River Uruguay”, with reference in particular
“to the effects of such activities on the quality of the waters of the River
Uruguay and on the areas affected by the river”;
2. Whereas Argentina explains that the 1975 Statute was adopted in
accordance with Article 7 of the Treaty defining the boundary on the
River Uruguay between Argentina and Uruguay, signed at Montevideo
on 7 April 1961 and which entered into force on 19 February 1966, which
provided for the establishment of a joint régime for the use of the river;
3. Whereas in its aforementioned Application Argentina bases the
jurisdiction of the Court on Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the
Court and on the first paragraph of Article 60 of the 1975 Statute, which
provides as follows: “Any dispute concerning the interpretation or appli-
cation of the [1961] Treaty and the [1975] Statute which cannot be settled
by direct negotiations may be submitted by either party to the Interna-
tional Court of Justice”; and whereas Argentina adds that direct nego-
tiations between the parties have failed;
4. Whereas in its Application Argentina states that the purpose of the
1975 Statute is “to establish the joint machinery necessary for the opti-
mum and rational utilization” of that part of the River Uruguay which is
shared by the two States and constitutes their common boundary; whereas
it further states that in addition to governing “activities such as conserva-
tion, utilization and development of other natural resources”, the 1975
Statute deals with “obligations of the parties regarding the prevention of
pollution and the liability resulting from damage inflicted as a result
of pollution” and sets up an “Administrative Commission of the River
Uruguay” (hereinafter “CARU”, in its Spanish acronym) whose functions
include regulation and co-ordination; whereas Argentina submits, in par-
ticular, that Articles 7 to 13 of the Statute provide for an obligatory pro-
cedure for prior notification and consultation through CARU for any
party planning to carry out works liable to affect navigation, the régime
of the river or the quality of its waters;
5. Whereas Argentina states that the Government of Uruguay, in
October 2003, “unilaterally authorized the Spanish company ENCE to
construct a pulp mill near the city of Fray Bentos”, a project known as
“Celulosa de M’Bopicuá” (hereinafter “CMB”), and claims that this was
done without complying with the above-mentioned notification and con-
sultation procedure;
6. Whereas Argentina maintains in its Application that, despite its
repeated protests concerning “the environmental impact of the proposed
mill”, made both directly to the Government of Uruguay and to CARU,
“the Uruguayan Government has persisted in its refusal to follow the
procedures prescribed by the 1975 Statute”, and that Uruguay has in fact
“aggravated the dispute” by authorizing the Finnish company Oy Metsä-
5115 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
Botnia AB (hereinafter “Botnia”) in February 2005 to construct a second
pulp mill, the “Orion mill”, in the vicinity of the CMB plant; whereas
according to Argentina the “Uruguayan Government has further aggra-
vated the dispute” by issuing authorization to Botnia in July 2005 “for
the construction of a port for the exclusive use of the Orion mill without
following the procedures prescribed by the 1975 Statute”;
7. Whereas Argentina claims that the authorization by the Govern-
ment of Uruguay for the projected works was given without due con-
sideration for the environmental impact of the construction of such
plants, and in support of this claim refers to specific deficiencies in the
environmental assessment carried out for each project;
8. Whereas in its Application Argentina argues that “the CMB and
Orion pulp mills will jeopardize conservation of the environment of the
River Uruguay and of the areas affected by the river”; whereas it notes,
in this connection, that these pulp mills have been classified by the
National Directorate for the Environment of the Uruguayan Govern-
ment (hereinafter “DINAMA”, in its Spanish acronym) “as projects pre-
senting a risk of major negative environmental impact”, that “the process
envisaged by the CMB and Orion projects . . . is inherently polluting”
and that “90 per cent of fish production in the Argentina-Uruguay sec-
tion of the river (over 4,500 tonnes per year) is located within the areas
affected by the mills, which are also a breeding area for the river’s migra-
tory fish stocks”; whereas Argentina further notes with concern “the
amount of effluent which these mills are expected to discharge into the
River Uruguay”, their proximity to “major urban population centres”
and “the inadequacy of the measures proposed for the prevention and
reduction of the potential impact of liquid effluent, gas emissions and
solid waste”;
9. Whereas in its Application Argentina states that direct negotiations
between the two States through various channels have failed, including
through the High-Level Technical Group (hereinafter “GTAN”, in its
Spanish acronym) which was set up to resolve the dispute between them
and which met “12 times between 3 August 2005 and 30 January 2006”;
10. Whereas, with regard to the current situation, Argentina explains
that “ENCE has carried out only groundworks for the construction of
the CMB mill and has suspended work on construction of the plant for
90 days with effect from 28 March 2006”; whereas Argentina contends
that “[c]onstruction of the Orion mill continues notwithstanding the dis-
pute between the Parties” and that “[t]he mill is scheduled to commence
operations during the first half of 2007”; whereas Argentina also states
that “[i]t is furthermore understood that Uruguay is in process of author-
izing the construction of a third mill on the Río Negro, a tributary of the
River Uruguay”;
11. Whereas Argentina concludes its Application with the following
submissions:
6116 PULP MILLS ORDER 13 VII 06)
“On the basis of the foregoing statement of facts and law, Argen-
tina, while reserving the right to supplement, amend or modify the
present Application in the course of the subsequent procedure,
requests the Court to adjudge and declare:
1. that Uruguay has breached the obligations incumbent upon it
under the 1975 Statute and the other rules of international law to
which that instrument refers, including but not limited to:
(a) the obligation to take all necessary measures for the opti-
mum and rational utilization of the River Uruguay;
(b) the obligation of prior notification to CARU and to Argen-
tina;
(c) the obligation to comply with the procedures prescribed in
Chapter II of the 1975 Statute;
(d) the obligation to take all necessary measures to preserve the
aquatic environment and prevent pollution and the obliga-
tion to protect biodiversity and fisheries, including the obli-
gation to prepare a full and objective environmental impact
study;
(e) the obligation to co-operate in the prevention of pollution
and the protection of biodiversity and of fisheries; and
2. that, by its conduct, Uruguay has engaged its international
responsibility to Argentina;
3. that Uruguay shall cease its wrongful conduct and comply scru-
pulously in future with the obligations incumbent upon it; and
4. that Uruguay shall make full reparation for the injury caused by
its breach of the obligations incumbent upon it”;
12. Whereas, on 4 May 2006, after filing its Application Argentina
also submitted a request for the indication of provisional measures, pur-
suant to Article 41 of the Statute of the Court and to Article 73 of the
Rules of Court;
13. Whereas in its request for the indication of provisional measures
Argentina refers to the basis of jurisdiction of the Court invoked in its
Application, and to the facts set out therein;
14. Whereas according to Argentina, the rights which it seeks to safe-
guard by its request
“derive from the 1975 Statute and from the principles and rules of
international law necessary for its interpretation and application, in
particular:
(a) the right to ensure that Uruguay complies with the obligations
provided for in the 1975 Statute governing the construction of
any works liable to affect the régime of the River Uruguay or
the quality of its waters;
(b) the right to ensure that Uruguay shall not authorize or under-
7117 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
take the construction of works liable to cause significant dam-
age to the River Uruguay — a legal asset whose integrity must
be safeguarded — or to Argentina;
(c) the right of Argentina to ensure that the riparian population of
the River Uruguay under its jurisdiction residing in the prox-
imity of the projected works, or within the areas affected by
them, may live in a healthy environment and not suffer damage
to their health, economic damage, or any other type of damage,
by reason of the construction and commissioning of pulp mills
in breach of the procedural and substantive obligations pro-
vided for in the 1975 Statute and the principles and rules of
international law necessary for its interpretation and applica-
tion”;
15. Whereas in support of its request for the indication of provisional
measures Argentina claims that “the commissioning of the CMB and
Orion pulp mills will inevitably affect significantly the quality of the
waters of the River Uruguay and cause significant transboundary dam-
age to Argentina”, and that “the cause of such damage lies, inter alia,in
the choice of site, the technology adopted and the methods proposed for
the treatment of liquid effluent, solid waste and gas emissions”;
16. Whereas Argentina adds that the continued construction of the
works in question “under the conditions described in the Application will
also result in serious social and economic damage in the areas affected by
the River Uruguay”;
17. Whereas in its request Argentina further states that the harmful
consequences of these activities would be “such that they could not
simply be made good by means of financial compensation or some
other material provision” and argues that
“failing adoption of the provisional measures requested, the com-
missioning of the CMB and Orion mills before a final judgment is
rendered would seriously and irreversibly compromise the conserva-
tion of the environment of the River Uruguay and of the areas
affected by the river, as well as the rights of Argentina and of the
inhabitants of the neighbouring areas under its jurisdiction”;
18. Whereas Argentina contends that the continued construction of
the mills
“would set the seal on Uruguay’s unilateral effort to create a ‘fait
accompli’ and to render irreversible the current siting of the mills,
thus depriving Argentina of its right to have an overall, objective
assessment of the environmental impact carried out in order to
determine whether or not the mills can be built, or whether they
should be built elsewhere, or on the basis of criteria other than those
currently applied”;
8118 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
19. Whereas Argentina states that “[c]ontinued construction would
enable the CMB and Orion mills to be in service even before the end of
the present proceedings” and that the commissioning of the mills is
scheduled for August 2007 for Orion, and June 2008 for CMB; whereas
Argentina thus maintains that “the situation undoubtedly calls for urgent
measures to be taken”, and further claims that “[n]ot only is there a risk
that actions prejudicial to the rights at issue in this case might be taken
before a final judgment is rendered, but such actions are already being
taken”;
20. Whereas at the conclusion of its request for the indication of pro-
visional measures Argentina asks the Court to indicate that
“(a) pending the Court’s final judgment, Uruguay shall:
(i) suspend forthwith all authorizations for the construction
of the CMB and Orion mills;
(ii) take all necessary measures to suspend building work on
the Orion mill; and
(iii) take all necessary measures to ensure that the suspension
of building work on the CMB mill is prolonged beyond
28 June 2006;
(b) Uruguay shall co-operate in good faith with Argentina with a
view to ensuring the optimum and rational utilization of the
River Uruguay in order to protect and preserve the aquatic
environment and to prevent its pollution;
(c) pending the Court’s final judgment, Uruguay shall refrain
from taking any further unilateral action with respect to con-
struction of the CMB and Orion mills which does not comply
with the 1975 Statute and the rules of international law neces-
sary for the latter’s interpretation and application;
(d) Uruguay shall refrain from any other action which might
aggravate or extend the dispute which is the subject-matter of
the present proceedings or render its settlement more diffi-
cult”;
21. Whereas on 4 May 2006, the date on which the Application and
the request for the indication of provisional measures were filed in the
Registry, the Registrar advised the Government of Uruguay of the filing
of those documents and forthwith sent it certified copies of them, in
accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court and
with Article 38, paragraph 4, and Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of
Court; and whereas the Registrar also notified the Secretary-General of
the United Nations of that filing;
22. Whereas on 4 May 2006 the Registrar informed the Parties that
the Court, in accordance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of
Court, had fixed 31 May and 1 June 2006 as the dates for the oral pro-
ceedings;
23. Whereas, following the Registrar’s subsequent consultations with
9119 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
the Parties, the Court decided to hear the Parties on 8 and 9 June 2006
concerning Argentina’s request for the indication of provisional meas-
ures; and whereas the Parties were so advised by letters of 11 May 2006
from the Registrar;
24. Whereas, on 2 June 2006, Uruguay transmitted to the Court a
copy of a CD-ROM containing the electronic version of two volumes
of documents concerning the request for the indication of provisional
measures entitled “Observations of Uruguay” (paper copies of which
were subsequently received); and whereas copies of these documents
were immediately sent to Argentina;
25. Whereas, on 2 June 2006, Argentina transmitted to the Court
various documents, including a video recording, and on 6 June 2006, it
transmitted additional documents; and whereas copies of each set of
documents were immediately sent to Uruguay;
26. Whereas, on 6 and 7 June 2006, various communications were
received from the Parties, in which each of them presented to the Court
certain observations on the documents filed by the other; whereas Uru-
guay raised objections to the production of the video recording filed by
Argentina; whereas the Court decided not to authorize production of this
recording at the hearings;
27. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the Bench no judge of the
nationality of the Parties, each of them proceeded, in exercise of the right
conferred upon it by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute, to choose a
judge ad hoc in the case; for this purpose Argentina chose Mr. Raúl
Emilio Vinuesa, and Uruguay chose Mr. Santiago Torres Bernárdez;
28. Whereas, at the public hearings held on 8 and 9 June 2006 in
accordance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, oral
observations on the request for the indication of provisional measures
were presented by the following representatives of the Parties:
On behalf of Argentina: H.E. Ms Susana Myrta Ruiz Cerutti, Agent,
Ms Romina Picolotti,
Mr. Philippe Sands,
Mr. Marcelo Kohen,
Ms Laurence Boisson de Chazournes,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
H.E. Mr. Raúl Estrada Oyuela;
On behalf of Uruguay: H.E. Mr. Héctor Gros Espiell, Agent,
Mr. Alan Boyle,
Mr. Luigi Condorelli,
Mr. Paul Reichler;
29. Whereas at the hearings both Parties produced further documents;
whereas at the beginning of its second round of oral observations, Uru-
guay presented a number of documents including a “statement” made by
Mr. Adriaan van Heiningen, who was listed as an expert in the delegation
of Uruguay; whereas by a letter dated 9 June 2006 and received in the
10120 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
Registry on 12 June 2006, Argentina objected to the “late filing of th[o]se
documents” on the basis, inter alia, that it was incompatible with the
orderly progress of the procedure and with the equality of the parties and
requested the Court to determine that those documents should not be
considered to form part of the case file; whereas by a letter dated 14 June
2006, Uruguay maintained that all of the said documents “were sub-
mitted in conformity with the Rules and practice of the Court” and as
such should “remain as part of the record”, except for the statement by
Mr. van Heiningen, which Uruguay requested to be withdrawn in order
to facilitate the task of the Court; and whereas the Court decided that the
aforementioned documents should not be included in the case file and
the Parties were informed accordingly by letters of 15 June 2006 from
the Registrar;
* * *
30. Whereas at the hearings Argentina, inter alia, reiterated the argu-
ments set out in its Application and its request for the indication of pro-
visional measures; and whereas it asserted that the conditions for the
indication of provisional measures had been fulfilled;
31. Whereas in its first round of oral observations, Argentina argued
that Article 60 of the 1975 Statute was “more than sufficient to establish
the prima facie jurisdiction of the Court in accordance with its estab-
lished jurisprudence”; and whereas it added that Article 12 of the 1975
Statute provided that if, having followed the steps set down in Articles 7
to 11, Argentina and Uruguay fail to agree on works liable to affect navi-
gation, the régime of the river or the quality of its waters, the procedure
indicated in Article 60 shall be followed;
32. Whereas Argentina claimed that its rights under the 1975 Statute
arose in relation to two interwoven categories of obligations: “obli-
gations of result that are of a substantive character, and obligations of
conduct that have a procedural character”;
33. Whereas Argentina observed that Article 41 (a) of the 1975
Statute imposed substantive obligations and created for Argentina at least
two distinct rights: first, “the right that Uruguay shall prevent pollution”
and, second, “the right to ensure that Uruguay prescribes measures ‘in
accordance with applicable international standards’”; and whereas Argen-
tina submitted that Uruguay had respected neither of these obligations;
whereas Argentina asserted that the substantive obligations under the
Statute included “Uruguay’s obligation not to cause environmental
pollution or consequential economic losses, for example to tourism”;
34. Whereas Argentina stated that Articles 7 to 13 of the 1975 Statute
11121 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
and Article 60 thereof establish a number of procedural rights held by
Argentina:
“first, the right to be notified by Uruguay before works begin;
secondly, to express views that are to be taken into account in
the design of a proposed project; and, thirdly, to have th[e] Court
resolve any differences before construction takes place”;
whereas it emphasized that, according to Articles 9 and 12 of the
1975 Statute, Uruguay had the obligation
“to ensure that no works are carried out until either Argentina has
expressed no objections, or Argentina fails to respond to Uruguay’s
notification, or the Court had indicated the positive conditions
under which Uruguay may proceed to carry out works”;
whereas it submitted that none of these three conditions had yet been
met; whereas it claimed that the above-mentioned procedures were
mandatory and “admit[ted] of no exception”; whereas Argentina further
emphasized that, in its view, Article 9 of the 1975 Statute “established a
‘no construction’ obligation . . . of central importance to this phase of the
proceedings”;
35. Whereas Argentina maintained that its rights, derived from both
substantive and procedural obligations, were “under immediate threat of
serious and irreparable prejudice”; whereas it submitted that, in order for
provisional measures to be indicated, the jurisprudence of the Court
required only that there should be a serious risk that irreparable preju-
dice or damage might occur; whereas it contended that the site chosen
for the two plants was “the worst imaginable in terms of protection of the
river and the transboundary environment”; whereas it argued that envi-
ronmental damage was, at the least, “a very serious probability” and
would be irreparable; whereas it submitted that economic and social
damage would also result and would be impossible to assess; whereas it
further contended that the construction of the mills “[was] already having
serious negative effects on tourism and other economic activities of the
region”, including suspension of investment in tourism and a drastic
decline in real estate transactions; whereas it maintained, referring to the
Orders of 17 August 1972 in the Fisheries Jurisdiction (United King-
dom v. Iceland) (Federal Republic of Germany v. Iceland) cases, that
“any dismantling of the mills once built could not ‘restore’ Argentina’s
rights concerning the protection of the riverine environment” and that,
with respect to rights derived from procedural obligations, following the
construction of the mills, there would “no longer be any obligation to be
discharged”;
12122 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
36. Whereas Argentina submitted that Uruguay’s actions “irreversibly
prejudice[d] not only Argentina’s rights but also the functioning of [the]
Court, which [had] been given a central role by Articles 12 and 60 of the
[1975] Statute”; whereas Argentina contended that the Court should be
allowed to settle the dispute “without the final judgment on the merits
having been prejudiced by Uruguay’s unilateral acts”;
37. Whereas Argentina further observed that, according to the Court’s
jurisprudence, provisional measures are justified only if there is urgency
in the sense that action prejudicial to the rights of either party is likely to
be taken before a final decision is given; whereas it argued that “when
there is a reasonable risk that the damage cited may occur before delivery
of judgment on the merits, the requirement of urgency broadly merges
with the condition [of the] existence of a serious risk of irreparable preju-
dice to the rights in issue”; whereas it contended that there was no doubt
that this condition was satisfied since the construction of the mills was
“underway and advancing at a rapid rate”; whereas it claimed that the
construction itself of the mills was causing “real and present damage”;
whereas it noted that the mills “would patently be commissioned before
[the Court] [would be] able to render judgment” since commissioning was
scheduled for August 2007 for Orion and June 2008 for CMB;
38. Whereas Argentina reiterated that the Court should order the sus-
pension of works on the Orion plant and the continuation of the suspen-
sion of works on the CMB plant; whereas it observed that continued
construction of the plants in breach of the obligations under Chapter II
of the 1975 Statute would “quite simply render those obligations illu-
sory”; whereas it pointed out that suspension was the only measure
capable of preventing the choice of sites for the plants becoming a fait
accompli; whereas it submitted, referring to the jurisprudence of the Court,
that suspension should be imposed in order to avoid aggravating the
economic and social damage caused by the construction of the plants;
whereas it claimed that suspension would avoid prejudging the rights of
both Parties; whereas it noted that suspension would safeguard the juris-
diction of the Court under the 1975 Statute; whereas it observed that sus-
pension was physically possible since construction was at an initial stage
and that it was a reasonable measure in the circumstances; and whereas
it pointed out that the President of Uruguay had accepted the principle of
suspension of the works when, following his meeting with his Argentine
counterpart on 11 March 2006, he asked ENCE and Botnia to suspend
work;
39. Whereas Argentina also reiterated that the Court should order
Uruguay to co-operate in good faith with Argentina in accordance
with the legal régime of the River Uruguay, which is based on “mutual
trust” between the two States and a “community of interest” organized
13123 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
around respect for the rights and duties strictly prescribed by the 1975
Statute;
40. Whereas Argentina further reiterated that the Court should order
Uruguay to refrain from any further unilateral actions concerning the
construction of the CMB and Orion mills and any other action which
might aggravate the dispute; whereas it recalled in this regard that Uru-
guay had recently authorized the construction of a dedicated port for the
Orion mill in defiance of the 1975 Statute and that a plan to construct a
third mill on a tributary of the River Uruguay had been announced;
*
41. Whereas Uruguay stated in its first round of oral observations that
it had “fully complied with the 1975 Statute of the River Uruguay
throughout the period in which this case has developed”; whereas
it argued that Argentina’s request was unfounded, that the requisite
circumstances for a request for provisional measures were entirely
lacking and that “the adoption of the requested measures would have
irreparable, disastrous consequences on Uruguay’s rights and on the
future of its peoples”;
42. Whereas Uruguay noted that it did not dispute that Article 60 of
the 1975 Statute constituted a prima facie basis for the jurisdiction of
the Court to hear Argentina’s request for the indication of provisional
measures; whereas Uruguay pointed out, however, that this provision
establishes the Court’s jurisdiction only in relation to Argentina’s claims
concerning the 1975 Statute; whereas it contended that in this case
“any dispute relating to the possible effects of the mills other than
those relating to any impairment of the quality of the river waters, or
indeed other than those stemming directly from such impairment by
cause and effect, is clearly not covered ratione materiae by the com-
promissory clause in Article 60 of the Statute”;
whereas Uruguay cited as examples of disputes not falling within the
Court’s jurisdiction those concerning “tourism, urban and rural property
values, professional activities, unemployment levels, etc.” in Argentina,
and those regarding other aspects of environmental protection in trans-
boundary relations between the two States;
43. Whereas Uruguay contended that Argentina’s request for the indi-
cation of provisional measures must be rejected because the breaches of
the Statute of which Uruguay is accused “prima facie lack substance”
and Argentina’s claim “has no serious prospect of success”; whereas
Uruguay argued that, in “applying both the highest and the most appro-
priate international standards of pollution control to these two mills”, it
had “met its obligations under Article 41 of the Statute”; whereas Uru-
guay further stated that it had “discharged the obligations imposed upon
14124 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
it by Articles 7 et seq. [of the 1975 Statute] in good faith”; whereas Uru-
guay contended in particular that those Articles did not give either party
a “right of veto” over the implementation by the other party of industrial
development projects, but were confined to imposing on the parties an
obligation to engage in a full and good-faith exchange of information
under the procedures provided by the Statute or agreed between them;
whereas Uruguay further contended that it was the first time “in the
31 years since the [1975] Statute came into being” that Argentina had
claimed it had “a procedural right under the Statute, not only to receive
notice and information and to engage in good faith negotiations, but to
block Uruguay from initiating projects during [the] procedural stages and
during any litigation that might ensue”; whereas Uruguay moreover
stated that the dispute between Uruguay and Argentina over the pulp
mills had in reality been settled by an agreement entered into on 2 March
2004 between the Uruguayan Minister for Foreign Affairs and his Argen-
tine counterpart; whereas Uruguay explained that the two Ministers had
agreed, first, that the CMB mill could be built according to the Uru-
guayan plan, secondly, that Uruguay would provide Argentina with
information regarding its specifications and operation and, thirdly, that
CARU would monitor the quality of the river water once the mill became
operational in order to ensure compliance with the Statute; and whereas
Uruguay added that the existence of this agreement had been confirmed
a number of times, inter alia by the Argentine Minister for Foreign
Affairs and by the Argentine President, and that its terms had been
extended so as to apply also to the projected Orion mill;
44. Whereas Uruguay further contended that the Court must reject
Argentina’s request for the indication of provisional measures because
there was no current or imminent threat to any right of Argentina,
so that the conditions of risk of irreparable harm and urgency were not
fulfilled;
45. Whereas Uruguay explained, in support of its position, that the
environmental impact assessments so far undertaken, as well as those to
come, and the regulatory controls and strict licensing conditions imposed
by Uruguayan law for the construction and operation of the two mills,
guaranteed that they would not cause any harm to the River Uruguay or
to Argentina; whereas it added that the mills would abide by the strict
requirements imposed by “the latest European Union 1999 International
Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) recommendations, with which
compliance is required by all pulp plants in Europe by 2007”; whereas
15125 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
Uruguay noted that this lack of risk of harm had been acknowledged by
a number of Argentine officials, including its representatives on CARU;
whereas Uruguay further observed that the Orion and CMB mills
benefited from technology far more modern, efficient and less polluting
than many similar mills operating in Argentina;
46. Whereas Uruguay also pointed out that the Orion and CMB mills
would not be operational before August 2007 and June 2008 respectively
and that a number of further conditions would have to be met before that
stage was reached, including the issue of various permits by DINAMA;
and whereas Uruguay concluded from this that, even if it were to be con-
sidered that the operation of the mills might lead to “the contamination
of the river”, the gravity of the “alleged peril to Argentina” was not “suf-
ficiently certain or immediate as to satisfy the Court’s requirement that it
be ‘imminent’ or urgent”; whereas Uruguay further argued that, “if the
situation were to change”, it would always be possible for Argentina to
submit a fresh request for the indication of provisional measures to the
Court under Article 75, paragraph 3, of the Rules, “based on [the] new
facts”;
47. Whereas Uruguay further stressed the distinction to be drawn
between construction of the mills and their operation; whereas it noted
that Argentina in its Application referred only to risks deriving from the
mills’ operation, not their construction; whereas Uruguay asserted that
regular monitoring of the water quality since construction work began
had confirmed that the work had not caused any pollution of the river;
whereas it further argued that, while Argentina in its oral pleadings now
contended that the construction itself of the mills caused an injury to the
Argentine economy, including to its tourism and property sectors, Argen-
tina nevertheless failed to offer any evidence of such injury; whereas it
pointed out that the Court in any event lacked jurisdiction to indicate
provisional measures aimed at preventing harm of this type since the
rights to which any such injury would relate were not covered by the 1975
Statute, and that suspending the construction work, as requested by
Argentina, would furthermore not bring relief; whereas Uruguay further
maintained that construction of the mills would not amount to a fait
accompli liable to prejudice Argentina’s rights and that it was for
Uruguay alone to decide whether to proceed with construction and
thereby assume the risk of having to dismantle the mills in the event of an
adverse decision by the Court;
48. Whereas Uruguay lastly argued that suspending construction of
the mills would cause such an economic loss to the companies involved
and their shareholders that it would be highly likely to jeopardize the
entire two projects; whereas it maintained that the provisional measures
sought by Argentina would therefore irreparably prejudice Uruguay’s
16126 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
sovereign right to implement sustainable economic development projects
in its own territory; and whereas it pointed out in this connection that
the pulp mill projects represented the largest foreign investment in Uru-
guay’s history, that construction in itself would create many thousands of
new jobs and that, once in service, the mills would have “an economic
impact of more than $350 million per year”, representing “an increase of
fully 2 per cent in Uruguay’s gross domestic product [GDP]”; whereas it
contended that the Court should take account in the present proceedings
of the fact that Argentina had aggravated the existing dispute by failing
to prevent the blockade of international bridges between Argentina
and Uruguay, which had “caused enormous damage to the Uruguayan
economy”;
**
49. Whereas in its second round of oral observations Argentina main-
tained that, according to Article 42 of the 1975 Statute and established
international principles, the 1975 Statute covered not only the pollution
of the river, as claimed by Uruguay, but also pollution of all kinds result-
ing from the use of the river as well as the economic and social conse-
quences of the mills;
50. Whereas Argentina strongly disputed Uruguay’s assertion that it
had prima facie fulfilled its obligations under the 1975 Statute; whereas it
submitted, inter alia, that the projects had never been formally notified to
CARU by Uruguay as required by Article 7 of the 1975 Statute and that
Uruguay had not provided adequate information to CARU or GTAN
regarding the pulp mills; whereas Argentina reiterated its contention that
Article 9 of the 1975 Statute established a “no construction” obligation;
whereas in support of this contention, citing a work by a Uruguayan
author, Argentina submitted that CARU could give “a valid decision
only with the agreement of the [delegation of each of the two States]”;
whereas it asserted that there was no bilateral agreement of 2 March 2004
to the effect that the construction of the CMB mill could proceed as
planned; whereas Argentina contended that the arrangement reached at
the meeting of that date between the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the
two States was simply that Uruguay would transmit all information on
CMB to CARU and that CARU would begin monitoring water quality
in the area of the proposed site; whereas it claimed that Uruguay failed
to supply the information promised; whereas it contested the interpre-
tation given by Uruguay to the statements of Argentina’s Minister for
Foreign Affairs and its President and emphasized that it took a “clear,
consistent position”, demanding compliance with the requirements of
the 1975 Statute in the competent bodies, in bilateral dealings and within
CARU;
17127 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
51. Whereas Argentina reiterated its claim that there was a serious risk
of irreparable prejudice to its rights; whereas it contended that the envi-
ronmental impact of the plants on the river had not yet been fully con-
sidered; whereas it noted in this regard that the reports commissioned to
date by the International Finance Corporation (IFC), to which ENCE
and Botnia had applied for financing of the projects, including the Hat-
field Report (a study published in April 2006 by an independent group
appointed by the IFC), had concluded that there were many outstanding
and serious issues; whereas it emphasized that there was no definitive
opinion of the IFC on the environmental impact of the projects; whereas
it contested Uruguay’s claim that the projects would operate to the
“highest international standards”, noting, inter alia, that limits for emis-
sions from the ENCE plant had been authorized by Uruguay to be set at
more than 12 times the average limits for emissions for similar plants in
Canada; whereas it considered that Uruguay’s assertions in this regard
were “[u]nsubstantiated, bold and erroneous”;
52. Whereas Argentina reiterated that the requirement of urgency was
satisfied; whereas it submitted that the construction of the mills itself was
capable of causing “significant damage” to Argentina and was already
doing so; whereas it contested Uruguay’s argument that the indication of
provisional measures would not improve the situation currently affecting
the Argentine bank of the river; whereas it maintained that the bringing
into service of the mills was imminent in judicial terms since this would
occur well before the Court rendered its judgment;
*
53. Whereas in its second round of oral observations, Uruguay noted
that “Argentina [did] not deny obtaining from Uruguay a substantial
amount of information through a variety of machinery and channels”,
and that the measures taken by Uruguay regarding the supply of infor-
mation were “fully supported by the CARU minutes”; whereas Uruguay
reiterated its contention that the 1975 Statute does not confer a “right of
veto” upon the parties; whereas in support of this contention Uruguay
argued that in order to resolve any “difficulties of interpretation caused
by an incomplete text”, it is necessary to turn to Article 31, paragraph 3,
of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, and, in particular, to
consider “any subsequent practice from which important inferences can
be drawn, making it possible to identify the agreement between the
parties on how to interpret the treaty in question”; whereas according to
Uruguay “the subsequent verbal agreement between the two countries of
2 March 2004 made by their Foreign Ministers” constituted a specific
example of such subsequent practice excluding any interpretation which
would recognize a right of veto; whereas Uruguay further reiterated
18128 PULP MILLS ORDER 13 VII 06)
that the bilateral agreement of 2 March 2004, whose existence had
been acknowledged by the President of the Argentine Republic, clearly
authorized construction of the mills;
54. Whereas, as regards the risk to the environment of the River Uru-
guay, Uruguay first contended that the 1975 Statute did not require the
parties to prevent all pollution of the river, but only “to take appropriate
measures to prevent pollution of the river from reaching prohibited
levels”; whereas Uruguay again made the point that, in any event, its
environmental impact assessments showed no risk of significant harm to
Argentina, or to the quality or environment of the river; whereas it added
that the criticisms in the Hatfield Report, cited by Argentina, were not
directed at the impact assessments carried out by DINAMA, and that,
moreover, “[w]hen the assessments need[ed] improvement or when further
information [was] required, DINAMA [had] the power to require
revision and . . . [had] shown that it [was] quite ready to use that
power”; whereas Uruguay reiterated that the mills would use the safest
and most up-to-date technology;
55. Whereas Uruguay further submitted that
“it would be impossible for the Court to indicate the provisional
measures requested by Argentina — the suspension of construc-
tion –– without prejudging the merits in a way that fundamentally
and permanently prejudice[d] the very rights that Uruguay [was]
claiming in these proceedings”,
namely the right “to proceed with construction of the works pending the
Court’s ultimate decision on the merits”;
56. Whereas, in concluding its second round of oral observations,
Uruguay expressly reiterated “its intention to comply in full with the
1975 Statute of the River Uruguay and its application” and repeated “as
a concrete expression of that intention . . . its offer of conducting con-
tinuous joint monitoring with the Argentine Republic” regarding the
environmental consequences of the mills’ future operations; whereas
Uruguay affirmed its “intention to show scrupulous respect for the envi-
ronment and for the entire range of human rights of the Uruguayan and
Argentine peoples through conduct characterized by transparency, good
faith and the willingness to engage in co-operative, joint action” and
“[made] a point of repeating that the two mills [would] operate according
to European Union standards for the industry which are due to enter into
force in Europe in 2007”;
*
* *
57. Whereas in dealing with a request for provisional measures, the
Court need not finally satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction on the merits of
the case, but will not indicate such measures unless the provisions invoked
19129 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
by the applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which the juris-
diction of the Court might be established (see Armed Activities on the
Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic
of the Congo v. Rwanda), Provisional Measures, Order of 10 July 2002,
I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 241, para. 58);
58. Whereas Uruguay does not deny that the Court has jurisdiction
under Article 60 of the 1975 Statute; whereas it asserts, however, that
such jurisdiction exists prima facie only with regard to those aspects of
Argentina’s request that are directly related to the rights Argentina is
entitled to claim under the 1975 Statute; whereas in this regard Uruguay
insists that rights claimed by Argentina relating to any alleged conse-
quential economic and social impact of the mills, including any impact
on tourism, are not covered by the 1975 Statute;
59. Whereas the Parties are in agreement that the Court has jurisdic-
tion with regard to the rights to which Article 60 of the 1975 Statute
applies; whereas the Court does not need at this stage of the proceedings
to address this further issue raised by Uruguay; and whereas the Court
concludes, therefore, that it has prima facie jurisdiction under Article 60
of the 1975 Statute to deal with the merits and thus may address the
present request for provisional measures;
* * *
60. Whereas Article 41 of the Statute authorizes the Court “to
indicate . . . any provisional measures which ought to be taken to
preserve the respective rights of either party”;
61. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
has as its object to permit the Court to preserve the respective rights of
the parties to a case “[p]ending the final decision” in the judicial proceed-
ings, provided such measures are necessary to prevent irreparable preju-
dice to the rights that are in dispute;
62. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
to maintain the respective rights of the parties is to be exercised only if
there is an urgent need to prevent irreparable prejudice to the rights that
are the subject of the dispute before the Court has had an opportunity to
render its decision (see Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Den-
mark), Provisional Measures, Order of 29 July 1991, I.C.J. Reports
1991, p. 17, para. 23; Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic
of the Congo v. France), Provisional Measure, Order of 17 June 2003,
I.C.J. Reports 2003, p. 107, para. 22);
63. Whereas, according to Argentina, its request for provisional
measures seeks to preserve its rights under the 1975 Statute in relation to
obligations of a procedural character and obligations of a substantive
character;
20130 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
64. Whereas the procedural obligations, according to Argentina, cor-
respond to its rights to be fully informed and consulted with regard to
construction activities affecting the river, to be given the opportunity of
objecting to a particular project and, in the event of any such objection,
to have access to effective dispute settlement in this Court before any
construction work is authorized; and whereas Argentina also contends
that the community of interest and mutual trust on which the 1975
Statute is based requires Uruguay to co-operate in good faith with Argen-
tina in complying with the legal régime the 1975 Statute provides for
the River Uruguay;
65. Whereas Argentina claims that the substantive obligations the
1975 Statute imposes on Uruguay consist, first, of an obligation not to
allow any construction before the requirements of the 1975 Statute have
been met; and, second, of an obligation not to cause environmental
pollution or consequential economic and social harm, including losses
to tourism;
66. Whereas Argentina claims that the suspension which it asks the
Court to order, both of the authorization to construct the mills and of
the construction work itself, would avoid irreparable prejudice to its
rights under the 1975 Statute; whereas in Argentina’s view, if such sus-
pension is not ordered, its right to have the procedure set out in Chap-
ter II complied with would “become purely theoretical” and “the possi-
bility of exercising that right would be lost forever”; whereas Argentina
next contends that suspension is the only measure that can prevent the
choice of sites for the location of the mills from becoming a “fait accom-
pli”; whereas Argentina also asserts that suspension would avoid aggra-
vating the consequential economic and social damage being caused by
the construction of the plants; whereas Argentina contends further that
if the construction of the mills is not suspended, their subsequent
dismantling, once they have been built, would not be capable of restoring
Argentina’s rights “concerning the protection of the riverine environ-
ment”; and whereas Argentina finally claims that the provisional measures
requested with regard to the suspension of the construction of the mills
are urgently needed since both plants would be commissioned before the
Court will be able to render judgment in the case;
67. Whereas Uruguay argues that it has fully complied with its pro-
cedural and substantive obligations under the 1975 Statute; whereas it
asks the Court in particular to preserve its sovereign right, pending a
decision of the Court on the merits of the case, to implement sustainable
economic development projects on its own territory that do not, in its
view, violate Uruguay’s obligations under the 1975 Statute or the anti-
pollution standards of CARU; whereas it maintains that any suspension
of its authorization to construct the mills on the River Uruguay or actual
suspension of the works would irreparably damage its right under the
21131 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
1975 Statute to proceed with those projects;
**
68. Whereas Argentina’s request for provisional measures can be
divided into two parts, the one relating to the request for suspension
and the other to the request for other measures conducive to ensuring
co-operation between the Parties as well as the non-aggravation of the
dispute; whereas in the first part of its request Argentina asks the Court
to order the suspension of all authorizations for the construction of the
CMB and Orion mills, the suspension of the building work on the Orion
mill, and the adoption of all necessary measures to ensure the suspen-
sion of the work on the CMB mill beyond 28 June 2006; whereas in the
second part of its request Argentina asks the Court to order Uruguay
to co-operate with Argentina in good faith in protecting and preserving
the aquatic environment of the River Uruguay, to refrain from taking
any further unilateral action with respect to the construction of the two
mills incompatible with the 1975 Statute; and also to refrain from any
other action that might aggravate the dispute which is the subject-
matter of the present proceedings or render its settlement more difficult;
69. Whereas the Court will first address Argentina’s requests directed
at the suspension of the authorizations to construct the pulp mills and the
suspension of the construction work itself;
70. Whereas, as regards the rights of a procedural nature invoked by
Argentina, the Court leaves to the merits the question of whether Uru-
guay may have failed to adhere fully to the provisions of Chapter II of
the 1975 Statute when it authorized the construction of the two mills;
whereas the Court is not at present convinced that, if it should later be
shown that Uruguay had failed, prior to the present proceedings or at
some later stage, fully to adhere to these provisions, any such violations
would not be capable of being remedied at the merits stage of the pro-
ceedings;
71. Whereas in this connection, the Court has taken note of the inter-
pretation of the 1975 Statute advanced by Argentina to the effect that it
provides for a “no construction” obligation, that is to say that it stipu-
lates that a project may only proceed if agreed to by both parties or that,
lacking such agreement, it shall not proceed until the Court has ruled on
the dispute; whereas, however, the Court does not have to consider that
issue for current purposes, since it is not at present convinced that, if it
should later be shown that such is the correct interpretation of the 1975
Statute, any consequent violations of the Statute that Uruguay might be
found to have committed would not be capable of being remedied at the
merits stage of the proceedings;
22132 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
72. Whereas, as regards the rights of a substantive nature invoked by
Argentina, the Court recognizes the concerns expressed by Argentina for
the need to protect its natural environment and, in particular, the quality
of the water of the River Uruguay; whereas the Court recalls that it has
had occasion in the past to stress in the following terms the great signifi-
cance it attaches to respect for the environment:
“the environment is not an abstraction but represents the living
space, the quality of life and the very health of human beings,
including generations unborn. The existence of the general obliga-
tion of States to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction and
control respect the environment of other States or of areas beyond
national control is now part of the corpus of international law relat-
ing to the environment.” (Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear
Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I) , pp. 241-242,
para. 29; see also Gabc ˇíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slo-
vakia), I.C.J. Reports 1997 , p. 78, para. 140);
73. Whereas, in the Court’s view, there is however nothing in the
record to demonstrate that the very decision by Uruguay to authorize the
construction of the mills poses an imminent threat of irreparable damage
to the aquatic environment of the River Uruguay or to the economic and
social interests of the riparian inhabitants on the Argentine side of the
river;
74. Whereas Argentina has not persuaded the Court that the construc-
tion of the mills presents irreparable damage to the environment; whereas
it has also not been demonstrated that the construction of the mills con-
stitutes a present threat of irreparable economic and social damage;
whereas, furthermore, Argentina has not shown that the mere suspension
of the construction of the mills, pending final judgment on the merits,
would be capable of reversing or repairing the alleged economic and
social consequences attributed by Argentina to the building works;
75. Whereas Argentina has not provided evidence at present that
suggests that any pollution resulting from the commissioning of the mills
would be of a character to cause irreparable damage to the River Uru-
guay; whereas it is a function of CARU to ensure the quality of water of
the river by regulating and minimizing the level of pollution; whereas, in
any event, the threat of any pollution is not imminent as the mills are not
expected to be operational before August 2007 (Orion) and June 2008
(CMB);
76. Whereas on the basis of the present evidence before it the Court is
not persuaded by the argument that the rights claimed by Argentina
would no longer be capable of protection if the Court were to decide not
to indicate at this stage of the proceedings the suspension of the authori-
zation to construct the pulp mills and the suspension of the construction
work itself;
23133 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
77. Whereas, in view of the foregoing, the Court finds that the circum-
stances of the case are not such as to require the indication of a provi-
sional measure ordering the suspension by Uruguay of the authorization
to construct the pulp mills or the suspension of the actual construction
work;
78. Whereas in proceeding with the authorization and construction of
the mills, Uruguay necessarily bears all risks relating to any finding on
the merits that the Court might later make; whereas the Court points out
that their construction at the current site cannot be deemed to create a
fait accompli because, as the Court has had occasion to emphasize,
“if it is established that the construction of works involves an
infringement of a legal right, the possibility cannot and should not
be excluded a priori of a judicial finding that such works must not be
continued or must be modified or dismantled” (Passage through the
Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark), Provisional Measures, Order of
29 July 1991, I.C.J. Reports 1991 , p. 19, para. 31);
*
79. Whereas the Court will now turn to the remaining provisional
measures sought by Argentina in its request;
80. Whereas the present case highlights the importance of the need to
ensure environmental protection of shared natural resources while allow-
ing for sustainable economic development; whereas it is in particular
necessary to bear in mind the reliance of the Parties on the quality of the
water of the River Uruguay for their livelihood and economic develop-
ment; whereas from this point of view account must be taken of the need
to safeguard the continued conservation of the river environment and the
rights of economic development of the riparian States;
81. Whereas the Court recalls in this connection that the 1975 Statute
was established pursuant to the 1961 Montevideo Treaty defining the
boundary on the River Uruguay between Argentina and Uruguay;
whereas it is not disputed between the Parties that the 1975 Statute estab-
lishes a joint machinery for the use and conservation of the river;
whereas the Court observes that the detailed provisions of the 1975 Stat-
ute, which require co-operation between the parties for activities affecting
the river environment, created a comprehensive and progressive régime;
whereas of significance in this regard is the establishment of CARU, a
joint mechanism with regulatory, executive, administrative, technical and
conciliatory functions, entrusted with the proper implementation of the
rules contained in the 1975 Statute governing the management of the
shared river resource; whereas the Statute requires the parties to provide
CARU with the necessary resources and information essential to its
operations; whereas the procedural mechanism put in place under the
24134 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
1975 Statute constitutes a very important part of that treaty régime;
82. Whereas, notwithstanding the fact that the Court has not been
able to accede to the request by Argentina for the indication of provi-
sional measures ordering the suspension of construction of the mills, the
Parties are required to fulfil their obligations under international law;
whereas the Court wishes to stress the necessity for Argentina and Uru-
guay to implement in good faith the consultation and co-operation pro-
cedures provided for by the 1975 Statute, with CARU constituting the
envisaged forum in this regard; and whereas the Court further encour-
ages both Parties to refrain from any actions which might render more
difficult the resolution of the present dispute;
83. Whereas the Court recalls, in this regard that, as stated above (see
paragraph 56), the Agent of Uruguay, inter alia, reiterated at the conclu-
sion of the hearings the “intention [of Uruguay] to comply in full with the
1975 Statute of the River Uruguay and its application” and repeated “as
a concrete expression of that intention . . . its offer of conducting con-
tinuous joint monitoring with the Argentine Republic”;
84. Whereas, having regard to all the above considerations, and taking
note, in particular, of these commitments affirmed before the Court by
Uruguay, the Court does not consider that there are grounds for it to
indicate the remaining provisional measures requested by Argentina;
* * *
85. Whereas the decision given in the present proceedings in no way
prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the
merits of the case or any questions relating to the admissibility of the
Application, or relating to the merits themselves; and whereas it leaves
unaffected the right of Argentina and of Uruguay to submit arguments in
respect of those questions;
86. Whereas this decision also leaves unaffected the right of Argentina
to submit in the future a fresh request for the indication of provisional
measures under Article 75, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, based on
new facts;
*
* *
87. For these reasons,
T HE C OURT ,
By fourteen votes to one,
Finds that the circumstances, as they now present themselves to
25135 PULP MILLS ORDER 13 VII 06)
the Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its power under
Article 41 of the Statute to indicate provisional measures.
IN FAVOUR : President Higgins; Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges
Ranjeva, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buergenthal, Owada, Simma,
Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov; Judge ad hoc
Torres Bernárdez;
AGAINST: Judge ad hoc Vinuesa.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this thirteenth day of July, two thousand
and six, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the
Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Argentine
Republic and the Government of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay,
respectively.
(Signed) President. (Signed) Rosalyn H IGGINS,
President.
(Signed) Philippe C OUVREUR ,
Registrar.
Judge R ANJEVA appends a declaration to the Order of the Court;
Judges A BRAHAM and B ENNOUNA append separate opinions to the Order
of the Court; Judge ad hoc V INUESA appends a dissenting opinion to the
Order of the Court.
(Initialled) R.H.
(Initialled) Ph.C.
26
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING PULP MILLS
ON THE RIVER URUGUAY
(ARGENTINA v. URUGUAY)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES
ORDER OF 13 JULY 2006
2006
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES A|TS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE RELATIVE A v DES USINES DE PA |TE
v PAPIER SUR LE FLEUVE URUGUAY
(ARGENTINE c. URUGUAY)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE DU 13 JUILLET 2006 Official citation:
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay),
Provisional Measures, Order of 13 July 2006,
I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 113
Mode officiel de citation:
Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c. Uruguay),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 13 juillet 2006,
C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 113
Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 o
N de vente: 915
ISBN 92-1-071024-X 13 JULY 2006
ORDER
PULP MILLS ON THE RIVER URUGUAY
(ARGENTINA v. URUGUAY)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES
USINES DE PA|TE v PAPIER SUR LE FLEUVE URUGUAY
(ARGENTINE c. URUGUAY)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES
13 JUILLET 2006
ORDONNANCE 113
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
2006 YEAR 2006
13 July
General List
No. 135 13 July 2006
CASE CONCERNING PULP MILLS
ON THE RIVER URUGUAY
(ARGENTINA v. URUGUAY)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES
ORDER
Present: President HIGGIN; Vice-President AL-KHASAWNEH ; Judges
RANJEVA,K OROMA,P ARRA-ARANGUREN ,BUERGENTHAL ,O WADA,
SIMMA,A BRAHAM ,K EITH,S EPÚLVEDA -AMOR,B ENNOUNA ,
SKOTNIKOV; Judges ad hoc T ORRES BERNÁRDEZ ,V INUESA;
Registrar OUVREUR.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to
Articles 73 and 74 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order:
1. Whereas by an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on
4 May 2006, the Argentine Republic (hereinafter “Argentina”) instituted
proceedings against the Eastern Republic of Uruguay (hereinafter
“Uruguay”) for the alleged breach by Uruguay of obligations under
the Statute of the River Uruguay, which was signed by Argentina and
Uruguay on 26 February 1975 and entered into force on 18 September
4 113
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2006 2006
13 juillet
Rôlo général
13 juillet 2006 n 135
AFFAIRE RELATIVE À DES USINES DE PÂTE
À PAPIER SUR LE FLEUVE URUGUAY
(ARGENTINE c. URUGUAY)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE
Présents: Mme H IGGIN, président .A L-KHASAWNEH , vice-président ;
MM. R ANJEVA,K OROMA ,P ARRA-ARANGUREN ,B UERGENTHAL ,
O WADA ,S IMMA ,A BRAHAM ,K EIT,S EPÚLVEDA-AMOR ,
B ENNOUNA ,S KOTNIKOV, juges; MM. T ORRES BERNÁRDEZ ,
V INUESA, juges ad hoc; M.OUVREUR , greffier.
La Cour internationale de Justice,
Ainsi composée,
Après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
Vu les articles 41 et 48 du Statut de la Cour et les articles 73 et 74 de
son Règlement,
Rend l’ordonnance suivante:
1. Considérant que, par requête déposée au Greffe de la Cour le 4 mai
2006, la République argentine (ci-après l’«Argentine») a introduit une
instance contre la République orientale de l’Uruguay (ci-après l’«Uru-
guay») au motif que celle-ci aurait violé des obligations lui incombant au
titre du statut du fleuve Uruguay, signé par l’Argentine et l’Uruguay le
26 février 1975 et entré en vigueur le 18 septembre 1976 (ci-après le «sta-
4114 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
1976 (hereinafter the “1975 Statute”); whereas such breach is said to
arise from “the authorization, construction and future commissioning
of two pulp mills on the River Uruguay”, with reference in particular
“to the effects of such activities on the quality of the waters of the River
Uruguay and on the areas affected by the river”;
2. Whereas Argentina explains that the 1975 Statute was adopted in
accordance with Article 7 of the Treaty defining the boundary on the
River Uruguay between Argentina and Uruguay, signed at Montevideo
on 7 April 1961 and which entered into force on 19 February 1966, which
provided for the establishment of a joint régime for the use of the river;
3. Whereas in its aforementioned Application Argentina bases the
jurisdiction of the Court on Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the
Court and on the first paragraph of Article 60 of the 1975 Statute, which
provides as follows: “Any dispute concerning the interpretation or appli-
cation of the [1961] Treaty and the [1975] Statute which cannot be settled
by direct negotiations may be submitted by either party to the Interna-
tional Court of Justice”; and whereas Argentina adds that direct nego-
tiations between the parties have failed;
4. Whereas in its Application Argentina states that the purpose of the
1975 Statute is “to establish the joint machinery necessary for the opti-
mum and rational utilization” of that part of the River Uruguay which is
shared by the two States and constitutes their common boundary; whereas
it further states that in addition to governing “activities such as conserva-
tion, utilization and development of other natural resources”, the 1975
Statute deals with “obligations of the parties regarding the prevention of
pollution and the liability resulting from damage inflicted as a result
of pollution” and sets up an “Administrative Commission of the River
Uruguay” (hereinafter “CARU”, in its Spanish acronym) whose functions
include regulation and co-ordination; whereas Argentina submits, in par-
ticular, that Articles 7 to 13 of the Statute provide for an obligatory pro-
cedure for prior notification and consultation through CARU for any
party planning to carry out works liable to affect navigation, the régime
of the river or the quality of its waters;
5. Whereas Argentina states that the Government of Uruguay, in
October 2003, “unilaterally authorized the Spanish company ENCE to
construct a pulp mill near the city of Fray Bentos”, a project known as
“Celulosa de M’Bopicuá” (hereinafter “CMB”), and claims that this was
done without complying with the above-mentioned notification and con-
sultation procedure;
6. Whereas Argentina maintains in its Application that, despite its
repeated protests concerning “the environmental impact of the proposed
mill”, made both directly to the Government of Uruguay and to CARU,
“the Uruguayan Government has persisted in its refusal to follow the
procedures prescribed by the 1975 Statute”, and that Uruguay has in fact
“aggravated the dispute” by authorizing the Finnish company Oy Metsä-
5 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 114
tut de 1975»); que l’Argentine y affirme qu’une telle violation résulte de
«l’autorisation de construction, [de] la construction et [de] l’éventuelle
mise en service de deux usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay», en
invoquant plus particulièrement les «effets desdites activités sur la qualité
des eaux du fleuve Uruguay et sa zone d’influence»;
2. Considérant que l’Argentine expose que le statut de 1975 a été
adopté conformément à l’article 7 du traité définissant la frontière entre
l’Argentine et l’Uruguay sur le fleuve Uruguay signé à Montevideo le
7 avril 1961 et entré en vigueur le 19 février 1966, lequel prévoyait l’éta-
blissement d’un régime commun pour l’utilisation du fleuve;
3. Considérant que, dans sa requête susmentionnée, l’Argentine fonde
la compétence de la Cour sur le paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 du Statut de
la Cour et sur le premier paragraphe de l’article 60 du statut de 1975,
lequel dispose que «[t]out différend concernant l’interprétation ou l’appli-
cation du traité [de 1961] et du statut [de 1975] qui ne pourrait être réglé
par négociation directe peut être soumis par l’une ou l’autre des parties à
la Cour internationale de Justice»; et que l’Argentine ajoute que les
négociations directes entre les parties ont échoué;
4. Considérant que, dans sa requête, l’Argentine déclare que le statut
de 1975 a pour objet d’«établir les mécanismes communs nécessaires à
l’utilisation rationnelle et optimale» de la partie du fleuve Uruguay qui
est partagée par les deux Etats et constitue leur frontière commune;
qu’elle déclare aussi que, outre qu’il réglemente «des activités telles que ...
la conservation, l’utilisation et l’exploitation d’autres ressources natu-
relles», le statut de 1975 traite des «obligations des parties relatives à la pré-
vention de la pollution et à la responsabilité qui découle des dommages
résultant de la pollution» et crée également une «commission adminis-
trative du fleuve Uruguay» (ci-après la «CARU», selon l’acronyme espa-
gnol), qui a notamment des fonctions de réglementation et de coordina-
tion; et que l’Argentine affirme en particulier que les articles 7 à 13 du
statut prévoient une procédure obligatoire d’information et de consulta-
tion préalables par l’intermédiaire de la CARU pour la partie qui projette
de réaliser des ouvrages suffisamment importants pour affecter la naviga-
tion, le régime du fleuve ou la qualité de ses eaux;
5. Considérant que l’Argentine déclare que le Gouvernement uru-
guayen a, en octobre 2003, «autorisé de manière unilatérale ... la société
espagnole ENCE [à entreprendre] la construction d’une usine de pâte à
papier dans les alentours de la ville de Fray Bentos», projet dénommé
«Celulosa de M’Bopicuá» (ci-après «CMB»), et prétend qu’il l’a fait
sans respecter la procédure susmentionnée d’information et de consulta-
tion préalables;
6. Considérant que l’Argentine soutient dans sa requête que, en dépit
de ses protestations répétées concernant «l’impact sur l’environnement de
l’usine projetée», adressées, tant directement au Gouvernement uru-
guayen qu’à la CARU, «le Gouvernement uruguayen a persisté dans son
refus de suivre les procédures prévues par le statut de 1975» et que l’Uru-
guay a en fait «aggravé le différend» en autorisant, en février 2005,
5115 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
Botnia AB (hereinafter “Botnia”) in February 2005 to construct a second
pulp mill, the “Orion mill”, in the vicinity of the CMB plant; whereas
according to Argentina the “Uruguayan Government has further aggra-
vated the dispute” by issuing authorization to Botnia in July 2005 “for
the construction of a port for the exclusive use of the Orion mill without
following the procedures prescribed by the 1975 Statute”;
7. Whereas Argentina claims that the authorization by the Govern-
ment of Uruguay for the projected works was given without due con-
sideration for the environmental impact of the construction of such
plants, and in support of this claim refers to specific deficiencies in the
environmental assessment carried out for each project;
8. Whereas in its Application Argentina argues that “the CMB and
Orion pulp mills will jeopardize conservation of the environment of the
River Uruguay and of the areas affected by the river”; whereas it notes,
in this connection, that these pulp mills have been classified by the
National Directorate for the Environment of the Uruguayan Govern-
ment (hereinafter “DINAMA”, in its Spanish acronym) “as projects pre-
senting a risk of major negative environmental impact”, that “the process
envisaged by the CMB and Orion projects . . . is inherently polluting”
and that “90 per cent of fish production in the Argentina-Uruguay sec-
tion of the river (over 4,500 tonnes per year) is located within the areas
affected by the mills, which are also a breeding area for the river’s migra-
tory fish stocks”; whereas Argentina further notes with concern “the
amount of effluent which these mills are expected to discharge into the
River Uruguay”, their proximity to “major urban population centres”
and “the inadequacy of the measures proposed for the prevention and
reduction of the potential impact of liquid effluent, gas emissions and
solid waste”;
9. Whereas in its Application Argentina states that direct negotiations
between the two States through various channels have failed, including
through the High-Level Technical Group (hereinafter “GTAN”, in its
Spanish acronym) which was set up to resolve the dispute between them
and which met “12 times between 3 August 2005 and 30 January 2006”;
10. Whereas, with regard to the current situation, Argentina explains
that “ENCE has carried out only groundworks for the construction of
the CMB mill and has suspended work on construction of the plant for
90 days with effect from 28 March 2006”; whereas Argentina contends
that “[c]onstruction of the Orion mill continues notwithstanding the dis-
pute between the Parties” and that “[t]he mill is scheduled to commence
operations during the first half of 2007”; whereas Argentina also states
that “[i]t is furthermore understood that Uruguay is in process of author-
izing the construction of a third mill on the Río Negro, a tributary of the
River Uruguay”;
11. Whereas Argentina concludes its Application with the following
submissions:
6 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 115
l’entreprise finlandaise Oy Metsä-Botnia AB (ci-après «Botnia») à cons-
truire une deuxième usine de pâte à papier, l’«usine Orion», à proximité
de l’usine CMB; que, selon l’Argentine, le «Gouvernement uruguayen a
une fois de plus aggravé le différend» en autorisant Botnia, en juillet
2005, «à construire un port à l’usage exclusif de l’usine Orion sans passer
par les procédures du statut de 1975»;
7. Considérant que l’Argentine affirme que le Gouvernement uru-
guayen a autorisé les travaux projetés sans prendre dûment en considéra-
tion l’impact sur l’environnement de la construction de telles usines et
que, à l’appui de cette thèse, elle fait état de certaines insuffisances dans
les évaluations environnementales menées pour chaque projet;
8. Considérant que, dans sa requête, l’Argentine affirme que «les
usines de pâte à papier CMB et Orion portent atteinte à la préservation
de l’environnement du fleuve Uruguay et de sa zone d’influence»; qu’elle
relève à cet égard que ces usines ont été considérées par la Direction
nationale de l’environnement (ci-après la «DINAMA», selon l’acronyme
espagnol) du Gouvernement uruguayen «comme des projets dont la mise
en Œuvre risque de produire un impact négatif important sur l’environ-
nement», que «le processus prévu par les projets CMB et Orion ... est
intrinsèquement polluant» et que «90% de la production halieutique
dans le tronçon argentino-uruguayen du fleuve (plus de 4500 tonnes
annuellement) se trouve dans la zone d’influence de la construction des
usines, laquelle est aussi une zone de reproduction des populations halieu-
tiques migratoires du fleuve»; et que l’Argentine note en outre avec pré-
occupation «l’ampleur des effluents que ces usines projettent de verser
sur le fleuve Uruguay», leur proximité avec «des agglomérations ur-
baines» et «l’insuffisance des mesures prévues pour la prévention et la
réduction des impacts sur l’environnement que peuvent [avoir] les effluents
liquides, les émissions gazeuses et les résidus solides»;
9. Considérant que, dans sa requête, l’Argentine déclare que les négo-
ciations directes menées entre les deux Etats dans des cadres divers — y
compris le groupe technique de haut niveau (ci-après le «GTAN», selon
l’acronyme espagnol) constitué en vue de résoudre le différend entre ces
deux Etats et qui «a tenu douze séances entre le 3 août 2005 et le 30 jan-
vier 2006» — ont échoué;
10. Considérant que, en ce qui concerne la situation actuelle, l’Argen-
tine expose qu’«ENCE n’a ... accompli que des travaux de nivellement du
terrain en vue de la construction de l’usine CMB, et a suspendu pour
90 jours à partir du 28 mars 2006 les travaux d’installation de l’usine»;
qu’elle soutient que «[l]a construction de l’usine Orion se poursuit nonobs-
tant le différend entre les Parties» et que «l’usine commencera à fonc-
tionner durant le premier semestre 2007»; qu’elle affirme également que,
«[q]ui plus est, l’Uruguay serait en train d’autoriser la construction d’une
troisième usine [au] bord du Río Negro, [affluent] du fleuve Uruguay»;
11. Considérant que, au terme de sa requête, l’Argentine présente les
conclusions ci-après:
6116 PULP MILLS ORDER 13 VII 06)
“On the basis of the foregoing statement of facts and law, Argen-
tina, while reserving the right to supplement, amend or modify the
present Application in the course of the subsequent procedure,
requests the Court to adjudge and declare:
1. that Uruguay has breached the obligations incumbent upon it
under the 1975 Statute and the other rules of international law to
which that instrument refers, including but not limited to:
(a) the obligation to take all necessary measures for the opti-
mum and rational utilization of the River Uruguay;
(b) the obligation of prior notification to CARU and to Argen-
tina;
(c) the obligation to comply with the procedures prescribed in
Chapter II of the 1975 Statute;
(d) the obligation to take all necessary measures to preserve the
aquatic environment and prevent pollution and the obliga-
tion to protect biodiversity and fisheries, including the obli-
gation to prepare a full and objective environmental impact
study;
(e) the obligation to co-operate in the prevention of pollution
and the protection of biodiversity and of fisheries; and
2. that, by its conduct, Uruguay has engaged its international
responsibility to Argentina;
3. that Uruguay shall cease its wrongful conduct and comply scru-
pulously in future with the obligations incumbent upon it; and
4. that Uruguay shall make full reparation for the injury caused by
its breach of the obligations incumbent upon it”;
12. Whereas, on 4 May 2006, after filing its Application Argentina
also submitted a request for the indication of provisional measures, pur-
suant to Article 41 of the Statute of the Court and to Article 73 of the
Rules of Court;
13. Whereas in its request for the indication of provisional measures
Argentina refers to the basis of jurisdiction of the Court invoked in its
Application, and to the facts set out therein;
14. Whereas according to Argentina, the rights which it seeks to safe-
guard by its request
“derive from the 1975 Statute and from the principles and rules of
international law necessary for its interpretation and application, in
particular:
(a) the right to ensure that Uruguay complies with the obligations
provided for in the 1975 Statute governing the construction of
any works liable to affect the régime of the River Uruguay or
the quality of its waters;
(b) the right to ensure that Uruguay shall not authorize or under-
7 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 116
«Sur la base de l’exposé des faits et des moyens juridiques qui pré-
cèdent, l’Argentine, tout en se réservant le droit de compléter,
d’amender ou de modifier la présente requête pendant la suite de la
procédure, prie la Cour de dire et juger:
1) Que l’Uruguay a manqué aux obligations lui incombant en vertu
du statut de 1975 et des autres règles de droit international aux-
quelles ce statut renvoie, y compris mais pas exclusivement:
a) l’obligation de prendre toute mesure nécessaire à l’utilisation
rationnelle et optimale du fleuve Uruguay;
b) l’obligation d’informer préalablement la CARU et l’Argen-
tine;
c) l’obligation de se conformer aux procédures prévues par le
chapitre II du statut de 1975;
d) l’obligation de prendre toutes mesures nécessaires pour pré-
server le milieu aquatique et d’empêcher la pollution et l’obli-
gation de protéger la biodiversité et les pêcheries, y compris
l’obligation de procéder à une étude d’impact sur l’environ-
nement complète et objective;
e) les obligations de coopération en matière de prévention de la
pollution et de la protection de la biodiversité et des pêche-
ries; et
2) Que, par son comportement, l’Uruguay a engagé sa responsabi-
lité internationale à l’égard de l’Argentine;
3) Que l’Uruguay est tenu de cesser son comportement illicite et de
respecter scrupuleusement à l’avenir les obligations lui incom-
bant; et
4) Que l’Uruguay est tenu de réparer intégralement le préjudice
causé par le non-respect des obligations lui incombant»;
12. Considérant que, le 4 mai 2006, après avoir déposé sa requête,
l’Argentine a également présenté une demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires en vertu de l’article 41 du Statut de la Cour et de l’ar-
ticle 73 de son Règlement;
13. Considérant que, dans sa demande en indication de mesures conser-
vatoires, l’Argentine renvoie à la base de compétence de la Cour invo-
quée dans sa requête, ainsi qu’aux faits qui sont exposés dans celle-ci;
14. Considérant que, selon l’Argentine, les droits qu’elle cherche à sau-
vegarder par sa demande
«découlent du statut de 1975 et des principes et règles de droit inter-
national nécessaires pour l’interprétation et l’application de celui-ci,
en particulier:
a) le droit à ce que l’Uruguay respecte les obligations prévues par le
statut de 1975 pour la réalisation de tout ouvrage suffisamment
important pour affecter le régime du fleuve Uruguay ou la qua-
lité de ses eaux;
b) le droit à ce que l’Uruguay n’autorise ni n’entreprenne la cons-
7117 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
take the construction of works liable to cause significant dam-
age to the River Uruguay — a legal asset whose integrity must
be safeguarded — or to Argentina;
(c) the right of Argentina to ensure that the riparian population of
the River Uruguay under its jurisdiction residing in the prox-
imity of the projected works, or within the areas affected by
them, may live in a healthy environment and not suffer damage
to their health, economic damage, or any other type of damage,
by reason of the construction and commissioning of pulp mills
in breach of the procedural and substantive obligations pro-
vided for in the 1975 Statute and the principles and rules of
international law necessary for its interpretation and applica-
tion”;
15. Whereas in support of its request for the indication of provisional
measures Argentina claims that “the commissioning of the CMB and
Orion pulp mills will inevitably affect significantly the quality of the
waters of the River Uruguay and cause significant transboundary dam-
age to Argentina”, and that “the cause of such damage lies, inter alia,in
the choice of site, the technology adopted and the methods proposed for
the treatment of liquid effluent, solid waste and gas emissions”;
16. Whereas Argentina adds that the continued construction of the
works in question “under the conditions described in the Application will
also result in serious social and economic damage in the areas affected by
the River Uruguay”;
17. Whereas in its request Argentina further states that the harmful
consequences of these activities would be “such that they could not
simply be made good by means of financial compensation or some
other material provision” and argues that
“failing adoption of the provisional measures requested, the com-
missioning of the CMB and Orion mills before a final judgment is
rendered would seriously and irreversibly compromise the conserva-
tion of the environment of the River Uruguay and of the areas
affected by the river, as well as the rights of Argentina and of the
inhabitants of the neighbouring areas under its jurisdiction”;
18. Whereas Argentina contends that the continued construction of
the mills
“would set the seal on Uruguay’s unilateral effort to create a ‘fait
accompli’ and to render irreversible the current siting of the mills,
thus depriving Argentina of its right to have an overall, objective
assessment of the environmental impact carried out in order to
determine whether or not the mills can be built, or whether they
should be built elsewhere, or on the basis of criteria other than those
currently applied”;
8 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 117
truction d’ouvrages susceptibles de causer des préjudices sen-
sibles au fleuve Uruguay — bien juridique dont l’intégrité doit
être sauvegardée — ou à l’Argentine; et
c) le droit de l’Argentine à ce que les populations riveraines du
fleuve Uruguay relevant de sa juridiction et vivant à proximité
des ouvrages projetés, ou dans leur zone d’influence, vivent dans
un environnement sain et ne subissent pas de dommages à la
santé, de dommages économiques ou de toute autre nature, du
fait de la construction des usines de pâte à papier et de leur mise
en service sans respecter les obligations procédurales et de fond
requises par le statut de 1975 et les principes et règles de droit
international nécessaires pour son interprétation et application»;
15. Considérant que, à l’appui de sa demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, l’Argentine affirme que «la mise en service des usines de
pâte à papier CMB et Orion causera indéfectiblement un préjudice sen-
sible à la qualité des eaux du fleuve Uruguay et un préjudice sensible
transfrontalier à l’Argentine» et que «[c]e préjudice résulte du choix du
site retenu, [de] la technologie sélectionnée et des techniques prévues pour
le traitement des effluents liquides, des résidus solides et des émissions
gazeuses, parmi d’autres éléments»;
16. Considérant que l’Argentine ajoute que la poursuite de la cons-
truction des ouvrages en cause «dans les conditions décrites dans la
requête engendre aussi des préjudices sociaux et économiques graves dans
les zones d’influence du fleuve Uruguay»;
17. Considérant que, dans sa demande, l’Argentine indique également
que les conséquences dommageables de ces activités seraient «d’une
nature telle qu’elles ne pourraient pas simplement être réparées moyen-
nant une indemnité pécuniaire ou une autre prestation matérielle» et
plaide que
«[s]ans l’adoption des mesures conservatoires demandées, la mise en
service des usines CMB et Orion avant qu’un arrêt définitif soit
rendu provoquerait des préjudices graves et irréversibles à la préser-
vation de l’environnement du fleuve Uruguay et de ses zones
d’influence, ainsi qu’aux droits de l’Argentine et des habitants des
zones avoisinantes sous sa juridiction»;
18. Considérant que l’Argentine soutient que la poursuite de la cons-
truction des usines
«parachèverait la démarche unilatérale de l’Uruguay tendant à créer
un «fait accompli» et à rendre irréversible l’emplacement actuel des
usines pour priver ainsi l’Argentine de son droit à ce qu’une évalua-
tion globale et objective de l’impact sur l’environnement détermine si
les usines peuvent ou non être construites ou si elles doivent l’être
ailleurs ou suivant des critères autres que ceux actuellement rete-
nus»;
8118 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
19. Whereas Argentina states that “[c]ontinued construction would
enable the CMB and Orion mills to be in service even before the end of
the present proceedings” and that the commissioning of the mills is
scheduled for August 2007 for Orion, and June 2008 for CMB; whereas
Argentina thus maintains that “the situation undoubtedly calls for urgent
measures to be taken”, and further claims that “[n]ot only is there a risk
that actions prejudicial to the rights at issue in this case might be taken
before a final judgment is rendered, but such actions are already being
taken”;
20. Whereas at the conclusion of its request for the indication of pro-
visional measures Argentina asks the Court to indicate that
“(a) pending the Court’s final judgment, Uruguay shall:
(i) suspend forthwith all authorizations for the construction
of the CMB and Orion mills;
(ii) take all necessary measures to suspend building work on
the Orion mill; and
(iii) take all necessary measures to ensure that the suspension
of building work on the CMB mill is prolonged beyond
28 June 2006;
(b) Uruguay shall co-operate in good faith with Argentina with a
view to ensuring the optimum and rational utilization of the
River Uruguay in order to protect and preserve the aquatic
environment and to prevent its pollution;
(c) pending the Court’s final judgment, Uruguay shall refrain
from taking any further unilateral action with respect to con-
struction of the CMB and Orion mills which does not comply
with the 1975 Statute and the rules of international law neces-
sary for the latter’s interpretation and application;
(d) Uruguay shall refrain from any other action which might
aggravate or extend the dispute which is the subject-matter of
the present proceedings or render its settlement more diffi-
cult”;
21. Whereas on 4 May 2006, the date on which the Application and
the request for the indication of provisional measures were filed in the
Registry, the Registrar advised the Government of Uruguay of the filing
of those documents and forthwith sent it certified copies of them, in
accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court and
with Article 38, paragraph 4, and Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of
Court; and whereas the Registrar also notified the Secretary-General of
the United Nations of that filing;
22. Whereas on 4 May 2006 the Registrar informed the Parties that
the Court, in accordance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of
Court, had fixed 31 May and 1 June 2006 as the dates for the oral pro-
ceedings;
23. Whereas, following the Registrar’s subsequent consultations with
9 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 118
19. Considérant que l’Argentine affirme que «[l]a poursuite de la cons-
truction permettrait aux usines CMB et Orion d’être en service avant
même la fin de la présente instance» et que le début de leur exploitation
est prévu pour le mois d’août 2007, dans le cas d’Orion, et pour le mois
de juin 2008, dans celui de CMB; qu’elle soutient en conséquence que «la
situation appelle sans aucun doute que des mesures d’urgence soient
prises» et prétend en outre que «[d]es actions préjudiciables aux droits
en cause dans la présente instance non seulement risquent d’être com-
mises avant que l’arrêt définitif ne soit rendu, mais le sont déjà»;
20. Considérant que, au terme de sa demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, l’Argentine prie la Cour de faire en sorte que
«a) en attendant l’arrêt définitif de la Cour, l’Uruguay
i) suspend[e] immédiatement toutes les autorisations pour la
construction des usines CMB et Orion;
ii) pren[ne] les mesures nécessaires pour suspendre les travaux
de construction d’Orion; et
iii) pren[ne] les mesures nécessaires pour assurer que la suspen-
sion des travaux de CMB sera prolongée au-delà du 28 juin
2006;
b) [l’]Uruguay coopère de bonne foi avec l’Argentine en vue d’assu-
rer l’utilisation rationnelle et optimale du fleuve Uruguay, afin
de protéger et préserver le milieu aquatique et d’en empêcher la
pollution;
c) [e]n attendant l’arrêt définitif de la Cour, l’Uruguay s’abs-
tien[ne] de prendre toute autre mesure unilatérale relative à la
construction des usines CMB et Orion qui ne respecte pas le
statut de 1975 et les autres règles de droit international néces-
saires pour son interprétation et application;
d) [l’]Uruguay s’abstien[ne] de toute autre mesure qui pourrait
aggraver, étendre ou rendre plus difficile le règlement du diffé-
rend objet de la présente instance»;
21. Considérant que, le 4 mai 2006, date à laquelle la requête et la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires ont été déposées au
Greffe, le greffier a informé le Gouvernement uruguayen du dépôt de
ces documents et lui en a adressé immédiatement des copies certifiées
conformes en application du paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut de
la Cour, ainsi que du paragraphe 4 de l’article 38 et du paragraphe 2 de
l’article 73 de son Règlement; et que le greffier a également informé le
Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies de ce dépôt;
22. Considérant que, le 4 mai 2006, le greffier a informé les Parties que
la Cour, en application du paragraphe 3 de l’article 74 de son Règlement,
avait fixé aux 31 mai et 1 er juin 2006 les dates de la procédure orale;
23. Considérant que, à la suite des consultations que le greffier a
9119 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
the Parties, the Court decided to hear the Parties on 8 and 9 June 2006
concerning Argentina’s request for the indication of provisional meas-
ures; and whereas the Parties were so advised by letters of 11 May 2006
from the Registrar;
24. Whereas, on 2 June 2006, Uruguay transmitted to the Court a
copy of a CD-ROM containing the electronic version of two volumes
of documents concerning the request for the indication of provisional
measures entitled “Observations of Uruguay” (paper copies of which
were subsequently received); and whereas copies of these documents
were immediately sent to Argentina;
25. Whereas, on 2 June 2006, Argentina transmitted to the Court
various documents, including a video recording, and on 6 June 2006, it
transmitted additional documents; and whereas copies of each set of
documents were immediately sent to Uruguay;
26. Whereas, on 6 and 7 June 2006, various communications were
received from the Parties, in which each of them presented to the Court
certain observations on the documents filed by the other; whereas Uru-
guay raised objections to the production of the video recording filed by
Argentina; whereas the Court decided not to authorize production of this
recording at the hearings;
27. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the Bench no judge of the
nationality of the Parties, each of them proceeded, in exercise of the right
conferred upon it by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute, to choose a
judge ad hoc in the case; for this purpose Argentina chose Mr. Raúl
Emilio Vinuesa, and Uruguay chose Mr. Santiago Torres Bernárdez;
28. Whereas, at the public hearings held on 8 and 9 June 2006 in
accordance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, oral
observations on the request for the indication of provisional measures
were presented by the following representatives of the Parties:
On behalf of Argentina: H.E. Ms Susana Myrta Ruiz Cerutti, Agent,
Ms Romina Picolotti,
Mr. Philippe Sands,
Mr. Marcelo Kohen,
Ms Laurence Boisson de Chazournes,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
H.E. Mr. Raúl Estrada Oyuela;
On behalf of Uruguay: H.E. Mr. Héctor Gros Espiell, Agent,
Mr. Alan Boyle,
Mr. Luigi Condorelli,
Mr. Paul Reichler;
29. Whereas at the hearings both Parties produced further documents;
whereas at the beginning of its second round of oral observations, Uru-
guay presented a number of documents including a “statement” made by
Mr. Adriaan van Heiningen, who was listed as an expert in the delegation
of Uruguay; whereas by a letter dated 9 June 2006 and received in the
10 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 119
tenues ensuite avec les Parties, la Cour a décidé d’entendre celles-ci les 8
et 9 juin 2006 sur la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires de
l’Argentine et que les Parties en ont été avisées par lettres du greffier en
date du 11 mai 2006;
24. Considérant que, le 2 juin 2006, l’Uruguay a fait parvenir à la
Cour un CD-ROM contenant la version électronique de deux volumes de
documents relatifs à la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires,
intitulés «Observations de l’Uruguay» (dont des exemplaires ont ensuite
été reçus sur papier); et que copie de ces documents a immédiatement été
transmise à l’Argentine;
25. Considérant que, le 2 juin 2006, l’Argentine a fait parvenir à la
Cour divers documents, dont un enregistrement vidéo, et que, le 6 juin
2006, elle lui en a fait parvenir de nouveaux; que copie de chaque série de
documents a immédiatement été transmise à l’Uruguay;
26. Considérant que, les 6 et 7 juin 2006, diverses communications ont
été reçues des Parties, par lesquelles chacune a présenté à la Cour cer-
taines observations sur les documents déposés par la Partie adverse; que
l’Uruguay a fait objection à la présentation de l’enregistrement vidéo
déposé par l’Argentine; et que la Cour a décidé de ne pas autoriser la
présentation de cet enregistrement à l’audience;
27. Considérant que, la Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de la
nationalité des Parties, chacune d’elles a procédé, dans l’exercice du droit
que lui confère le paragraphe 3 de l’article 31 du Statut, à la désignation
d’un juge ad hoc en l’affaire; que l’Argentine a désigné à cet effet
M. Raúl Emilio Vinuesa et l’Uruguay M. Santiago Torres Bernárdez;
28. Considérant que, au cours des audiences publiques tenues les 8
et 9 juin 2006 en vertu du paragraphe 3 de l’article 74 du Règlement de la
Cour, des observations orales sur la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires ont été présentées par:
me
Au nom de l’Argentine: S. Exc. M Susana Myrta Ruiz Cerutti, agent,
M me Romina Picolotti,
M. Philippe Sands,
M.mearcelo Kohen,
M Laurence Boisson de Chazournes,
M. Alain Pellet,
S. Exc. M. Raúl Estrada Oyuela;
Au nom de l’Uruguay: S. Exc. M. Héctor Gros Espiell, agent,
M. Alan Boyle,
M. Luigi Condorelli,
M. Paul Reichler;
29. Considérant que, lors des audiences, les Parties ont toutes deux
produit des documents additionnels; que, au début de son second tour
d’observations orales, l’Uruguay a présenté un certain nombre de docu-
ments, dont une «déclaration» de M. Adriaan van Heiningen, qui figure
comme expert sur la liste des membres de la délégation uruguayenne;
10120 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
Registry on 12 June 2006, Argentina objected to the “late filing of th[o]se
documents” on the basis, inter alia, that it was incompatible with the
orderly progress of the procedure and with the equality of the parties and
requested the Court to determine that those documents should not be
considered to form part of the case file; whereas by a letter dated 14 June
2006, Uruguay maintained that all of the said documents “were sub-
mitted in conformity with the Rules and practice of the Court” and as
such should “remain as part of the record”, except for the statement by
Mr. van Heiningen, which Uruguay requested to be withdrawn in order
to facilitate the task of the Court; and whereas the Court decided that the
aforementioned documents should not be included in the case file and
the Parties were informed accordingly by letters of 15 June 2006 from
the Registrar;
* * *
30. Whereas at the hearings Argentina, inter alia, reiterated the argu-
ments set out in its Application and its request for the indication of pro-
visional measures; and whereas it asserted that the conditions for the
indication of provisional measures had been fulfilled;
31. Whereas in its first round of oral observations, Argentina argued
that Article 60 of the 1975 Statute was “more than sufficient to establish
the prima facie jurisdiction of the Court in accordance with its estab-
lished jurisprudence”; and whereas it added that Article 12 of the 1975
Statute provided that if, having followed the steps set down in Articles 7
to 11, Argentina and Uruguay fail to agree on works liable to affect navi-
gation, the régime of the river or the quality of its waters, the procedure
indicated in Article 60 shall be followed;
32. Whereas Argentina claimed that its rights under the 1975 Statute
arose in relation to two interwoven categories of obligations: “obli-
gations of result that are of a substantive character, and obligations of
conduct that have a procedural character”;
33. Whereas Argentina observed that Article 41 (a) of the 1975
Statute imposed substantive obligations and created for Argentina at least
two distinct rights: first, “the right that Uruguay shall prevent pollution”
and, second, “the right to ensure that Uruguay prescribes measures ‘in
accordance with applicable international standards’”; and whereas Argen-
tina submitted that Uruguay had respected neither of these obligations;
whereas Argentina asserted that the substantive obligations under the
Statute included “Uruguay’s obligation not to cause environmental
pollution or consequential economic losses, for example to tourism”;
34. Whereas Argentina stated that Articles 7 to 13 of the 1975 Statute
11 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 120
que, par lettre du 9 juin 2006 reçue au Greffe le 12 juin 2006, l’Argentine
a soulevé des objections au «dépôt tardif» de ces documents, arguant,
notamment, de son incompatibilité avec un déroulement ordonné de la
procédure et le principe de l’égalité des parties, et a prié la Cour de déci-
der que ces documents ne devaient pas être considérés comme faisant
partie du dossier; que, par lettre du 14 juin 2006, l’Uruguay a soutenu
que lesdits documents, ayant tous été «soumis ... conformément aux dis-
positions du Règlement et à la pratique de la Cour», devaient «continuer
de faire partie du dossier», exception faite de la déclaration de M. van Hei-
ningen, dont, aux fins de faciliter la tâche de la Cour, il a demandé le
retrait; et que la Cour a estimé que les documents en question ne devaient
pas être versés au dossier, ce dont les Parties ont été informées par lettres
du greffier en date du 15 juin 2006;
* * *
30. Considérant que, à l’audience, l’Argentine a notamment répété les
arguments qu’elle avait formulés dans sa requête et dans sa demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires; et qu’elle a affirmé que les condi-
tions requises pour l’indication de mesures conservatoires étaient rem-
plies;
31. Considérant que, lors de son premier tour d’observations orales,
l’Argentine a soutenu que l’article 60 du statut de 1975 «suffi[sai]t ample-
ment à établir la compétence prima facie de la Cour conformément à sa
jurisprudence constante»; et qu’elle a ajouté que l’article 12 du statut de
1975 disposait que si, ayant suivi les étapes prévues dans les articles 7
à 11, l’Argentine et l’Uruguay ne parvenaient pas à s’entendre sur la réa-
lisation d’ouvrages d’une importance telle qu’ils puissent affecter la navi-
gation, le régime du fleuve ou la qualité de ses eaux, il y avait lieu de
suivre la procédure indiquée à l’article 60;
32. Considérant que l’Argentine a affirmé que les droits qu’elle tenait
du statut de 1975 découlaient de deux catégories d’obligations intrinsè-
quement liées: «des obligations de résultat qui touchent à la substance du
droit et des obligations de comportement qui sont de nature procédu-
rale»;
33. Considérant que l’Argentine a fait observer que l’alinéa a) de
l’article 41 du statut de 1975 imposait des obligations de nature substan-
tielle et lui conférait au moins deux droits distincts: premièrement, le
«droit à ce que l’Uruguay empêche la pollution» et, deuxièmement, «le
droit d’obtenir que l’Uruguay adopte des mesures «conformes aux
normes internationales applicables»»; que l’Argentine a affirmé que
l’Uruguay n’avait respecté aucune de ces deux obligations; et qu’elle a
affirmé que parmi les obligations de nature substantielle énoncées par
le statut figurait notamment celle «pour l’Uruguay de s’abstenir de pol-
luer l’environnement et de causer ce faisant un préjudice économique, par
exemple au secteur du tourisme»;
34. Considérant que l’Argentine a déclaré que les articles 7 à 13 et 60
11121 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
and Article 60 thereof establish a number of procedural rights held by
Argentina:
“first, the right to be notified by Uruguay before works begin;
secondly, to express views that are to be taken into account in
the design of a proposed project; and, thirdly, to have th[e] Court
resolve any differences before construction takes place”;
whereas it emphasized that, according to Articles 9 and 12 of the
1975 Statute, Uruguay had the obligation
“to ensure that no works are carried out until either Argentina has
expressed no objections, or Argentina fails to respond to Uruguay’s
notification, or the Court had indicated the positive conditions
under which Uruguay may proceed to carry out works”;
whereas it submitted that none of these three conditions had yet been
met; whereas it claimed that the above-mentioned procedures were
mandatory and “admit[ted] of no exception”; whereas Argentina further
emphasized that, in its view, Article 9 of the 1975 Statute “established a
‘no construction’ obligation . . . of central importance to this phase of the
proceedings”;
35. Whereas Argentina maintained that its rights, derived from both
substantive and procedural obligations, were “under immediate threat of
serious and irreparable prejudice”; whereas it submitted that, in order for
provisional measures to be indicated, the jurisprudence of the Court
required only that there should be a serious risk that irreparable preju-
dice or damage might occur; whereas it contended that the site chosen
for the two plants was “the worst imaginable in terms of protection of the
river and the transboundary environment”; whereas it argued that envi-
ronmental damage was, at the least, “a very serious probability” and
would be irreparable; whereas it submitted that economic and social
damage would also result and would be impossible to assess; whereas it
further contended that the construction of the mills “[was] already having
serious negative effects on tourism and other economic activities of the
region”, including suspension of investment in tourism and a drastic
decline in real estate transactions; whereas it maintained, referring to the
Orders of 17 August 1972 in the Fisheries Jurisdiction (United King-
dom v. Iceland) (Federal Republic of Germany v. Iceland) cases, that
“any dismantling of the mills once built could not ‘restore’ Argentina’s
rights concerning the protection of the riverine environment” and that,
with respect to rights derived from procedural obligations, following the
construction of the mills, there would “no longer be any obligation to be
discharged”;
12 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 121
du statut de 1975 lui conféraient plusieurs droits d’ordre procédural:
«premièrement, le droit d’être informée par l’Uruguay avant le
début des travaux; deuxièmement, le droit d’exprimer des avis dont
il doit être tenu compte dans la conception des projets; troisième-
ment, le droit à ce que la Cour internationale de Justice règle tout
différend éventuel avant la mise en chantier»;
qu’elle a souligné que, d’après les articles 9 et 12 du statut de 1975, l’Uru-
guay était tenu
«de veiller à ce qu’aucun ouvrage ne soit mis en chantier à moins
que l’Argentine ait fait savoir qu’elle n’avait pas d’objection, ou
qu’elle n’ait pas répondu à la notification de l’Uruguay ou encore
que la Cour ait précisé les conditions dans lesquelles celui-ci pouvait
mettre son projet à exécution»;
qu’elle a affirmé qu’aucune de ces trois conditions n’avait jusque-là été
remplie; qu’elle a fait valoir que la procédure susmentionnée était obli-
gatoire et «ne souffr[ait] aucune exception»; qu’elle a souligné en outre
que, selon elle, l’article 9 du statut de 1975 «établi[ssait] une obligation de
«non-construction» ... primordial[e] à ce stade de la procédure»;
35. Considérant que l’Argentine a soutenu que ses droits, découlant
d’obligations tant de nature substantielle que de nature procédurale, cou-
raient, «dans l’immédiat, des risques graves de préjudice irréparable»;
qu’elle a affirmé que, aux fins de l’indication de mesures conservatoires,
la jurisprudence de la Cour exigeait uniquement qu’il existe un risque
grave de préjudice ou de dommage irréparable; qu’elle a fait valoir que le
site choisi pour construire les deux usines était «l[e] pire que l’on pouvait
concevoir au point de vue de la protection environnementale fluviale et
transfrontalière»; qu’elle a argué qu’un dommage à l’environnement
constituait, à tout le moins, «une très sérieuse probabilité» et serait irré-
parable; qu’elle a affirmé que les usines en cause seraient aussi à l’origine
de dommages économiques et sociaux qu’il était impossible d’apprécier;
qu’elle a également fait valoir que la construction des usines «a[vait]
d’ores et déjà des effets néfastes graves sur le tourisme et d’autres activi-
tés économiques de la région», se traduisant notamment par la suspen-
sion des investissements dans le tourisme et par une baisse considérable
des transactions immobilières; et que, se référant aux ordonnances ren-
dues le 17 août 1972 dans les affaires relatives à la Compétence en matière
de pêcheries (Royaume-Uni c. Islande) (République fédérale d’Allemagne
c. Islande), elle a soutenu que «le démantèlement éventuel des usines une
fois construites ne p[ourrai]t pas «remettre en état» les droits de l’Argen-
tine concernant la protection de l’environnement du fleuve» et que,
s’agissant des droits découlant d’obligations de nature procédurale, une
fois les usines construites, «il ne restera[it] rien à exécuter de l’obliga-
tion»;
12122 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
36. Whereas Argentina submitted that Uruguay’s actions “irreversibly
prejudice[d] not only Argentina’s rights but also the functioning of [the]
Court, which [had] been given a central role by Articles 12 and 60 of the
[1975] Statute”; whereas Argentina contended that the Court should be
allowed to settle the dispute “without the final judgment on the merits
having been prejudiced by Uruguay’s unilateral acts”;
37. Whereas Argentina further observed that, according to the Court’s
jurisprudence, provisional measures are justified only if there is urgency
in the sense that action prejudicial to the rights of either party is likely to
be taken before a final decision is given; whereas it argued that “when
there is a reasonable risk that the damage cited may occur before delivery
of judgment on the merits, the requirement of urgency broadly merges
with the condition [of the] existence of a serious risk of irreparable preju-
dice to the rights in issue”; whereas it contended that there was no doubt
that this condition was satisfied since the construction of the mills was
“underway and advancing at a rapid rate”; whereas it claimed that the
construction itself of the mills was causing “real and present damage”;
whereas it noted that the mills “would patently be commissioned before
[the Court] [would be] able to render judgment” since commissioning was
scheduled for August 2007 for Orion and June 2008 for CMB;
38. Whereas Argentina reiterated that the Court should order the sus-
pension of works on the Orion plant and the continuation of the suspen-
sion of works on the CMB plant; whereas it observed that continued
construction of the plants in breach of the obligations under Chapter II
of the 1975 Statute would “quite simply render those obligations illu-
sory”; whereas it pointed out that suspension was the only measure
capable of preventing the choice of sites for the plants becoming a fait
accompli; whereas it submitted, referring to the jurisprudence of the Court,
that suspension should be imposed in order to avoid aggravating the
economic and social damage caused by the construction of the plants;
whereas it claimed that suspension would avoid prejudging the rights of
both Parties; whereas it noted that suspension would safeguard the juris-
diction of the Court under the 1975 Statute; whereas it observed that sus-
pension was physically possible since construction was at an initial stage
and that it was a reasonable measure in the circumstances; and whereas
it pointed out that the President of Uruguay had accepted the principle of
suspension of the works when, following his meeting with his Argentine
counterpart on 11 March 2006, he asked ENCE and Botnia to suspend
work;
39. Whereas Argentina also reiterated that the Court should order
Uruguay to co-operate in good faith with Argentina in accordance
with the legal régime of the River Uruguay, which is based on “mutual
trust” between the two States and a “community of interest” organized
13 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 122
36. Considérant que l’Argentine a prétendu que les actes de l’Uruguay
«port[ai]ent un préjudice irréversible non seulement aux droits de l’Argen-
tine, mais aussi au fonctionnement de la Cour, à laquelle les articles 12
et 60 [du statut de 1975] conf[érai]ent un rôle central»; que l’Argentine a
soutenu que la Cour devrait pouvoir régler le différend «sans que les
actes unilatéraux de l’Uruguay viennent préjuger sa décision finale sur le
fond»;
37. Considérant que l’Argentine a aussi fait observer que, conformé-
ment à la jurisprudence de la Cour, des mesures conservatoires ne sont
justifiées qu’en cas d’urgence, c’est-à-dire s’il est probable qu’un acte pré-
judiciable aux droits de l’une ou de l’autre partie sera commis avant
qu’un arrêt définitif soit rendu; qu’elle a affirmé que, «lorsque le dom-
mage invoqué risque, raisonnablement, de se produire avant le prononcé
de l’arrêt au fond, l’exigence de l’urgence se confond largement avec la
condition [de] l’existence d’un risque sérieux qu’il soit porté un préjudice
irréparable aux droits en litige»; qu’elle a soutenu qu’il ne faisait aucun
doute que cette condition était remplie étant donné que la construction
des usines était «en cours et progress[ait] rapidement»; qu’elle a prétendu
que la construction des usines elle-même causait des «dommages nés et
actuels»; qu’elle a fait observer que les usines seraient «mise[s] en
service ..., de toute évidence, avant que [la Cour ait] été à même de rendre
[son] arrêt», étant donné que cette mise en service est prévue pour le mois
d’août 2007 en ce qui concerne Orion et pour le mois de juin 2008 en ce
qui concerne CMB;
38. Considérant que l’Argentine a réaffirmé que la Cour devrait ordon-
ner la suspension des travaux de l’usine Orion et la poursuite de la suspen-
sion des travaux de l’usine CMB; qu’elle a indiqué que la poursuite de la
construction des usines au mépris des obligations du chapitre II du statut
de 1975 «rendrait ces obligations purement et simplement illusoires»;
qu’elle a souligné que la suspension était seule en mesure d’éviter que le
choix du lieu d’implantation des usines devienne un fait accompli; qu’elle
a soutenu, invoquant la jurisprudence de la Cour, que la suspension
devait être imposée afin d’éviter l’aggravation des préjudices économiques
et sociaux engendrés par la construction des usines; qu’elle a affirmé que
la suspension permettrait d’éviter qu’il ne soit préjugé des droits des
Parties; qu’elle a fait observer que la suspension permettrait de préserver
la compétence que confère à la Cour le statut de 1975; qu’elle a fait valoir
que la suspension était une mesure matériellement possible étant donné
que les travaux de construction se trouvaient à un stade initial et qu’il
s’agissait d’une mesure raisonnable en l’espèce; et qu’elle a rappelé que le
président uruguayen avait accepté le principe de la suspension des travaux
en demandant à Botnia et à ENCE, à l’issue d’une rencontre avec son
homologue argentin le 11 mars 2006, qu’elles suspendent leurs projets;
39. Considérant que l’Argentine a également réaffirmé que la Cour
devrait ordonner à l’Uruguay de coopérer de bonne foi avec l’Argentine,
en conformité avec le régime juridique du fleuve Uruguay, lequel repose
sur la «confiance réciproque» entre les deux Etats et une «communauté
13123 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
around respect for the rights and duties strictly prescribed by the 1975
Statute;
40. Whereas Argentina further reiterated that the Court should order
Uruguay to refrain from any further unilateral actions concerning the
construction of the CMB and Orion mills and any other action which
might aggravate the dispute; whereas it recalled in this regard that Uru-
guay had recently authorized the construction of a dedicated port for the
Orion mill in defiance of the 1975 Statute and that a plan to construct a
third mill on a tributary of the River Uruguay had been announced;
*
41. Whereas Uruguay stated in its first round of oral observations that
it had “fully complied with the 1975 Statute of the River Uruguay
throughout the period in which this case has developed”; whereas
it argued that Argentina’s request was unfounded, that the requisite
circumstances for a request for provisional measures were entirely
lacking and that “the adoption of the requested measures would have
irreparable, disastrous consequences on Uruguay’s rights and on the
future of its peoples”;
42. Whereas Uruguay noted that it did not dispute that Article 60 of
the 1975 Statute constituted a prima facie basis for the jurisdiction of
the Court to hear Argentina’s request for the indication of provisional
measures; whereas Uruguay pointed out, however, that this provision
establishes the Court’s jurisdiction only in relation to Argentina’s claims
concerning the 1975 Statute; whereas it contended that in this case
“any dispute relating to the possible effects of the mills other than
those relating to any impairment of the quality of the river waters, or
indeed other than those stemming directly from such impairment by
cause and effect, is clearly not covered ratione materiae by the com-
promissory clause in Article 60 of the Statute”;
whereas Uruguay cited as examples of disputes not falling within the
Court’s jurisdiction those concerning “tourism, urban and rural property
values, professional activities, unemployment levels, etc.” in Argentina,
and those regarding other aspects of environmental protection in trans-
boundary relations between the two States;
43. Whereas Uruguay contended that Argentina’s request for the indi-
cation of provisional measures must be rejected because the breaches of
the Statute of which Uruguay is accused “prima facie lack substance”
and Argentina’s claim “has no serious prospect of success”; whereas
Uruguay argued that, in “applying both the highest and the most appro-
priate international standards of pollution control to these two mills”, it
had “met its obligations under Article 41 of the Statute”; whereas Uru-
guay further stated that it had “discharged the obligations imposed upon
14 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 123
d’intérêts» organisée autour du respect des droits et obligations expres-
sément prévus par le statut de 1975;
40. Considérant que l’Argentine a en outre réaffirmé que la Cour
devrait ordonner à l’Uruguay de s’abstenir de prendre toute autre mesure
unilatérale relative à la construction des usines CMB et Orion et toute
autre mesure susceptible d’aggraver le différend; qu’elle a indiqué à cet
égard que l’Uruguay venait, au mépris du statut de 1975, d’autoriser la
construction d’un port à l’usage exclusif de l’usine Orion et qu’un projet
de construction d’une troisième usine sur un affluent du fleuve Uruguay
avait été annoncé;
*
41. Considérant que, lors de son premier tour d’observations orales,
l’Uruguay a déclaré qu’il avait «pleinement respecté le statut du fleuve
Uruguay de 1975 tout au long du développement de cette affaire»; qu’il
a fait valoir que la demande de l’Argentine n’était pas fondée, que les
circonstances requises pour solliciter l’indication de mesures conserva-
toires faisaient totalement défaut et que «l’adoption des mesures conser-
vatoires demandées causerait des préjudices irréparables et catastro-
phiques aux droits de l’Uruguay et au futur de ses populations»;
42. Considérant que l’Uruguay a exposé qu’il ne contestait pas que
l’article 60 du statut de 1975 fondait la compétence prima facie de la
Cour pour connaître de la demande en indication de mesures conserva-
toires de l’Argentine; qu’il a souligné toutefois que cette disposition
n’établissait la compétence de la Cour que pour les prétentions de l’Argen-
tine relatives au statut de 1975; qu’il a précisé qu’en l’espèce
«tout différend relatif à des effets éventuels des usines autres que ceux
relatifs à une altération de la qualité des eaux du fleuve, voire autres
que ceux découlant directement par une relation de cause à effet d’une
telle altération, n’[était] clairement pas couvertratione materiae par la
clause compromissoire prévue à l’article 60 du statut»;
qu’il a cité comme exemples de différends ne relevant pas de la compé-
tence de la Cour ceux concernant «le tourisme, les valeurs immobilières
urbaines et rurales, les activités professionnelles, les taux de chômage,
etc.» en Argentine ainsi que ceux portant sur d’autres aspects de la pro-
tection de l’environnement dans les relations transfrontalières entre les
deux Etats;
43. Considérant que l’Uruguay a soutenu que la demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires de l’Argentine devait être rejetée dans la mesure
où les violations du statut dont l’Uruguay est accusé étaient «prima facie
dépourvues de consistance» et où la demande de l’Argentine «manqu[ait]
de perspectives sérieuses de succès»; que l’Uruguay a affirmé qu’en
«a[yant] démontré sa ferme volonté d’appliquer [aux] deux usines les
normes internationales les plus rigoureuses, et les plus indiquées, en matière
de contrôle de la pollution», il avait «satisfait aux obligations prévues par
14124 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
it by Articles 7 et seq. [of the 1975 Statute] in good faith”; whereas Uru-
guay contended in particular that those Articles did not give either party
a “right of veto” over the implementation by the other party of industrial
development projects, but were confined to imposing on the parties an
obligation to engage in a full and good-faith exchange of information
under the procedures provided by the Statute or agreed between them;
whereas Uruguay further contended that it was the first time “in the
31 years since the [1975] Statute came into being” that Argentina had
claimed it had “a procedural right under the Statute, not only to receive
notice and information and to engage in good faith negotiations, but to
block Uruguay from initiating projects during [the] procedural stages and
during any litigation that might ensue”; whereas Uruguay moreover
stated that the dispute between Uruguay and Argentina over the pulp
mills had in reality been settled by an agreement entered into on 2 March
2004 between the Uruguayan Minister for Foreign Affairs and his Argen-
tine counterpart; whereas Uruguay explained that the two Ministers had
agreed, first, that the CMB mill could be built according to the Uru-
guayan plan, secondly, that Uruguay would provide Argentina with
information regarding its specifications and operation and, thirdly, that
CARU would monitor the quality of the river water once the mill became
operational in order to ensure compliance with the Statute; and whereas
Uruguay added that the existence of this agreement had been confirmed
a number of times, inter alia by the Argentine Minister for Foreign
Affairs and by the Argentine President, and that its terms had been
extended so as to apply also to the projected Orion mill;
44. Whereas Uruguay further contended that the Court must reject
Argentina’s request for the indication of provisional measures because
there was no current or imminent threat to any right of Argentina,
so that the conditions of risk of irreparable harm and urgency were not
fulfilled;
45. Whereas Uruguay explained, in support of its position, that the
environmental impact assessments so far undertaken, as well as those to
come, and the regulatory controls and strict licensing conditions imposed
by Uruguayan law for the construction and operation of the two mills,
guaranteed that they would not cause any harm to the River Uruguay or
to Argentina; whereas it added that the mills would abide by the strict
requirements imposed by “the latest European Union 1999 International
Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) recommendations, with which
compliance is required by all pulp plants in Europe by 2007”; whereas
15 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 124
l’article 41 du statut»; qu’il a ajouté qu’il «s’[était] acquitté de bonne foi
des obligations que lui imposent les articles 7 et suivants [du statut de
1975]»; qu’il a exposé en particulier que ces articles n’accordaient pas à
chaque partie un «droit de veto» quant à la réalisation par l’autre partie
de projets de développement industriel, mais avaient pour seul effet
d’imposer à l’une et l’autre une obligation d’échange complet et de bonne
foi d’informations dans le cadre des procédures mises en place par le sta-
tut ou convenues entre elles; que l’Uruguay a précisé à ce propos qu’il
avait pleinement respecté cette obligation en «communi[quant] à l’Argen-
tine, par le biais, notamment, de la CARU, l’existence [des projets
d’usines], en les détaillant au moyen d’une quantité impressionnante d’in-
formations» et en «fourniss[ant] toutes les données techniques pour que
l’Argentine soit consciente de l’absence de dangers quant à [l’]impact
potentiel [de ces projets] sur l’environnement du fleuve Uruguay»; que
l’Uruguay a soutenu en outre que l’Argentine n’avait jamais, «au cours
des trente et une années d’existence du statut [de 1975]», affirmé tenir de
celui-ci «le droit, de nature procédurale, non seulement de recevoir noti-
fications et informations et de s’engager dans des négociations de bonne
foi, mais également d’empêcher l’Uruguay de lancer des projets au cours
de[s] phases procédurales et durant tout procès qui s’ensuivrait»; consi-
dérant que l’Uruguay a de plus affirmé que le différend entre l’Uruguay et
l’Argentine au sujet des usines de pâte à papier avait en réalité été résolu
par un accord conclu le 2 mars 2004 entre le ministre des affaires étran-
gères de l’Uruguay et son homologue argentin; qu’il a précisé que les deux
ministres étaient convenus, premièrement, que l’usine CMB pourrait être
construite selon le projet uruguayen, deuxièmement, que l’Uruguay four-
nirait à l’Argentine les informations relatives au contenu et au fonction-
nement de l’usine et, troisièmement, que la CARU contrôlerait la qualité
des eaux du fleuve afin de garantir le respect du statut une fois l’usine mise
en service; et qu’il a ajouté que l’existence de cet accord avait été confir-
mée à plusieurs reprises, notamment par le ministre des affaires étrangères
et le président argentins, et que son contenu avait été étendu afin de cou-
vrir également le projet d’usine Orion;
44. Considérant que l’Uruguay a également soutenu que la Cour
devait rejeter la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires de
l’Argentine au motif qu’il n’existait aucune menace actuelle ou imminente
à l’encontre d’un droit quelconque de l’Argentine et que les conditions de
risque de dommage irréparable et d’urgence n’étaient donc pas remplies;
45. Considérant que l’Uruguay a tout d’abord exposé, à l’appui de sa
thèse, que les études d’impact sur l’environnement déjà réalisées et celles
à venir, ainsi que les contrôles réglementaires et les conditions strictes de
délivrance des permis imposées par le droit uruguayen pour la construc-
tion et l’exploitation des deux usines, garantissaient que celles-ci ne cau-
seraient aucun dommage au fleuve Uruguay et à l’Argentine; qu’il a
ajouté que les usines respecteraient les critères stricts imposés par «les
dernières recommandations de l’Union européenne sur la prévention et la
réduction de la pollution internationale (IPPC) datant de 1999 et aux-
15125 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
Uruguay noted that this lack of risk of harm had been acknowledged by
a number of Argentine officials, including its representatives on CARU;
whereas Uruguay further observed that the Orion and CMB mills
benefited from technology far more modern, efficient and less polluting
than many similar mills operating in Argentina;
46. Whereas Uruguay also pointed out that the Orion and CMB mills
would not be operational before August 2007 and June 2008 respectively
and that a number of further conditions would have to be met before that
stage was reached, including the issue of various permits by DINAMA;
and whereas Uruguay concluded from this that, even if it were to be con-
sidered that the operation of the mills might lead to “the contamination
of the river”, the gravity of the “alleged peril to Argentina” was not “suf-
ficiently certain or immediate as to satisfy the Court’s requirement that it
be ‘imminent’ or urgent”; whereas Uruguay further argued that, “if the
situation were to change”, it would always be possible for Argentina to
submit a fresh request for the indication of provisional measures to the
Court under Article 75, paragraph 3, of the Rules, “based on [the] new
facts”;
47. Whereas Uruguay further stressed the distinction to be drawn
between construction of the mills and their operation; whereas it noted
that Argentina in its Application referred only to risks deriving from the
mills’ operation, not their construction; whereas Uruguay asserted that
regular monitoring of the water quality since construction work began
had confirmed that the work had not caused any pollution of the river;
whereas it further argued that, while Argentina in its oral pleadings now
contended that the construction itself of the mills caused an injury to the
Argentine economy, including to its tourism and property sectors, Argen-
tina nevertheless failed to offer any evidence of such injury; whereas it
pointed out that the Court in any event lacked jurisdiction to indicate
provisional measures aimed at preventing harm of this type since the
rights to which any such injury would relate were not covered by the 1975
Statute, and that suspending the construction work, as requested by
Argentina, would furthermore not bring relief; whereas Uruguay further
maintained that construction of the mills would not amount to a fait
accompli liable to prejudice Argentina’s rights and that it was for
Uruguay alone to decide whether to proceed with construction and
thereby assume the risk of having to dismantle the mills in the event of an
adverse decision by the Court;
48. Whereas Uruguay lastly argued that suspending construction of
the mills would cause such an economic loss to the companies involved
and their shareholders that it would be highly likely to jeopardize the
entire two projects; whereas it maintained that the provisional measures
sought by Argentina would therefore irreparably prejudice Uruguay’s
16 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 125
quelles toutes les usines de pâte à papier européennes devront se confor-
mer d’ici à 2007»; qu’il a noté que cette absence de risque de dommage
avait été reconnue par de nombreux officiels argentins dont les représen-
tants de l’Argentine au sein de la CARU; considérant que l’Uruguay a
remarqué au surplus que les usines Orion et CMB bénéficiaient d’une
technologie beaucoup plus moderne, plus efficace et moins polluante que
nombre d’usines similaires en activité en Argentine;
46. Considérant que l’Uruguay a également fait observer que les
usines Orion et CMB ne seraient pas opérationnelles avant août 2007 et
juin 2008, respectivement, et que de nombreuses conditions devaient en-
core être remplies avant d’en arriver à ce stade, dont la délivrance de plu-
sieurs permis par la DINAMA; et qu’il a conclu de ce qui précède que, à
supposer même que l’exploitation des usines puisse entraîner une «pollu-
tion du fleuve», la gravité, «pour l’Argentine, [du] péril allégué» ne serait
pas «suffisamment établie ou immédiate pour que la condition d’«immi-
nence» ou d’urgence exigée par la Cour puisse être considérée comme
remplie»; considérant que l’Uruguay a par ailleurs souligné que, «si la
situation devait être amenée à évoluer», il serait toujours possible pour
l’Argentine de soumettre à la Cour une nouvelle demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires, en vertu du paragraphe 3 de l’article 75 du
Règlement, «sur la base de[s] faits nouveaux»;
47. Considérant que l’Uruguay a en outre insisté sur la différence à
faire entre la construction des usines et leur exploitation; qu’il a relevé
que, dans sa requête, l’Argentine n’avait visé que les risques découlant de
l’exploitation des usines et non de leur construction; qu’il a affirmé que
les analyses régulières de la qualité des eaux effectuées depuis le début des
travaux de construction confirmaient que ceux-ci ne causaient aucune
pollution du fleuve; qu’il a par ailleurs exposé que si, dans ses observa-
tions orales, l’Argentine prétendait aujourd’hui que la simple construc-
tion des usines causait par elle-même un dommage à son économie, y
compris à son industrie touristique et immobilière, elle n’avait néanmoins
apporté aucune preuve d’un tel dommage; qu’il a rappelé que la Cour
n’avait en tout état de cause pas compétence pour indiquer des mesures
conservatoires visant à prévenir ce type de dommage, dans la mesure où
les droits auxquels il serait ainsi porté atteinte ne sont pas couverts par le
statut de 1975, et que la suspension des travaux, telle que sollicitée par
l’Argentine, ne serait de toute manière pas de nature à y porter remède;
considérant que l’Uruguay a encore souligné que la construction des
usines ne reviendrait pas à constituer un fait accompli susceptible de por-
ter préjudice aux droits de l’Argentine, et que la décision de poursuivre les
travaux et de prendre ainsi le risque de devoir démanteler les usines en
cas de décision défavorable de la Cour relevait de sa seule responsabilité;
48. Considérant que l’Uruguay a enfin exposé que la suspension des
travaux de construction des usines provoquerait pour les sociétés intéres-
sées et leurs actionnaires une perte économique telle qu’elle risquerait
sérieusement de compromettre les deux projets dans leur intégralité; qu’il
a soutenu que les mesures conservatoires demandées par l’Argentine cau-
16126 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
sovereign right to implement sustainable economic development projects
in its own territory; and whereas it pointed out in this connection that
the pulp mill projects represented the largest foreign investment in Uru-
guay’s history, that construction in itself would create many thousands of
new jobs and that, once in service, the mills would have “an economic
impact of more than $350 million per year”, representing “an increase of
fully 2 per cent in Uruguay’s gross domestic product [GDP]”; whereas it
contended that the Court should take account in the present proceedings
of the fact that Argentina had aggravated the existing dispute by failing
to prevent the blockade of international bridges between Argentina
and Uruguay, which had “caused enormous damage to the Uruguayan
economy”;
**
49. Whereas in its second round of oral observations Argentina main-
tained that, according to Article 42 of the 1975 Statute and established
international principles, the 1975 Statute covered not only the pollution
of the river, as claimed by Uruguay, but also pollution of all kinds result-
ing from the use of the river as well as the economic and social conse-
quences of the mills;
50. Whereas Argentina strongly disputed Uruguay’s assertion that it
had prima facie fulfilled its obligations under the 1975 Statute; whereas it
submitted, inter alia, that the projects had never been formally notified to
CARU by Uruguay as required by Article 7 of the 1975 Statute and that
Uruguay had not provided adequate information to CARU or GTAN
regarding the pulp mills; whereas Argentina reiterated its contention that
Article 9 of the 1975 Statute established a “no construction” obligation;
whereas in support of this contention, citing a work by a Uruguayan
author, Argentina submitted that CARU could give “a valid decision
only with the agreement of the [delegation of each of the two States]”;
whereas it asserted that there was no bilateral agreement of 2 March 2004
to the effect that the construction of the CMB mill could proceed as
planned; whereas Argentina contended that the arrangement reached at
the meeting of that date between the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the
two States was simply that Uruguay would transmit all information on
CMB to CARU and that CARU would begin monitoring water quality
in the area of the proposed site; whereas it claimed that Uruguay failed
to supply the information promised; whereas it contested the interpre-
tation given by Uruguay to the statements of Argentina’s Minister for
Foreign Affairs and its President and emphasized that it took a “clear,
consistent position”, demanding compliance with the requirements of
the 1975 Statute in the competent bodies, in bilateral dealings and within
CARU;
17 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 126
seraient dès lors un dommage irréparable au droit souverain de l’Uru-
guay de mettre en Œuvre des projets de développement économique du-
rable sur son propre territoire; et qu’il a précisé à ce sujet que les usines
de pâte à papier projetées constituaient l’investissement étranger le plus
important de l’histoire de l’Uruguay, que leur construction devrait per-
mettre, à elle seule, la création de plusieurs milliers d’emplois et que, une
fois mises en service, celles-ci auraient «un impact économique de plus de
350 millions de dollars par an, ce qui représente une augmentation de
2% pour le PIB uruguayen»; considérant que l’Uruguay a fait valoir que
la Cour devait tenir compte, en l’espèce, du fait que l’Argentine avait
déjà aggravé le différend existant en n’empêchant pas le blocage des
ponts internationaux qui relient l’Argentine à l’Uruguay, blocage qui
avait «causé à l’économie uruguayenne des dommages énormes»;
**
49. Considérant que, lors de son second tour d’observations orales,
l’Argentine a soutenu que, suivant l’article 42 du statut de 1975 et les
principes internationaux établis, le statut de 1975 couvre non seulement
la pollution du fleuve, comme le prétend l’Uruguay, mais également la
pollution de toute nature découlant de l’utilisation du fleuve ainsi que les
conséquences économiques et sociales des usines de pâte à papier;
50. Considérant que l’Argentine a vivement contesté l’affirmation de
l’Uruguay selon laquelle celui-ci s’était prima facie acquitté de ses obli-
gations en vertu du statut de 1975; qu’elle a notamment fait valoir que
l’Uruguay n’avait jamais notifié formellement les projets à la CARU,
contrairement à ce qu’exige l’article 7 du statut de 1975, ni fourni à la
CARU ou au GTAN des informations appropriées concernant les usines
de pâte à papier; considérant que l’Argentine a une nouvelle fois pré-
tendu que l’article 9 du statut de 1975 établissait une obligation de «non-
construction»; que, à l’appui de cet argument, l’Argentine, citant
l’ouvrage d’un auteur uruguayen, a fait valoir que la CARU «ne pouvait
prendre de décision valide qu’avec l’accord [des représentants des deux
Etats]»; qu’elle a soutenu qu’il n’y avait pas eu, le 2 mars 2004, d’accord
bilatéral à l’effet que la construction de l’usine de pâte à papier CMB
puisse être menée à bien comme prévu; qu’elle a exposé que les ministres
des affaires étrangères des deux Etats avaient simplement, lors de leur
rencontre intervenue ce jour-là, convenu que l’Uruguay transmettrait à la
CARU toutes les informations relatives à la CMB et que la CARU enta-
merait le contrôle de la qualité des eaux dans la zone du site proposé;
qu’elle a affirmé que l’Uruguay n’avait pas fourni les informations pro-
mises; qu’elle a contesté l’interprétation donnée par l’Uruguay des décla-
rations du ministre des affaires étrangères et du président argentins et
qu’elle a souligné avoir adopté, devant les instances compétentes, dans
ses relations bilatérales et au sein de la CARU, une «position claire et
constante», demandant le respect des obligations prévues par le statut de
1975;
17127 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
51. Whereas Argentina reiterated its claim that there was a serious risk
of irreparable prejudice to its rights; whereas it contended that the envi-
ronmental impact of the plants on the river had not yet been fully con-
sidered; whereas it noted in this regard that the reports commissioned to
date by the International Finance Corporation (IFC), to which ENCE
and Botnia had applied for financing of the projects, including the Hat-
field Report (a study published in April 2006 by an independent group
appointed by the IFC), had concluded that there were many outstanding
and serious issues; whereas it emphasized that there was no definitive
opinion of the IFC on the environmental impact of the projects; whereas
it contested Uruguay’s claim that the projects would operate to the
“highest international standards”, noting, inter alia, that limits for emis-
sions from the ENCE plant had been authorized by Uruguay to be set at
more than 12 times the average limits for emissions for similar plants in
Canada; whereas it considered that Uruguay’s assertions in this regard
were “[u]nsubstantiated, bold and erroneous”;
52. Whereas Argentina reiterated that the requirement of urgency was
satisfied; whereas it submitted that the construction of the mills itself was
capable of causing “significant damage” to Argentina and was already
doing so; whereas it contested Uruguay’s argument that the indication of
provisional measures would not improve the situation currently affecting
the Argentine bank of the river; whereas it maintained that the bringing
into service of the mills was imminent in judicial terms since this would
occur well before the Court rendered its judgment;
*
53. Whereas in its second round of oral observations, Uruguay noted
that “Argentina [did] not deny obtaining from Uruguay a substantial
amount of information through a variety of machinery and channels”,
and that the measures taken by Uruguay regarding the supply of infor-
mation were “fully supported by the CARU minutes”; whereas Uruguay
reiterated its contention that the 1975 Statute does not confer a “right of
veto” upon the parties; whereas in support of this contention Uruguay
argued that in order to resolve any “difficulties of interpretation caused
by an incomplete text”, it is necessary to turn to Article 31, paragraph 3,
of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, and, in particular, to
consider “any subsequent practice from which important inferences can
be drawn, making it possible to identify the agreement between the
parties on how to interpret the treaty in question”; whereas according to
Uruguay “the subsequent verbal agreement between the two countries of
2 March 2004 made by their Foreign Ministers” constituted a specific
example of such subsequent practice excluding any interpretation which
would recognize a right of veto; whereas Uruguay further reiterated
18 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 127
51. Considérant que l’Argentine a réaffirmé sa conclusion selon laquelle
pesait sur ses droits un risque grave de préjudice irréparable; qu’elle a
soutenu que l’impact des usines sur l’environnement du fleuve n’avait pas
encore été entièrement examiné; qu’elle a fait observer à cet égard que,
selon les rapports établis à ce jour à la requête de la Société financière
internationale (SFI), auprès de laquelle ENCE et Botnia avaient déposé
des demandes de financement en faveur des projets, et notamment selon
le «rapport Hatfield» (publié en avril 2006 par un groupe indépendant
désigné par la SFI), nombre de questions graves étaient encore en sus-
pens; qu’elle a souligné que la SFI ne s’était pas formé d’opinion défini-
tive quant à l’impact de ces projets sur l’environnement; qu’elle a contesté
l’argument de l’Uruguay selon lequel les projets seraient mis en Œuvre
«dans le respect des normes internationales les plus strictes», faisant
notamment observer que l’Uruguay avait autorisé la fixation du seuil
maximal des rejets de l’usine ENCE à un niveau plus de douze fois supé-
rieur au seuil maximal moyen autorisé pour des usines similaires au
Canada; qu’elle a estimé que les affirmations de l’Uruguay à ce sujet
étaient «infondées, téméraires et erronées»;
52. Considérant que l’Argentine a réaffirmé que la condition d’urgence
était remplie; qu’elle a soutenu que la construction même des usines de
pâte à papier pouvait lui causer et lui causait déjà «un préjudice sen-
sible»; qu’elle a contesté l’argument de l’Uruguay selon lequel l’indica-
tion de mesures conservatoires n’améliorerait pas la situation dont
souffre aujourd’hui la rive argentine du fleuve; qu’elle a soutenu que la
mise en service des usines de pâte à papier était imminente à l’aune du
temps judiciaire puisqu’elle interviendrait bien avant que la Cour ait
rendu son arrêt;
*
53. Considérant que, lors de son second tour d’observations orales,
l’Uruguay a relevé que «l’Argentine ne ni[ait] pas avoir obtenu de l’Uru-
guay une masse d’informations à travers toute une variété de mécanismes
et de canaux», que les mesures d’information ainsi prises par l’Uruguay
étaient «pleinement étayée[s] par les procès-verbaux de la CARU»;
considérant que l’Uruguay a réitéré sa position selon laquelle le statut
de 1975 ne conférait pas un «droit de veto» aux parties; qu’au soutien de
cette position l’Uruguay a fait valoir que, pour résoudre toute «difficulté
d’interprétation engendrée par la lettre d’un texte lacunaire», il convenait
de recourir au paragraphe 3 de l’article 31 de la convention de Vienne sur
le droit des traités, et notamment de prendre en considération toute «pra-
tique ultérieure dont on peut tirer d’importantes suggestions, justement
dans la mesure où [elle] permet de dégager l’existence d’un accord entre
les parties quant à la manière d’interpréter le traité en question»; que,
selon l’Uruguay, «l’accord verbal postérieur, conclu par les deux parties
le 2 mars 2004 au niveau des ministres des affaires étrangères», constitue
un exemple d’une telle pratique ultérieure excluant toute interprétation
18128 PULP MILLS ORDER 13 VII 06)
that the bilateral agreement of 2 March 2004, whose existence had
been acknowledged by the President of the Argentine Republic, clearly
authorized construction of the mills;
54. Whereas, as regards the risk to the environment of the River Uru-
guay, Uruguay first contended that the 1975 Statute did not require the
parties to prevent all pollution of the river, but only “to take appropriate
measures to prevent pollution of the river from reaching prohibited
levels”; whereas Uruguay again made the point that, in any event, its
environmental impact assessments showed no risk of significant harm to
Argentina, or to the quality or environment of the river; whereas it added
that the criticisms in the Hatfield Report, cited by Argentina, were not
directed at the impact assessments carried out by DINAMA, and that,
moreover, “[w]hen the assessments need[ed] improvement or when further
information [was] required, DINAMA [had] the power to require
revision and . . . [had] shown that it [was] quite ready to use that
power”; whereas Uruguay reiterated that the mills would use the safest
and most up-to-date technology;
55. Whereas Uruguay further submitted that
“it would be impossible for the Court to indicate the provisional
measures requested by Argentina — the suspension of construc-
tion –– without prejudging the merits in a way that fundamentally
and permanently prejudice[d] the very rights that Uruguay [was]
claiming in these proceedings”,
namely the right “to proceed with construction of the works pending the
Court’s ultimate decision on the merits”;
56. Whereas, in concluding its second round of oral observations,
Uruguay expressly reiterated “its intention to comply in full with the
1975 Statute of the River Uruguay and its application” and repeated “as
a concrete expression of that intention . . . its offer of conducting con-
tinuous joint monitoring with the Argentine Republic” regarding the
environmental consequences of the mills’ future operations; whereas
Uruguay affirmed its “intention to show scrupulous respect for the envi-
ronment and for the entire range of human rights of the Uruguayan and
Argentine peoples through conduct characterized by transparency, good
faith and the willingness to engage in co-operative, joint action” and
“[made] a point of repeating that the two mills [would] operate according
to European Union standards for the industry which are due to enter into
force in Europe in 2007”;
*
* *
57. Whereas in dealing with a request for provisional measures, the
Court need not finally satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction on the merits of
the case, but will not indicate such measures unless the provisions invoked
19 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 128
qui reconnaîtrait un droit de veto; que l’Uruguay a par ailleurs réitéré
que l’accord bilatéral du 2 mars 2004, dont l’existence avait été reconnue
par le président de la République argentine, autorisait bien la construc-
tion des usines;
54. Considérant que, en ce qui concerne «tout risque pour l’environ-
nement du fleuve», l’Uruguay a tout d’abord exposé que le statut de 1975
n’imposait pas aux parties de prévenir toute pollution du fleuve mais seu-
lement de «prendre les mesures appropriées pour empêcher que [celle-ci]
n’atteigne des niveaux prohibés»; que l’Uruguay a répété que, en tout
état de cause, les études d’impact qu’il avait menées n’avaient montré
aucun risque de dommage important pour l’Argentine, ni pour la qualité
ou l’environnement du fleuve; qu’il a ajouté que les critiques contenues
dans le «rapport Hatfield» cité par l’Argentine ne visaient pas les études
d’impact menées par la DINAMA; qu’il a en outre rappelé que, «lorsque
les études [devaient] être complétées ou que des informations supplémen-
taires [étaient] nécessaires, la DINAMA [avait] le pouvoir d’exiger des
modifications ou des compléments» et que celle-ci «a[vait] montré qu’elle
n’hésitait pas à le faire»; que l’Uruguay a une nouvelle fois répété que les
usines auraient recours à la technologie la plus moderne et la plus sûre;
55. Considérant que l’Uruguay a par ailleurs soutenu
«qu’il serait impossible à la Cour d’indiquer les mesures conserva-
toires sollicitées par l’Argentine — la suspension de la construc-
tion — sans préjuger le fond d’une manière qui porterait atteinte
fondamentalement et de façon permanente aux droits mêmes que
l’Uruguay revendique en la présente procédure»,
à savoir «le droit de poursuivre la construction des ouvrages en attendant
la décision définitive de la Cour au fond»;
56. Considérant que, en conclusion de son second tour d’observations
orales, l’Uruguay a réitéré de manière expresse «sa volonté de respecter
pleinement et totalement le statut du fleuve Uruguay de 1975 et son appli-
cation» et réaffirmé «[c]omme expression concrète et exemplaire de cette
volonté ... son offre de réaliser un monitorage conjoint et constant avec la
République argentine» des conséquences pour l’environnement de l’exploi-
tation future des usines; que l’Uruguay a confirmé sa «volonté ... de res-
pecter pleinement l’environnement et tous les droits humains des Uru-
guayens et des Argentins, par une conduite caractérisée par la transpa-
rence, la bonne foi et la volonté d’une action coopérative et solidaire» et
«réitér[é] expressément que les deux usines fonctionner[aient] en respec-
tant les [normes] de l’Union européenne pour cette industrie, qui devien-
dront obligatoires en Europe en 2007»;
*
* *
57. Considérant que, lorsqu’elle est saisie d’une demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires, la Cour n’est pas tenue de s’assurer de manière
définitive qu’elle a compétence quant au fond de l’affaire, mais qu’elle ne
19129 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
by the applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which the juris-
diction of the Court might be established (see Armed Activities on the
Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic
of the Congo v. Rwanda), Provisional Measures, Order of 10 July 2002,
I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 241, para. 58);
58. Whereas Uruguay does not deny that the Court has jurisdiction
under Article 60 of the 1975 Statute; whereas it asserts, however, that
such jurisdiction exists prima facie only with regard to those aspects of
Argentina’s request that are directly related to the rights Argentina is
entitled to claim under the 1975 Statute; whereas in this regard Uruguay
insists that rights claimed by Argentina relating to any alleged conse-
quential economic and social impact of the mills, including any impact
on tourism, are not covered by the 1975 Statute;
59. Whereas the Parties are in agreement that the Court has jurisdic-
tion with regard to the rights to which Article 60 of the 1975 Statute
applies; whereas the Court does not need at this stage of the proceedings
to address this further issue raised by Uruguay; and whereas the Court
concludes, therefore, that it has prima facie jurisdiction under Article 60
of the 1975 Statute to deal with the merits and thus may address the
present request for provisional measures;
* * *
60. Whereas Article 41 of the Statute authorizes the Court “to
indicate . . . any provisional measures which ought to be taken to
preserve the respective rights of either party”;
61. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
has as its object to permit the Court to preserve the respective rights of
the parties to a case “[p]ending the final decision” in the judicial proceed-
ings, provided such measures are necessary to prevent irreparable preju-
dice to the rights that are in dispute;
62. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
to maintain the respective rights of the parties is to be exercised only if
there is an urgent need to prevent irreparable prejudice to the rights that
are the subject of the dispute before the Court has had an opportunity to
render its decision (see Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Den-
mark), Provisional Measures, Order of 29 July 1991, I.C.J. Reports
1991, p. 17, para. 23; Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic
of the Congo v. France), Provisional Measure, Order of 17 June 2003,
I.C.J. Reports 2003, p. 107, para. 22);
63. Whereas, according to Argentina, its request for provisional
measures seeks to preserve its rights under the 1975 Statute in relation to
obligations of a procedural character and obligations of a substantive
character;
20 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 129
peut indiquer ces mesures que si les dispositions invoquées par le deman-
deur semblent prima facie constituer une base sur laquelle [s]a
compétence ... pourrait être fondée (voir Activités armées sur le territoire
du Congo (nouvelle requête: 2002) (République démocratique du Congo
c. Rwanda), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 10 juillet 2002, C.I.J.
Recueil 2002, p. 241, par. 58);
58. Considérant que l’Uruguay ne conteste pas que la Cour ait com-
pétence en vertu de l’article 60 du statut de 1975; qu’il soutient toutefois
que cette compétence n’est établie prima facie qu’en ce qui concerne les
aspects de la demande de l’Argentine en relation directe avec les droits
dont celle-ci peut se prévaloir en vertu dudit statut; que l’Uruguay insiste
à cet égard sur le fait que les droits invoqués par l’Argentine relativement
à l’éventuel impact économique et social des usines, notamment en matière
de tourisme, n’entrent pas dans les prévisions du statut de 1975;
59. Considérant que les Parties conviennent que la Cour est compé-
tente à l’égard des droits auxquels s’applique l’article 60 du statut de
1975; que la Cour n’est pas tenue, à ce stade de la procédure, d’examiner
cette autre question soulevée par l’Uruguay; et que la Cour conclut par
conséquent qu’elle a, en vertu de l’article 60 du statut de 1975, compé-
tence prima facie pour connaître du fond et peut donc examiner la pré-
sente demande en indication de mesures conservatoires;
* * *
60. Considérant que l’article 41 du Statut autorise la Cour à
«indiquer ... quelles mesures conservatoires du droit de chacun doivent
être prises à titre provisoire»;
61. Considérant que le pouvoir de la Cour d’indiquer des mesures
conservatoires vise à lui permettre de sauvegarder le droit de chacune des
parties à une affaire «[e]n attendant l’arrêt définitif», pourvu que de telles
mesures soient nécessaires pour empêcher que soit causé un préjudice
irréparable aux droits en litige;
62. Considérant que le pouvoir qu’a la Cour d’indiquer des mesures
conservatoires à l’effet de sauvegarder le droit de chacune des parties ne
peut être exercé que s’il y a nécessité urgente d’empêcher que soit causé
un préjudice irréparable aux droits qui font l’objet du différend avant que
la Cour ait eu l’occasion de rendre sa décision (voir Passage par le
Grand-Belt (Finlande c. Danemark), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 29 juillet 1991, C.I.J. Recueil 1991 , p. 17, par. 23; Certaines procé-
dures pénales engagées en France (République du Congo c. France), me-
sure conservatoire, ordonnance du 17 juin 2003, C.I.J. Recueil 2003 ,
p. 107, par. 22);
63. Considérant que l’Argentine affirme que sa demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires vise à sauvegarder les droits que lui confère le
statut de 1975 relativement à des obligations de nature procédurale et à
des obligations de nature substantielle;
20130 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
64. Whereas the procedural obligations, according to Argentina, cor-
respond to its rights to be fully informed and consulted with regard to
construction activities affecting the river, to be given the opportunity of
objecting to a particular project and, in the event of any such objection,
to have access to effective dispute settlement in this Court before any
construction work is authorized; and whereas Argentina also contends
that the community of interest and mutual trust on which the 1975
Statute is based requires Uruguay to co-operate in good faith with Argen-
tina in complying with the legal régime the 1975 Statute provides for
the River Uruguay;
65. Whereas Argentina claims that the substantive obligations the
1975 Statute imposes on Uruguay consist, first, of an obligation not to
allow any construction before the requirements of the 1975 Statute have
been met; and, second, of an obligation not to cause environmental
pollution or consequential economic and social harm, including losses
to tourism;
66. Whereas Argentina claims that the suspension which it asks the
Court to order, both of the authorization to construct the mills and of
the construction work itself, would avoid irreparable prejudice to its
rights under the 1975 Statute; whereas in Argentina’s view, if such sus-
pension is not ordered, its right to have the procedure set out in Chap-
ter II complied with would “become purely theoretical” and “the possi-
bility of exercising that right would be lost forever”; whereas Argentina
next contends that suspension is the only measure that can prevent the
choice of sites for the location of the mills from becoming a “fait accom-
pli”; whereas Argentina also asserts that suspension would avoid aggra-
vating the consequential economic and social damage being caused by
the construction of the plants; whereas Argentina contends further that
if the construction of the mills is not suspended, their subsequent
dismantling, once they have been built, would not be capable of restoring
Argentina’s rights “concerning the protection of the riverine environ-
ment”; and whereas Argentina finally claims that the provisional measures
requested with regard to the suspension of the construction of the mills
are urgently needed since both plants would be commissioned before the
Court will be able to render judgment in the case;
67. Whereas Uruguay argues that it has fully complied with its pro-
cedural and substantive obligations under the 1975 Statute; whereas it
asks the Court in particular to preserve its sovereign right, pending a
decision of the Court on the merits of the case, to implement sustainable
economic development projects on its own territory that do not, in its
view, violate Uruguay’s obligations under the 1975 Statute or the anti-
pollution standards of CARU; whereas it maintains that any suspension
of its authorization to construct the mills on the River Uruguay or actual
suspension of the works would irreparably damage its right under the
21 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 130
64. Considérant que les obligations de nature procédurale corres-
pondent, selon l’Argentine, à son droit à être pleinement informée et
consultée au sujet de toute activité de construction affectant le fleuve, à
pouvoir formuler des objections à un projet donné et, au cas où la
moindre objection serait formulée, à recourir à la Cour en vue du règle-
ment effectif de tout différend avant que soit autorisé un quelconque
projet de construction; que l’Argentine soutient également que la com-
munauté d’intérêts et la confiance réciproque sur lesquelles est fondé le
statut de 1975 imposent à l’Uruguay de coopérer de bonne foi avec
l’Argentine en se conformant au régime juridique établi par ledit statut
pour le fleuve Uruguay;
65. Considérant que l’Argentine prétend que les obligations de nature
substantielle imposées par le statut de 1975 à l’Uruguay comprennent,
premièrement, celle de n’autoriser aucune construction tant que n’ont pas
été remplies les conditions prévues par le statut de 1975 et, deuxième-
ment, celle de ne pas polluer l’environnement et d’empêcher tout préju-
dice économique et social susceptible d’en résulter, notamment pour le
tourisme;
66. Considérant que l’Argentine prétend que la suspension qu’elle
demande à la Cour d’indiquer, tant de l’autorisation de construire les
usines que des travaux de construction eux-mêmes, empêcherait que
soit causé un préjudice irréparable aux droits que lui confère le statut de
1975; que, selon l’Argentine, si une telle suspension n’est pas ordonnée,
son droit de voir s’appliquer la procédure prévue au chapitre II deviendra
«purement théorique» et «la possibilité de son exercice disparaîtra de
manière irrémédiable»; que l’Argentine allègue ensuite que la suspension
est la seule mesure susceptible d’éviter que le choix du lieu d’implantation
des usines n’engendre un «fait accompli»; que l’Argentine soutient éga-
lement que la suspension permettrait de ne pas aggraver les dommages
économiques et sociaux causés par la construction des usines; qu’elle
affirme en outre que, si la construction des usines n’est pas suspendue,
leur démantèlement, une fois qu’elles auront été construites, ne permettra
pas de rétablir ses droits «concernant la protection de l’environnement
du fleuve»; qu’elle soutient enfin que les mesures conservatoires deman-
dées, tendant à la suspension de la construction des usines, doivent être
indiquées de manière urgente, puisque les deux usines risquent d’être
mises en service avant que la Cour ait été en mesure de rendre un arrêt en
l’affaire;
67. Considérant que l’Uruguay affirme s’être pleinement conformé aux
obligations de nature procédurale et de nature substantielle lui incom-
bant en vertu du statut de 1975; qu’il demande notamment à la Cour de
sauvegarder son droit souverain à exécuter sur son propre territoire, dans
l’attente d’une décision de celle-ci quant au fond de l’affaire, des projets
de développement économique durable, qui ne contreviennent pas, selon
lui, aux obligations que lui impose le statut de 1975 ni aux normes anti-
pollution de la CARU; qu’il soutient que toute suspension de son auto-
risation de construire les usines sur le fleuve Uruguay ou toute suspension
21131 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
1975 Statute to proceed with those projects;
**
68. Whereas Argentina’s request for provisional measures can be
divided into two parts, the one relating to the request for suspension
and the other to the request for other measures conducive to ensuring
co-operation between the Parties as well as the non-aggravation of the
dispute; whereas in the first part of its request Argentina asks the Court
to order the suspension of all authorizations for the construction of the
CMB and Orion mills, the suspension of the building work on the Orion
mill, and the adoption of all necessary measures to ensure the suspen-
sion of the work on the CMB mill beyond 28 June 2006; whereas in the
second part of its request Argentina asks the Court to order Uruguay
to co-operate with Argentina in good faith in protecting and preserving
the aquatic environment of the River Uruguay, to refrain from taking
any further unilateral action with respect to the construction of the two
mills incompatible with the 1975 Statute; and also to refrain from any
other action that might aggravate the dispute which is the subject-
matter of the present proceedings or render its settlement more difficult;
69. Whereas the Court will first address Argentina’s requests directed
at the suspension of the authorizations to construct the pulp mills and the
suspension of the construction work itself;
70. Whereas, as regards the rights of a procedural nature invoked by
Argentina, the Court leaves to the merits the question of whether Uru-
guay may have failed to adhere fully to the provisions of Chapter II of
the 1975 Statute when it authorized the construction of the two mills;
whereas the Court is not at present convinced that, if it should later be
shown that Uruguay had failed, prior to the present proceedings or at
some later stage, fully to adhere to these provisions, any such violations
would not be capable of being remedied at the merits stage of the pro-
ceedings;
71. Whereas in this connection, the Court has taken note of the inter-
pretation of the 1975 Statute advanced by Argentina to the effect that it
provides for a “no construction” obligation, that is to say that it stipu-
lates that a project may only proceed if agreed to by both parties or that,
lacking such agreement, it shall not proceed until the Court has ruled on
the dispute; whereas, however, the Court does not have to consider that
issue for current purposes, since it is not at present convinced that, if it
should later be shown that such is the correct interpretation of the 1975
Statute, any consequent violations of the Statute that Uruguay might be
found to have committed would not be capable of being remedied at the
merits stage of the proceedings;
22 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 131
des travaux eux-mêmes causerait un préjudice irréparable à son droit de
poursuivre ces projets tel qu’il découle du statut de 1975;
**
68. Considérant que la demande en indication de mesures conserva-
toires soumise par l’Argentine peut être divisée en deux volets, afférents,
d’une part, à la suspension et, d’autre part, à d’autres mesures propices à
assurer la coopération entre les Parties et la non-aggravation du diffé-
rend; que, dans le premier volet de sa demande, l’Argentine prie la Cour
d’indiquer les mesures suivantes: suspension de toutes les autorisations
relatives à la construction des usines CMB et Orion, suspension des tra-
vaux de construction de l’usine Orion et adoption de toutes les mesures
nécessaires pour garantir que la suspension des travaux de construction
de l’usine CMB sera prolongée au-delà du 28 juin 2006; que, dans le
second volet de sa demande, l’Argentine prie la Cour d’ordonner à l’Uru-
guay: de coopérer de bonne foi avec l’Argentine afin de protéger et pré-
server le milieu aquatique du fleuve Uruguay, de s’abstenir de prendre
toute autre mesure unilatérale relative à la construction des deux usines
qui soit incompatible avec le statut de 1975 et de s’abstenir également de
toute autre mesure susceptible d’aggraver le différend objet de la présente
instance ou d’en rendre le règlement plus difficile;
69. Considérant que la Cour examinera d’abord les demandes de
l’Argentine visant à la suspension des autorisations relatives à la cons-
truction des usines de pâte à papier et à la suspension des travaux de
construction eux-mêmes;
70. Considérant que, en ce qui concerne les droits de nature procédu-
rale invoqués par l’Argentine, la Cour réserve pour le stade du fond la
question de savoir si l’Uruguay pourrait ne s’être pas pleinement conformé
aux dispositions du chapitre II du statut de 1975 en autorisant la cons-
truction des deux usines; que la Cour n’est pas pour l’heure convaincue
que, s’il devait par la suite apparaître que l’Uruguay a manqué, avant la
présente phase de la procédure ou à un stade ultérieur, de se conformer
pleinement à ces dispositions, il ne serait pas possible de remédier à de
tels manquements au stade du fond;
71. Considérant que, dans cette perspective, la Cour a pris note de
l’interprétation du statut de 1975 avancée par l’Argentine, selon laquelle
celui-ci prévoirait une «obligation de non-construction» ou, en d’autres
termes, disposerait qu’un projet ne peut être mis en Œuvre qu’à la suite
d’un accord entre les deux parties et que, faute d’un tel accord, le projet
ne saurait se poursuivre avant que la Cour ait tranché le différend; consi-
dérant toutefois que la Cour n’est pas tenue d’examiner cette question
dans le cadre de la présente phase de la procédure, étant donné qu’elle
n’est pas pour l’heure convaincue que, s’il devait ultérieurement appa-
raître que telle est l’interprétation qu’il convient de donner du statut de
1975, il ne serait pas possible de remédier, au stade du fond, à toute viola-
tion du statut de 1975 qui pourrait, par suite, être imputée à l’Uruguay;
22132 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
72. Whereas, as regards the rights of a substantive nature invoked by
Argentina, the Court recognizes the concerns expressed by Argentina for
the need to protect its natural environment and, in particular, the quality
of the water of the River Uruguay; whereas the Court recalls that it has
had occasion in the past to stress in the following terms the great signifi-
cance it attaches to respect for the environment:
“the environment is not an abstraction but represents the living
space, the quality of life and the very health of human beings,
including generations unborn. The existence of the general obliga-
tion of States to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction and
control respect the environment of other States or of areas beyond
national control is now part of the corpus of international law relat-
ing to the environment.” (Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear
Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I) , pp. 241-242,
para. 29; see also Gabc ˇíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slo-
vakia), I.C.J. Reports 1997 , p. 78, para. 140);
73. Whereas, in the Court’s view, there is however nothing in the
record to demonstrate that the very decision by Uruguay to authorize the
construction of the mills poses an imminent threat of irreparable damage
to the aquatic environment of the River Uruguay or to the economic and
social interests of the riparian inhabitants on the Argentine side of the
river;
74. Whereas Argentina has not persuaded the Court that the construc-
tion of the mills presents irreparable damage to the environment; whereas
it has also not been demonstrated that the construction of the mills con-
stitutes a present threat of irreparable economic and social damage;
whereas, furthermore, Argentina has not shown that the mere suspension
of the construction of the mills, pending final judgment on the merits,
would be capable of reversing or repairing the alleged economic and
social consequences attributed by Argentina to the building works;
75. Whereas Argentina has not provided evidence at present that
suggests that any pollution resulting from the commissioning of the mills
would be of a character to cause irreparable damage to the River Uru-
guay; whereas it is a function of CARU to ensure the quality of water of
the river by regulating and minimizing the level of pollution; whereas, in
any event, the threat of any pollution is not imminent as the mills are not
expected to be operational before August 2007 (Orion) and June 2008
(CMB);
76. Whereas on the basis of the present evidence before it the Court is
not persuaded by the argument that the rights claimed by Argentina
would no longer be capable of protection if the Court were to decide not
to indicate at this stage of the proceedings the suspension of the authori-
zation to construct the pulp mills and the suspension of the construction
work itself;
23 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 132
72. Considérant que, en ce qui concerne les droits de nature substan-
tielle invoqués par l’Argentine, la Cour a conscience des préoccupations
exprimées par cet Etat quant à la nécessité de protéger son environne-
ment naturel et, en particulier, la qualité des eaux du fleuve Uruguay;
que la Cour rappelle avoir eu, par le passé, l’occasion de souligner toute
l’importance qu’elle attache au respect de l’environnement:
«l’environnement n’est pas une abstraction, mais bien l’espace où
vivent les êtres humains et dont dépendent la qualité de leur vie et
leur santé, y compris pour les générations à venir. L’obligation géné-
rale qu’ont les Etats de veiller à ce que les activités exercées dans les
limites de leur juridiction ou sous leur contrôle respectent l’environ-
nement dans d’autres Etats ou dans des zones ne relevant d’aucune
juridiction nationale fait maintenant partie du corps de règles du
droit international de l’environnement.» (Licéité de la menace ou de
l’emploi d’armes nucléaires, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (I) ,
p. 241-242, par. 29; voir aussi Projet Gabˇíkovo-Nagymaros (Hon-
grie/Slovaquie), C.I.J. Recueil 1997 , p. 78, par. 140);
73. Considérant que, de l’avis de la Cour, le dossier de l’affaire ne
contient cependant aucun élément démontrant que la décision de l’Uru-
guay d’autoriser la construction des usines créerait un risque imminent de
préjudice irréparable pour le milieu aquatique du fleuve Uruguay ou
pour les intérêts économiques et sociaux des populations riveraines éta-
blies du côté argentin du fleuve;
74. Considérant que l’Argentine n’a pas convaincu la Cour que la
construction des usines emporterait un préjudice irréparable pour l’envi-
ronnement; qu’il n’a pas davantage été démontré que la construction des
usines présenterait un risque de préjudice économique et social irrépa-
rable; que, en outre, l’Argentine n’a pas établi que la simple suspension
de la construction des usines, dans l’attente d’une décision définitive sur le
fond, serait susceptible d’effacer ou de réparer les prétendues consé-
quences économiques et sociales qu’elle prête aux travaux de construction;
75. Considérant que l’Argentine n’a pas, à l’heure actuelle, fourni
d’éléments qui donnent à penser que la pollution éventuellement engen-
drée par la mise en service des usines serait de nature à causer un préju-
dice irréparable au fleuve Uruguay; qu’il incombe à la CARU de veiller à
la qualité des eaux du fleuve en réglementant et en restreignant au mini-
mum le niveau de pollution; que, en tout état de cause, le risque de pollu-
tion ne revêt pas un caractère imminent, l’exploitation des usines ne
devant pas débuter avant août 2007 (pour Orion) et juin 2008 (pour
CMB);
76. Considérant que, au vu des éléments de preuve dont elle dispose
actuellement, la Cour n’est pas convaincue par l’argument selon lequel les
droits revendiqués par l’Argentine ne pourraient plus être protégés si la
Cour décidait de ne pas ordonner à ce stade de l’instance la suspension de
l’autorisation de construire les usines de pâte à papier et la suspension
des travaux de construction proprement dits;
23133 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
77. Whereas, in view of the foregoing, the Court finds that the circum-
stances of the case are not such as to require the indication of a provi-
sional measure ordering the suspension by Uruguay of the authorization
to construct the pulp mills or the suspension of the actual construction
work;
78. Whereas in proceeding with the authorization and construction of
the mills, Uruguay necessarily bears all risks relating to any finding on
the merits that the Court might later make; whereas the Court points out
that their construction at the current site cannot be deemed to create a
fait accompli because, as the Court has had occasion to emphasize,
“if it is established that the construction of works involves an
infringement of a legal right, the possibility cannot and should not
be excluded a priori of a judicial finding that such works must not be
continued or must be modified or dismantled” (Passage through the
Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark), Provisional Measures, Order of
29 July 1991, I.C.J. Reports 1991 , p. 19, para. 31);
*
79. Whereas the Court will now turn to the remaining provisional
measures sought by Argentina in its request;
80. Whereas the present case highlights the importance of the need to
ensure environmental protection of shared natural resources while allow-
ing for sustainable economic development; whereas it is in particular
necessary to bear in mind the reliance of the Parties on the quality of the
water of the River Uruguay for their livelihood and economic develop-
ment; whereas from this point of view account must be taken of the need
to safeguard the continued conservation of the river environment and the
rights of economic development of the riparian States;
81. Whereas the Court recalls in this connection that the 1975 Statute
was established pursuant to the 1961 Montevideo Treaty defining the
boundary on the River Uruguay between Argentina and Uruguay;
whereas it is not disputed between the Parties that the 1975 Statute estab-
lishes a joint machinery for the use and conservation of the river;
whereas the Court observes that the detailed provisions of the 1975 Stat-
ute, which require co-operation between the parties for activities affecting
the river environment, created a comprehensive and progressive régime;
whereas of significance in this regard is the establishment of CARU, a
joint mechanism with regulatory, executive, administrative, technical and
conciliatory functions, entrusted with the proper implementation of the
rules contained in the 1975 Statute governing the management of the
shared river resource; whereas the Statute requires the parties to provide
CARU with the necessary resources and information essential to its
operations; whereas the procedural mechanism put in place under the
24 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 133
77. Considérant que, compte tenu de ce qui précède, la Cour estime
que les circonstances de l’espèce ne sont pas de nature à exiger l’indica-
tion d’une mesure conservatoire enjoignant à l’Uruguay de suspendre
l’autorisation de construire les usines de pâte à papier ou de suspendre les
travaux de construction proprement dits;
78. Considérant que, en maintenant l’autorisation et en permettant la
poursuite de la construction des usines, l’Uruguay assume nécessairement
l’ensemble des risques liés à toute décision au fond que la Cour pourrait
rendre à un stade ultérieur; que la Cour relève que la construction des
usines sur le site actuel ne peut être réputée constituer un fait accompli
car, ainsi qu’elle a déjà été amenée à le souligner,
«s’il est établi que la construction d’ouvrages comporte une atteinte à
un droit, on ne peut ni ne doit exclure à priori la possibilité d’une déci-
sion judiciaire ordonnant soit de cesser les travaux soit de modifier ou
démantelerlesouvrages»(PassageparleGrand-Belt(Finlandec.Dane-
mark), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 29 juillet 1991, C.I.J.
Recueil 1991, p. 19, par. 31);
*
79. Considérant que la Cour en vient à présent aux autres mesures
conservatoires dont l’Argentine a sollicité l’indication dans sa demande;
80. Considérant que la présente affaire met en évidence l’importance
d’assurer la protection, sur le plan de l’environnement, des ressources
naturelles partagées tout en permettant un développement économique
durable; qu’il convient notamment de garder à l’esprit la dépendance des
Parties vis-à-vis de la qualité des eaux du fleuve Uruguay en tant que
celui-ci constitue pour elles une source de revenus et de développement
économique; que, dans cette perspective, il doit être tenu compte de la
nécessité de garantir la protection continue de l’environnement du fleuve
ainsi que le droit au développement économique des Etats riverains;
81. Considérant que la Cour rappelle à cet égard que le statut de 1975
a été établi conformément au traité de Montevideo de 1961 définissant la
frontière entre l’Argentine et l’Uruguay sur le fleuve Uruguay; qu’il n’est
pas contesté par les Parties que le statut de 1975 a créé des mécanismes
communs pour l’utilisation et la protection du fleuve; que la Cour relève
que le statut de 1975, par ses dispositions détaillées prévoyant une coo-
pération entre les parties dans le cas d’activités ayant des incidences sur
l’environnement du fleuve, a créé un régime complet et novateur; que
l’établissement de la CARU — mécanisme commun doté de fonctions
réglementaires, administratives, techniques, de gestion et de concilia-
tion —, à laquelle a été confiée la bonne application des dispositions du
statut de 1975 régissant la gestion des ressources fluviales partagées, cons-
titue un élément significatif à cet égard; que le statut de 1975 impose aux
parties de fournir à la CARU les ressources et les informations indispen-
sables à son fonctionnement; que le mécanisme d’ordre procédural mis
24134 PULP MILLS (ORDER 13 VII 06)
1975 Statute constitutes a very important part of that treaty régime;
82. Whereas, notwithstanding the fact that the Court has not been
able to accede to the request by Argentina for the indication of provi-
sional measures ordering the suspension of construction of the mills, the
Parties are required to fulfil their obligations under international law;
whereas the Court wishes to stress the necessity for Argentina and Uru-
guay to implement in good faith the consultation and co-operation pro-
cedures provided for by the 1975 Statute, with CARU constituting the
envisaged forum in this regard; and whereas the Court further encour-
ages both Parties to refrain from any actions which might render more
difficult the resolution of the present dispute;
83. Whereas the Court recalls, in this regard that, as stated above (see
paragraph 56), the Agent of Uruguay, inter alia, reiterated at the conclu-
sion of the hearings the “intention [of Uruguay] to comply in full with the
1975 Statute of the River Uruguay and its application” and repeated “as
a concrete expression of that intention . . . its offer of conducting con-
tinuous joint monitoring with the Argentine Republic”;
84. Whereas, having regard to all the above considerations, and taking
note, in particular, of these commitments affirmed before the Court by
Uruguay, the Court does not consider that there are grounds for it to
indicate the remaining provisional measures requested by Argentina;
* * *
85. Whereas the decision given in the present proceedings in no way
prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the
merits of the case or any questions relating to the admissibility of the
Application, or relating to the merits themselves; and whereas it leaves
unaffected the right of Argentina and of Uruguay to submit arguments in
respect of those questions;
86. Whereas this decision also leaves unaffected the right of Argentina
to submit in the future a fresh request for the indication of provisional
measures under Article 75, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, based on
new facts;
*
* *
87. For these reasons,
T HE C OURT ,
By fourteen votes to one,
Finds that the circumstances, as they now present themselves to
25 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 134
en place aux termes du statut de 1975 occupe une place très importante
dans le régime de ce traité;
82. Considérant que, nonobstant le fait que la Cour n’a pu faire droit
à la demande de l’Argentine, qui la priait d’indiquer des mesures conser-
vatoires ordonnant la suspension de la construction des usines, les Parties
sont tenues de s’acquitter des obligations qui sont les leurs en vertu du
droit international; que la Cour tient à souligner la nécessité pour l’Argen-
tine et l’Uruguay de mettre en Œuvre de bonne foi les procédures de
consultation et de coopération prévues par le statut de 1975, la CARU
constituant l’enceinte prévue à cet effet; et que la Cour encourage en
outre les Parties à s’abstenir de tout acte qui risquerait de rendre plus
difficile le règlement du présent différend;
83. Considérant que la Cour rappelle à cet égard que, comme il est
indiqué plus haut (voir paragraphe 56), l’agent de l’Uruguay a notam-
ment réitéré, au terme de la procédure orale, la «volonté [de l’Uruguay]
de respecter pleinement et totalement le statut du fleuve Uruguay de 1975
et son application» et réaffirmé «[c]omme expression concrète et exem-
plaire de cette volonté ... son offre de réaliser un monitorage conjoint et
constant avec la République argentine»;
84. Considérant, eu égard à l’ensemble des considérations qui pré-
cèdent et compte tenu, en particulier, de ces engagements, confirmés
par l’Uruguay devant elle, qu’il n’existe pas, aux yeux de la Cour, de mo-
tifs justifiant qu’elle indique les autres mesures conservatoires demandées
par l’Argentine;
* * *
85. Considérant que la décision rendue en la présente procédure ne
préjuge en rien la question de la compétence de la Cour pour connaître
du fond de l’affaire, ni aucune question relative à la recevabilité de la
requête ou au fond lui-même, et qu’elle laisse intact le droit de l’Argen-
tine et de l’Uruguay de faire valoir leurs moyens en ces matières;
86. Considérant que la présente décision laisse également intact le
droit de l’Argentine de présenter à l’avenir une nouvelle demande en indi-
cation de mesures conservatoires fondée sur des faits nouveaux, en vertu
du paragraphe 3 de l’article 75 du Règlement;
* * *
87. Par ces motifs,
L A COUR ,
Par quatorze voix contre une,
Dit que les circonstances, telles qu’elles se présentent actuellement à la
25135 PULP MILLS ORDER 13 VII 06)
the Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its power under
Article 41 of the Statute to indicate provisional measures.
IN FAVOUR : President Higgins; Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges
Ranjeva, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buergenthal, Owada, Simma,
Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov; Judge ad hoc
Torres Bernárdez;
AGAINST: Judge ad hoc Vinuesa.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this thirteenth day of July, two thousand
and six, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the
Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Argentine
Republic and the Government of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay,
respectively.
(Signed) President. (Signed) Rosalyn H IGGINS,
President.
(Signed) Philippe C OUVREUR ,
Registrar.
Judge R ANJEVA appends a declaration to the Order of the Court;
Judges A BRAHAM and B ENNOUNA append separate opinions to the Order
of the Court; Judge ad hoc V INUESA appends a dissenting opinion to the
Order of the Court.
(Initialled) R.H.
(Initialled) Ph.C.
26 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 13 VII 06) 135
Cour, ne sont pas de nature à exiger l’exercice de son pouvoir d’indiquer
des mesures conservatoires en vertu de l’article 41 du Statut.
me
POUR :M Higgins, président ; M. Al-Khasawneh, vice-président ; MM. Ran-
jeva, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Abraham,
Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, juges; M. Torres Bernár-
dez, juge ad hoc;
CONTRE : M. Vinuesa, juge ad hoc.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au Palais de la
Paix, à La Haye, le treize juillet deux mille six, en trois exemplaires, dont
l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres seront transmis
respectivement au Gouvernement de la République argentine et au Gou-
vernement de la République orientale de l’Uruguay.
Le président,
(Signé) Rosalyn H IGGINS.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe C OUVREUR .
M. le juge R ANJEVA joint une déclaration à l’ordonnance; MM. les
juges ABRAHAM et BENNOUNA joignent à l’ordonnance les exposés de leur
opinion individuelle; M. le juge ad hoc V INUESA joint à l’ordonnance
l’exposé de son opinion dissidente.
(Paraphé) R.H.
(Paraphé) Ph.C.
26
Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures
Order of 13 July 2006