COUR INTERNATIONADE JUSTIi3E
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE RELATIVE À CERTAINES
PROCÉDURES PÉNALES ENGAGÉES
EN FRANCE
(RÉPUBLIQUE DU CONGO c. FRANCE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURE
CONSERVATOIRE
ORDONNANCE DU 17JUIN 2003
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING CERTAIN
CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
IN FRANCE
(REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO v.FRANCE)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PPROVISIONAL
MEASURE
ORDER OF 17 JUNE 2003 Mode officiel de citation:
Certainesprocédurespénalesengugées enFrunce
(Rkpublique du Congo c. France), mesure conservatoire,
ordonnance du7juin 200C.IJ. Recueil 2003, p. 102
Official citation
Certain Criminal Proceedings in Frunce
(Repzrblicof the Congo v. France), Provisional Measure,
Order of 17 June 2003, I.C.J. Repop.102003,
NO vente: 867 1
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales nurnber
ISBN 92-1-070975-6 17JUIN 2003
ORDONNANCE
CERTAINES PROCÉDURES PÉNALES
ENGAGÉES EN FRANCE
(RÉPUIJLIQUE DU CONGO c. FRANCE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESIJRE
CONSERVATOIRE
CER7AIN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
IN FRANCE
(REPUIBLICOF THE CONGO v.F'RANCE)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF A PROVISIONAL
MEASURE
17JUNE 2003
ORDER INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2003 2003
17June
General List
17 June2003 No. 129
CASE CONCERNING CERTAIN
CRIMINAL PROCEEDI'VGS
IN FRANCE
(REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO v.FRANCE)
REQUEST FOR. THE INDICATION OF A PROVISIONAL
MEASURE
ORDER
Prcsent: Preside!SHI;Vice-PuesideRANJEV AJudgesGUILLAUME,
KOROMAV ,ERESHCHETH IN, GINS,ARRA-ARANGURE KO,OIJ-
MANS,AL-KHASAWNEHB , UERGENTHA EL,ARABY, OWADA,
SIMMAT , OMKA;udgead hoc DECARA; RegistruCO~JVREUR.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed asabove,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to
Articles8.paragraph 5, 73 and 74 of the Rules of Court,
Makes thefollowing Order
1. Whereas, by ,4pplication filed in the Reg,istry of the Court on
9 December 2002, the Republic of the Congo (hcreinafter "the Congo")
sought to institute proceedings against the French Republic (hereinafter
"France") on the giounds, first, of alleged CERTAIN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS (ORDER 17VI 03) 103
"violation of the principle that a State may nlx, in breach of the
principle of sovereign equality among al1 Merlbers of the United
Nations, as laid dolwnin Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the
United Nations, exercise its authority on the territory of another
State,
by unilaterally attributing to itself universal juiisdiction in criminal
matters
and by arrogating to itself the power to prosecIlte and try the Min-
ister of theInterior of a foreign State for crimes allegedly committed
in connection with the exercise of his powers for the maintenance of
public order in hiijcountry",
and, second, of alleged "violation of the criminal irnmunity of a foreign
Head of State - an international customary rule recognized by the juris-
prudence of the Court";
2. Whereas by the Application the Congo requezted the Court
"to declare that the French Republic shall cause to be annulled the
measures of investigation and prosecution takeii by the Procureur de
la Rkpu/?/ique of the Paris Tribunul de grande instunce, the Pro-
cureur clr ka Républiqueof the Meaux Tribunlll de grande in~tance
and the investigai.ingjudges of those courts";
3. Whereas in the Application the Congo indicated that it "proposes
to found the Court's jurisdiction, pursuant to Article 38, paragraph 5, of
the Rules of Court, on the consent of the French Republic, which will
certainly be given";
4. Whereas the Application further contained a "Request for the indi-
cation of a provisioniil measure" whereby the Coiigo sought "an order
for the immediate suspension of the proceedings bting conducted by the
investigating judge of the Meaux Tribunul de grun fi instance";
5. Whereas upon receipt in the Registry of the Application, the Regis-
trar, in accordance with Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court,
transmitted a copy of the Application to the Government of France, and
informed both States that, in accordance with thlt provision, the case
would not be entered in the General List, nor wou'd any action be taken
in the proceedings, unless and until the State against which the Applica-
tion was made conselnted to the Court's jurisdiction for the purposes of
the case;
6. Whereas by a letter dated 8 April 2003 and ritceivedin the Registry
on 11 April 2003, the Minister for Foreign Affai-s of France informed
the Court that "the French Republic consents to the jurisdiction of the
Court to entertain the Application pursuant to Article 38, paragraph 5",
of the Rules of Court; whereas the Registrar imnrediately transmitted a
copy of that letter to the Government of the Congo; whereas the case
was thereupon entered in the General List; and whereas the Registrar
notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the case;
7. Whereas furthermore upon receipt of the consent of France to the CERTAIN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS (ORDER 17VI 03) 104
jurisdiction, the Court was convened for the purpose of proceeding to a
decision on the request for the indication of a provisional measure as a
matter of urgency, in (accordance with Article 74, paragraph 2, of the
Rules of Court; and wh~ereason 11April2003 the Registrar informed the
Parties that thePresidei~tof the Court had fixed 28 April 2003 as the date
for opening of hearings on the request, in accordanse with paragraph 3
of that Article;
8. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the Bench no judge of
Congolese nationality, the Congo proceeded, in the exercise of the
right conferred upon it by Article 31, paragraph :!,of the Statute, to
choose a judge ud lzoc in the case; whereas the Cmgo chose for that
purpose Mr. Jean-Yves de Cara;
9. Whereas, at four public hearings held on 28 an1 29 April2003, oral
observations were subinitted on the request for the indication of a pro-
visiotial measure :
On hellulj oj the Congo:
by H.E.Mr. Jacques Obia, Agent,
Mr. Jacques Vergès,
Mr. André Decocq,
Mr. Charles Zorgbibe ;
by Mr. Ronny Abraham, Agent,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Pierre-Marie Dupuy;
10. Whereas in the Application the Congo referr;to a complaint filed
on 5 December 2001, on behalf of certain human rights organizations,
with the Procureur d~>lu République of the Pari:, Tribunrrl lie grurzcie
instunce
"for crimes against humanity and torture allegedly committed in the
Congo against iridividuals having Congolese nationality, expressly
naming H.E. Mr Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of the Republic
of the Congo, H.F. General Pierre Oba, Miiiister of the Interior,
Public Security and Territorial Administration, General Nor-
bert Dabira, Inspecter-General of the Congolese Armed Forces, and
General Blaise Adoua, Commander of the Pr~tsidentialGuard" ;
whereas according to the Application, the Procureirrde lu République of
the Paris Trih~muIde grande Nz~tunce transmitted that complaint to the
Procurez4rde lu Répztbli~lue of the Meaux Trib~~nlllde gruizde iiz.vtunte,
who ordered a preliminary enquiry and then on 23 January 2002 issued a
réquisitoire (application for a judicial investigrtion of the alleged
offences), and the investigating judge of Meaux nitiated an investiga-
tion; 11. Whereas it appears, from the text of the complaint and the réquisi-
toire,supplied to the Court by the Congo, and from the further details of
the proceedings supplied by France during the oral proceedings, and con-
firmed by the Congo, that it was argued by the complainants that the
French courts had jurisdiction, as regards crimes zgainst humanity, by
virtue of aprinciple of international customary law groviding for univer-
sa1jurisdiction over such crimes, and as regards the crime of torture, on
the basis of Articles68'9-1and 689-2 ofthe French Code of Criminal Pro-
cedure; and whereas the Procureur de la Répuhliy~le of the Tribunal de
grande instance of Meaux, in his reyuisitoireof 23Jatiuary 2002,requested
investigation both of crimes against humanity and of torture, without
mentioning any jurisdictional basis other than P,rticle 689-1 of that
Code;
12. Whereas Article 689- 1 of the French Code O' Criminal Procedure
provides that, pursuant to certain international conventions to which
France is a Party, referred to in the following Articles of the Code, "any
person who has committed, outside the territory of the Republic, any of
the offences enumerated in these Articles, may be prosecuted and tried
by the French court:; if that person is present n France"; whereas
Article 689-2 refers to the United Nations Converition against Torture
and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatinent or Punishment
of 10 December 1984:
13. Whereas from the information before the Court it appears further
that the complaint was referred to the parquet of tlieTribunal cl'egrande
~nstunce of Meaux taking. "nto account that General Norbert Dabira
possessed a residence in the area of that court's jurisdiction, and that,
of those named in the complaint, he appeared to be the only person likely
to be present on the territory of France, as requircd by Article 689-1 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure; whereas however the investigation was
initiated against a non-identified person, not against any of the Congo-
lese personalities named in the complaint;
14. Whereas it appears further that the testimoiiy of General Dabira
was firsttaken on 23 May 2002 by judicial police officers who had taken
him into custody, and then on 8 July 2002 by the investigating judge, as
a t4moin assisté (legally represented witness); whereas it has been
explained by France that a t&r?zoinassi.~tin French criminal procedure is
a person who is not rnerely a witness, but to some extent a suspect, and
who therefore enjoys certain procedural rights (assistance of counsel,
access to the case file) not conferred on ordinary v~itnesses;
15. Whereas according to the information supplied by France, Gen-
eral Dabira was summoned again on 11 Septemtter 2002 to be mis erz
e'crrmen (formally placed under judicial examination), but had by then
returned to the Congo, and informed the French authorities that, on
instructions from his superiors, he considered that he should not comply
with the summons; whereas on 16September 2002 the investigating judge
issued against Generril Dabira a munciut d'urnener (warrant for immedi- CE.RTAIN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS (ORDER 17VI 03) 106
ate appearance), which, it was explairied by France at the hearing, could
be enforced against hirn should he return to France. but is not capable of
being executed outside:French territory :
16. Whereas the Application further states that ivhen the President of
the Republic of the Congo, H.E. Mr. Denis Sassoi1Nguesso "was on a
State visit to France, the investigating judge issuecla commission roga-
toire (warrant) to judicial police officers instructing them to take testi-
mony from hi~n"; whereas however no such conîrnis.ri«nrogatoire has
been produced, and France has informed the Court that no conzrîîission
rogcrtoirc was issued against President Sassou Nguesso, but that the
investigating judge sought to obtain evidence from liim under Article 656
of the Code of Crimirial Procedure, applicable whtre evidence is sought
through the diplomatic channel from a "represtntative of a foreign
power"; and whereas the Congo acknowledged ir its Application that
President Sassou Nguesso was never "mis en exumrn, nor called as a
thoitz assistk";
17. Whereas it is common ground between the I'arties that no acts of
investigation (instruci'ion) have been taken in the French criminal pro-
ceedings against the other Congolese personalities riamed in the Applica-
tion (H.E. General Pierre Oba, Minister of thc Interior, and Gen-
eral Blaise Adoua), nor in particular has any application been made to
question them as witr~esses;
18. Whereas on the basis of the facts set out iii the Application the
Congo seeks thc annulment of the acts referred to n paragraph 2 above.
and further requests the indication of the provisio al measure indicated
in paragraph 4 above;
19. Whereas according to the request for the indication of a provi-
sional measure, and for the reasons there indicated, "the two essential
preconditions for the indication of a provisional ineasure, according to
the Court's jurisprudence, namely urgency and irrt parable prejudice, are
manifestly satisfied in the present case";
20. Whereas on a request for the indication of provisional measures
the Court need not, before deciding whether or not to indicate them,
finally satisfytself that it has jurisdiction on the rrerits of the case. yet it
ought not to iridicatesuch measures unless the provisions invoked by the
applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which the jurisdiction
of the Court inight be established;
21. Whereas in the present case the Applicant ciid not in its Applica-
tion invoke any provisions relied on as affording a basis on which the
jurisdiction of theCourt might be established, but proposed to found the
jurisdiction of the Court upon a consent thereto yet to be given by
France, as contemplated by Article 38, paragra3h 5, of the Rules of
Court; whereas by a letter dated 8 April 2003 From the Minister forForeign Affairs of France, France consented explicitly to the jurisdiction
of the Court to entertain the Application on the baiis of that text;
* *
22. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate l,rovisional measures
under Article 41 of the Statute of the Court has as ~tsobject to preserve
the respectjve rights of the parties pending the decision of the Court. and
presupposes that irreparable prejudice should not be caused to rights
which are the subject of dispute in judicial proceeciings; whereas it fol-
lows that the Court nnust concern itself with the preservation by such
measures of the rights which may subsequently be aiijudged by the Court
to belong either to the Applicant orto the Respondent: and whereas such
measures are justified solely if there is urgency;
23. Whereas in its Application the Congo requested the Court to
declare that the French Republic
"shall cause to be annulled the measures c)f investigation and
prosecution takeri by the Procureur de laRé,~ubliqueof the Paris
Tribuizulde grunde instarzce,the Procureur de Iu Républiqueof the
Meaux Trihurzulcle grande instunce and the investigating judges
of those courts";
whereas it contended that these measures involved. first,
"violation of the principle that a State may lot, in breach of the
principle of sovereign equality among al1 M~mbers of the United
Nations, as laid down in Article 2, paragraph 1,of the Charter of the
United Nations, exercise its authority on the territory of another
State,
by unilaterally attributing to itself universal jiirisdiction iniminal
matters
and by arrogating to itself the power to proseCute and try the Min-
ister of theInterior of a foreign Statefor crimes allegedly committed
in connection wi1.hthe exercise of his powers f3r the maintenance of
public order in his country",
and, second, "violation of the criminal immunity of a foreign Head of
State - an international customary rule recognize~lby the jurisprudence
of the Court" (see paragraphs 1 and 2 above);
24. Whereas the request for the indication of a provisional measure,
directed to the preservation of the rights of the Congo under both of the
categories mentioned above, is for "an order for ihe immediate suspen-
sion of the proceedin,gsbeing conducted by the imestigating judge of the
Meaux Tribunczlde grande instance" (see paragraph 4 above);
25. Whereas the Congo also referred at the hearings to the principle of
criminal law iîon bisin idem as having been breached by the institution of
criminal proceedings in France relating to the sanie matters as proceed-
ings instituted in Brazzaville (the existence of which was, it is said, noti-
fied to the Meaux investigating judge in September 2002), and to a prin- CERTAIN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS (ORDER (7 VI 03) 108
ciple of "subsidiarity" which it contends is applicable to criminal pro-
ceedings having an international element; whereas however it does not
appear that the Congo claims that those principles confer upon it specific
rights which inight be threatened in such a way as ts justify their protec-
tion by the indication of provisional measures;
26. Whereas the circumstances relied on by the Congo, which in its
view require the indication of measures requiring suspension of the
French proceedings, are set out as follows in the rcquest:
"The proceedings in question are perturbing the international
relations of the Republic of the Congo as a iesult of the publicity
accorded, in flagrant breach of French law go ~erningthe secrecy of
criminal investig:xtions, to the actions of th(. investigating judge,
which impugn the honour and reputation of rhe Head of State, of
the Minister of the Interior and of the Inspecter-General of the
Arrned Forces and, in consequence, the internzitional standing of the
Congo. Furthermore, those proceedings are damaging to the tradi-
tional links of Franco-Congolese friendship. 1f these injurious pro-
ceedings were to continue, that damage would become irreparable" ;
27. Whereas at the hearings the Congo re-empl asized the irreparable
prejudice which in itr,contention would result fro n the continuation of
the French criminal proceedings before the Trihuilul de grurzdeinstarzce
of Meaux. in the sami:terms as in the request; whe .casthe Congo further
stated that the prejudice which would result if no provisional measures
are indicated would be the continuation and exacerbation of the preju-
dice already caused to the honour and reputation >fthe highest authori-
ties of the Congo, and to interna1peace in the Congo, to the international
standing of the Congo and to Franco-Congolese iriendship;
28. Whereas the Court observes that the rights tvhich, according to the
Congo's Application, are subsequently to be adj~idgedto belong to the
Congo in the present case are, first, the right to .equire a State, in this
case France, to abstain from exercising universal iurisdiction in criminal
matters in a rnanner contrary to international lan, and second, the right
to respect by France for the immunities conferred by international law
on, in particular,th? Congolese Head of State;
29. Whereas the purpose of any provisional measures that the Court
might indicate in this case should be to preservc:those claimed rights;
whereas the irreparable prejudice claimed by the Congo and sumrnarized
in paragraph 27 above would not be caused tc those rights as such;
whereas however this prejudice might, in the circ~umstancesof the case,
be regarded as such as to affect irreparably the rights asserted in the
Application; whereas in any event the Court noies that it has not been
informed in what practical respect there has been any deterioration intern-
ally or in the international standing of the Congo, or in Franco-Congo-lese relations, since th<:institution of the French criminal proceedings,
nor has any evidence bleenplaced before the Court of any serious preju-
dice or threat of prejudice of this nature;
30. Whereas the first question before the Court at the present stage of
the case is whether the criminal proceedings currently pending in France
entail a risk of irreparable prejudice to the right of the Congo to respect
by France for the imrnunities of President Sassou Nguesso as Head of
State, such as to require, as a matter of urgency, th: indication of provi-
sional measures ;
31. Whereas at the: hearings France drew the Court's attention to
Article 656 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure, which provides
that "the written deposition of the representative of a foreign power is to
be requested through t:heMinister for Foreign Affa:rsW,and continues by
providing foi-the procedure to be followed "if this request is accepted",
i.e., accepted by the foreign power; whereas Franci: contends that this is
the only means whereby President Sassou Nguesi,~, who according to
France is included in the category of a "repres1:ntative of a foreign
power". might be approached to &iveevidence in the pending criminal
proceedings, that hisi evidence thus could not tte taken without the
express agreement of the Congo, that while a requcst for a written depo-
sition from President Sassou Nguesso under Articli: 656has been sent by
the investigating judge to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it has
been retained by the IUIinistry,and that the current proceedings therefore
have not caused and cannot cause any damage to the Congo by way of
breach of the immunities of President Sassou Nguesso;
32. Whereas the Congo questions whether Article 656 is applicable to
a foreign Head of Si.ate, and also observes that if that procedure were
followed to obtain the evidence of a person who would otherwise qualify
to be cited as atémoinc~ssisté (as is the case of President Sassou Nguesso,
since he was mentioned in the complaint referr~d to in paragraph 10
above), the protection afforded by other Articles of the Code of Criminal
Procedure to a tknzoin ussisté would be lacking, w th a consequent preju-
dice to the rights of the defence; whereas the Congo also emphasizes the
fact that where a rkquisiioirc.is made by the Procureur de luRépublique
against an unidentifi.edperson, as was the case i-i the proceedings now
complained of, the investigating judge is free to interrogate any person
whom he considers likely to be able to fùrnish ebidence, and that there-
fore the possibility cannot be excluded that the judge might take the ini-
tiative to include President Sassou Nguesso in hi:, investigation, particu-
larly as President Sassou Nguesso is mentioned in the documentation
upon which the réquisitoirewas based;
33. Whereas the 'Court notes in this respect ttie following statements
by the Agent and the counsel of France: "In coilformity with international law, French law embodies the
principle of the immunity of foreign Heads of S ate . ..There are no
written rules deriving from any legislation relating to the immunities
of States and their representatives. It is the lurisprudence of the
French courts which, referring to customary iiiternational law and
applying it directly, have asserted clearly and fcrcefully the principle
of these immunities."
"One thing must be clear at the outset: Fra lce in no way denies
that President Sassou Nguesso enjoys, as a fcreign Head of State,
'immunities from jurisdiction, both civil and ci.iminal'."
"Until the present moment it has not been challenged, and it
is certainly not seriously challengeable, that al1 the steps taken by
the French courts in this particular case have been strictly in con-
formity with French law. They have respectcd the limits of their
jurisdiction and have respected the immunitiei, enshrined in French
i it be supposed that
law in conformity with international law. Ca
in the futureOurcourts would nlove away from .espectingthe law they
are required to apply?"
"We have simply stated what French law is; we have promised
nothing, we have said that French law does rot allow the prosecu-
tion of a foreign Head of State: that is not a promise, it is a state-
ment of law. And also that French law suborc;inates the jurisdiction
of the French courts over acts committed ab -oad to certain condi-
tions.Thlit too i:;not a promise, it isa statemcnt of law. At the very
most, but it would be somewhat pointless to (Io so, we might prom-
ise that the French courts will respect Frencli law. But 1 think this
might be taken for granted, and if some partixlar judicial decision,
of which we have no example right now in our present case, were to
exceed the limits set down by the law ther: would of course be
means of recourse to remedy any errors wlich might have been
made" :
34. Whereas the Court is not now called upon to determine the com-
patibility with the rights claimed by the Congo cf the procedure so far
followed in France, but only the risk or otherwise of the French criminal
proceedings causing irreparable prejudice to such claimed rights;
35. Whereas it appears to the Court, on the information before it, that
as regards President Sassou Nguesso, there is at the present time no risk
of irreparable prejudice. so as to justify the indication of provisional
measures as a matter of urgency; and whereas iieither is it established
that any such risk er,istsas regards General Oba. Minister of the Interior
of the Republic of the Congo, for whom the Conpo also claims immunity
in its Application;
36. Whereas the Court will now, as a second question, consider the CERTAIN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS (ORDER 17VI 03) 111
existence of a risk of irreparable prejudice in relaticn to the claim of the
Congo that the unilateral assumption by a State of universal jurisdiction
in criminal matters constitutes a violation of a principle of international
law; whereas in this respect the question before the Court is whether the
proceedings before the Tribunal de grande instanct of Meaux involve a
threat of irreparable prejudice to the rights invokecl by the Congo justi-
fying, as a matter of urgency, the indication of provisional measures;
37. Whereas, as regards President Sassou Nguesso, the request for
a written deposition made by the investigating jiidge on the basis of
Article 656of the Frerich Code of Criminal Procedure has not been trans-
mitted to the person cloncernedby the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs
(see paragraph 31 above); whereas, as regards Gi:neral Oba and Gen-
eral Adoua, they have not been the subject of any p .ocedural measures by
the investigatingjudge; whereas no measures of this nature are threatened
against these three persons; whereas therefore thert is no urgent need for
provisional measures to preserve the rights of the (:ongo in that respect;
38. Whereas as regards General Dabira, it isad nowledged by France
that the criminal proceedings instituted before tte Trihunal de grandp
instrxnce of Meaux have had an impact upon his own legal position,
inasmuch as he possessesa residence in France, and was present in France
and heard as a tkmoilz a.ssi.sa,nd in particular because, having returned
to the Congo, he declined to respond to a summoiis from the investigat-
ingjudge, who thereupon issued a mnndat d'amenev against him; whereas
however the practical effectof a provisional measure of the kind requested
would be to enable General Dabira to enter Franre without fear of any
legal consequences; ,whereasthe Congo has not ciemonstrated the like-
lihood or even the possibility of any irreparable prejudice to the rights
it claims resulting fi-om the procedural measurej taken in relation to
General Dabira ;
39. Whereas, independently of the requests for the indication of pro-
visional measures submitted by the parties to preserve specificrights, the
Court possesses by virtue of Article 41 of the Statute the power to indi-
cate provisional merisures with a view to preventing the aggravation or
extension of the dispute whenever it considers that circumstances so
require (cf.Land and Maritime Boundury between Cumeroan und Nigeria
(ïumeroon v.Nigeria), Provi.sionalMeusures. Order OJ 15 March 1996,
1.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 22, para. 41; Frontier Dispute ('Burkinu Fasol
Republic of Mali), Provisional Meusures. Order oj 10 Junuury 1986,
1.C.J. Reports 1986, p.9, para. 18): whereas how:ver the Court does not
in the circumstances of the present case see any n-ed for measures of this
kind to be indicatecl; 40. Whereas the delrision given in the present proceedings in no way
prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the
merits of the case or any questions relating to thc admissibility of the
Application, or relatirig to the merits themselves; and whereas it leaves
unaffected the right cif the Governments of the Congo and France to
submit arguments in respect of those questions;
41. For these reasons,
By fourteen votes to one,
Fin& that the circumstances, as they 11ow present themselves to
the Court, are not silch as to require the exercise of its power under
Article 41 of the Statute to indicate provisional measures.
ih FAVOUR : Presidrnt Shi; Vice-Preside~ztRanjeta ; Juclge.~Guillaume,
Koroma, Vereshchetin. Higgins, Parra-Arangiiren, Kooijmans, Al-
Khasawneh, Buergenthal,Elaraby, Owada,Simmil,Tomka;
AC~AIN SuT:igead hoc de Cara.
Done in French and in English, the French text 3eingauthoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this seventeenth day ,f June, two thousand
and three, in three copies, one of which will be plzicedin the archives of
the Court and the others transmitted to the Goveriiment of the Republic
of the Congo and the Government of the French liepublic, respectively.
(Signedj SHIJiuyong,
President.
(Signed) Philippe COUVREUR,
Registrar.
Judges KOROMA and VERESHCHET aIppend a joint separate opinion to
the Order of the Court; Judge ad hoc DE CARAappends a dissenting
opinion to the Order of the Court.
(Znitialled)J.Y.S.
(Znitialled)Ph.C.
COUR INTERNATIONADE JUSTIi3E
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE RELATIVE À CERTAINES
PROCÉDURES PÉNALES ENGAGÉES
EN FRANCE
(RÉPUBLIQUE DU CONGO c. FRANCE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURE
CONSERVATOIRE
ORDONNANCE DU 17JUIN 2003
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING CERTAIN
CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
IN FRANCE
(REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO v.FRANCE)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PPROVISIONAL
MEASURE
ORDER OF 17 JUNE 2003 Mode officiel de citation:
Certainesprocédurespénalesengugées enFrunce
(Rkpublique du Congo c. France), mesure conservatoire,
ordonnance du7juin 200C.IJ. Recueil 2003, p. 102
Official citation
Certain Criminal Proceedings in Frunce
(Repzrblicof the Congo v. France), Provisional Measure,
Order of 17 June 2003, I.C.J. Repop.102003,
NO vente: 867 1
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales nurnber
ISBN 92-1-070975-6 17JUIN 2003
ORDONNANCE
CERTAINES PROCÉDURES PÉNALES
ENGAGÉES EN FRANCE
(RÉPUIJLIQUE DU CONGO c. FRANCE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESIJRE
CONSERVATOIRE
CER7AIN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
IN FRANCE
(REPUIBLICOF THE CONGO v.F'RANCE)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF A PROVISIONAL
MEASURE
17JUNE 2003
ORDER COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
2003 ANNEE 2003
17juin
Rôle général
no 129 17juin2003
AFFAIRE RELATIVE À CERTAINES
PROCÉDURES PÉNALES ENGAGÉES
EN FRANCE
(RÉPUBLIQUE DU CONGO c. FRANCE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURE
CONSERVATOIRE
ORDONNANCE
Prksent~:M. SHI,présidentM. RANJEVA ice-pvksidenMM. GUIL-
LAUME,KOROMA V,ERESHCHETM INn,IeHIGGIS,M. PARRA-
ARANGURENK , OOIJMANSA, L-KHASAWNEH B,LJERGENTHAL,
ELARABY ,WADAS , IMMA, OMKAj,z~gr~;M.DE CARAj.uge
ad hoc; M. COUVREURgreffier.
La Cour internationale de Justice,
Ainsi composée,
Après délibéen chambre du conseil,
Vu les articles 41 et 48 du Statut de la Cour et les articles 38, para-
graphe5, 73 et 74 de son Règlement,
Rend I'ovdonnancesuivante
1. Considérant que, par requêtedéposéeau Greffe de la Cour le
9 décembre 2002, la République du Congo (dénomméeci-après le
«Congo») a entendu introduire une instance contre la Républiquefran-
çaise (dénomméeci-après la «France>>),au motif que celle-ci aurait, en
premier lieu, INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2003 2003
17June
General List
17 June2003 No. 129
CASE CONCERNING CERTAIN
CRIMINAL PROCEEDI'VGS
IN FRANCE
(REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO v.FRANCE)
REQUEST FOR. THE INDICATION OF A PROVISIONAL
MEASURE
ORDER
Prcsent: Preside!SHI;Vice-PuesideRANJEV AJudgesGUILLAUME,
KOROMAV ,ERESHCHETH IN, GINS,ARRA-ARANGURE KO,OIJ-
MANS,AL-KHASAWNEHB , UERGENTHA EL,ARABY, OWADA,
SIMMAT , OMKA;udgead hoc DECARA; RegistruCO~JVREUR.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed asabove,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to
Articles8.paragraph 5, 73 and 74 of the Rules of Court,
Makes thefollowing Order
1. Whereas, by ,4pplication filed in the Reg,istry of the Court on
9 December 2002, the Republic of the Congo (hcreinafter "the Congo")
sought to institute proceedings against the French Republic (hereinafter
"France") on the giounds, first, of alleged (([violéle] principe selon lequel un Etat ne peut, au méprisdu prin-
cipe de l'égalitsouveraine entre tous les Membres de l'organisation
des Nations Unies, proclamé par l'article 2, paragraphe 1, de la
Charte des Nations Unies, exercer son pouvoir sur le territoire d'un
autre Etat,
en s'attribuant unilatéralement une compétence universelle en
matière pénale
et en s'arrogeant le pouvoir de faire poursuivre etjuger le ministre de
l'intérieurd'un Etat étranger à raison de prétendues infractions qu'il
aurait commises a l'occasion de l'exercice de ses attributions rela-
tives au maintien de l'ordre public dans son pays»,
et, en second lieu, (([violé]l'immunitépénaled'un chef d'Etat étranger
- coutume internationale reconnue par la jurisprudence de la Cour));
2. Considérant que, par cette requête,le Congo priait la Cour
«de dire que la République française devra faire annuler les actes
d'instruction et de poursuite accomplis par le procureur de la Répu-
blique prèsle tribunal de grande instance de Paris, le procureur de la
Républiqueprèsle tribunal de grande instance de Meaux et lesjuges
d'instruction de ces tribunaux));
3. Considérant que, dans la requête,le Congo indiquait qu'il centen-
d[ait] fonder la compétence de la Cour, en application de l'article 38,
paragraphe 5, du Règlementde la Cour, sur leconsentement que ne man-
quera[it] pas de donner la République française));
4. Considérant quela requête contenaiten outreune ((demande d'indi-
cation d'une mesure conservatoire)) aux termes de laauelle le Congo vriait
la Cour de «faire ordonner la suspension immédi'atede la p&ckdure
suiviepar lejuge d'instruction du tribunal de grande instance de Meaux));
5. Considérant que, dès réceptionau Greffe de la requête,le greffier,
conformément au paragraphe 5 de I'article 38 du Règlement, ena trans-
mis copie au Gouvernement français et a informé les deux Etats que,
conformément a cette disposition, l'affaire ne serait pas inscrite au rôle
généralet qu'aucun acte de procédure ne serait effectuétant que 1'Etat
contre lequel la requête étaitforméen'aurait pas acceptéla compétence
de la Cour aux fins de l'affaire;
6. Considérant que,par lettre datée du 8 avril 2003 et reçue au Greffe
le 11 avril 2003, le ministre français des affaires étrangères a informéla
Cour que «la Républiquefrançaise accept[ait] la compétencede la Cour
pour connaître de la requêteen application de l'article38, paragraphe 5»,
du Règlement de la Cour; que le greffier a immédiatement transmis une
copie de cette lettre au Gouvernement du Congo; que l'affaire a été ins-
crite au rôle généralde la Cour; et que le greffier en a informéle Secré-
taire général desNations Unies;
7. Considérant en outre que, dès réceptionde l'acceptation par la CERTAIN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS (ORDER 17VI 03) 103
"violation of the principle that a State may nlx, in breach of the
principle of sovereign equality among al1 Merlbers of the United
Nations, as laid dolwnin Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the
United Nations, exercise its authority on the territory of another
State,
by unilaterally attributing to itself universal juiisdiction in criminal
matters
and by arrogating to itself the power to prosecIlte and try the Min-
ister of theInterior of a foreign State for crimes allegedly committed
in connection with the exercise of his powers for the maintenance of
public order in hiijcountry",
and, second, of alleged "violation of the criminal irnmunity of a foreign
Head of State - an international customary rule recognized by the juris-
prudence of the Court";
2. Whereas by the Application the Congo requezted the Court
"to declare that the French Republic shall cause to be annulled the
measures of investigation and prosecution takeii by the Procureur de
la Rkpu/?/ique of the Paris Tribunul de grande instunce, the Pro-
cureur clr ka Républiqueof the Meaux Tribunlll de grande in~tance
and the investigai.ingjudges of those courts";
3. Whereas in the Application the Congo indicated that it "proposes
to found the Court's jurisdiction, pursuant to Article 38, paragraph 5, of
the Rules of Court, on the consent of the French Republic, which will
certainly be given";
4. Whereas the Application further contained a "Request for the indi-
cation of a provisioniil measure" whereby the Coiigo sought "an order
for the immediate suspension of the proceedings bting conducted by the
investigating judge of the Meaux Tribunul de grun fi instance";
5. Whereas upon receipt in the Registry of the Application, the Regis-
trar, in accordance with Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court,
transmitted a copy of the Application to the Government of France, and
informed both States that, in accordance with thlt provision, the case
would not be entered in the General List, nor wou'd any action be taken
in the proceedings, unless and until the State against which the Applica-
tion was made conselnted to the Court's jurisdiction for the purposes of
the case;
6. Whereas by a letter dated 8 April 2003 and ritceivedin the Registry
on 11 April 2003, the Minister for Foreign Affai-s of France informed
the Court that "the French Republic consents to the jurisdiction of the
Court to entertain the Application pursuant to Article 38, paragraph 5",
of the Rules of Court; whereas the Registrar imnrediately transmitted a
copy of that letter to the Government of the Congo; whereas the case
was thereupon entered in the General List; and whereas the Registrar
notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the case;
7. Whereas furthermore upon receipt of the consent of France to theFrance de la compétence dela Cour, cette dernièrea étéconvoquéepour
statuer d'urgence sur la demande en indication de mesure conservatoire,
conformément au paragraphe 2 de l'article 74 de son Règlement; et que,
le 11 avril 2003, le greffier a informéles Parties que le président dela
Cour avait fixéau 28 avril 2003 la date d'ouverture Je la procédure orale
sur la demande, conformément au paragraphe 3 de ce mêmearticle;
8. Considérant que, la Cour ne comptant sur le siègeaucun juge de
nationalité congolaise, le Congo a procédé,dans l'exercicedu droit que
lui confèrele paragraphe 2 de l'article 31 du Statut,h la désignationd'un
juge ad hoc en l'affaire; et que le Congo a désigné à cet effet M. Jean-
Yves de Cara;
9. Considérant que, aux quatre audiences publiques tenues les 28 et
29 avril 2003, des observations orales sur la demande en indication de
mesure conservatoire ont étéprésentées:
au non?du Congo:
par S. Exc. M. Jacques Obia, ugerzt,
M. Jacques Vergès,
M. AndréDecocq,
M. Charles Zorgbibe;
au nom de la France
par M. Ronny Abraham, agent,
M. Alain Pellet,
M. Pierre-Marie Dupuy ;
10. Considérant que, dans sa requête,le Congo fait référencea une
plainte déposéele 5 décembre2001, au nom de certaines associations de
défense desdroits de l'homme, entre les mains du procureur de la Répu-
blique prèsle tribunal de grande instance de Paris
«pour crimes contre l'humanitéet tortures prétendument commisau
Congo sur des personnes de nationalité congolaise, visant nommé-
ment S. Exc. Monsieur Denis Sassou Nguesso, président dela Répu-
blique du Congo, S. Exc. le général PierreOba, ministre de l'intérieur,
de la sécurité publiqueet de l'administration du territoire, le général
Norbert Dabira, inspecteur général des forces armées congolaises e,t
le généralBlaiseAdoua, commandant la garde présidentielle» ;
considérant que, d'aprèsla requête,le procureur de la Républiqueprèsle
tribunal de grande instance de Paris a transmis cette plainte au procureur
de la République près le tribunal de grande instance de Meaux, qui a
ordonné une enquêtepréliminaire puis décernél,e 23janvier 2002, un
réquisitoire a fin d'informer sur les infractions alléguéese,t que le juge
d'instruction de Meaux a ouvert une information; CERTAIN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS (ORDER 17VI 03) 104
jurisdiction, the Court was convened for the purpose of proceeding to a
decision on the request for the indication of a provisional measure as a
matter of urgency, in (accordance with Article 74, paragraph 2, of the
Rules of Court; and wh~ereason 11April2003 the Registrar informed the
Parties that thePresidei~tof the Court had fixed 28 April 2003 as the date
for opening of hearings on the request, in accordanse with paragraph 3
of that Article;
8. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the Bench no judge of
Congolese nationality, the Congo proceeded, in the exercise of the
right conferred upon it by Article 31, paragraph :!,of the Statute, to
choose a judge ud lzoc in the case; whereas the Cmgo chose for that
purpose Mr. Jean-Yves de Cara;
9. Whereas, at four public hearings held on 28 an1 29 April2003, oral
observations were subinitted on the request for the indication of a pro-
visiotial measure :
On hellulj oj the Congo:
by H.E.Mr. Jacques Obia, Agent,
Mr. Jacques Vergès,
Mr. André Decocq,
Mr. Charles Zorgbibe ;
by Mr. Ronny Abraham, Agent,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Pierre-Marie Dupuy;
10. Whereas in the Application the Congo referr;to a complaint filed
on 5 December 2001, on behalf of certain human rights organizations,
with the Procureur d~>lu République of the Pari:, Tribunrrl lie grurzcie
instunce
"for crimes against humanity and torture allegedly committed in the
Congo against iridividuals having Congolese nationality, expressly
naming H.E. Mr Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of the Republic
of the Congo, H.F. General Pierre Oba, Miiiister of the Interior,
Public Security and Territorial Administration, General Nor-
bert Dabira, Inspecter-General of the Congolese Armed Forces, and
General Blaise Adoua, Commander of the Pr~tsidentialGuard" ;
whereas according to the Application, the Procureirrde lu République of
the Paris Trih~muIde grande Nz~tunce transmitted that complaint to the
Procurez4rde lu Répztbli~lue of the Meaux Trib~~nlllde gruizde iiz.vtunte,
who ordered a preliminary enquiry and then on 23 January 2002 issued a
réquisitoire (application for a judicial investigrtion of the alleged
offences), and the investigating judge of Meaux nitiated an investiga-
tion; 11. Considérant qu'il ressort du texte de la plainte et du réquisitoire,
communiqués àla Cour par le Congo, ainsi que des renseignements com-
plémentairessur la procédure fournispar la France à l'audience et confir-
més par le Congo, que les plaignants soutenaient que les tribunaux fran-
çais avaient compétence,pour les crimes contre l'humanité,en vertu d'un
principe du droit international coutumier prévoyant la compétence uni-
verselleà l'égardde tels crimes et, pour le crime de torture, au titre des
articles 689-1 et 689-2 du code de procédure pénalefrançais; et considé-
rant que le procureur de la République près le tribunal de grande ins-
tance de Meaux a, dans son réquisitoire du 23 janvier 2002, demandé
l'ouverture d'une information judiciaire ii la fois pour crimes contre
l'humanitéet pour torture, sans mentionner d'autre base de compétence
que l'article 689-dudit code ;
12. Considérant que l'article 689-1 du code de procédure pénalefran-
çais dispose qu'en application de certaines conventions internationales
auxquelles la France est partie, mentionnées aux articles suivants du
code, «peut êtrepoursuivie et jugéepar lesjuridictions françaises, si elle
se trouve en France, toute personne qui s'est rendue coupable hors du
territoire de la République de l'une des infractions énumérées par ces
articles...)); que l'article 689-2 renvoie convention des Nations Unies
du 10 décembre 1984 contre la torture et autres peines ou traitements
cruels, inhumains ou dégradants;
13. Considérant qu'il ressort enoutre des élémentsd'information dont
dispose la Cour que la plainte a ététransmise au parquet prèsle tribunal
de grande instance de Meaux, compte tenu du fait que le généralNor-
bert Dabira possédait une résidencedans le ressort territorial de ce tri-
bunal et que, parmi les personnes nommément viséespar la plainte, il
semblait la seule susceptible de se trouver sur le territoire français, ainsi
que le requiert l'article89-1 du code de procédure pénale; considérant
cependant que l'information judiciaire a étéouverte contre une personne
non dénommée(«contre XD), et non contre l'une ou l'autre des person-
nalités congolaisesnommémentdésignéesdans la plainte;
14. Considérant par ailleurs que le généralDabira a été entenduen
premier lieu le 23 mai 2002 par des officiers de police judiciaire qui
l'avaient placéen garde i vue, puis, le 8juillet 2002, par lejuge d'instruc-
tion en qualité de témoin assisté; quelaFrance a expliquéqu'un ((témoin
assisté)),dans le cadre de la procédure pénale française, n'est pas un
simple témoinmais, dans une certaine mesure, un suspect, qui bénéficie
a ce titre de certains droits procéduraux (assistance d'un avocat, accèsau
dossier de la procédure)dont ne jouit pas un témoinordinaire;
15. Considérant que, d'aprèsles renseignements fournis par la France,
le généralDabira a étéconvoqué à nouveau le 11 septembre 2002 pour
êtremis en examen, mais que l'intéressér,entré entre-temps au Congo, a
fait savoir aux autorités françaises que, comme suite aux instructions
qu'il avait reçues de sa hiérarchie, il estimait ne pas devoir déféràrla
convocation; que, le 16 septembre 2002, lejuge d'instruction a délivré a
l'encontre du généralDabira un mandat d'amener, qui pourrait, d'après 11. Whereas it appears, from the text of the complaint and the réquisi-
toire,supplied to the Court by the Congo, and from the further details of
the proceedings supplied by France during the oral proceedings, and con-
firmed by the Congo, that it was argued by the complainants that the
French courts had jurisdiction, as regards crimes zgainst humanity, by
virtue of aprinciple of international customary law groviding for univer-
sa1jurisdiction over such crimes, and as regards the crime of torture, on
the basis of Articles68'9-1and 689-2 ofthe French Code of Criminal Pro-
cedure; and whereas the Procureur de la Répuhliy~le of the Tribunal de
grande instance of Meaux, in his reyuisitoireof 23Jatiuary 2002,requested
investigation both of crimes against humanity and of torture, without
mentioning any jurisdictional basis other than P,rticle 689-1 of that
Code;
12. Whereas Article 689- 1 of the French Code O' Criminal Procedure
provides that, pursuant to certain international conventions to which
France is a Party, referred to in the following Articles of the Code, "any
person who has committed, outside the territory of the Republic, any of
the offences enumerated in these Articles, may be prosecuted and tried
by the French court:; if that person is present n France"; whereas
Article 689-2 refers to the United Nations Converition against Torture
and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatinent or Punishment
of 10 December 1984:
13. Whereas from the information before the Court it appears further
that the complaint was referred to the parquet of tlieTribunal cl'egrande
~nstunce of Meaux taking. "nto account that General Norbert Dabira
possessed a residence in the area of that court's jurisdiction, and that,
of those named in the complaint, he appeared to be the only person likely
to be present on the territory of France, as requircd by Article 689-1 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure; whereas however the investigation was
initiated against a non-identified person, not against any of the Congo-
lese personalities named in the complaint;
14. Whereas it appears further that the testimoiiy of General Dabira
was firsttaken on 23 May 2002 by judicial police officers who had taken
him into custody, and then on 8 July 2002 by the investigating judge, as
a t4moin assisté (legally represented witness); whereas it has been
explained by France that a t&r?zoinassi.~tin French criminal procedure is
a person who is not rnerely a witness, but to some extent a suspect, and
who therefore enjoys certain procedural rights (assistance of counsel,
access to the case file) not conferred on ordinary v~itnesses;
15. Whereas according to the information supplied by France, Gen-
eral Dabira was summoned again on 11 Septemtter 2002 to be mis erz
e'crrmen (formally placed under judicial examination), but had by then
returned to the Congo, and informed the French authorities that, on
instructions from his superiors, he considered that he should not comply
with the summons; whereas on 16September 2002 the investigating judge
issued against Generril Dabira a munciut d'urnener (warrant for immedi-lesexplications données par la France à l'audience, êtreexécutésicelui-ci
décidait de revenir en France, mais ne saurait l'être endehors du terri-
toire français;
16. Considérant que la requête indiqueen outre que, alors que le pré-
sident de la République du Congo, S. Exc. M. Denis Sassou Nguesso,
((étaiten visite d'Etat en France, [lejuge d'instruction avait] délivr[é]
des officiersde policejudiciaire une commission rogatoire leur ordonnant
de l'entendre comme témoin));que, toutefois, aucune commission roga-
toire de la sorte n'a étépoduite-et que la France a informéla Cour que
le président Sassou Nguesso n'avait fait l'objet d'aucune commission
rogatoire, mais que le juge d'instruction avait demandé à l'entendre en
vertu de l'article56 du code de procédure pénale,qui s'applique lorsque
l'audition d'un ((représentant d'une puissance étrangère))est demandée
par la voie diplomatique; et que le Congo reconnaît dans sa requêteque
le président Sassou Nguesso n'ajamais été«ni mis en examen, ni convo-
qué commetémoin assisté »;
17. Considérant que l'une et l'autre Parties s'accordent sur le fait que
les autres personnalitéscongolaises nomméesdans la requête (S. Exc. le
général PierreOba, ministre de l'intérieur, etle général Blaise Adoua)
n'ont fait l'objet, dans lecadre des poursuites pénales engagéesenFrance,
d'aucune mesure d'instruction. et notamment d'aucune demande d'audi-
tion comme témoins;
18. Considérant que, sur la base des faits exposésdans la requite, le
Congo demande que soient annulées les décisions énuméréeasu para-
graphe 2 ci-dessus, et qu'il demande en outre l'indication de la mesure
conservatoire énoncéeau paragraphe 4 ci-dessus;
19. Considérant que, d'après la demande en indication de mesure
conservatoire, et pour les raisons qui y sont indiquées,«les deux condi-
tions essentielles au prononcé d'une mesure conservatoire, suivant la
jurisprudence de la Cour, à savoir l'urgence et l'existenced'un préjudice
irréparable, sont manifestement réuniesen l'espèce»;
20. Considérant que, en présence d'une demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires, la Cour n'a pas besoin, avant de déciderd'indiquer
ou non de telles mesures, de s'assurer de manière définitivequ'ellea com-
pétencequant au fond de l'affaire, mais qu'elle nepeut cependant indi-
quer ces mesures que si les dispositions invoquées par le demandeur
semblent prirîzafucie constituer une base sur laquelle sa compétencepour-
rait êtrefondée;
21. Considérant qu'en l'espèce le demandeur n'a, dans sa requête,
invoqué aucune disposition sur laquelle il s'appuierait pour fonder la
compétence dela Cour, mais a entendu fonder la compétence de laCour
sur un consentement non encore donné par la France. ainsi que le prévoit
le paragraphe 5 de l'article 38 du Règlement; que, par lettre en date du
8 avril 2003 du ministre français des affaires étrangères,la France a CE.RTAIN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS (ORDER 17VI 03) 106
ate appearance), which, it was explairied by France at the hearing, could
be enforced against hirn should he return to France. but is not capable of
being executed outside:French territory :
16. Whereas the Application further states that ivhen the President of
the Republic of the Congo, H.E. Mr. Denis Sassoi1Nguesso "was on a
State visit to France, the investigating judge issuecla commission roga-
toire (warrant) to judicial police officers instructing them to take testi-
mony from hi~n"; whereas however no such conîrnis.ri«nrogatoire has
been produced, and France has informed the Court that no conzrîîission
rogcrtoirc was issued against President Sassou Nguesso, but that the
investigating judge sought to obtain evidence from liim under Article 656
of the Code of Crimirial Procedure, applicable whtre evidence is sought
through the diplomatic channel from a "represtntative of a foreign
power"; and whereas the Congo acknowledged ir its Application that
President Sassou Nguesso was never "mis en exumrn, nor called as a
thoitz assistk";
17. Whereas it is common ground between the I'arties that no acts of
investigation (instruci'ion) have been taken in the French criminal pro-
ceedings against the other Congolese personalities riamed in the Applica-
tion (H.E. General Pierre Oba, Minister of thc Interior, and Gen-
eral Blaise Adoua), nor in particular has any application been made to
question them as witr~esses;
18. Whereas on the basis of the facts set out iii the Application the
Congo seeks thc annulment of the acts referred to n paragraph 2 above.
and further requests the indication of the provisio al measure indicated
in paragraph 4 above;
19. Whereas according to the request for the indication of a provi-
sional measure, and for the reasons there indicated, "the two essential
preconditions for the indication of a provisional ineasure, according to
the Court's jurisprudence, namely urgency and irrt parable prejudice, are
manifestly satisfied in the present case";
20. Whereas on a request for the indication of provisional measures
the Court need not, before deciding whether or not to indicate them,
finally satisfytself that it has jurisdiction on the rrerits of the case. yet it
ought not to iridicatesuch measures unless the provisions invoked by the
applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which the jurisdiction
of the Court inight be established;
21. Whereas in the present case the Applicant ciid not in its Applica-
tion invoke any provisions relied on as affording a basis on which the
jurisdiction of theCourt might be established, but proposed to found the
jurisdiction of the Court upon a consent thereto yet to be given by
France, as contemplated by Article 38, paragra3h 5, of the Rules of
Court; whereas by a letter dated 8 April 2003 From the Minister foraccepté expressément lacompétence de la Cour pour connaître de la
requête surla base de ce paragraphe;
* *
22. Considérant que le pouvoir d'indiquer des mesures conservatoires
que la Cour tient de l'article1 de son Statut a pour objet de sauvegarder
le droit de chacune des parties en attendant qu'elle rende sa décision,et
présupposequ'un préjudiceirréparable ne doit pas êtrecauséaux droits
en litige dans une procédure judiciaire; qu'il s'ensuitque la Cour doit se
préoccuper de sauvegarder par de telles mesures les droits que l'arrêt
qu'elle aura ultérieurement à rendre pourrait éventuellementreconnaître
soit au demandeur, soit au défendeur; et considérant que de telles
mesures ne sont justifiéesque s'il y a urgence;
23. Considérant que, dans sa requête,le Congo prie la Cour de dire
que la République française
«devra faire annuler les actes d'instruction et de poursuite accomplis
par le procureur de la République prèsle tribunal de grande instance
de Paris, le procureur de la République près le tribunal de grande
instance de Meaux et lesjuges d'instruction de ces tribunaux));
qu'il soutient que ces actes ont constitué,en premier lieu, une
«[v]iolation du principe selon lequel un Etat ne peut, au méprisdu
principe de l'égalitésouveraine entre tous les Membres de l'organi-
sation des Nations Unies, proclamépar l'article 2, paragraphe 1, de
la Charte des Nations Unies, exercer son pouvoir sur le territoire
d'un autre Etat.
en s'attribuant unilatéralement une compétence universelle en
matière pénale
et en s'arrogeant le pouvoir de faire poursuivre etjuger le ministre de
l'intérieurd'un Etat étranger à raison de prétendues infractions qu'il
aurait commises à l'occasion de l'exercice de ses attributions rela-
tives au maintien de l'ordre public dans son pays»,
et, en second lieu, une «[v]iolation de l'immunité pénale d'un chef d'Etat
étranger - coutume internationale reconnue par la jurisprudence de la
Cour)) (voir paragraphes 1 et 2 ci-dessus);
24. Considérant que la demande en indication de mesure conserva-
toire, qui viseà sauvegarder les droits invoquéspar le Congo au titre des
deux chefs mentionnés ci-dessus, tend (tafaire ordonner la suspension
immédiate dela procéduresuivie par lejuge d'instruction du tribunal de
grande instance de Meaux» (voir paragraphe 4 ci-dessus);
25. Considérant qu'à l'audience le Congo a égalementinvoquéle prin-
cipe de droit pénal non bis inidem, qui aurait étéviolédu fait de I'ouver-
ture en France de procédurespénalesportant sur les mêmesfaits que des
procéduresengagées à Brazzaville (dont l'existenceaurait été notifiéaeu
juge d'instruction de Meaux en septembre 2002), et un principe de «sub-Foreign Affairs of France, France consented explicitly to the jurisdiction
of the Court to entertain the Application on the baiis of that text;
* *
22. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate l,rovisional measures
under Article 41 of the Statute of the Court has as ~tsobject to preserve
the respectjve rights of the parties pending the decision of the Court. and
presupposes that irreparable prejudice should not be caused to rights
which are the subject of dispute in judicial proceeciings; whereas it fol-
lows that the Court nnust concern itself with the preservation by such
measures of the rights which may subsequently be aiijudged by the Court
to belong either to the Applicant orto the Respondent: and whereas such
measures are justified solely if there is urgency;
23. Whereas in its Application the Congo requested the Court to
declare that the French Republic
"shall cause to be annulled the measures c)f investigation and
prosecution takeri by the Procureur de laRé,~ubliqueof the Paris
Tribuizulde grunde instarzce,the Procureur de Iu Républiqueof the
Meaux Trihurzulcle grande instunce and the investigating judges
of those courts";
whereas it contended that these measures involved. first,
"violation of the principle that a State may lot, in breach of the
principle of sovereign equality among al1 M~mbers of the United
Nations, as laid down in Article 2, paragraph 1,of the Charter of the
United Nations, exercise its authority on the territory of another
State,
by unilaterally attributing to itself universal jiirisdiction iniminal
matters
and by arrogating to itself the power to proseCute and try the Min-
ister of theInterior of a foreign Statefor crimes allegedly committed
in connection wi1.hthe exercise of his powers f3r the maintenance of
public order in his country",
and, second, "violation of the criminal immunity of a foreign Head of
State - an international customary rule recognize~lby the jurisprudence
of the Court" (see paragraphs 1 and 2 above);
24. Whereas the request for the indication of a provisional measure,
directed to the preservation of the rights of the Congo under both of the
categories mentioned above, is for "an order for ihe immediate suspen-
sion of the proceedin,gsbeing conducted by the imestigating judge of the
Meaux Tribunczlde grande instance" (see paragraph 4 above);
25. Whereas the Congo also referred at the hearings to the principle of
criminal law iîon bisin idem as having been breached by the institution of
criminal proceedings in France relating to the sanie matters as proceed-
ings instituted in Brazzaville (the existence of which was, it is said, noti-
fied to the Meaux investigating judge in September 2002), and to a prin-sidiarité))applicable selon lui aux procédures pénalesayant une dimen-
sion internationale; qu'il n'apparaît pas toutefois que le Congo affirme
que ces principes lui confèrent des droits déterminésqui pourraient être
menacésd'une façon qui justifierait leur protection par l'indication de
mesures conservatoires ;
26. Considérant que les circonstances alléguéespar le Congo, qui
requièrent, selon lui, l'indication de mesures exigeant la suspension des
procédures engagées en France, sont énoncéescomme suit dans la
demande :
((L'information en cause trouble les relations internationales de la
Républiquedu Congo par la publicitéque reçoivent, au mépris des
dispositions de laloi française sur le secret de l'instruction, les actes
accomplis par le magistrat instructeur, lesquels portent atteinte à
l'honneur et à la considération du chef de I'Etat, du ministre de
l'intérieur etde l'inspecteur général de l'arméeet, par là, au crédit
international du Congo. De plus, elle altère les relations tradition-
nelles d'amitié franco-congolaises.Si cette procédure délétère devait
se poursuivre, le dommage deviendrait irréparable));
27. Considérant qu'à l'audience le Congo a souligné une nouvelle fois,
en reprenant les termes de la demande, le caractère irréparabledu préju-
dice qui résulteraitselon lui de la poursuite des procédurespénales enga-
géesen France devant le tribunal de grande instance de Meaux; considé-
rant que le Congo soutient en outre que le préjudice qui résulteraitdu
défaut d'indication de mesure conservatoire serait la continuation et
l'aggravation du préjudice quiaurait déjàété causé à l'honneur et à la
considération des plus hautes autorités du Congo, ainsi qu'à la stabilité
interne du Congo, au crédit international de celui-ci et aux relations
d'amitié franco-congolaises;
28. Considérant que la Cour observe que les droits qui, selon la
requêtedu Congo, devraient lui être ultérieurement reconnusdans la
présente instance sont, en premier lieu, le droit ce qu'un Etat, en
l'occurrence la France, s'abstienne d'exercer unecompétencejuridiction-
nelle universelle en matière pénalede manière contraire au droit inter-
national et, en second lieu, le droit au respect par la France des immu-
nités conféréep sar le droit international, en particulier au chef de1'Etat
congolais ;
29. Considérant que l'objet detoute mesure conservatoire que la Cour
indiquerait en l'espècedevrait être depréserverles droits ainsi revendi-
qués; que le préjudice irréparable dont se prévaut le Congo, ainsi
qu'exposé auparagraphe 27 ci-dessus, ne serait pas causé iices droits en
tant que tels; considérant toutefois que ce préjudicepourrait, dans lescir-
constances de l'espèce,êtretel qu'il affecterait de manière irréparableles
droits énoncésdans la requête; considérantqu'en tout état de cause la
Cour relèvequ'elle n'a pas étéinforméede la manière dont, concrète-
ment, la stabilité interne du Congo, le créditinternational de celui-ci ou CERTAIN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS (ORDER (7 VI 03) 108
ciple of "subsidiarity" which it contends is applicable to criminal pro-
ceedings having an international element; whereas however it does not
appear that the Congo claims that those principles confer upon it specific
rights which inight be threatened in such a way as ts justify their protec-
tion by the indication of provisional measures;
26. Whereas the circumstances relied on by the Congo, which in its
view require the indication of measures requiring suspension of the
French proceedings, are set out as follows in the rcquest:
"The proceedings in question are perturbing the international
relations of the Republic of the Congo as a iesult of the publicity
accorded, in flagrant breach of French law go ~erningthe secrecy of
criminal investig:xtions, to the actions of th(. investigating judge,
which impugn the honour and reputation of rhe Head of State, of
the Minister of the Interior and of the Inspecter-General of the
Arrned Forces and, in consequence, the internzitional standing of the
Congo. Furthermore, those proceedings are damaging to the tradi-
tional links of Franco-Congolese friendship. 1f these injurious pro-
ceedings were to continue, that damage would become irreparable" ;
27. Whereas at the hearings the Congo re-empl asized the irreparable
prejudice which in itr,contention would result fro n the continuation of
the French criminal proceedings before the Trihuilul de grurzdeinstarzce
of Meaux. in the sami:terms as in the request; whe .casthe Congo further
stated that the prejudice which would result if no provisional measures
are indicated would be the continuation and exacerbation of the preju-
dice already caused to the honour and reputation >fthe highest authori-
ties of the Congo, and to interna1peace in the Congo, to the international
standing of the Congo and to Franco-Congolese iriendship;
28. Whereas the Court observes that the rights tvhich, according to the
Congo's Application, are subsequently to be adj~idgedto belong to the
Congo in the present case are, first, the right to .equire a State, in this
case France, to abstain from exercising universal iurisdiction in criminal
matters in a rnanner contrary to international lan, and second, the right
to respect by France for the immunities conferred by international law
on, in particular,th? Congolese Head of State;
29. Whereas the purpose of any provisional measures that the Court
might indicate in this case should be to preservc:those claimed rights;
whereas the irreparable prejudice claimed by the Congo and sumrnarized
in paragraph 27 above would not be caused tc those rights as such;
whereas however this prejudice might, in the circ~umstancesof the case,
be regarded as such as to affect irreparably the rights asserted in the
Application; whereas in any event the Court noies that it has not been
informed in what practical respect there has been any deterioration intern-
ally or in the international standing of the Congo, or in Franco-Congo-lesrelations franco-congolaisesavaient pu êtreaffectésdepuis l'ouverture
des procédurespénalesfrançaises, et qu'aucun élémenttendant àprouver
l'existence d'un préjudiceou d'une menace de préjudice gravede cette
nature n'a étéverséau dossier:
30. Considérant que la première question qui se pose devant la Cour
au présent stade de l'instance est de savoir si les procédures pénales
actuellement engagées enFrance risquent de causer un préjudiceirrépa-
rable au droit du Congo à ce que la France respecte lesimmunitésdont le
président Sassou Nguesso jouit en sa qualité dechef d'Etat, de sorte que
l'indication d'urgence de mesures conservatoires serait nécessaire;
31. Considérant qu'à l'audience la France a appelé l'attention de la
Cour sur l'article656 du code de procédure pénalefrançais, qui dispose
que «[l]a déposition écrited'un représentant d'une puissance étrangére
est demandéepar l'entremise du ministre des affaires étrangéres))e,t pré-
voit la procédureà suivre «[s]ila demande est agréée»,c'est-à-dire accep-
téepar la puissance étrangère;considérant que la France soutient qu'il
s'agit du seul moyen de s'adresser au président Sassou Nguesso, qui
rentre selon elle dans la catégorie des «représentant[s] d'une puissance
étrangère)),pour recueillir sa déposition dans les procédures pénalesen
cours, que son témoignage nesaurait donc êtrerecueilli sans le consente-
ment exprèsdu Congo, que si lejuge d'instruction a adresséau ministère
français des affaires étrangèresune demande de déposition écrite visant
le président Sassou Nguesso au titre de l'article 656, cette demande n'a
pas été transmisepar le ministère,et que dés lorsles procéduresen cours
n'ont causé etne sauraient causer aucun dommage au Congo du fait de
violations des immunitésdu président Sassou Nguesso;
32. Considérant que le Congo conteste que l'article 656 soit applicable
à un chef d'Etat étranger et fait observer en outre que, si cette procédure
était utiliséepour recueillir la déposition d'une personne qui serait sus-
ceptible d'êtrecitéecomme témoin assisté(comme c'est le cas du prési-
dent Sassou Nguesso, du fait que celui-ci est mentionné dans la plainte
du 5 décembre2001 à laquelle il est fait référenceau paragraphe 10 ci-
dessus), la protection accordée par les autres articles du code de procé-
dure pénaleaux témoins assistésferait défaut, ce qui porterait atteinte
aux droits de la défense;que le Congo souligne égalementque, lorsqu'un
réquisitoireest décernépar le procureur de la République contre une per-
sonne non dénommée, commec'étaitle cas dans lesprocéduresdont il est
aujourd'hui tiré grief,lejuge d'instruction est libre d'entendre toute per-
sonne qui selon lui semble en mesure de fournir des éléments de preuve,
et que ne saurait donc êtreexclue une initiative du juge tendant étendre
son instruction au président Sassou Nguesso, étant donnéen particulier
que celui-ci est visédans les piècesqui sontà l'origine du réquisitoire;
33. Considérant qu'à cet égardla Cour prend note des déclarationsci-
après de l'agent et des conseils de la France:lese relations, since th<:institution of the French criminal proceedings,
nor has any evidence bleenplaced before the Court of any serious preju-
dice or threat of prejudice of this nature;
30. Whereas the first question before the Court at the present stage of
the case is whether the criminal proceedings currently pending in France
entail a risk of irreparable prejudice to the right of the Congo to respect
by France for the imrnunities of President Sassou Nguesso as Head of
State, such as to require, as a matter of urgency, th: indication of provi-
sional measures ;
31. Whereas at the: hearings France drew the Court's attention to
Article 656 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure, which provides
that "the written deposition of the representative of a foreign power is to
be requested through t:heMinister for Foreign Affa:rsW,and continues by
providing foi-the procedure to be followed "if this request is accepted",
i.e., accepted by the foreign power; whereas Franci: contends that this is
the only means whereby President Sassou Nguesi,~, who according to
France is included in the category of a "repres1:ntative of a foreign
power". might be approached to &iveevidence in the pending criminal
proceedings, that hisi evidence thus could not tte taken without the
express agreement of the Congo, that while a requcst for a written depo-
sition from President Sassou Nguesso under Articli: 656has been sent by
the investigating judge to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it has
been retained by the IUIinistry,and that the current proceedings therefore
have not caused and cannot cause any damage to the Congo by way of
breach of the immunities of President Sassou Nguesso;
32. Whereas the Congo questions whether Article 656 is applicable to
a foreign Head of Si.ate, and also observes that if that procedure were
followed to obtain the evidence of a person who would otherwise qualify
to be cited as atémoinc~ssisté (as is the case of President Sassou Nguesso,
since he was mentioned in the complaint referr~d to in paragraph 10
above), the protection afforded by other Articles of the Code of Criminal
Procedure to a tknzoin ussisté would be lacking, w th a consequent preju-
dice to the rights of the defence; whereas the Congo also emphasizes the
fact that where a rkquisiioirc.is made by the Procureur de luRépublique
against an unidentifi.edperson, as was the case i-i the proceedings now
complained of, the investigating judge is free to interrogate any person
whom he considers likely to be able to fùrnish ebidence, and that there-
fore the possibility cannot be excluded that the judge might take the ini-
tiative to include President Sassou Nguesso in hi:, investigation, particu-
larly as President Sassou Nguesso is mentioned in the documentation
upon which the réquisitoirewas based;
33. Whereas the 'Court notes in this respect ttie following statements
by the Agent and the counsel of France:110 CERTAINES PROCEDURES PÉNALES (ORDONNAN1 C7EVI 03)
((Conformément au droit international, le droit français consacre
le principe de l'immunité des chefsd'Etat étrangers... Il n'existe pas
de règlesécritesdécoulant d'une législation relativeaux immunités
des Etats et de leurs représentants. C'estla jurisprudence des tribu-
naux français qui, se référant au droit international coutumier et
procédant à son application directe, a affirmé avecclartéet avec
force le principe de ces immunités.
«Une chose doit être claire d'emblée:la France ne nie en aucune
manière que le présidentSassou Nguesso bénéficie, en tant que chef
d'un Etat étranger, «d'immunitésde juridiction, tant civiles que
pénales».»
((Jusqu'à présent,il n'est pas contesté, etil n'est pas sérieusement
contestable, que tous les actesccon~plispar les juges français dans
cette affaire ont étéstrictement conformes au droit français. Les
juges ont respectéles limites de leur compétenceet ont respectéles
immunitésque consacre le droit français en conformitéavec le droit
international. Et l'on irait supposer qu'A l'avenir nos juges vont
s'écarterdu droit qu'ils sont chargésd'appliquer.))
«Nous nous sommes bornés A exposer ce qu'est le droit français.
Nous n'avons rien promis, nous avons dit que le droitfrançais inter-
dit de poursuivre un chefd'Etat étranger; ce n'est pas une promesse,
c'est un constat d'ordre juridique. Nous avons dit aussi, le droit
français subordonne la compétencedes tribunaux français pour des
faits commis à l'étrangerà certaines conditions. Ce n'est pas une
promesse, c'est un constat d'ordre juridique. Tout au plus, mais cela
serait assez vain, pourrions-nous promettre que les juges français
respectent la loi française. Mais je crois qu'on peut le présupposerou
le présumer, et encore une fois si telle ou telle décision judiciaire,
dont il n'ya pas d'exemplepour lemoment dans notre affaire, venait
à s'affranchir des limites prévuespar la loi, il y aurait bien sûr des
voies de recours permettant de redresser les erreurs commises»;
34. Considérant que la Cour n'est pas tenue, à ce stade, de déterminer
si les procédures pénales engagées jusqu'à présent enFrance sont com-
patibles avec les droits dont se prévaut le Congo, mais seulement si ces
procéduresrisquent de causer auxdits droits un préjudiceirréparable;
35. Considérant qu'il apparaît à la Cour, au vu des élémentsd'infor-
mation qui lui ont été soumis, qu'il n'existe l'heure actuelle, en ce qui
concerne le président Sassou Nguesso, aucun risque de préjudiceirrépa-
rable justifiant l'indication d'urgence de mesures conservatoires; et que,
en tout état de cause, il n'est pas davantage établiqu'un tel risque existe
pour le ministre de l'intérieurdu Congo, le généralOba, pour lequel le
Congo fait également valoir des immunitésdans sa requête;
*
36. Considérant que la Cour examinera à présent,en second lieu, s'il "In coilformity with international law, French law embodies the
principle of the immunity of foreign Heads of S ate . ..There are no
written rules deriving from any legislation relating to the immunities
of States and their representatives. It is the lurisprudence of the
French courts which, referring to customary iiiternational law and
applying it directly, have asserted clearly and fcrcefully the principle
of these immunities."
"One thing must be clear at the outset: Fra lce in no way denies
that President Sassou Nguesso enjoys, as a fcreign Head of State,
'immunities from jurisdiction, both civil and ci.iminal'."
"Until the present moment it has not been challenged, and it
is certainly not seriously challengeable, that al1 the steps taken by
the French courts in this particular case have been strictly in con-
formity with French law. They have respectcd the limits of their
jurisdiction and have respected the immunitiei, enshrined in French
i it be supposed that
law in conformity with international law. Ca
in the futureOurcourts would nlove away from .espectingthe law they
are required to apply?"
"We have simply stated what French law is; we have promised
nothing, we have said that French law does rot allow the prosecu-
tion of a foreign Head of State: that is not a promise, it is a state-
ment of law. And also that French law suborc;inates the jurisdiction
of the French courts over acts committed ab -oad to certain condi-
tions.Thlit too i:;not a promise, it isa statemcnt of law. At the very
most, but it would be somewhat pointless to (Io so, we might prom-
ise that the French courts will respect Frencli law. But 1 think this
might be taken for granted, and if some partixlar judicial decision,
of which we have no example right now in our present case, were to
exceed the limits set down by the law ther: would of course be
means of recourse to remedy any errors wlich might have been
made" :
34. Whereas the Court is not now called upon to determine the com-
patibility with the rights claimed by the Congo cf the procedure so far
followed in France, but only the risk or otherwise of the French criminal
proceedings causing irreparable prejudice to such claimed rights;
35. Whereas it appears to the Court, on the information before it, that
as regards President Sassou Nguesso, there is at the present time no risk
of irreparable prejudice. so as to justify the indication of provisional
measures as a matter of urgency; and whereas iieither is it established
that any such risk er,istsas regards General Oba. Minister of the Interior
of the Republic of the Congo, for whom the Conpo also claims immunity
in its Application;
36. Whereas the Court will now, as a second question, consider theexiste un risque de préjudice irréparable au regard de l'allégationdu
Congo selon laquelle le fait pour un Etat de s'attribuer unilatéralement
une compétencejuridictionnelle universelle en matière pénale constitue
une violation d'un principe de droit international; qu'a cet égardla ques-
tion qui se pose à la Cour est de savoir si la procédureengagéedevant le
tribunal de grande instance de Meaux fait peser sur les droits invoqués
par le Congo un risque de préjudiceirréparable quijustifierait l'indica-
tion d'urgence de mesures conservatoires;
37. Considérant que, en ce qui concerne le président Sassou Nguesso,
la demande de déposition écrite formuléeau titre de l'article 656 du code
de procédurepénalefrançais par lejuge d'instruction n'a pas été transmise
à l'intéressépar le ministère français des affaires étrangères(voir para-
graphe 31 ci-dessus); que, en ce qui concerne le généralOba et le géné-
ral Adoua, ils n'ont fait l'objet d'aucun acte de procédurede la part du
juge d'instruction; que ces trois personnalités ne sont a l'heure actuelle
menacéesd'aucun acte de ce type; que, par suite, des mesures conserva-
toires des droits du Congo ne s'imposent pasde façon urgente a cet égard;
38. Considérant que, en ce qui concerne le généralDabira, la France
reconnaît que la procédure pénale engagéedevant le tribunal de grande
instance de Meaux a eu une incidence sur la situation juridique de I'inté-
ressédans la mesure où celui-ci possède une résidenceen France, était
présent enFrance et y a étéentendu en qualité detémoin assistée ,t, plus
particulièrement, où, étantreparti pour le Congo, il n'a pas déféré à une
convocation du juge d'instruction; que celui-ci a alors délivré son
encontre un mandat d'amener; considérant toutefois que l'indication
d'une mesure conservatoire de la nature de celledemandéeaurait comme
effet pratique de permettre au généralDabira de se rendre en France sans
craindre de conséquencejuridique; que le Congo n'a pas démontréqu'il
est probable, voire seulement possible, que les actes de procéduredont le
généralDabira a fait l'objet causent un préjudiceirréparable quelconque
aux droits dont se prévaut le Congo;
39. Considérant que, indépendammentdes demandes en indication de
mesures conservatoires présentéespar les parties a l'effet de sauvegarder
des droits déterminés,la Cour dispose, en vertu de l'article 41 de son Sta-
tut, du pouvoir d'indiquer des mesures conservatoires en vue d'empêcher
l'aggravation ou l'extension du différendquand elle estime que les cir-
constances l'exigent (voir Fro~ztièrrterrestre et maritime entre le Came-
roun et le Nigiria (Cameroun c. Nigéria),mesures conserijatoires,ordon-
nance du15 mars 1996, C.I. J. Recueil 1996 (11, p. 22, par. 41;Derend
frontalier (Burkina FasolRipublique du Mali), mesures conseri-latoires,
ordonnance du IOjanvier 1986. C.I.J. Recueil 1986, p. 9, par. 18);consi-
dérant toutefois que la Cour ne voit, dans les circonstances de l'espèce,
aucune nécessitéd'indiquer de telles mesures; CERTAIN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS (ORDER 17VI 03) 111
existence of a risk of irreparable prejudice in relaticn to the claim of the
Congo that the unilateral assumption by a State of universal jurisdiction
in criminal matters constitutes a violation of a principle of international
law; whereas in this respect the question before the Court is whether the
proceedings before the Tribunal de grande instanct of Meaux involve a
threat of irreparable prejudice to the rights invokecl by the Congo justi-
fying, as a matter of urgency, the indication of provisional measures;
37. Whereas, as regards President Sassou Nguesso, the request for
a written deposition made by the investigating jiidge on the basis of
Article 656of the Frerich Code of Criminal Procedure has not been trans-
mitted to the person cloncernedby the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs
(see paragraph 31 above); whereas, as regards Gi:neral Oba and Gen-
eral Adoua, they have not been the subject of any p .ocedural measures by
the investigatingjudge; whereas no measures of this nature are threatened
against these three persons; whereas therefore thert is no urgent need for
provisional measures to preserve the rights of the (:ongo in that respect;
38. Whereas as regards General Dabira, it isad nowledged by France
that the criminal proceedings instituted before tte Trihunal de grandp
instrxnce of Meaux have had an impact upon his own legal position,
inasmuch as he possessesa residence in France, and was present in France
and heard as a tkmoilz a.ssi.sa,nd in particular because, having returned
to the Congo, he declined to respond to a summoiis from the investigat-
ingjudge, who thereupon issued a mnndat d'amenev against him; whereas
however the practical effectof a provisional measure of the kind requested
would be to enable General Dabira to enter Franre without fear of any
legal consequences; ,whereasthe Congo has not ciemonstrated the like-
lihood or even the possibility of any irreparable prejudice to the rights
it claims resulting fi-om the procedural measurej taken in relation to
General Dabira ;
39. Whereas, independently of the requests for the indication of pro-
visional measures submitted by the parties to preserve specificrights, the
Court possesses by virtue of Article 41 of the Statute the power to indi-
cate provisional merisures with a view to preventing the aggravation or
extension of the dispute whenever it considers that circumstances so
require (cf.Land and Maritime Boundury between Cumeroan und Nigeria
(ïumeroon v.Nigeria), Provi.sionalMeusures. Order OJ 15 March 1996,
1.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 22, para. 41; Frontier Dispute ('Burkinu Fasol
Republic of Mali), Provisional Meusures. Order oj 10 Junuury 1986,
1.C.J. Reports 1986, p.9, para. 18): whereas how:ver the Court does not
in the circumstances of the present case see any n-ed for measures of this
kind to be indicatecl; 40. Considérant qu'une décisionrendue en la présente procédure ne
préjuge en rien la compétence de la Cour pour connaître du fond de
l'affaire, niaucune question relative la recevabilitéde la requêteou au
fond lui-même,et qu'elle laisse intact le droit des Gouvernements du
Congo et de la France de faire valoir leurs moyens en ces matières;
41. Par ces motifs,
Par quatorze voix contre une,
Dit que les circonstances, telles qu'elles se présentent actuellerila
Cour, ne sont pas de nature exiger l'exercicede son pouvoir d'indiquer,
en vertu de l'article1 du Statut, des mesures conservatoires.
POUR: M. Shi, pr4sidenr; M. Ranjeva, vire-président;MM. Guillaume,
Koroma,Vereshchetin,Mn'"Higgins,MM. Parra-Aranguren,Kooijmans.
Al-Khasawneh, Buergenthal,Elaraby, Owada,Simma,Tomka,jugr.~;
CONTRE: M. de Cara,jzrgead hoc.
Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix,à La Haye, le dix-sept juin deux mille trois, en trois exemplaires,
dont l'un restera déposéaux archives de la Cour et les autres seront
transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la Républiquedu Congo et
au Gouvernement de la République française.
Le président,
(Signf;) SHIJiuyong.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe COUVREUR.
MM. les juges KOROMA et VERESHCHETjI oignent à l'ordonnance
l'exposéde leur opinion individuelle commune; M.lejuge ad lzocDE CARA
joint àl'ordonnance l'exposé deson opinion dissidente.
parup ph^;)J.Y.S.
(Paraphé) Ph.C. 40. Whereas the delrision given in the present proceedings in no way
prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the
merits of the case or any questions relating to thc admissibility of the
Application, or relatirig to the merits themselves; and whereas it leaves
unaffected the right cif the Governments of the Congo and France to
submit arguments in respect of those questions;
41. For these reasons,
By fourteen votes to one,
Fin& that the circumstances, as they 11ow present themselves to
the Court, are not silch as to require the exercise of its power under
Article 41 of the Statute to indicate provisional measures.
ih FAVOUR : Presidrnt Shi; Vice-Preside~ztRanjeta ; Juclge.~Guillaume,
Koroma, Vereshchetin. Higgins, Parra-Arangiiren, Kooijmans, Al-
Khasawneh, Buergenthal,Elaraby, Owada,Simmil,Tomka;
AC~AIN SuT:igead hoc de Cara.
Done in French and in English, the French text 3eingauthoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this seventeenth day ,f June, two thousand
and three, in three copies, one of which will be plzicedin the archives of
the Court and the others transmitted to the Goveriiment of the Republic
of the Congo and the Government of the French liepublic, respectively.
(Signedj SHIJiuyong,
President.
(Signed) Philippe COUVREUR,
Registrar.
Judges KOROMA and VERESHCHET aIppend a joint separate opinion to
the Order of the Court; Judge ad hoc DE CARAappends a dissenting
opinion to the Order of the Court.
(Znitialled)J.Y.S.
(Znitialled)Ph.C.
Request for the Indication of a Provisional Measure
Order of 17 June 2003