Order of 8 December 2000

Document Number
121-20001208-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE AU MANDAT D'ARRÊT
DU 11 AVRIL 2000

(RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO c. BELGIQUE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU8 DÉCEMBRE 2000

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING THE ARREST WARRANT
OF 11APRIL 2000

(DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO BELGIUM)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER OF 8 DECEMBER 2000 Mode officiel de citation:
Mundut d'urrêtdu II~~vril000 (Rkpublique déinocrutiqucdu Congo
c. Belgique), mesures conservutoires, ordonnance du 8 d.000,hrc2
C.I.J.Rccueil2000.p. 182

Officia1citat:on
Arrest Warrant ofIIApril2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo
v. Belgium), Proi~isionulMeu.~ures,Order of8 December 2000,
IC.J. Reports 2000p. 182

No de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 803 1
ISBN 92-1-070880-6 8 DÉCEMBRE 2000

ORDONNANCE

MANDAT D'ARRÊT DU II AVRIL 2000

(RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO c. BELGIQUE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ARREST WARRANT OF 11APRIL 2000

(DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO v.BELGIUM)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL

MEASCRES

8 DECEMBER 2000

ORDER INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2000 2000
8 December
General List
8 December2000 No. 121

CASE CONCERNING THE ARREST WARRANT
OF 11APRIL 2000

(DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO v.BELGIUM)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER

Presen: Presi~lentGUILLAUME; Vice-PresidentSHI; Judges ODA,
BEDJAOUI,RANJEVA,HERCZEGH,FLEISCHHAUER K,OROMA,
VERESHCHETIN H,IGGINS,PARRA-ARANGUREN K,OOIJMANS,
REZEKA , L-KHASAWNEH, BUERGENTHA Lu;gesad hoc BULA-
BULA,VAN DEN WYNGAERT RegistruCOUVREUR.

The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,

After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to
Articles3 and 74 of the Rules of Court,

Mlrkes the,folloir.ingOr~Ic>r

1. Whereas, by Application filed in the Registry of the Court on
17 October 2000,the Democratic Republic of the Congo (hereinafter
"the Congo") instituted proceedings against theom of Belgium
(hereinafter "Belgium") for ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 183

"violation of the principle that a State may not exercise its authority
on the territory of another State and of the principle of sovereign
equality among al1 Members of the Organization of the United
Nations, as laid down in Article 2, paragraph 1,of the Charter of the
United Nations"

and for

"violation of the diplomatic immunity of the Minister for Foreign
Affairs of a sovereign State, as recognized by the jurisprudence of
the Court and following from Article 41, paragraph 2, of the Vienna

Convention of 18 April 1961 on Diplomatic Relations";
2. Whereas, in that Application, the Congo relies, as basis for the
Court's jurisdiction, on the fact that "Belgium has accepted the jurisdic-

tion of the Court and [that], in so far as may be required, the present
Application signifies acceptance of that jurisdiction by the Democratic
Republic of the Congo";
3. Whereas, in the above-mentioned Application, the Congo refers
to an

"international arrest warrant issued on 11 April 2000 by a Belgian
investigating judge . . . against the Minister for Foreign Affairs in
office of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . . ., seeking his

provisional detention pending a request for extradition to Belgium
for alleged crimes constituting 'serious violations of international
humanitarian law'" ;

and whereas the Congo points out that,
"under the very terms of the arrest warrant, the investigating judge

claims jurisdiction in respect of offences purportedly committed on
the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by a national
of that State, without any allegation that the victims were of Belgian
nationality or that these acts constituted violations of the security or
dignity of the Kingdom of Belgium";

4. Whereas the Congo refers in its Application to certain provisions of
the Belgian "Law of 16 June 1993,as amended by the Law of 10 Febru-
ary 1999, concerning the punishment of serious violations of interna-

tional humanitarian law"; whereas the Congo contends that
"Article 5,paragraph 2,. . . is manifestly in breach of international

law in so far as it claims to derogate from diplomatic immunity, as is
the arrest warrant issued pursuant thereto against the Minister for
Foreign Affairs of a sovereign State";

and whereas it further contends that Article 7 "establishes the universal
applicability of the Law and the universal jurisdiction of the Belgian
courts in respect of 'serious violations of international humanitarianlaw',
without even making such applicability and jurisdiction conditional on ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 184

the presence of the accused on Belgian territory", and that this Article,

and "the arrest warrant issued by the Belgian investigating judge . . .[,]
are in breach of international law";
5. Whereas, in that same Application, the Congo refers to

"a number of multilateral conventions for the suppression of specifi-
cally defined offences (torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrad-
ing treatment or punishment; terrorism; breaches of the rules on the

physical protection of nuclear materials; unlawful acts against the
safety of maritime navigation; unlawful seizure of aircraft; unlawful
acts of violence at airports) [which] provide for universal jurisdiction
of the States parties to them";

and whereas the Congo points out that those conventions "make [such
universal] jurisdiction conditional on the perpetrator's presence on the

territory of the prosecuting State" ;and whereas it concludes that "[tlhese,
then. are exceptional heads of jurisdiction, which derive their compliance
with international law solely from the treaties which provide for them
[, and which] are not part of general international law";
6. Whereas the Congo contends in that Application that "[tlhere is

nothing in [general international law], as it currently stands, to admit of
the notion that a further exception has to be generally recognized, in regard
to war crimes or crimes against humanity"; whereas the Congo explains that

"[d]oubtless certain States, in adopting laws designed to bring their
legislation into line with Unitrd Nations Security Council re.rolutions
827 of25 Mu)> 1993 un(/ 955 of'8 Novenzher 1994, establishing inter-

ncrtionul trihuntrl.~for the pros~cution of,respectively,persons respon-
sihle for serious i-iolcrtions oj'internationuliun~unitrir.iun luri* cor~irnit-
tell in //le territorqf' tlîe forriieYugosl~~i.~isaince 1991 and persons
rc.sponsible fur ucts qfgenocir/e or otller serious r~iolutions qf' inter-
ncrtionrrl l~utnunituricrn lulis cornmittedin 1994 in the toritory of

RII,LII?~((u11das fur as Rii~undrrn citizrns urc concerned, rcsponsible
fur suc11i~iolutions ror~înîitted in the territory ofneighhouring States,
extended their jurisdiction in respect of the crimes thus defined to
cases other than those where either the persons responsible or the

victims were their own nationals",
but adds that "such provisions are in no way materially comparable with

Article 7 of the Belgian Law"; and whereas the Congo contends that
"the above-mentioned Security Council resolutions constitute inter-

ference in the affairs of sovereign States whose sole justification is
the mission of maintaining peace and international security vested in
the United Nations, to which, moreover, the preamble to those reso-
lutions expressly refers, and which, of course, no State may usurp",

and that, "while the Security Council attributes to national courts juris-

diction concurrent with that of the international tribunals - subject to ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 185

the primacy of the latter- to try the crimes which it defines,it lays down
no criterion for such jurisdiction", and "establishes no derogation from
the rules of criminal jurisdiction recognized by international law" ;
7. Whereas in Section II of the Application the decision requested of
the Court by the Congo reads as follows:

"The Court is requested to declare that the Kingdom of Belgium
shall annul the international arrest warrant issued on 11April 2000
by a Belgian investigatingjudge, Mr. Vandermeersch, of the Brussels
trihunul cit.prrrv2itinstunce against the Minister for Foreign Affairs
in office of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mr. Abdulaye

Yerodia Ndombasi, seeking his provisional detention pending a
request for extradition to Belgium for alleged crimes constituting
'serious violations of international humanitarian law', that warrant
having been circulated by the judge to al1 States, including the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, which received it on 12 July
2000" :

8. Whereas on 17 October 2000, immediately after the filing of the
Application, the Congo submitted to the Court a request for the indica-
tion of a provisional measure, citing paragraph 1 of Article 41 of the
Statute of the Court;
9. Whereas, in that request for the indication of a provisional measure,
the Congo states that "the disputed arrest warrant effectively bars the
Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
from leaving that State in order to go to any other State which his duties

require him to visit and, hence, from carrying out those duties";
10. Whereas, in the said request for the indication of a provisional
measure, the Congo contends that "[tlhe two essential conditions for the
indication of a provisional measure according to thejurisprudence of the
Court, namely urgency and the existence of irreparable prejudice, are
clearly satisfied in this case";
11. Whereas the Congo specifies inits request that it "seeks an order
for the immediate discharge of the disputed arrest warrant";

12. Whereas on 17 October 2000, the date on which the Application
and the request for the indication of a provisional measure were received
in the Registry, the Registrar notified the Belgian Government of the fil-
ing of those documents; and whereas on 18October 2000 the Registrar
sent the Belgian Government certified copies of the Application and of

the request in accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute,
and Articles 38, paragraph 4, and 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court;
13. Whereas, pending the notifications required by Article 40, para-
graph 3, of the Statute and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, by trans-
mittal of the printed bilingual version of the Application both to the
member States of the United Nations and to the other States entitled to
appear before the Court, the Registrar on 20 October 2000 informed ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 186

those States of the filing of the Application and of its subject-matter, and
of the filing of the request for the indication of a provisional measure;

14. Whereas, on 20 October 2000, the Registrar informed the Parties
that the President of the Court had fixed 20 November 2000 as the date
for the opening of the oral proceedings provided for in Article74,para-
graph 3, of the Rules of Court, during which they could subnlit their
observations on the request for the indication of a provisional measure;
15. Whereas, by a letter dated 30 October 2000, Belgium appointed an

agent and added that it
"reserve[d] the right to raise any objections, in due time, to admissi-
bility or to the Court's jurisdiction, in accordance with the relevant

procedure and with Article 79 of the Rules of Court, and nothing in
the procedural conduct of Belgium concerning the request for indi-
cation of provisional measures should be construed as implying any
waiver of this right or confirmation of the Court's jurisdiction";

16. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the Bench no judge of the
nationality of the Parties, each of the latter proceeded, in the exercise of
the right conferred upon it by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute, to
choose a judge ad hoc in the case; whereas the Congo chose for that

purpose Mr. Sayeman Bula-Bula, and Belgium Ms Christine Van den
Wyngaert ;
17. Whereas, at the four public hearings held on 20, 21, 22 and
23 November 2000, oral observations were submitted on the request for
the indication of a provisional measure:

On behulf'of' the Congo:

by H.E. Mr. Jacques Masangu-a-Mwanza, Agent,
Mr. Jacques Vergès,
H.E. Mr. Ntumba Luaba Lumu;

On belzalf'9fBelgium :
by Mr. Jan Devadder, Agent,
Mr. Daniel Bethlehem,
Mr. Eric David;

and whereas at the hearings a question was asked on behalf of the Court
by the President, to which an oral reply was given;

18. Whereas, at the hearing of 20 November 2000, the Congo essen-
tially reiterated the line of argument developed in its Application and in
its request for the indication of a provisional measure; whereas it referred
also to Article 12 of the Preliminary Title of the Belgian Code of Crimi-
na1 Procedure (entitled "Prosecution for crimes or offences(délit som-

mitted outside the territory of the Kingdom") and pointed out that, ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 187

according to that provision, "prosecution of the violations dealt with in
this chapter shall take place only if the accused is found in Belgium";
whereas it maintained that the Belgian investigating judge, in an order
rendered in another case, had

"considered that Article 7 of the Law of 16 June 1993 derogate[d]
from Article 12of the Preliminary Title of the Code of Criminal Pro-

cedure and [did] not therefore make the jurisdiction of Belgian
courts conditional on the person in question being found on the
territory of the Kingdom":

whereas the Congo stated that
"[ilt [was] clearly this unlimited jurisdiction which the Belgian State
would confer upon itself if this judge's interpretation of the Law

were correct which explain[ed] the issue of the arrest warrant against
H.E. Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi, against whom it [was]patently evident
that no basis of territorial or pevsonam jurisdiction, nor any juris-
diction based on the protection of the security or dignity of the
Kingdom of Belgium, could have been invoked":

and whereas the Congo observed that "[slince the issue of the warrant,
the Belgian Government ha[d] not disavowed this interpretation";
19. Whereas at the hearings the Congo stressed that neither its Appli-

cation instituting proceedings nor its request for the indication of a pro-
visional measure had sought "to make any claim whatever on the basis of
the diplomatic protection of one of its nationals", but rather "to make
good the breaches of international law affecting the Congolese State in the
exercise of its sovereign prerogatives in diplomatic matters"; and whereas
it explained that "[tlhe Congo [was]attacking the arrest warrant issued by
the Belgian judge because it [was]directed not at Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi

in his persona1 capacity, but at the office of Minister for Foreign Affairs";
20. Whereas at the hearings the Congo stated that "[tlhe object of pro-
visional measures [was]. according to the Court's case-law, 'to preserve
the respective rights of the parties pending the decision of the Court"'
and that "the need for such preservation [was] subject to two essential
conditions, namely urgency and the existence of irreparable prejudice";

whereas the Congo argued, with regard to the requirement of urgency,
that "while certain States consider[ed] that this warrant [could not] be
enforced . . . and the Minister for Foreign Affairs ha[d] in fact been able
to travel to certain ofhose States. and to the headquarters of the United
Nations, this [did] not apply to other States", and that "he thus [could
not] visit any State to which his duties [might] cal1him and, as a res...

[was] unable to carry out those duties in a proper manner"; and whereas
it contended, with regard to the requirement of irreparable prejudice,
that "[tlhe consequences of excluding the qualified representative of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo from the international arena for an
undetermined period of time [were], by their very nature, consequences
which are irreparable" and that ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 188

"the request of the Democratic Republic of the Congo relie[d] on the
precedent constituted . . . by the Order of 15December 1979 (United
Stutes Diplornutic und Consulur StuJf. . . in Tehrun), in which the
Court held that the violation of diplomatic immunity created a situa-

tion requiring the indication of a provisional measure";

21. Whereas at the hearings the Congo also pleaded the "seriousness

of the substantive legal grounds of the Application"; and whereas, to
that end, it reiterated the arguments put forward in its Application; and
whereas it added that

"[tlhe Court [was] not asked at present to determine the merits of
these grounds of law, but to note that they [were] serious and [that
they] justiflied] steps to ensure that the cupitis cleminutio which a
Belgian judge ha[d] sought to inflict on the Democratic Republic of
the Congo, and for which the Kingdom of Belgium [was] answer-

able, should cease" ;

22. Whereas, at the hearing of 21 November 2000, the Agent of Bel-
gium, in his preliminary statement, made the following observation:
"[alccording to Our information, Mr. Yerodia is today no longer Minister

for Foreign Affairs of the Congo";
23. Whereas at the hearings Belgium referred to what it considers to
be "the historical context of the events which took place in the Demo-
cratic Republic of the Congo and the reactions of the international com-
munity"; whereas it cited in this connection, on the one hand, the
"massive and systematic violations of human rights and international

humanitarian law" that had characterized the events that took place
in the Great Lakes region and, on the other, the relevant resolutions
adopted by the United Nations Security Council; whereas it cited in par-
ticular resolution 1291 (2000) of 24 February 2000, pursuant to which
the Council:

"14. Condemns al1massacres carried out in and around the terri-
tory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and urges that an
international investigation into al1such events be carried out with a

view to bringing to justicethose responsible"
and

"15. Culls on al1parties to the conflict in the Democratic Republic
of the Congo to protect human rights and respect international
humanitarian law and the Convention on the Prevention and Pun-

ishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948,and culls on al1parties to
refrain from or cease any support to, or association with, those sus-
pected of involvement in the crime of genocide, crimes against
humanity or war crimes, and to bring to justice those responsible, ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 189

and facilitate measures in accordance with international law to
ensure accountability for violations of international humanitarian
law" :

and whereas Belgium observed that "[Jludge [Vandermeersch] was acting
within the framework of action urged on the international community by
the Security Council" ;
24. Whereas at the hearings Belgium contended that "the [Belgian]
Law of 1993and its 1999amendments merely adapt[ed] Belgian domestic
law to the obligations undertaken by Belgium at international level";
whereas it stated that "Article 7 of the Law .. .enshrine[d] the universal

jurisdiction of the Belgian courts" and that "[tlhis jurisdiction . . [was]
entirely consistent with the second paragraph of the Article common to
the four 1949 Geneva Conventions (Articles 49, 50, 129 and 146 respec-
tively)"; whereas it observed that

"[tlhe amendments made on 10 February 1999 to the 1993 Law
[were] largely confined to bringing two offences within the scope
rutione niuteriue of the law: crimes against humanity and genocide";

and whereas Belgium explained that
"the extension to crimes against humanity and the crime of genocide
of the universal jurisdiction already provided for in Article 7 of the
1993 Law . . .merely represent[ed] the incorporation into domestic
law of an obligation long recognized in general international law";

and whereas Belgium referred to an "element introduced by the Law of
1999 . . . [namely] the refusal of any immunity for the representative of
the State, whatever his or her rank, if he or she is implicated in one of the
crimes provided for in the Law"; whereas it contended that

"the lawniakers [had] merely transcribe[d] into legislation a rule
dating back to the Statute of the Nuremberg Tribunal . . ., or
even to the Treaty of Versailles regarding committal for trial of the
former Emperor of Germany and of the perpetrators of war crimes

in 1914-1918";
and whereas Belgium argued that

"[tlhis rule [had] subsequently [been] confirmed by the Nuremberg
Tribunal itself in its Judgment of 1946, then in the statute of the
Tokyo Tribunal . . ., then in the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide . . ., by the International Law
Commission, both in their formulation of the Nuremberg principles
and in the 1996 Draft Code of Offences against the Peace and Secu-
rity of Mankind ....not to mention the Statutes of the International

Criminal Tribunals . ..,of the International Criminal Court ... and,
very recently, of the Special Court for Sierra Leone"; ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 190

25. Whereas at the hearings Belgium stated that "the arrest warrant
[had] not [been] issued simply on the personal initiative of the judge";
whereas it explained that "the investigating judge had been seised, on the

onehand, of an application by the Brussels Public Prosecutor and,on the
other, of complaints from private individuals"; whereas Belgium stated
that "[ilt appear[ed] from information obtained from the Brussels Public
Prosecutor's office that, of the 12 complainants, five [were] of Belgian
nationality and seven of Congolese nationality", and that "[alll [were]
resident in Belgium"; and whereas Belgium stressed that "there exist[ed]

clear and reasonable links between the acts in question and Belgium,
through the nationality or residence of the victims of those acts";
26. Whereas at the hearings Belgium referred to the fact that

"[tlhe warrant state[d] that, on4 and 27 August 1998, Mr. Yerodia
Ndombasi, then President Kabila's Principal Private Secretary, [had]
made various public speeches broadcast by the media and inciting
racial hatred, which speeches are alleged to have contributed to the
massacre of several hundred persons, mainly of Tutsi origin",

and that "[tlhose facts [were] cited in . . . United Nations reports"; and
whereas Belgiurn further stated that "the investigating judge [had taken]
full account of the context in which the words of Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi

[had been] spoken";
27. Whereas at the hearings Belgium observed as follows:
"[tlhe investigating judge.. . took account of the issues of immunity

arising from the indictment of a Minister by dispelling any notion
that Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi would be arrested immediately if he
came to Belgium at the official invitation of the Belgian Govern-
ment: the invitation would in fact imply that Belgium waived the
right to have the warrant enforced for the duration of the official
stay, and the judicial authorities could not disregard that without

incurring the international responsibility of the Belgian State . .";

and whereas it added that, "[mjututis mutu~îdis, the same would be the

case if Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi were to visit or pass through Belgium in
response to an invitation addressed to him by an international organiza-
tion of which Belgium was a member";
28. Whereas at the hearings Belgium acknowledged that if Mr. Yerodia
Ndombasi were arrested, "his right to personal liberty would . . . be
affected"; whereas it argued that "[hlowever, since the violation of

Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi's right would occur in thecourse of ordinary crimi-
na1proceedings, this would be an exception to that right admitted by al1
the various instruments for the safeguard of the rights of the individual";
whereas Belgium accordingly concluded that "[slince no right has been
violated, the Congo cannot claim that the infringement of Mr. Yerodia
Ndombasi's liberty is a violation of international law which directly
affects the Congo"; and whereas it added that Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi's ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 19 1

status as Minister "[did] nothing to change this conclusion", since "[tlhe
fact that an individual ha[d] the status of representative of a State [did
not entitle him to] violate the law. whether it be domestic or interna-
tional" ;
29. Whereas at the hearings Belgium stated that "an international

arrest warrant . . .[could] only produce compulsory effects on the terri-
tory of a foreign State if the latter agree[d] to assist in its enforcement";
that "the two States [were] not bound by any specific bilateral treaty on
extradition or judicial CO-operation", and that "[tlhe extraterritorial
effects of the warrant [were] thus entirely conditional on the willingness
of the requested State. in this case the Congo, to act upon it or not"; and

whereas Belgium argued that "the issue of the arrest warrant [was] a
means of helping the Congo to exercise a right which . .. [was] also
an obligation for the Congo, namely that of arresting and prosecuting
Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi in the Congolese courts on account of the acts
with which he [was] charged";
30. Whereas at the hearings Belgium argued as follows:

"the Belgian arrest warrant is no more enforceable directly on the
territory of a third State than it is on the territory of the Congo. In
both cases, the assistance of the authorities of the country concerned

is indispensable; the arrest warrant is enforceable against the person
concerned abroad only if the host State agrees to execute it. In such
a case it would therefore not be Belgium which would be infringing
Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi's liberty. but the requested third State";

31. Whereas Belgium stated at the hearings that "a request for the
indication of provisional measures . . . is an exceptional procedure", that
itimplies that the Court has prima facie jurisdiction, and that

"[ilt is, as the jurisprudence of the Court makes clear, a question of
whether provisional measures are necessary in the circumstances -
whether there is a serious risk of irreparable damage to the rights

which may subsequently be adjudged by the Court to belong to
either Party" ;

32. Whereas, at the hearings, Belgium argued with regard to the ques-
tion of the Court's jurisdiction that the Application
"ma[de] no reference to any specific basis of jurisdiction[,] [did] not

refer to any bilateral or multilateral treaty providing for the jurisdic-
tion of the Court pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 1,of the Statute
[and] [did] not advance optional clause declarations by the Parties as
a basis of jurisdiction" ;

and whereas Belgium accordingly concluded that "the Court should
reject the Democratic Republic of the Congo's request for provisional
measures"; and whereas it added that, "in the light of the Democratic
Republic of the Congo's formulation on jurisdiction and for the avoid- ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 192

ance of doubt, [it] .. . reserve[d] [its] position on the question of jurisdic-
tion and admissibility";
33. Whereas, with regard to the question of the rights to be preserved,
Belgium argued at the hearings that "[tlhe prerequisite . . . [was] that the
rights which the applicant [sought] to preserve through the provisional
measure procedure must not be illusory, must be the subject of the dis-

pute in the proceedings on the merits and must in some manner be under
threat by the action of which the applicant complains"; whereas it stated
that in the present case "the 'right' claimed to be in need of preservation
by the indication of provisional measures [was] the 'right' of the Demo-
cratic Republic of the Congo's Foreign Minister to travel abroad on
governmental business" ; whereas it added the following:

"Diplomatic discourse of course requires that representatives of
States have the ability to travel abroad in the conduct of affairs of
State. The point is that foreign travel is not a right. It is a func-

tion . . . of diplomatic discourse . . It requires the consent of the
receiving State";
and whereas it concluded that

"[tlhe Democratic Republic of the Congo ha[d] not made out a case
for the existence of a right [thepreservation of which, it was claimed,]
require[d] the indication of provisional measures . . . [and that] the

Court should dismiss, on this ground . . . the Democratic Republic
of the Congo's Application for provisional measures";
34. Whereas, with regard to the requirement of irreparable prejudice,
Belgium asserted inter uliu at the hearings that "the test [was] . . . not

inconvenience, not hardship, not irritation", that "[tlhe issue . . . [was]
whether there [was]a real risk of irreparable prejudice to the rights of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo", and that "[tlhe events of the past
24 hours, during the course of which Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi ceased to be
the Foreign Minister, indicate[d] firmly that there [was] no risk of irrepa-
rable prejudice to [those] rights"; whereas it maintained that "[wle [were]

presented with virtually no evidence of any prejudice having occurred
to the rights of the Democratic Republic of the Congo since 11 April
(or 12 July) 2000" and that "[tlhere [was] not even any suggestion that
Mr. Ndombasi [had] been much inconvenienced"; and whereas it sub-
mitted, accordingly, that the Court "should dismiss the Democratic
Republic of the Congo's request for provisional measures . . . on this

ground" ;
35. Whereas, with regard to the requirement of urgency, Belgium con-
tended at the hearings that "[elven before the cabinet reshuffle . . ., which
saw Mr. Ndombasi moved to the education portfolio, there was no issue
of urgency"; and whereas it stated the following:

"The reality was that the arrest warrant was issued on II April
2000. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has known about it
since at least 12 July 2000. To the point of the filing of the Demo- ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 193

cratic Republic of the Congo's Application on 17October 2000, there

was no suggestion of any urgency . . .Belgium would have contended
yesterday that the request for provisional measures did not meet the
requirement of urgency: this is even clearer today, in circumstances
in which Mr. Ndombasi is no longer the Foreign Minister";

and whereas it accordingly requested the Court "to dismiss the request
on this ground" ;
36. Whereas at the hearings Belgium further stated that "the relief
sought by the Democratic Republic of the Congo brought by way of pro-
visional measures [was] identical to the relief which it [sought] on the

merits of its claim, namely, the immediate cancellation of the arrest war-
rant"; and whereas it referred to the Order made by the Permanent Court
of International Justice on 21 November 1927 in the case concerning the
Fuctory ut Chorzi)\~.' (P.C.I.J., Serie.sA. NO. 12, p. IO), in order to
support its argument that "[tlhe exceptional nature of the provisional
measures procedure [did] not admit of an interim judgment granting

the relief requested in the Application";
37. Whereas at the hearings Belgium stated that it "[did] not see any
risk of a significant deterioration in relations between Belgium and
the ~emocratic Republic of the Congo such as to warrant provisional
measures [being indicated propriu motu]";
38. Whereas at the hearings Belgium observed that "there [was]a long

history of Security Council and wider United Nations involvement in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo in respect of the type of circum-
stances that [were]the subject of the arrest warrant" and that "the whole
thrust of [the United Nations] involvement . . . in the relevant events in
the Democratic Republic of the Congo militate[d] very strongly indeed
against any indication of provisional measures along the lines requested

by [the Congo]";
39. Whereas Belgium nevertheless concluded its first round of oral
argument by stating that it

"would not object were the Court to decide, in exercise of its power
under either paragraph 1 or paragraph 2 of Article 75 of the Court's
Rules, to indicate provisional measures which called upon the Parties
jointly, in good faith, to address the difficulties caused by thessu-
ance of the arrest warrant with a view to achieving a resolution to
the dispute in a manner that [was] consistent with their obligations

under international law, including Security Council resolutions 1234
(1999) and 1291 (2000)" ;

40. Whereas, at the hearing of 22 November 2000, in its second round
of oral argument, the Congo contended that "[tlhe international status of

the Minister for Foreign Affairs [was] governed by the principle that he
should be assimilated to a foreign Head of State in so far as immunity ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 194

and inviolability [were]concerned" and that "any minister sent by his or
her State to represent it abroad, deal with other States or international
organizations and, where necessary, enter into commitments on behalf of

that State, also enjoy[ed], sensu Iuto, privileges and immunities"; whereas
it pointed out that
"[wlith regard to Mr. Yerodia, yesterday Minister for Foreign
Affairs, today Minister of Education in the new Congolese Govern-

ment, . .. he [would] be called upon to travel, to respond to invita-
tions from abroad, to attend international meetings . . ."
and that "[hie[would] often be called upon to be sent as the plenipoten-

tiary personal representative of the Head of State to represent him
abroad"; and whereas the Congo added that in this capacity Mr. Yerodia
Ndombasi "[would] undoubtedly be entitled to benefit from the principle
of assimilation to the Head of State, the Head of Government or the
Minister for Foreign Affairs, as [might] be presumed from Article 7,para-
graph 2 (c), of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties";
41. Whereas, at that hearing, the Congo claimed that "the interna-

tional arrest warrant in dispute contravene[d] the 'principle of non-retro-
activity'"; whereas in support of this claim it cited Artic2, paragraph 1,
of the Belgian Penal Code, and also the 1966 International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights and the 1950 European Convention for the
Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;
42. Whereas, at that same hearing, the Congo contended that "[plrima
facie, the Court's jurisdiction [could] not be contested" and

"derive[d] clearly from the optional declarations recognizing as com-
pulsory the jurisdiction of the Court made by the Kingdom of Bel-

gium and the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 3 April 1958
and 8 February 1989, respectively, . . . and which appear[ed] to con-
tain no reservation";
43. Whereas, at the said hearing, the Congo made the following state-

ment :
"the Democratic Republic of the Congo requests the Court to order
Belgium to comply with international law; to cease and desist from
any conduct which might exacerbate the dispute with the Demo-

cratic Republic of the Congo; specifically, to discharge the interna-
tional arrest warrant issued against Minister Yerodia.

Generally, the Democratic Republic of the Congo requests the
Court, on the basis of Article75, paragraphs 1 and 2,of the Rules of
Court, to indicate measures which consist, inter-uliu, in urging both

Parties- Belgium in particular, and the Democratic Republic of the
Congo - to adopt a course of conduct which will prevent the con-
tinuation, aggravation and extension of the dispute, in particular by
eliminating the main cause of this dispute"; ARRE~T WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 195

44. Whereas, at the conclusion of its second round of oral argument,

the Congo asked the Court
"to decide this case, having regard to the readiness of both Parties to
seek a friendly settlement by diplomatic means, and . . . by persuad-

ing the Belgian judge, Mr. Vandermeersch, to withdraw his interna-
tional arrest warrant":

45. Whereas, at the hearing of 23 November 2000, in its second round
of oral argument, Belgium stated that it objected "to the invocation of a
basis of jurisdiction . . . in the second round of oral arguments"; and

whereas, citing the jurisprudence of the Court, it observed that "such
action at this late stage, when it is not accepted by the other Party, seri-
ously jeopardizes the principle of procedural fairness and the sound
administration of justice";
46. Whereas, at that hearing, Belgium contended that "[llt [was] not
accurate to characterize [its optional clause declaration] as 'without limi-
tation'"; whereas it pointed out that "[iln its operative part, [the said dec-

laration] exclude[d] [the Court's] jurisdiction in respect of disputes 'to
which the parties have agreed or may agree to have recourse to another
method of pacific settlement'"; and whereas Belgium asserted that "the
issue of the arrest warrant was actively being discussed at the very highest
levels between [the two States] at the point at which the Foreign Minister
of the Democratic Republic of the Congo authorized Maître Verges to

bring the claim";
47. Whereas, at that same hearing, Belgium argued, with regard to the
conditions of irreparable prejudice and urgency, that

"[tlhe Cabinet reshuffle which [had] led to the appointment of a new
Minister for Foreign Affairs comprehensively undermine[d] any
residual claim . .. to irreparable prejudice based on constraints on
travel by the Foreign Minister",

and that "the [said] Cabinet reshuffle . . . also comprehensively under-
mine[d]any residual claim that there [might]have been concerning urgency" ;
48. Whereas, at the said hearing, Belgium, referring to the above-
mentioned Cabinet reshuffle, claimed that this change in circumstances

rendered the request for a provisional measure without object and
should lead the Court, in the interests of the sound administration of
justice, to remove the case from the List;
49. Whereas, at that hearing, Belgium again referred to what it had
said in its first round of oral argument concerning a cal1by the Court to
the Parties (see paragraph 39 above); and whereas it observed in this
connection that "[tlhe statements of the Vice-Minister of Justice and

Parliamentary Affairs of the Democratic Republic of the Congo seemed
. . .to support such an approach"; and whereas Belgium added that it ARRE~T WARRANT (OKDER 8 XII 00) 196

"regret[ted] any impression, which might be created by these proceedings
before the Court, that [it was] in a situation of conflict with the Demo-
cratic Republic of the Congo"; and whereas it asserted that "there [was]
no risk of a deterioration of relations between the two countries";

50. Whereas, at the conclusion of its second round of oral argument,

Belgium made the following submissions:
"The Kingdom of Belgium asks that it may please the Court to
refuse the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted

by the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the case concerning the
Arrest W~irruntof II April2000 (Dernocrutic Republic of the Congo
v. Belgiun~)and not indicate the provisional measures which are the
subject of the request by the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The Kingdom of Belgium asks that it may please the Court to
remove from its List the case concerning the Arrest Wurrunt of

II April 2000 (Dernocrutic R~.puhlic of' the Congo v. Brlgium)
brought by the Democratic Republic of the Congo against Belgium
by Application dated 17 October 2000";

51. Whereas in the course of the present proceedings, the Court was
informed by Belgium that on 20 November 2000 a Cabinet reshuffle had
taken place in the Congo, as a result of which Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi,

the subject of the arrest warrant of IIApril 2000, had ceased to exercise
the functions of Minister for Foreign Affairs and had been charged with
those of Minister of Education; and whereas this information was con-
firmed by the Congo;
52. Whereas Belgium contended that, because of this, the Congo's
request for the indication of provisional measures, the entire basis of

which was the fact that it was effectively impossible for the Minister for
Foreign Affairs to "leav[e] that State in order to go to any other State
which his duties require him to visit and. hence, [to carry] out those
duties", had been rendered without object and should therefore be
refused; and whereas it further contended that "such a fundamental
change of circumstances affect[ed] the Application. . to such an extent

as to vitiate al1 future proceedings based on that Application", and it
requested the Court to order that the case be removed from its List;
53. Whereas, anticipating the argument by Belgium that the Applica-
tion is without object, the Congo emphasized that in any event Belgium
had violated the immunities of the Minister for Foreign Affairs at the
time of the issue of the warrant and that, in view of "the technical nature
and the growing complexity of international relations", "any minister

sent by his or her State to represent it abroad . . . enjoy[ed], .yensuloto,
. . . [such] immunities";
54. Whereas it falls to the Court first of al1to address the question of
whether, as a result of the said ministerial reshuffle, the Application ofthe Congo has been deprived of its object and must therefore be removed
from the List; and whereas the Court will then, if necessary, examine the
separate question of whether, as a result of this reshuffle, the request for
the indication of provisional measures by the Congo has been rendered
without object and must consequently be rejected;
55. Whereas the Court has the power to remove from its List in liminc

"a case upon which it appears certain [that it] will not be able to adjudi-
cate on the merits" (Legcrlityof Use of Force ( Yugoslaviu v. Spuin), Pro-
visional Meclsures, OrAr qf'2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999, para. 35);
whereas

"[tlhe Court has already acknowledged, on several occasions in the
past, that events subsequent to the filing of an application may
'render [the] application without object' (Border und Transborder
Armed Actions (Niccrraguuv. Hondurrrs), Jurisdiction unclAd~~zi.s.si-
bility, Judgment, I.C.J. R~~port.1~988, p. 95, para. 66) and 'therefore

the Court is not called upon to give a decision thereon' (Nucleur
TL~.F(~Asu~truliu v. France), Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 272,
para. 62) (cf. Northern Cumeroons, Judgment, 1. C.J. Reports 1963,
p. 38)" (Questions oj'Int~rpretution and Application of the 1971
Montreul Convention urising fioni the Aerial Incident crtLockohie
(Libyun Arab Jctmalziriyu v. United Kingdom), Preliriîinury Ohjec-

tion, Judgment. I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 26, para. 46);
and whereas mootness of the Application is one of the grounds which
may lead the Court to remove a case from its List without further con-

sideration ;
56. Whereas, in order to determine whether the Congo's Application
has been rendered without object, the clain~which itcontains has to be
ascertained; whereas, in the Application, "[tlhe Court is requested to
declare that . . . Belgium shall annul the international arrest warrant
issued on 1I April 2000 . . . against the Minister for Foreign Affairs in

office of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mr. Abdulaye Yerodia
Ndombasi"; whereas, to date, the aforesaid warrant has not been with-
drawn and still relates to the same individual, notwithstanding the new
ministerial duties that he is performing; and whereas at the hearings the
Congo maintained its claim on the merits, together with the various
grounds relied on in support thereof;

57. Whereas, in view of the foregoing, the Court concludes that the
Congo's Application has not at the present time been deprived of its
object; and whereas it cannot therefore accede to Belgium's request for
the case to be removed from the List at this stage of the proceedings;
58. Whereas this finding does not however resolve the separate ques-
tion of whether or not the request for the indication of provisional meas-
ures would have been deprived of its object after 20 November 2000: and

whereas Belgium claims that that request is now without object:
59. Whereas the request for the indication of a provisional measure
submitted by the Congo following the filing of its Application "seeks an ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 198

order for the immediate discharge of the disputed arrest warrant";
whereas, as has just been pointed out (see paragraph 56 above), that
arrest warrant continues to be in the name of Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi;
whereas at the hearings the Congo maintained its original request,
presenting it as follows:

"Consequently, the Democratiç Republic of the Congo requests
the Court to order Belgium to comply with international law; to
cease and desist from any conduct which might exacerbate the dis-
pute with the Democratic Republic of the Congo; in particular, to

discharge the international arrest warrant issued against Minister
Yerodia" ;
whereas the Congo considers that Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi continues to

enjoy immunities which render the arrest warrant unlawful; and whereas
it furthermore maintained its argument, based on urgency and the risk of
irreparable prejudice, put forward in support of its request;
60. Whereas the Court concludes from the foregoing that the request
by the Congo for the indication of provisional measures has not been

deprived of its object by reason of Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi's appointment
as Minister of Education on 20 November 2000;

61. Whereas each of the Parties has made a declaration recognizing
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court in accordance with Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court; whereas Belgium's declaration,

deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations on 17 June
1958. is worded as follows:
"1declare on behalf of the Belgian Government that 1recognize as

compulsory ipsojucto and without special agreement, in relation to
any other State accepting the same obligation, the jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice, in conformity with Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute of the Court, in legal disputes arising after
13 July 1948 concerning situations or facts subsequent to that date,
except those in regard to which the parties have agreed or may agree

to have recourse to another method of pacific settlement.
This declaration is made subject to ratification. It shall take effect
on the day of deposit of the instrument of ratification for a period of
five years. Upon the expiry of that period, it shall continue to have
effect until notice of its termination is given";

and whereas the declaration of the Congo (then Zaire), deposited with
the Secretary-General on 8 February 1989. reads as follows:

"in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
International Court of Justice:
The Executive Council of the Republic of Zaire recognizes as

compulsory ipso,fucto and without special agreement, in relation to ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 199

any other State accepting the same obligation, the jurisdiction of the
Court in al1legal disputes concerning:

(u) the interpretation of a treaty;
(b) any question of international law;
(c) the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute
a breach of an international obligation;
(d) the nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach

of an international obligation.
It is understood further that this declaration will remain in force
until notice of its revocation is given";

62. Whereas, relying on the Order made by the Court on 2 June 1999
in the case concerning Legulity oj'Use of Force (Yugoslaviu v. Belgium)
(I. CJ. Reports IYYY,para. 44), Belgium contended in the course of the

present proceedings that, since the Congo had not expressly invoked both
of the above-mentioned declarations until a late stage, in the second
round of oral argument, the Court could not take them into considera-
tion for the purposes of deciding whether or not it could indicate provi-
sional measures in the present case (see paragraph 42 above);
63. Whereas, notwithstanding a certain lack of precision in the terms

whereby, in its Application, the Congo set out the bases on which it
sought to Sound the jurisdiction of the Court, the Application does none-
theless refer to the acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction by Belgium;
whereas, in accordance with Article 38. paragraph 2, of the Rules of
Court, "[tlhe application shall specify usfur us possible the legal grounds
upon which the jurisdiction of the Court is said to be based" (emphasis

added), and whereas it is in any event for the Court to ascertain in each
case whether it has jurisdiction; whereas, as recalled above (see para-
graph 61), the declarations whereby Belgium and the Congo recognized
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court were duly deposited with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations, who, in accordance with Ar-
ticle 36, paragraph 4, of the Statute, transmitted copies thereof to the

Court and to al1the States parties to the Statute; whereas these declara-
tions were reproduced in the Yeurbook of the Court; whereas the decla-
rations in question are therefore within the knowledge both of the Court
and of the Parties to the present case, who cannot but be aware that "the
Court's jurisdiction . . . is based on the consent of States, expressed in

a variety of ways including declarations made under Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute" (Militury und Purumilitaiy Activitie.~ in und
uguinst Nicaruguu (Nicuraguu v. United States oj' Americu), Merits,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 32, para. 44); whereas, having regard
to the terms in which the Application was formulated and to the submis-
sions presented by the Congo, Belgium could readily expect that the dec-

larations made by the two Parties would be taken into consideration as
a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court in the present case; whereas ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 200

Belgium was therefore in a position to prepare and put forward any such
argument as it thought fit in this regard; and whereas the fact that the
Congo invoked those declarations in the second round of oral argument
on the request for the indication of provisional measures was not likely to
"seriously jeopardize the principle of procedural fairness and the sound

administration of justice" (Legulity q/' Use of Force (Yugosluvia v. Bel-
giurn), Proi~isionalMeusures, Order 01'2 June 1999, I. C.J. Reports 1999,
mira. 44):
64. ~hereas, in view of the foregoing, the Court considers that there is
nothing to prevent it, for purposes of deciding whether or not it can indi-
cate provisional measures in the present case, from taking account of the

declarations whereby the Parties have accepted its compulsory jurisdic-
tion ;
65. Whereas, however, in the final version of its argument in the
present proceedings, Belgium further observed that by the terms of its
declaration it had excluded the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court con-
cerning situations or facts "in regard to which the parties have agreed or

may agree to have recourse to another method of pacific settlement"; and
whereas it stated that negotiations at the highest level regarding the arrest
warrant issued on 11 April 2000 were in fact in progress when the Congo
seised the Court (see paragraph 46 above);
66. Whereas Belgium has not, however, provided the Court with any
further details of those negotiations, in particular with regard to the way in

which they have been carried out, or to their duration, scope or state of
progress at the time of filing of the Congo's Application; whereas the
Court is not in a position to determine whether. in the present case, the
Parties had agreed temporarily to exclude any recourse to the Court on
account of, and for the duration of, the ongoing negotiations; whereas Bel-
gium, moreover, has not explained to the Court the precise consequences

which it considered the holding of those negotiations, or the holding of
negotiations generally, would have in regard to the Court's jurisdiction,
and in particular its jurisdiction to indicate provisional measures;
67. Whereas, when the Court has before it a request for the indication
of provisional measures, it has no need, before deciding whether or not to
indicate such measures, to satisfy itself beyond doubt that it has jurisdic-

tion on the merits of the case, but whereas it cannot nevertheless indicate
those measures unless the provisions invoked appear prima facie to con-
stitute a basis on which its jurisdiction could be founded;
68. Whereas the Court concludes that the declarations made by the
Parties pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute constitute
prima facie a basis on which its jurisdiction could be founded in the
present case; and whereas such jurisdiction cannot be excluded, at the

present stage of the proceedings, solely by reason of the negotiations
referred to by Belgium ; ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 20 1

69. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
under Article 41 of the Statute of the Court has as its object to preserve
the respective rights of the parties pending thedecision of the Court, and
presupposes that irreparable prejudice should not be caused to rights
which are the subject of dispute in judicial proceedings; whereas it fol-
lows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such measures the

rights which may subsequently be adjudged by the Court to belong either
to the Applicant or to the Respondent; and whereas such measures are
justified solely if there is urgenc;
70. Whereas in its Application the Congo requested the Court to annul
the international arrest warrant issued against Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi by

a Belgian investigatingjudge on 11 April 2000; whereas it contended that
this warrant was in breach of international law in regard to the jurisdic-
tion of national criminal courts and to the immunity of Heads of State
and members of governments; whereas in requesting, as a provisional
measure, the discharge of the arrest warrant, the Congo seeks to preserve
its rights under both of those categories;

71. Whereas the circumstances relied on by the Congo, which in its
view require the indication of such discharge, are set out as follows in the
request submitted on 17 October 2000:

"[tlhe disputed arrest warrant effectively bars the Minister for For-
eign Affairs of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from leaving

that State in order to go to any other State which his duties require
him to visit and, hence, from carrying out those duties";

72. Whereas, following the Cabinet reshuffle of 20 November 2000,
Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi ceased to exercise the functions of Minister for

Foreign Affairs and was charged with those of Minister of Education,
involving less frequent foreign travel; and whereas it has accordingly not
been established that irreparable prejudice might be caused in the imme-
diate future to the Congo's rights nor that the degree of urgency is such
that those rights need to be protected by the indication of provisional
measures ;

73. Whereas, in view of the conclusion thus reached by the Court, it is
unnecessary for it to examineeach of the further arguments submitted by
Belgium seeking rejection of the request for provisional measures, and in
particular the argument that the measure relating to the discharge of the
arrest warrant, sought by the Congo on a provisional basis, is identical to

that sought by it on the merits;

74. Whereas in its second round of oral argument the Congo asked the
Court to cal1 upon the two Parties "to adopt a course of conduct which
will prevent the continuation, aggravation and extension of the dispute,
in particular by eliminating the main cause of this dispute"; whereas it

also asked the Court to "[have] regard to the readiness of both Parties to
seek a friendly settlement by diplomatie means, and . . . [persuade] the ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00)
202

Belgian judge, Mr. Vandermeersch, to withdraw his international arrest
warrant" ;
75. Whereas in the course of its oral argument Belgium stated that it
would have no objection to the Court's requesting the Parties to examine

jointly, in good faith, the difficulties raised by the arrest warrant, with a
view to finding a solution that was consistent with their obligations under
international law (see paragraphs 39 and 49 above);
76. Whereas, while the Parties appear to be willing to consider seeking
a friendly settlement of their dispute, their positions as set out before the

Court regarding their respective rights are still a long way apart; whereas,
while any bilateral negotiations with a view to achieving a direct and
friendly settlement will continue to be welcomed, the outcome of such
negotiations cannot be foreseen; whereas it is desirable that the issues
before the Court should be determined as soon as possible; whereas it is

therefore appropriate to ensure that a decision on the Congo's Applica-
tion be reached with al1expedition;

77. Whereas the decision given in the present proceedings in no way
prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the

merits of the case or any questions relating to the admissibility of the
Application, or relating to the merits themselves; and whereas it leaves
unaffected the right of the Governments of the Congo and Belgium to
submit arguments in respect of those questions;

78. For these reasons,

(1) Unanimously,

Rejects the request of the Kingdom of Belgium that the case be
removed from the List;

(2) By fifteen votes to two,

Finds that the circumstances, as they now present themselves to
the Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its power under
Article 41 of the Statute to indicate provisional measures.

IN FAVOUR :President Guillaume ; Vice-President Shi;Judges Oda, Bedjaoui,
Ranjeva, Herczegh, Fleischhauer,Koroma, Vereshchetin,Higgins,Parra-
Aranguren, Kooijmans, Al-Khasawneh, Buergenthal;Judge ad hoc Van
den Wyngaert ;
AGAINST: Judge Rezek; Juclge ad hoc Bula-Bula.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at

the Peace Palace, The Hague, this eighth day of December, two thou- ARRE~T WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 203

sand, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the
Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Democratic
Republic of the Congo and the Government of theingdom of Belgium,
respectively.

(Signrd) Gilbert GUILLAUME,
President.

(Signed) Philippe COUVREUR,
Registrar.

Judges ODAand RANJEVA append declarations to the Order of the
Court; Judges KOROMAand PARRA-ARANGURE append separate
opinions to the Order of the Court; Judge REZEKand Judge ad hoc
BULA-BUL append dissenting opinions to the Order of the Court; Judge
ad hoc VAN DEN WYNGAERaT ppends a declaration to the Order of the
Court.

(ZnitiulledG.G.

(Znitiallrd)Ph.C.

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE AU MANDAT D'ARRÊT
DU 11 AVRIL 2000

(RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO c. BELGIQUE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU8 DÉCEMBRE 2000

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING THE ARREST WARRANT
OF 11APRIL 2000

(DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO BELGIUM)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER OF 8 DECEMBER 2000 Mode officiel de citation:
Mundut d'urrêtdu II~~vril000 (Rkpublique déinocrutiqucdu Congo
c. Belgique), mesures conservutoires, ordonnance du 8 d.000,hrc2
C.I.J.Rccueil2000.p. 182

Officia1citat:on
Arrest Warrant ofIIApril2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo
v. Belgium), Proi~isionulMeu.~ures,Order of8 December 2000,
IC.J. Reports 2000p. 182

No de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 803 1
ISBN 92-1-070880-6 8 DÉCEMBRE 2000

ORDONNANCE

MANDAT D'ARRÊT DU II AVRIL 2000

(RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO c. BELGIQUE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ARREST WARRANT OF 11APRIL 2000

(DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO v.BELGIUM)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL

MEASCRES

8 DECEMBER 2000

ORDER COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

2000 ANNÉE 2000
8 décembre
Rôle général
no 121 8 décembr2000

AFFAIRE RELATIVE AU MANDAT D'ARRÊT
DU 11 AVRIL 2000

(RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO c. BELGIQUE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE

Présents: M. GUILLAUMpEr,ésident; M. SHI,vice-président;MM. ODA,
BEDJAOUIR, ANJEVA,HERCZEGHF , LEISCHHAUEK,OROMA,

VERESHCHETIN M,me HIGGINS,MM. PARRA-ARANGUREN,
KOOIJMANS R,EZEK,AL-KHASAWNEH B,UERGENTHA Lg,es;
M. BULA-BULAM , n'" VANEN WYNGAERT ju,ges ad hoc;
M. COUVREUR,greffier.

La Cour internationale de Justice,
Ainsi composée,

Après délibéen chambre du conseil,
Vu lesarticles 41 et 48 du Statut de la Cour et les articles 73 et 74 de
son Règlement,

Rcnd I'ordonnuncr suivunte:
1. Considérant que, par requêteenregistréeau Greffe de la Cour le
17 octobre 2000, la République démocratique du Congo (dénommée
ci-après le «Congo»)introduit une instance contre le Royaume de
Belgique (dénomméci-aprèsla «Belgique») pour INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2000 2000
8 December
General List
8 December2000 No. 121

CASE CONCERNING THE ARREST WARRANT
OF 11APRIL 2000

(DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO v.BELGIUM)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER

Presen: Presi~lentGUILLAUME; Vice-PresidentSHI; Judges ODA,
BEDJAOUI,RANJEVA,HERCZEGH,FLEISCHHAUER K,OROMA,
VERESHCHETIN H,IGGINS,PARRA-ARANGUREN K,OOIJMANS,
REZEKA , L-KHASAWNEH, BUERGENTHA Lu;gesad hoc BULA-
BULA,VAN DEN WYNGAERT RegistruCOUVREUR.

The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,

After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to
Articles3 and 74 of the Rules of Court,

Mlrkes the,folloir.ingOr~Ic>r

1. Whereas, by Application filed in the Registry of the Court on
17 October 2000,the Democratic Republic of the Congo (hereinafter
"the Congo") instituted proceedings against theom of Belgium
(hereinafter "Belgium") for183 MANDAT D'ARRÊT (ORDONNANCE 8 XII 00)

((violation du principe selon lequel un Etat ne peut exercer son pou-
voir sur le territoire d'un autre Etat et du principe de l'égalitésou-

veraine entre tous les Membres de l'organisation des Nations Unies,
proclamé par l'article 2, paragraphe 1, de la Charte des Nations
Unies))

et pour
((violation de l'immunitédiplomatique du ministre des affaires étran-

gèresd'un Etat souverain, reconnue par la jurisprudence de la Cour
et découlant de l'article 41, paragraphe 2, de la convention de
Vienne du 18 avril 1961 sur les relations diplomatiques));

2. Considérant que, dans cette requête,le Congo invoque, pour fonder
la compétence de la Cour, le fait que <(laBelgique a accepté lajuridiction
de la Cour et, [qu']en tant que de besoin, la présenterequêtevaut accep-
tation de cette juridiction par la République démocratique du Congo));

3. Considérant que, dans ladite requête,le Congo fait étatd'un

«mandat d'arrêt international qu'un juge d'instruction belge ...a
décernéle 11 avril 2000 contre le ministre des affaires étrangèresen
exercice de la Républiquedémocratique du Congo ..., en vue de son
arrestation provisoire préalablement à une demande d'extradition
vers la Belgique, pour de prétendus crimes constituant des «viola-
tions graves de droit international humanitaire))));

et qu'il préciseque,

«aux termes mêmes de ce mandat d'arrêt, le juge d'instruction
s'affirme compétent pour connaître de faits prétendument commis
sur le territoire de la Républiquedémocratique du Congo par un res-
sortissant de cet Etat, sans qu'il soit allégque les victimes aient eu

la nationalité belge, ni que ces faits aient constitué des atteintes à la
sûretéou au créditdu Royaume de Belgique));

4. Considérant que, danssa requête,le Congo se réfèreà certaines dis-
positions de la «loi [belge] du 16 juin 1993 modifiée par la loi du
10février1999relative à la répressiondes violations graves de droit inter-
national humanitaire)); qu'il allègueque

((l'articl5, paragraphe 2, ... contrevient manifestement au droit
international en tant qu'[il] prétend déroger a l'immunitédiploma-
tique, tout comme le mandat d'arrêt décernésur son fondement
contre le ministre des affaires étrangères d'un Etat souverain));

et qu'il soutient en outre que l'articl7 ((établit... la compétence univer-
selle de la loi et des juridictions belges à l'égarddes ((violations graves de
droit international humanitaire)),sans mêmesubordonner cette compé-

tence iila présencede la personne poursuivie sur le territoire belge)), et ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 183

"violation of the principle that a State may not exercise its authority
on the territory of another State and of the principle of sovereign
equality among al1 Members of the Organization of the United
Nations, as laid down in Article 2, paragraph 1,of the Charter of the
United Nations"

and for

"violation of the diplomatic immunity of the Minister for Foreign
Affairs of a sovereign State, as recognized by the jurisprudence of
the Court and following from Article 41, paragraph 2, of the Vienna

Convention of 18 April 1961 on Diplomatic Relations";
2. Whereas, in that Application, the Congo relies, as basis for the
Court's jurisdiction, on the fact that "Belgium has accepted the jurisdic-

tion of the Court and [that], in so far as may be required, the present
Application signifies acceptance of that jurisdiction by the Democratic
Republic of the Congo";
3. Whereas, in the above-mentioned Application, the Congo refers
to an

"international arrest warrant issued on 11 April 2000 by a Belgian
investigating judge . . . against the Minister for Foreign Affairs in
office of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . . ., seeking his

provisional detention pending a request for extradition to Belgium
for alleged crimes constituting 'serious violations of international
humanitarian law'" ;

and whereas the Congo points out that,
"under the very terms of the arrest warrant, the investigating judge

claims jurisdiction in respect of offences purportedly committed on
the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by a national
of that State, without any allegation that the victims were of Belgian
nationality or that these acts constituted violations of the security or
dignity of the Kingdom of Belgium";

4. Whereas the Congo refers in its Application to certain provisions of
the Belgian "Law of 16 June 1993,as amended by the Law of 10 Febru-
ary 1999, concerning the punishment of serious violations of interna-

tional humanitarian law"; whereas the Congo contends that
"Article 5,paragraph 2,. . . is manifestly in breach of international

law in so far as it claims to derogate from diplomatic immunity, as is
the arrest warrant issued pursuant thereto against the Minister for
Foreign Affairs of a sovereign State";

and whereas it further contends that Article 7 "establishes the universal
applicability of the Law and the universal jurisdiction of the Belgian
courts in respect of 'serious violations of international humanitarianlaw',
without even making such applicability and jurisdiction conditional on184 MANDAT D'ARRÊT (ORDONNANC 8EXII 00)

que cet article, ainsi que «le mandat d'arrêt décernépar lejuge d'instruc-
tion belge ... [,] contreviennent au droit international));

5. Considérant que, dans la même requêtel,e Congo se réfèreà

«plusieurs conventions multilatérales pour la répression d'infrac-
tions spécialement définies(torture et autres peines ou traitements
cruels, inhumains ou dégradants; terrorisme; infractions aux règles
relatives à la protection physique des matières nucléaires; actes illi-

cites contre la sécuritéde la navigation maritime; capture illicite
d'aéronefs; actes illicites de violence dans les aéroports) [qui] pré-
voient la compétence universelle des Etats parties));

qu'il préciseque ces conventions ((subordonnent [cette compétence uni-
verselle] à la condition que le coupable se trouve sur le territoire de 1'Etat
qui exerce les poursuites)); et qu'il conclut qu'a [i]ls'agit donc ici de chefs
de compétenceexceptionnels, qui ne tirent leur conformité au droit inter-
national que des traitésqui les prévoient[, et qui] ne relèventpas du droit
international commun »;

6. Considérant que, dans cette requête,le Congo soutient que (([rlien,
en l'état [dudroit international commun], n'autorise iconsidérer qu'une
nouvelle exception doive êtreadmise, d'une manière générale,quant aux
crimes de guerre ou aux crimes contre l'humanité)); qu'il allègueque

«[slans doute certains Etats ont-ilsal'occasion de l'adoption de lois
destinées adapter leur législation aux résolutions du Consc.il de
sécuritédes Nufions Unies 827 du 25 nlui 1993 et 955 du 8 novembre
1994 instituant des trihunuux internutionaux en vuedejuger, respec-

tivement, les personnespréslrnzi.esresporzsiihlesde i.,iolutions graves
du droit internutional humunituire cor~1r7iiseur le territoire de 1'e.v-
Yougoslavie depuis 1991, et les personnes présumées responsables
d'actes de génocideou d'autres violations graves du droit internutio-
na1 humunituire conw~is cn 1994 sur le territoire du R~,ilandaet,
s'agissunt des citoj>ens riiunduis, sur le territoire d'Etats voisins

étendu leur compétence aux crimes ainsi définisau-delà des cas ou
soit les personnes présumées responsables, soit les victimes auraient
été leurs ressortissantes»,

mais ajoute que «de telles dispositions ne présentent aucune analogie per-
tinente avec l'articl7 de la loi belge)); et que le Congo préciseque
«les résolutions susvisées du Conseil de sécuritéconstituent des

interventions dans les affaires d'Etats souverains que seulejustifie la
mission de maintien de la paix et de la sécuritéinternationales dont
est investie l'Organisation des Nations Unies. iilaquelle les exposés
des motifs de ces résolutions se réfèrent d'ailleurs expressémentet
qu'aucun Etat ne peut naturellement usurper)),

et que, «si le Conseil de sécuritédéclarlesjuridictions nationales concur-
remment compétentes avec les tribunaux internationaux, sous réservede ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 184

the presence of the accused on Belgian territory", and that this Article,

and "the arrest warrant issued by the Belgian investigating judge . . .[,]
are in breach of international law";
5. Whereas, in that same Application, the Congo refers to

"a number of multilateral conventions for the suppression of specifi-
cally defined offences (torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrad-
ing treatment or punishment; terrorism; breaches of the rules on the

physical protection of nuclear materials; unlawful acts against the
safety of maritime navigation; unlawful seizure of aircraft; unlawful
acts of violence at airports) [which] provide for universal jurisdiction
of the States parties to them";

and whereas the Congo points out that those conventions "make [such
universal] jurisdiction conditional on the perpetrator's presence on the

territory of the prosecuting State" ;and whereas it concludes that "[tlhese,
then. are exceptional heads of jurisdiction, which derive their compliance
with international law solely from the treaties which provide for them
[, and which] are not part of general international law";
6. Whereas the Congo contends in that Application that "[tlhere is

nothing in [general international law], as it currently stands, to admit of
the notion that a further exception has to be generally recognized, in regard
to war crimes or crimes against humanity"; whereas the Congo explains that

"[d]oubtless certain States, in adopting laws designed to bring their
legislation into line with Unitrd Nations Security Council re.rolutions
827 of25 Mu)> 1993 un(/ 955 of'8 Novenzher 1994, establishing inter-

ncrtionul trihuntrl.~for the pros~cution of,respectively,persons respon-
sihle for serious i-iolcrtions oj'internationuliun~unitrir.iun luri* cor~irnit-
tell in //le territorqf' tlîe forriieYugosl~~i.~isaince 1991 and persons
rc.sponsible fur ucts qfgenocir/e or otller serious r~iolutions qf' inter-
ncrtionrrl l~utnunituricrn lulis cornmittedin 1994 in the toritory of

RII,LII?~((u11das fur as Rii~undrrn citizrns urc concerned, rcsponsible
fur suc11i~iolutions ror~înîitted in the territory ofneighhouring States,
extended their jurisdiction in respect of the crimes thus defined to
cases other than those where either the persons responsible or the

victims were their own nationals",
but adds that "such provisions are in no way materially comparable with

Article 7 of the Belgian Law"; and whereas the Congo contends that
"the above-mentioned Security Council resolutions constitute inter-

ference in the affairs of sovereign States whose sole justification is
the mission of maintaining peace and international security vested in
the United Nations, to which, moreover, the preamble to those reso-
lutions expressly refers, and which, of course, no State may usurp",

and that, "while the Security Council attributes to national courts juris-

diction concurrent with that of the international tribunals - subject to185 MANDAT D'ARRET (ORDONNANCE 8 XII 00)

la primauté de ceux-ci, pour juger les crimes qu'il définit,il ne pose aucun
critère de cette compétence))et((n'édicteaucune dérogation aux règlesde
compétence pénale reconnues par le droit international »;
7. Considérant qu'au chiffre II de la requêtela décisiondemandée a la

Cour par le Congo se lit comme suit:

cc11est demandé à la Cour de dire que le Royaume de Belgique
devra annuler le mandat d'arrêt international qu'un juge d'instruc-
tion belge, M. Vandermeersch, du tribunal de première instance de
Bruxelles, a décernéle 11avril 2000 contre le ministre des affaires
étrangères en exercice de la République démocratique du Congo,

M. Abdulaye Yerodia Ndombasi, en vue de son arrestation provi-
soire préalablement A une demande d'extradition vers la Belgique,
pour de prétendus crimes constituant des «violations graves de droit
international humanitaire)),mandat d'arrêtque ce juge a diffuséà
tous les Etats, y compris la République démocratique du Congo elle-
même,qui l'a reçu le 12juillet 2000»;

8. Considérant que le 17octobre 2000, immédiatement après le dépôt
de la requête,le Congo a présenté a la Cour une demande en indication
de mesure conservatoire en invoquant le paragraphe 1de I'article 41 du
Statut de la Cour;
9. Considérant que, dans cette demande en indication de mesure

conservatoire, le Congo expose que le trmandat d'arrêt litigieux interdit
pratiquement au ministre des affaires étrangères dela République démo-
cratique du Congode sortir de cet Etat pour se rendre en tout autre Etat
où sa mission l'appelle et, par conséquent, d'accomplir cette mission));
10. Considérant que, dans ladite demande en indication de mesure
conservatoire, le Congo fait valoir que cc[l]esdeux conditions essentielles

au prononcé d'une mesure conservatoire, suivant la jurisprudence de la
Cour, iisavoir l'urgence et l'existence d'un préjudice irréparable, sont
manifestement réunies en l'espèce));
11. Considérant que le congo précise dans sa demande que celle-ci
«tend A faire ordonner la mainlevée immédiate du mandat d'arrêtliti-
gieux>>;
12. Considérant que le 17octobre 2000, date à laquelle la requête etla

demande en indication de mesure conservatoire ont étéreçues au Greffe,
le greffier a aviséle Gouvernement belge du dépôt de ces documents; et
que, le 18octobre 2000, il lui a adressé des copies certifiéesconformes de
la requête etde la demande conformément au paragraphe 2 de l'article 40
du Statut de la Cour. ainsi qu'au paragraphe 4 de I'article 38 et au para-
graphe 2de I'article 73 de son Règlement;

13. Considérant qu'en attendant que les communications requises par
le paragraphe 3 de I'article 40 du Statut et l'article 42 du Règlement aient
étéeffectuées par transmission de la version bilingue imprimée de la
requêteaux Etats Membres de l'organisation des Nations Unies et aux
autres Etatsadmis aester devant la Cour, le greffier a, le 20 octobre 2000, ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 185

the primacy of the latter- to try the crimes which it defines,it lays down
no criterion for such jurisdiction", and "establishes no derogation from
the rules of criminal jurisdiction recognized by international law" ;
7. Whereas in Section II of the Application the decision requested of
the Court by the Congo reads as follows:

"The Court is requested to declare that the Kingdom of Belgium
shall annul the international arrest warrant issued on 11April 2000
by a Belgian investigatingjudge, Mr. Vandermeersch, of the Brussels
trihunul cit.prrrv2itinstunce against the Minister for Foreign Affairs
in office of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mr. Abdulaye

Yerodia Ndombasi, seeking his provisional detention pending a
request for extradition to Belgium for alleged crimes constituting
'serious violations of international humanitarian law', that warrant
having been circulated by the judge to al1 States, including the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, which received it on 12 July
2000" :

8. Whereas on 17 October 2000, immediately after the filing of the
Application, the Congo submitted to the Court a request for the indica-
tion of a provisional measure, citing paragraph 1 of Article 41 of the
Statute of the Court;
9. Whereas, in that request for the indication of a provisional measure,
the Congo states that "the disputed arrest warrant effectively bars the
Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
from leaving that State in order to go to any other State which his duties

require him to visit and, hence, from carrying out those duties";
10. Whereas, in the said request for the indication of a provisional
measure, the Congo contends that "[tlhe two essential conditions for the
indication of a provisional measure according to thejurisprudence of the
Court, namely urgency and the existence of irreparable prejudice, are
clearly satisfied in this case";
11. Whereas the Congo specifies inits request that it "seeks an order
for the immediate discharge of the disputed arrest warrant";

12. Whereas on 17 October 2000, the date on which the Application
and the request for the indication of a provisional measure were received
in the Registry, the Registrar notified the Belgian Government of the fil-
ing of those documents; and whereas on 18October 2000 the Registrar
sent the Belgian Government certified copies of the Application and of

the request in accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute,
and Articles 38, paragraph 4, and 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court;
13. Whereas, pending the notifications required by Article 40, para-
graph 3, of the Statute and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, by trans-
mittal of the printed bilingual version of the Application both to the
member States of the United Nations and to the other States entitled to
appear before the Court, the Registrar on 20 October 2000 informed186 MANDAT D'ARRÊT (ORDONNANCE 8 XII 00)

informéces Etats du dépot de la requêteet de son objet, ainsi que du
dépôtde la demande en indication de mesure conservatoire;
14. Considérant que, le 20 octobre 2000, le greffier a informé les
Parties que le présidentde la Cour avait fixéau 20 novembre 2000 la date
d'ouverture de la procédureorale prévueau paragraphe 3 de l'article 74
du Réglement,au cours de laquelle ellespourraient présenter leurs obser-
vations sur la demande en indication de mesure conservatoire;
15. Considérant que, par lettre du 30 octobre 2000, la Belgique a
désigné unagent et a ajoutéqu'elle

«se réserv[ait]le droit de soulever en temps utile toute excepàlan
recevabilitéouà la compétencede la Cour dans le respect de la pro-
cédureet en accord avec l'article79 du Réglementde la Cour, et
qu'aucun élémentdans l'attitude procéduralede la Belgiqueconcer-
nant la requêteen indication de mesures provisoires ne [pouvait]être
interprétéecomme impliquant la renonciation à ce droit ou la confir-

mation de la compétencede la Cour));
16. Considérant que, la Cour ne comptant sur le siègeaucun juge de la
nationalité des Parties,chacune d'ellesa procédé,dans l'exercicedu droit
que lui confèrele paragraphe 3 de l'article 31du Statut, a la désignation
d'un juge ad hoc en l'affaire; que le Congo a désigiécet effet M. Saye-

man Bula-Bula, et la Belgique Mn" Christine Van den Wyngaert;

17. Considérant qu'aux quatre audiences publiques tenues les 20, 21,
22 et 23 novembre 2000des observations orales sur la demande en indica-
tion de mesure conservatoire ont étéprésentées:

au nom du Congo :
par S. Exc. M. Jacques Masangu-a-Mwanza, agent,
M. Jacques Vergès,
S. Exc. M. Ntumba Luaba Lumu;

au nom de la Belgique:
par M. Jan Devadder, agent.
M. Daniel Bethlehem,
M. Eric David;

et considérant qu'à l'audience une question a étéposéeau nom de la
Cour par le président,à laquelle il a étérépondu oralement;

18. Considérant qu'à l'audience du 20 novembre 2000, le Congo a
réitérépour l'essentiel l'argumentation développéedans sa requêteet sa
demande en indication de mesure conservatoire; qu'il s'esten outre référé

à l'article 12du titre préliminairedu code de procédurepénalebelge(inti-
tulé<<Del'exercicede l'action publique à raison des crimes ou des délits
commis hors du territoire du Royaume))) et a soulignéque, selon cette ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 186

those States of the filing of the Application and of its subject-matter, and
of the filing of the request for the indication of a provisional measure;

14. Whereas, on 20 October 2000, the Registrar informed the Parties
that the President of the Court had fixed 20 November 2000 as the date
for the opening of the oral proceedings provided for in Article74,para-
graph 3, of the Rules of Court, during which they could subnlit their
observations on the request for the indication of a provisional measure;
15. Whereas, by a letter dated 30 October 2000, Belgium appointed an

agent and added that it
"reserve[d] the right to raise any objections, in due time, to admissi-
bility or to the Court's jurisdiction, in accordance with the relevant

procedure and with Article 79 of the Rules of Court, and nothing in
the procedural conduct of Belgium concerning the request for indi-
cation of provisional measures should be construed as implying any
waiver of this right or confirmation of the Court's jurisdiction";

16. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the Bench no judge of the
nationality of the Parties, each of the latter proceeded, in the exercise of
the right conferred upon it by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute, to
choose a judge ad hoc in the case; whereas the Congo chose for that

purpose Mr. Sayeman Bula-Bula, and Belgium Ms Christine Van den
Wyngaert ;
17. Whereas, at the four public hearings held on 20, 21, 22 and
23 November 2000, oral observations were submitted on the request for
the indication of a provisional measure:

On behulf'of' the Congo:

by H.E. Mr. Jacques Masangu-a-Mwanza, Agent,
Mr. Jacques Vergès,
H.E. Mr. Ntumba Luaba Lumu;

On belzalf'9fBelgium :
by Mr. Jan Devadder, Agent,
Mr. Daniel Bethlehem,
Mr. Eric David;

and whereas at the hearings a question was asked on behalf of the Court
by the President, to which an oral reply was given;

18. Whereas, at the hearing of 20 November 2000, the Congo essen-
tially reiterated the line of argument developed in its Application and in
its request for the indication of a provisional measure; whereas it referred
also to Article 12 of the Preliminary Title of the Belgian Code of Crimi-
na1 Procedure (entitled "Prosecution for crimes or offences(délit som-

mitted outside the territory of the Kingdom") and pointed out that,187 MANDAT D'ARRET (ORDONNANCE 8 XII 00)

disposition, «la poursuite des infractions dont il s'agit dans le présent
chapitre n'aura lieu que si l'inculpé esttrouvé en Belgique)); qu'il a sou-
tenu que le juge d'instruction belge, dans une ordonnance rendue dans
une autre affaire, avait

«estim[é]que l'article 7de la loi du 16juin1993 dérogetait1àl'article
12du titre préliminairedu code de procédure pénaleet ne subordon-

n[ait] donc pas la compétence des juridictions belges à la condition
que la personne viséesoit trouvée sur le territoire du Royaume));

qu'il a indiquéque
<<c'[était] anifestement cette compétence illimitéeque s'attribuerait
lui-même1'Etatbelge, si l'interprétation de la loi avancéepar cejuge

était exacte, qui expliqu[ait] I'émission du mandat d'arrêt visant
S. Exc. M. Yerodia Ndombasi, contre lequel aucun chef de compé-
tence territoriale ou personnelle, ni de compétence fondéesur la pro-
tection de la sûretéou du créditdu Royaume de Belgique n'aurait, à
l'évidence,pu être invoqué));

et qu'il a observé que «le Gouvernement belge nla[vait] pas désavoué
cette interprétation depuis l'émissionde ce mandat »;
19. Considérant qu'à l'audience le Congo a souligné que sa requête

introductive d'instance et sa demande en indication de mesure conserva-
toire n'avaient «nullement pour objet de prendre fait et cause au titre de la
protection diplomatique pour l'un de ses ressortissants>),mais de «faire
sanctionner des violations du droit international dont souffr[ait] 1'Etat
congolais dans l'exercicede ses prérogatives souverainesen matière diplo-
matique)); et qu'il a précisque «[l]a Républiquemet[tait] en cause le man-

dat d'arrêtdu juge belge en tant qu'il vis[ait] non pas la personne de
M. Yerodia Ndombasi, mais la fonction de ministre des affairesétrangères»;
20. Considérant qu'à l'audience le Congo a indiquéque «[l]'objet des
mesures conservatoires ... [était],selon la jurisprudence de la Cour, de
((sauvegarder les droits de chacun en attendantque la Cour rende sa déci-
sion»» et que <<[l]anécessitéd'une telle sauvegarde suppos[ait] deux
conditions essentielles, à savoir l'urgence et l'existence d'un préjudice

irréparable)); qu'il a allégué,concernant la condition d'urgence, que,
«mêmesi certains Etats considér[aient]que [le]mandat [d'arrêt]ne [pou-
vait] êtreexécuté ..et si le ministre des affaires étrangéresa[vait] pu se
rendre, en effet, dans certains d'entre eux, ainsi qu'au Siégedes Nations
Unies, tel n'[était]pas le cas d'autres Etats)) et qu'«[a]insi, il ne [pouvait]
aller en tout Etat où sa mission llappel[ait] et, par conséquent, ... ne [pou-

vait] accomplir cette mission de manière satisfaisante»; et qu'il a soutenu,
concernant la condition de préjudiceirréparable, que «[Iles conséquences
de la mise à l'écartde la scèneinternationale du représentant qualifiéde
la République démocratique du Congo pendant un temps indéterminé
[étaient],par essence, de celles que l'on ne répare pas)) et que ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 187

according to that provision, "prosecution of the violations dealt with in
this chapter shall take place only if the accused is found in Belgium";
whereas it maintained that the Belgian investigating judge, in an order
rendered in another case, had

"considered that Article 7 of the Law of 16 June 1993 derogate[d]
from Article 12of the Preliminary Title of the Code of Criminal Pro-

cedure and [did] not therefore make the jurisdiction of Belgian
courts conditional on the person in question being found on the
territory of the Kingdom":

whereas the Congo stated that
"[ilt [was] clearly this unlimited jurisdiction which the Belgian State
would confer upon itself if this judge's interpretation of the Law

were correct which explain[ed] the issue of the arrest warrant against
H.E. Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi, against whom it [was]patently evident
that no basis of territorial or pevsonam jurisdiction, nor any juris-
diction based on the protection of the security or dignity of the
Kingdom of Belgium, could have been invoked":

and whereas the Congo observed that "[slince the issue of the warrant,
the Belgian Government ha[d] not disavowed this interpretation";
19. Whereas at the hearings the Congo stressed that neither its Appli-

cation instituting proceedings nor its request for the indication of a pro-
visional measure had sought "to make any claim whatever on the basis of
the diplomatic protection of one of its nationals", but rather "to make
good the breaches of international law affecting the Congolese State in the
exercise of its sovereign prerogatives in diplomatic matters"; and whereas
it explained that "[tlhe Congo [was]attacking the arrest warrant issued by
the Belgian judge because it [was]directed not at Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi

in his persona1 capacity, but at the office of Minister for Foreign Affairs";
20. Whereas at the hearings the Congo stated that "[tlhe object of pro-
visional measures [was]. according to the Court's case-law, 'to preserve
the respective rights of the parties pending the decision of the Court"'
and that "the need for such preservation [was] subject to two essential
conditions, namely urgency and the existence of irreparable prejudice";

whereas the Congo argued, with regard to the requirement of urgency,
that "while certain States consider[ed] that this warrant [could not] be
enforced . . . and the Minister for Foreign Affairs ha[d] in fact been able
to travel to certain ofhose States. and to the headquarters of the United
Nations, this [did] not apply to other States", and that "he thus [could
not] visit any State to which his duties [might] cal1him and, as a res...

[was] unable to carry out those duties in a proper manner"; and whereas
it contended, with regard to the requirement of irreparable prejudice,
that "[tlhe consequences of excluding the qualified representative of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo from the international arena for an
undetermined period of time [were], by their very nature, consequences
which are irreparable" and that188 MANDAT D'ARRET (ORDONNANCE 8 XII 00)

«la demande de la République démocratique du Congo s'appu[yait]
sur le précédentque constitue ..l'ordonnance du 15 décembre 1979
(Personnel diplomatique et consuluire ... des Etats-Unis ù Téhéran),
dans laquelle [la] Cour a[vait] estiméque la violation de l'immunité

diplomatique créait une situation nécessitant le prononcé d'une
mesure conservatoire)) ;

21. Considérant qu'à I'audience le Congo a également excipédu
((caractère sérieuxdes moyens de la requêteau fond)); qu'il a réitéréa
cette fin l'argumentation développéedans sa requête;et qu'il a ajoutéque

«[il1n'[était]pas demandé à la Cour pour l'instant de se prononcer
sur le méritede ces moyens dedroit, mais de constater qu'ils présen-
t[aient] un caractère sérieuxet qu'ils justifi[aient] que la République
démocratique du Congo ne subisse pas plus longtemps la capjti.~
deminutio qu7a[vait] prétendu lui infliger un juge belge, dont le

Royaume de Belgique [devait] répondre));

22. Considérant qu'a I'audience du 21 novembre 2000 l'agent de la
Belgique a, dans son exposé préliminaire, observéce qui suit: «[s]elon
nos informations M. Yerodia ..., aujourd'hui, n'est plus ministre des

affaires étrangères))du Congo ;
23. Considérant qu'a I'audience la Belgique a fait référenceà ce qui
constitue selon elle «le contexte historique des événements survenusen
République démocratique du Congo et les réactions de la communauté
internationale)); qu'elle a évoquéà cet égard, d'une part, les «violations
massives et systématiques des droits de l'homme et du droit international

humanitaire)) qui avaient marqué les événements survenusdans la région
des grands lacs et, d'autre part, les résolutions adoptéesen la matière par
le Conseil de sécuritédes Nations Unies; qu'elle a notamment cité la
résolution 1291 (2000) du 24 février 2000aux termes de laquelle ledit
Conseil

« 14. Condumne tous les massacres perpétréssur le territoire de la
République démocratique du Congo et alentour, et demande instum-
rnent qu'une enquête internationale y soit consacrée en vue de tra-

duire les responsables en justice))

«15. Demande à toutes les parties en conflit en République démo-
cratique du Congo de protéger les droits de l'homme et de respecter
le droit international humanitaire et la convention sur la prévention
et la répressiondu crime de génocidede 1948,ainsi que de s'abstenir

ou de cesser d'appuyer ceux que l'on soupçonne d'être impliqués
dans le crime de génocide, dans des crimes contre l'humanité ou
dans des crimes de guerre, ou de s'associer avec eux, de quelque ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 188

"the request of the Democratic Republic of the Congo relie[d] on the
precedent constituted . . . by the Order of 15December 1979 (United
Stutes Diplornutic und Consulur StuJf. . . in Tehrun), in which the
Court held that the violation of diplomatic immunity created a situa-

tion requiring the indication of a provisional measure";

21. Whereas at the hearings the Congo also pleaded the "seriousness

of the substantive legal grounds of the Application"; and whereas, to
that end, it reiterated the arguments put forward in its Application; and
whereas it added that

"[tlhe Court [was] not asked at present to determine the merits of
these grounds of law, but to note that they [were] serious and [that
they] justiflied] steps to ensure that the cupitis cleminutio which a
Belgian judge ha[d] sought to inflict on the Democratic Republic of
the Congo, and for which the Kingdom of Belgium [was] answer-

able, should cease" ;

22. Whereas, at the hearing of 21 November 2000, the Agent of Bel-
gium, in his preliminary statement, made the following observation:
"[alccording to Our information, Mr. Yerodia is today no longer Minister

for Foreign Affairs of the Congo";
23. Whereas at the hearings Belgium referred to what it considers to
be "the historical context of the events which took place in the Demo-
cratic Republic of the Congo and the reactions of the international com-
munity"; whereas it cited in this connection, on the one hand, the
"massive and systematic violations of human rights and international

humanitarian law" that had characterized the events that took place
in the Great Lakes region and, on the other, the relevant resolutions
adopted by the United Nations Security Council; whereas it cited in par-
ticular resolution 1291 (2000) of 24 February 2000, pursuant to which
the Council:

"14. Condemns al1massacres carried out in and around the terri-
tory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and urges that an
international investigation into al1such events be carried out with a

view to bringing to justicethose responsible"
and

"15. Culls on al1parties to the conflict in the Democratic Republic
of the Congo to protect human rights and respect international
humanitarian law and the Convention on the Prevention and Pun-

ishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948,and culls on al1parties to
refrain from or cease any support to, or association with, those sus-
pected of involvement in the crime of genocide, crimes against
humanity or war crimes, and to bring to justice those responsible,189 MANDAT D'ARRET (ORDONNANCE 8 XII 00)

manière que ce soit, ainsi que de traduire les responsables en justice
et de permettre que le nécessaire soit fait, conformément au droit
international, pour que ceux qui auraient commis des violations du
droit international humanitaire aient à en répondre));

et qu'elle a observéque ([I]ejuge [Vandermeersch] avait agi dans le cadre
de l'action que le Conseil de sécuritéavait exhorté la communauté inter-
nationale a prendre »;

24. Considérant qu'a l'audience la Belgique a soutenu que ((la loi
[belge] de 1993 et ses amendements de 1999 se born[aient] simplement à
adapter le droit interne belge aux obligations que la Belgique a[vait]
contractées au plan international)); qu'elle a indiquéque «[l]'article 7 de
la loi consacr[ait] ... la compétence universelle du juge belge)) et que
(([clette compétence ..[était] pleinementconforme au deuxième alinéade

l'article commun 4915011 291146 des conventions de Genève de 1949»;
qu'elle a observéque
(([Ilesamendements apportés le 10 février 1999 a la loi de 1993 se

born[aient] pour l'essentiel a inclure dans le champ d'application
rutionr mutrriuc.de la loi deux incriminations: le crime contrel'huma-
nitéet le génocide ));

et qu'elle a préciséque
«l'extension au crime contre I'humanitéet au crime de génocidede
la compétence universelle qui était déjà prévue par l'article de la loi
de 1993 ..n'[était]... que la traduction en droit interne d'une obliga-

tion reconnue de longue date par le droit international général));
et considérant que la Belgique s'est référée à un «élémentapporté par la
loi de 1999: le refus de toute immunitéau représentant de I'Etat, de quel-

que rang qu'il soit, s'il est impliquédans un des crimes viséspar la loin;
qu'elle a soutenu que
«le législateur [n'avait] faitque transcrire dans le texte légalune règle

qui remont[ait] au statut du Tribunal de Nuremberg ...voire au
traité de Versailles à propos de la mise en accusation de I'ex-empe-
reur d'Allemagne et desauteurs de crimes de guerre commis en 1914-
1918));

et qu'elle a alléguéque
(([clette règlea[vait] étéensuite confirmée par le Tribunal de Nurem-
berg lui-mêmedans son jugement de 1946,puis dans le statut du Tri-

bunal de Tokyo ..., puis dans la convention sur la prévention et la
répression du crime de génocide ..., par la Commission du droit
international [des Nations Unies], tant dans la formulation des prin-
cipes de Nuremberg, que dans le projet de code des crimes contre la
paix et la sécuritéde l'humanité de 1996 ..., sans parler des statuts
des Tribunaux pénauxinternationaux ..., de la Cour pénaleinterna-

tionale ... et tout récemment du Tribunal spécial pour la Sierra
Leone » ; ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 189

and facilitate measures in accordance with international law to
ensure accountability for violations of international humanitarian
law" :

and whereas Belgium observed that "[Jludge [Vandermeersch] was acting
within the framework of action urged on the international community by
the Security Council" ;
24. Whereas at the hearings Belgium contended that "the [Belgian]
Law of 1993and its 1999amendments merely adapt[ed] Belgian domestic
law to the obligations undertaken by Belgium at international level";
whereas it stated that "Article 7 of the Law .. .enshrine[d] the universal

jurisdiction of the Belgian courts" and that "[tlhis jurisdiction . . [was]
entirely consistent with the second paragraph of the Article common to
the four 1949 Geneva Conventions (Articles 49, 50, 129 and 146 respec-
tively)"; whereas it observed that

"[tlhe amendments made on 10 February 1999 to the 1993 Law
[were] largely confined to bringing two offences within the scope
rutione niuteriue of the law: crimes against humanity and genocide";

and whereas Belgium explained that
"the extension to crimes against humanity and the crime of genocide
of the universal jurisdiction already provided for in Article 7 of the
1993 Law . . .merely represent[ed] the incorporation into domestic
law of an obligation long recognized in general international law";

and whereas Belgium referred to an "element introduced by the Law of
1999 . . . [namely] the refusal of any immunity for the representative of
the State, whatever his or her rank, if he or she is implicated in one of the
crimes provided for in the Law"; whereas it contended that

"the lawniakers [had] merely transcribe[d] into legislation a rule
dating back to the Statute of the Nuremberg Tribunal . . ., or
even to the Treaty of Versailles regarding committal for trial of the
former Emperor of Germany and of the perpetrators of war crimes

in 1914-1918";
and whereas Belgium argued that

"[tlhis rule [had] subsequently [been] confirmed by the Nuremberg
Tribunal itself in its Judgment of 1946, then in the statute of the
Tokyo Tribunal . . ., then in the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide . . ., by the International Law
Commission, both in their formulation of the Nuremberg principles
and in the 1996 Draft Code of Offences against the Peace and Secu-
rity of Mankind ....not to mention the Statutes of the International

Criminal Tribunals . ..,of the International Criminal Court ... and,
very recently, of the Special Court for Sierra Leone";190 MANDAT D'ARRÊT (ORDONNANCE 8 XII 00)

25. Considérant qu'à I'audience la Belgique a exposé«que le mandat
d'arrêt ne résult[ait] nullement d'une initiative personnelle du juge));
qu'elle a préciséque «le magistrat instructeur avait étésaisi d'un côté par
un réquisitoire du procureur du Roi de Bruxelles, d'un autre côté par des

plaintes de particuliers)); qu'elle a indiqué qu'«il ressort[ait] d'informa-
tions obtenues du parquet de Bruxelles que, sur les douze plaignants, cinq
[étaient] de nationalité belge et sept de nationalité congolaise)) et que
«[tlous [étaient] domiciliés enBelgique ); et qu'elle a souligné qu'«il
exist[ait] des liens de rattachement clairs et raisonnables entre les faits
en cause et la Belgique, à travers la nationalité ou le domicile des victimes

de ces faits));
26. Considérant qu'à I'audience la Belgique a fait état de ce que

«[]le mandat not[ait] que les4 et27 août 1998, M. Yerodia Ndom-
basi, alors chef de cabinet du président Kabila, aurait tenu différents
discours publics relayéspar les médiaset incitant a la haine raciale,
discours qui auraient contribué au massacre de plusieurs centaines
de personnes, principalement d'origine tutsi)),

et que (([clesfaits [étaient]citésdans [dles rapports des Nations Unies»;
et qu'elle a aussi indiqué que «le juge d'instruction a[vait] pleinement
tenu compte du contexte dans lequel les paroles de M. Yerodia Ndom-
basi [avaient] étéprononcées));

27. Considérant qu'a I'audience la Belgique a observéce qui suit:
«[I]ejuge d'instruction a ... tenu compte des problèmes d'immunité
découlant de l'inculpation d'un ministre ... en écartant toute idée

d'arrestation immédiate de M. Yerodia Ndombasi si celui-ci devait
venir en Belgique A la suite d'une invitation officielle du Gouver-
nement belge: l'invitation impliquerait en effet renonciation de la
Belgique à faire exécuter le mandat pendant la duréedu séjouroffi-
ciel, et l'autorité judiciaire ne pourrait en faire abstraction sous
peine de mettre en cause la responsabilité internationale de 1'Etat

belge» ;
et qu'elle a ajouté que <</rn/utatis rnirtandis, il en irait de mêmesi
M. Yerodia Ndombasi devait venir en Belgique ou passer par la Bel-

gique dans le cadre d'une invitation qui lui serait adresséepar une organi-
sation internationale dont la Belgique est membre));
28. Considérant qu'à l'audience la Belgique a reconnu que, siM. Yero-
dia Ndombasi était arrêté,((son droit à la liberté individuelle [serait]
affecté));qu'elle a fait valoir que «[t]outefois, comme l'atteinte au droit
de M. Yerodia Ndombasi se situe[rait] dans le cadre de poursuites pé-

nales régulières,cette atteinte [ferait] partie des exceptions admises par tous
les instruments protecteurs des droits de la personne)); qu'elle en a conclu
qu'«[a]ucun droit n'ayant étéviolé,le Congo ne pourrait prétendre que
l'atteinte à la libertédM. Yerodia Ndombasi est une violation du droit
international affectant directement le Congo)); et qu'elle a ajouté que la
qualitéde ministre de M. Yerodia Ndombasi «ne change[rait] rien A cette ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 190

25. Whereas at the hearings Belgium stated that "the arrest warrant
[had] not [been] issued simply on the personal initiative of the judge";
whereas it explained that "the investigating judge had been seised, on the

onehand, of an application by the Brussels Public Prosecutor and,on the
other, of complaints from private individuals"; whereas Belgium stated
that "[ilt appear[ed] from information obtained from the Brussels Public
Prosecutor's office that, of the 12 complainants, five [were] of Belgian
nationality and seven of Congolese nationality", and that "[alll [were]
resident in Belgium"; and whereas Belgium stressed that "there exist[ed]

clear and reasonable links between the acts in question and Belgium,
through the nationality or residence of the victims of those acts";
26. Whereas at the hearings Belgium referred to the fact that

"[tlhe warrant state[d] that, on4 and 27 August 1998, Mr. Yerodia
Ndombasi, then President Kabila's Principal Private Secretary, [had]
made various public speeches broadcast by the media and inciting
racial hatred, which speeches are alleged to have contributed to the
massacre of several hundred persons, mainly of Tutsi origin",

and that "[tlhose facts [were] cited in . . . United Nations reports"; and
whereas Belgiurn further stated that "the investigating judge [had taken]
full account of the context in which the words of Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi

[had been] spoken";
27. Whereas at the hearings Belgium observed as follows:
"[tlhe investigating judge.. . took account of the issues of immunity

arising from the indictment of a Minister by dispelling any notion
that Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi would be arrested immediately if he
came to Belgium at the official invitation of the Belgian Govern-
ment: the invitation would in fact imply that Belgium waived the
right to have the warrant enforced for the duration of the official
stay, and the judicial authorities could not disregard that without

incurring the international responsibility of the Belgian State . .";

and whereas it added that, "[mjututis mutu~îdis, the same would be the

case if Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi were to visit or pass through Belgium in
response to an invitation addressed to him by an international organiza-
tion of which Belgium was a member";
28. Whereas at the hearings Belgium acknowledged that if Mr. Yerodia
Ndombasi were arrested, "his right to personal liberty would . . . be
affected"; whereas it argued that "[hlowever, since the violation of

Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi's right would occur in thecourse of ordinary crimi-
na1proceedings, this would be an exception to that right admitted by al1
the various instruments for the safeguard of the rights of the individual";
whereas Belgium accordingly concluded that "[slince no right has been
violated, the Congo cannot claim that the infringement of Mr. Yerodia
Ndombasi's liberty is a violation of international law which directly
affects the Congo"; and whereas it added that Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi's 191 MANDAT D'ARRÊT (ORDONNANCE 8XII 00)

conclusion», «la qualité de représentant d'un Etat [n'autorisant pas à]
violer la loi, qu'elle soit interne ou internationale));

29. Considérant qu'a l'audience la Belgique a exposéqu'«un mandat
d'arrêt international ..ne [pouvait] produire d'effetscontraignants sur le
territoire d'un Etat étranger que si ce dernier accept[ait] d'apporter son
assistance à la miseen Œuvrede ce droit)); qu'«aucun traitébilatéralspé-
cifiqued'extradition ou d'entraide judiciaire neli[ait]lesdeux Etats)); que
« [lleseffetsextra-territoriaux dumandat [étaient]donc entièrementsubor-
donnés à la volontéde 1'Etatrequis, ici, le Congo, de lui donner suite ou
non)); et considérant que la Belgique a alléguéque «la délivrance dece
mandat d'arrêt[était]un moyen d'aider leCongo a exercer un droit qui ...
[était] aussi uneobligation pour le Congo, à savoir, arrêteret poursuivre

M. Yerodia Ndombasi devant les juridictions congolaises pour les faits
qui lui sont imputés));
30. Considérant qu'à l'audience la Belgiquea soutenu ce qui suit:
«le mandat d'arrêtbelge n'est pas plus directement exécutoiresur le
territoire d'un Etat tiers que sur le territoire du Congo. Dans les

deux cas, le concours des autoritéslocales est indispensable; le man-
dat d'arrêtne peut atteindre l'intéresséà l'étrangerque si 1'Etathôte
accepte d'y donner suite. En pareil cas, ce serait donc, non la Bel-
gique qui porterait atteinte à la libertéde M. Yerodia Ndombasi,
mais 1'Etattiers requis));
31. Considérant qu'à l'audience la Belgique a expliqué qu'«une

demande en indication de mesures conservatoires ..constitue une procé-
dure exceptionnelle)), qu'elle implique que la Cour ait compétence prima
fucic et que
«[il1s'agit, ainsique lajurisprudence de la Cour l'indiqueclairement,
de savoir si des mesures conservatoires sont nécessairesdans les cir-

constances de l'affaire, s'il existe un risque sérieuxqu'un préjudice
irréparablesoit porté aux droits dont la Cour pourrait déciderpar la
suite qu'ils appartiennent à l'une ou l'autre des Parties));
32. Considérant qu'à I'audiencela Belgique,concernant la question de
la compétencede la Cour, a fait valoir que la requête

((ne mentionn[ait] aucune base de compétenceprécise[,]ne fai[sait]
référencea aucun traité bilatéralou multilatéral prévoyantla com-
pétencede la Cour en application du paragraphe 1de l'article 36 du
Statut [et] n'invoqu[ait] pas pour fonder la compétence[de la Cour]
les déclarationsdes Parties au titre de la clause facultative));

et que la Belgiqueen a conclu que «la Cour devrait rejeter la demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires de la Républiquedémocratiquedu
Congo >);et considérantque la Belgiquea ajoutéque «, eu égard à la for-
mulation employéepar la République démocratique du Congo sur la ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 19 1

status as Minister "[did] nothing to change this conclusion", since "[tlhe
fact that an individual ha[d] the status of representative of a State [did
not entitle him to] violate the law. whether it be domestic or interna-
tional" ;
29. Whereas at the hearings Belgium stated that "an international

arrest warrant . . .[could] only produce compulsory effects on the terri-
tory of a foreign State if the latter agree[d] to assist in its enforcement";
that "the two States [were] not bound by any specific bilateral treaty on
extradition or judicial CO-operation", and that "[tlhe extraterritorial
effects of the warrant [were] thus entirely conditional on the willingness
of the requested State. in this case the Congo, to act upon it or not"; and

whereas Belgium argued that "the issue of the arrest warrant [was] a
means of helping the Congo to exercise a right which . .. [was] also
an obligation for the Congo, namely that of arresting and prosecuting
Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi in the Congolese courts on account of the acts
with which he [was] charged";
30. Whereas at the hearings Belgium argued as follows:

"the Belgian arrest warrant is no more enforceable directly on the
territory of a third State than it is on the territory of the Congo. In
both cases, the assistance of the authorities of the country concerned

is indispensable; the arrest warrant is enforceable against the person
concerned abroad only if the host State agrees to execute it. In such
a case it would therefore not be Belgium which would be infringing
Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi's liberty. but the requested third State";

31. Whereas Belgium stated at the hearings that "a request for the
indication of provisional measures . . . is an exceptional procedure", that
itimplies that the Court has prima facie jurisdiction, and that

"[ilt is, as the jurisprudence of the Court makes clear, a question of
whether provisional measures are necessary in the circumstances -
whether there is a serious risk of irreparable damage to the rights

which may subsequently be adjudged by the Court to belong to
either Party" ;

32. Whereas, at the hearings, Belgium argued with regard to the ques-
tion of the Court's jurisdiction that the Application
"ma[de] no reference to any specific basis of jurisdiction[,] [did] not

refer to any bilateral or multilateral treaty providing for the jurisdic-
tion of the Court pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 1,of the Statute
[and] [did] not advance optional clause declarations by the Parties as
a basis of jurisdiction" ;

and whereas Belgium accordingly concluded that "the Court should
reject the Democratic Republic of the Congo's request for provisional
measures"; and whereas it added that, "in the light of the Democratic
Republic of the Congo's formulation on jurisdiction and for the avoid-192 MANDAT D'ARRET (ORDONNANCE 8 XII 00)

compétence et pour évitertoute équivoque, [elle]réserv[ait]expressément
[sa] position ..sur la question de la compétence et de la recevabilité));
33. Considérant qu'a l'audience la Belgique, concernant la question
des droits à sauvegarder, a expliquéque «[l]a condition requise ... [était]
que les droits que le demandeur cherche à sauvegarder ne soient pas illu-
soires, soient l'objet du différenddans la procédure sur le fond et soient,
d'une manière ou d'une autre, menacés par les actes dont se plaint le

requérant)); qu'elle a alléguéqu'en I'espéce«le «droit» qui aurait besoin
d'être sauvegardépar l'indication de mesures conservatoires serait le
«droit» du ministre des affaires étrangères de la République démocra-
tique du Congo de se rendre à l'étranger pour le compte de son gouver-
nement)); qu'elle a ajouté ce qui suit:

((L'activité diplomatique requiert évidemment que les représen-
tants des Etats puissent voyager à l'étranger pour la conduite des
affaires de leur Etat. Mais le fait est que voyager à l'étranger ne
constitue pas un droit. C'est une fonction ... de l'activité diplo-
matique ..Cette fonction exige le consentement de I'Etat hôte));

et qu'elle en a conclu que

(<[l]aRépublique démocratique du Congo n'a[vait] pas montré qu'il
exist[ait] un droit qui d'après elle demanderait à êtresauvegardépar
l'indication de mesures conservatoires ...[et] que la Cour devrait
rejeter ..A ce titre la demande de la République démocratique du
Congo en indication de mesures conservatoires));

34. Considérant qu'à l'audience la Belgique, concernant la condition
de préjudice irréparable, a fait valoir entre autres que «le critère [n'était
pas] celui ...du désagrémentou de la difficulté,ou de l'irritation)), que
((la question qui se pos[ait]...[était]de savoir s'ilexist[ait] un risque réel
que soit portéun préjudiceirréparable aux droits de la Républiquedémo-
cratique du Congo)), et que «[l]es événementsdes dernières vingt-quatre

heures, au cours desquelles M. Yerodia Ndombasi a[vait] cesséd'êtrele
ministre des affaires étrangères,montr[aient] bien qu'il nlexist[ait] aucun
risque de porter un tel préjudice [à ces droits])); qu'elle a soutenu que
«[p]our ainsi dire aucune preuve n'a[vait] été présentéde'un préjudicequi
aurait étéporté aux droits de la République démocratique du Congo
depuis le 11 avril (ou le 12 juillet) 2000)) et qu'«[i]l n'y a[vait] même
aucune indication que M. Ndombasi ait été très gêné))e ;t qu'elle a en

conséquence priéla Cour «de rejeter ...à ce titre la demande de la Répu-
blique démocratique du Congo en indication de mesures conservatoires»;
35. Considérant qu'à l'audience la Belgique, concernant la condition
d'urgence, a alléguéque «[m]êmeavant le remaniement ministériel ...,
lors duquel M. Ndombasi s'['était]vu attribuer le portefeuille de I'éduca-
tion, iln'y avait aucune urgence)); et qu'elle a exposé cequi suit:

«La réalitéest que le mandat d'arrêta étédélivréle Il avril 2000.
La Républiquedémocratique du Congo en a connaissance depuis au
moins le 12juillet. Jusqu'au moment ou elle a déposésa requête,le ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 192

ance of doubt, [it] .. . reserve[d] [its] position on the question of jurisdic-
tion and admissibility";
33. Whereas, with regard to the question of the rights to be preserved,
Belgium argued at the hearings that "[tlhe prerequisite . . . [was] that the
rights which the applicant [sought] to preserve through the provisional
measure procedure must not be illusory, must be the subject of the dis-

pute in the proceedings on the merits and must in some manner be under
threat by the action of which the applicant complains"; whereas it stated
that in the present case "the 'right' claimed to be in need of preservation
by the indication of provisional measures [was] the 'right' of the Demo-
cratic Republic of the Congo's Foreign Minister to travel abroad on
governmental business" ; whereas it added the following:

"Diplomatic discourse of course requires that representatives of
States have the ability to travel abroad in the conduct of affairs of
State. The point is that foreign travel is not a right. It is a func-

tion . . . of diplomatic discourse . . It requires the consent of the
receiving State";
and whereas it concluded that

"[tlhe Democratic Republic of the Congo ha[d] not made out a case
for the existence of a right [thepreservation of which, it was claimed,]
require[d] the indication of provisional measures . . . [and that] the

Court should dismiss, on this ground . . . the Democratic Republic
of the Congo's Application for provisional measures";
34. Whereas, with regard to the requirement of irreparable prejudice,
Belgium asserted inter uliu at the hearings that "the test [was] . . . not

inconvenience, not hardship, not irritation", that "[tlhe issue . . . [was]
whether there [was]a real risk of irreparable prejudice to the rights of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo", and that "[tlhe events of the past
24 hours, during the course of which Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi ceased to be
the Foreign Minister, indicate[d] firmly that there [was] no risk of irrepa-
rable prejudice to [those] rights"; whereas it maintained that "[wle [were]

presented with virtually no evidence of any prejudice having occurred
to the rights of the Democratic Republic of the Congo since 11 April
(or 12 July) 2000" and that "[tlhere [was] not even any suggestion that
Mr. Ndombasi [had] been much inconvenienced"; and whereas it sub-
mitted, accordingly, that the Court "should dismiss the Democratic
Republic of the Congo's request for provisional measures . . . on this

ground" ;
35. Whereas, with regard to the requirement of urgency, Belgium con-
tended at the hearings that "[elven before the cabinet reshuffle . . ., which
saw Mr. Ndombasi moved to the education portfolio, there was no issue
of urgency"; and whereas it stated the following:

"The reality was that the arrest warrant was issued on II April
2000. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has known about it
since at least 12 July 2000. To the point of the filing of the Demo-193 MANDAT D'ARRÊT (ORDONNAN CEXII 00)

17 octobre dernier, rien n'indiquait qu'il y eût urgence..[L]a Bel-
gique aurait, hier, fait valoir que la demande en indication de me-
sures conservatoires ne satisfaisait paà la condition de l'urgence.
C'est devenu encore plus évidentaujourd'hui, puisque M. Ndombasi
n'est plus ministre des affaires étrangères));

et considérant qu'elle a en conséquence prié la Cour «de rejeter la
demande à ce titre));
36. Considérant qu'à l'audience la Belgique a en outre indiquéque ((la
mesure que réclam[ait]la République démocratique du Congo à titre
conservatoire [était]identique a celle qu'elle réclam[ait]sur le fond,à
savoir la mainlevéeimmédiatedu mandat d'arrêt»; et qu'elle s'est référée
à l'ordonnance rendue par la Cour permanente de Justice internationale
le 21 novembre 1927en l'affaire relative à 1Usine de Choriow (C. P.J.I.

sérieA no12, p. IO), en vue d'étayer son argumentation selon laquelle
«[l]a nature exceptionnelle de la procédure d'indicationde mesures conser-
vatoires ne permet[tait] pas que soit prononcé un jugement provisionnel
adjugeant les conclusions de la requêteau fond));
37. Considérant qu'à l'audience la Belgique a indiqué qu'elle «ne
vo[yait] aucun risque de dégradation significative des relations entre la
Belgique et la République démocratique du Congo qui serait de nature à
justifier des mesures conservatoires [indiquéeproprio motu] ));
38. Considérant qu'à l'audience la Belgique a observéque «c'[était]de
longue date que le Conseil de sécuritéet l'organisation des Nations
Unies dans son ensemble s'intéress[aient] àla République démocratique

du Congo à propos d'événementsdu type de ceux qui [faisaient] l'objet
du mandat d'arrêt))et que «la façon dont [ils][avaient] réagiaux événe-
mentsen cause survenus en Républiquedémocratiquedu Congo milit[ait]
trèsfortementcontre toute indication de mesures conservatoires du genre
de celle queréclam[ait][le Congo]));
39. Considérant qu'au terme de son premier tour de plaidoiries la Bel-
gique a néanmoins déclaré qu'elle

«n'a[vait] pas d'objectioà ce que la Cour décide,en application des
pouvoirs que lui conférel'article 75, paragraphe 1 ou 2, du Règle-
ment, d'indiquer des mesures conservatoires consistant à demander
aux deux Parties d'examiner, en toute bonne foi, les difficultéssou-
levéespar le mandat d'arrêten vue de trouver une solution au dif-
férendd'une manière conforme à leurs obligations en droit interna-
tional, y compris les résolutions 1234 (1999) et 1291 (2000) du
Conseil de sécurit» ;

40. Considérant qu'à l'audience du 22 novembre 2000, lors de son
second tour de plaidoiries, le Congo a soutenu que «[l]a condition inter-
nationale du ministre des affaires étrangères obéi[ssait]au principe d'assi-
milation à [celle]du chef d'Etat étrangeren ce qui concerne l'immunité et ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 193

cratic Republic of the Congo's Application on 17October 2000, there

was no suggestion of any urgency . . .Belgium would have contended
yesterday that the request for provisional measures did not meet the
requirement of urgency: this is even clearer today, in circumstances
in which Mr. Ndombasi is no longer the Foreign Minister";

and whereas it accordingly requested the Court "to dismiss the request
on this ground" ;
36. Whereas at the hearings Belgium further stated that "the relief
sought by the Democratic Republic of the Congo brought by way of pro-
visional measures [was] identical to the relief which it [sought] on the

merits of its claim, namely, the immediate cancellation of the arrest war-
rant"; and whereas it referred to the Order made by the Permanent Court
of International Justice on 21 November 1927 in the case concerning the
Fuctory ut Chorzi)\~.' (P.C.I.J., Serie.sA. NO. 12, p. IO), in order to
support its argument that "[tlhe exceptional nature of the provisional
measures procedure [did] not admit of an interim judgment granting

the relief requested in the Application";
37. Whereas at the hearings Belgium stated that it "[did] not see any
risk of a significant deterioration in relations between Belgium and
the ~emocratic Republic of the Congo such as to warrant provisional
measures [being indicated propriu motu]";
38. Whereas at the hearings Belgium observed that "there [was]a long

history of Security Council and wider United Nations involvement in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo in respect of the type of circum-
stances that [were]the subject of the arrest warrant" and that "the whole
thrust of [the United Nations] involvement . . . in the relevant events in
the Democratic Republic of the Congo militate[d] very strongly indeed
against any indication of provisional measures along the lines requested

by [the Congo]";
39. Whereas Belgium nevertheless concluded its first round of oral
argument by stating that it

"would not object were the Court to decide, in exercise of its power
under either paragraph 1 or paragraph 2 of Article 75 of the Court's
Rules, to indicate provisional measures which called upon the Parties
jointly, in good faith, to address the difficulties caused by thessu-
ance of the arrest warrant with a view to achieving a resolution to
the dispute in a manner that [was] consistent with their obligations

under international law, including Security Council resolutions 1234
(1999) and 1291 (2000)" ;

40. Whereas, at the hearing of 22 November 2000, in its second round
of oral argument, the Congo contended that "[tlhe international status of

the Minister for Foreign Affairs [was] governed by the principle that he
should be assimilated to a foreign Head of State in so far as immunity194 MANDAT D'ARRET (ORDONNANCE 8 XII 00)

l'inviolabilité» et que «tout ministre envoyé par son Etat pour le repré-

senter à l'extérieur,traiter avec des Etats tiers ou des organisations inter-
nationales, le cas échéantl'engager, joui[ssait], sensu luto, également des
privilèges et immunités»; qu'il a préciséque

«[s]'agissant de M. Yerodia, hier ministre d'Etat chargédes affaires
étrangères,aujourd'hui ministre d'Etat chargéde l'éducation natio-
nale, ... il sera[it] appeléà se déplacer, à répondre à des invitations à
I'extérieur,à se rendre dans des enceintes internationales ..))

et qu'«[il1sera[it] appeléà êtreenvoyé souvent comme représentant per-
sonnel et plénipotentiaire du chef de I'Etat pour le représenter à I'exté-
rieur)); que le Congo a ajouté qu'à ce titre M. Yerodia Ndombasi «béné-
ficiera[it], sans nul doute, du principe d'assimilation au chef de I'Etat, au

chef de gouvernement et au ministre des affaires étrangères,comme le
laisse par ailleurs supposer l'article7,paragraphe 2 c), de la convention
de Vienne de 1969 sur le droit des traités»;
41. Considérant qu'à cette audience le Congo a fait valoir que «le
mandat international litigieux viol[ait] le ((principe de non-rétroacti-
vité»»; qu'il s'est référé à l'appui de son argumentation à l'article2,

alinéa 1, du Code pénalbelge, ainsi qu'au Pacte international relatif aux
droits civils et politiques de 1966 et à la convention européenne de sau-
vegarde des droits de l'homme et des libertésfondamentales de 1950;
42. Considérant qu'à la même audience le Congo a indiqué que,
(([pjrima fucie, la compétence de la Cour ne [pouvait] êtrecontestée))et

qu'elle
«découl[ait] clairement des déclarations facultatives de reconnais-
sance de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour faites par le Royaume
de Belgique et la République démocratique du Congo, respective-

ment le 3 avril 1958 et le 8 février 1989, ...[e]t qui, apparemment,
[étaient]sans réserve»;
43. Considérant qu'à ladite audience le Congo a déclaréce qui suit:

«la Républiquedémocratique du Congo demande à la Cour d'ordon-
ner à la Belgique de se conformer au droit international; de cesser et

de s'abstenir de tout comportement de nature à accentuer le diffé-
rend avec la République démocratique du Congo; en particulier, de
procéder à la mainlevée du mandat d'arrêt international délivré
contre le ministre Yerodia.
D'une manière générale,la République démocratique du Congo

demande à la Cour, sur la base de l'article 75, paragraphes 1 et 2, de
son Règlement, des mesures consistant, entre autres, à inviter les
deux Parties - la Belgique, en particulier, et la République démo-
cratique du Congo - à adopter un comportement qui empêche la
persistance, l'aggravation et l'extension du différend,notamment en
faisant disparaître la cause essentielle de ce différend)); ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 194

and inviolability [were]concerned" and that "any minister sent by his or
her State to represent it abroad, deal with other States or international
organizations and, where necessary, enter into commitments on behalf of

that State, also enjoy[ed], sensu Iuto, privileges and immunities"; whereas
it pointed out that
"[wlith regard to Mr. Yerodia, yesterday Minister for Foreign
Affairs, today Minister of Education in the new Congolese Govern-

ment, . .. he [would] be called upon to travel, to respond to invita-
tions from abroad, to attend international meetings . . ."
and that "[hie[would] often be called upon to be sent as the plenipoten-

tiary personal representative of the Head of State to represent him
abroad"; and whereas the Congo added that in this capacity Mr. Yerodia
Ndombasi "[would] undoubtedly be entitled to benefit from the principle
of assimilation to the Head of State, the Head of Government or the
Minister for Foreign Affairs, as [might] be presumed from Article 7,para-
graph 2 (c), of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties";
41. Whereas, at that hearing, the Congo claimed that "the interna-

tional arrest warrant in dispute contravene[d] the 'principle of non-retro-
activity'"; whereas in support of this claim it cited Artic2, paragraph 1,
of the Belgian Penal Code, and also the 1966 International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights and the 1950 European Convention for the
Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;
42. Whereas, at that same hearing, the Congo contended that "[plrima
facie, the Court's jurisdiction [could] not be contested" and

"derive[d] clearly from the optional declarations recognizing as com-
pulsory the jurisdiction of the Court made by the Kingdom of Bel-

gium and the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 3 April 1958
and 8 February 1989, respectively, . . . and which appear[ed] to con-
tain no reservation";
43. Whereas, at the said hearing, the Congo made the following state-

ment :
"the Democratic Republic of the Congo requests the Court to order
Belgium to comply with international law; to cease and desist from
any conduct which might exacerbate the dispute with the Demo-

cratic Republic of the Congo; specifically, to discharge the interna-
tional arrest warrant issued against Minister Yerodia.

Generally, the Democratic Republic of the Congo requests the
Court, on the basis of Article75, paragraphs 1 and 2,of the Rules of
Court, to indicate measures which consist, inter-uliu, in urging both

Parties- Belgium in particular, and the Democratic Republic of the
Congo - to adopt a course of conduct which will prevent the con-
tinuation, aggravation and extension of the dispute, in particular by
eliminating the main cause of this dispute";195 MANDAT D'ARRÈT (ORDONNANCE 8 XII 00)

44. Considérant qu'au terme de son second tour de plaidoiries, le
Congo a demandé

«à la Cour de dire le droit en tenant compte de l'assentiment des
deux Partiesàrégler éventuellementet diplomatiquement cetteaffaire
à l'amiable et en persuadant ...le juge belge Vandermeersch de reti-

rer son mandat qu'il a lancésur le plan international));

45. Considérant qu'a l'audience du 23 novembre 2000, lors de son
second tour de plaidoiries, la Belgique a expliqué qu'elles'opposait «a ce
qu'un chef de compétence soit invoqué au stade du second tour de plai-
doiries)); et que, se référant la jurisprudence de la Cour, elle a observé

qu'«une démarche aussi tardive, lorsqu'elle n'est pas acceptéepar l'autre
partie, met gravement en pérille principe du contradictoire et la bonne
administration de la justice));
46. Considérant qu'a cette audience la Belgique a soutenu qu'«[i]l
n'[était]pas exact de dire [que sa déclaration au titre de la clause facul-
tative était]«sans réserve))));qu'elle a soulignéque «[d]ans son dispositif,

[ladite déclaration] écart[ait] la compétence de la Cour pour les cas «où
les parties auraient convenu ou conviendraient d'avoir recours à un autre
mode de règlement pacifique)))); et qu'elle a fait valoir que«la question
du mandat d'arrêtétait activement débattue au plus haut niveau entre
[les deux Etats] au moment où le ministre des affaires étrangères de la
République démocratique du Congo a[vait] autorisé Mc Vergèsà intenter
l'actionD;

47. Considérant qu'a la mêmeaudience la Belgique, concernant les
conditions de préjudice irréparable et d'urgence, a exposé que
«[l]e remaniement qui a[vait] conduit à la nomination d'un nouveau

ministre des affaires étrangèresrédui[sait]à néant le moyen tiré des
obstacles mis aux déplacements du ministre des affaires étrangères,
qui aurait pu être invoquéà titre supplétif pour étayer l'existence
d'un préjudice irréparable))

et que (([ledit] remaniement ...annul[ait] tout moyen supplétif qui aurait
pu étayer la thèse de l'urgence»;
48. Considérant qu'à ladite audience la Belgique, se référantau rema-
niement ministérielsusmentionné, a soutenu que cette circonstance nou-
velle rendait la demande de mesure conservatoire sans objet et devrait

conduire la Cour à rayer l'affaire du rôle dans l'intérêtd'une bonne
administration de la justice;
49. Considérant qu'a cette audience la Belgique s'est encore référée
aux indications qu'elle avait donnéeslors de son premier tour de plaidoi-
ries en ce qui concerne une demande de la Cour à adresser aux Parties
(voir paragraphe 39 ci-dessus); qu'elle a observé i~ cet égard que [Iles

conclusions du vice-ministre de lajustice et des affaires parlementaires de
la République démocratique du Congo semblaient ... soutenir une telle ARRE~T WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 195

44. Whereas, at the conclusion of its second round of oral argument,

the Congo asked the Court
"to decide this case, having regard to the readiness of both Parties to
seek a friendly settlement by diplomatic means, and . . . by persuad-

ing the Belgian judge, Mr. Vandermeersch, to withdraw his interna-
tional arrest warrant":

45. Whereas, at the hearing of 23 November 2000, in its second round
of oral argument, Belgium stated that it objected "to the invocation of a
basis of jurisdiction . . . in the second round of oral arguments"; and

whereas, citing the jurisprudence of the Court, it observed that "such
action at this late stage, when it is not accepted by the other Party, seri-
ously jeopardizes the principle of procedural fairness and the sound
administration of justice";
46. Whereas, at that hearing, Belgium contended that "[llt [was] not
accurate to characterize [its optional clause declaration] as 'without limi-
tation'"; whereas it pointed out that "[iln its operative part, [the said dec-

laration] exclude[d] [the Court's] jurisdiction in respect of disputes 'to
which the parties have agreed or may agree to have recourse to another
method of pacific settlement'"; and whereas Belgium asserted that "the
issue of the arrest warrant was actively being discussed at the very highest
levels between [the two States] at the point at which the Foreign Minister
of the Democratic Republic of the Congo authorized Maître Verges to

bring the claim";
47. Whereas, at that same hearing, Belgium argued, with regard to the
conditions of irreparable prejudice and urgency, that

"[tlhe Cabinet reshuffle which [had] led to the appointment of a new
Minister for Foreign Affairs comprehensively undermine[d] any
residual claim . .. to irreparable prejudice based on constraints on
travel by the Foreign Minister",

and that "the [said] Cabinet reshuffle . . . also comprehensively under-
mine[d]any residual claim that there [might]have been concerning urgency" ;
48. Whereas, at the said hearing, Belgium, referring to the above-
mentioned Cabinet reshuffle, claimed that this change in circumstances

rendered the request for a provisional measure without object and
should lead the Court, in the interests of the sound administration of
justice, to remove the case from the List;
49. Whereas, at that hearing, Belgium again referred to what it had
said in its first round of oral argument concerning a cal1by the Court to
the Parties (see paragraph 39 above); and whereas it observed in this
connection that "[tlhe statements of the Vice-Minister of Justice and

Parliamentary Affairs of the Democratic Republic of the Congo seemed
. . .to support such an approach"; and whereas Belgium added that itapproche)); qu'elle a ajouté qu'elle «regrett[ait] que les présentes procé-

dures devant la Cour puissent donner l'impression de [la] placer en situa-
tion de conflit avec la République démocratique du Congo));et qu'elle a
affirméqu'«il n'exist[ait] aucun risque de détériorationdes relations entre
les deux pays »;
50. Considérant qu'au terme de son second tour de plaidoiries, la Bel-
gique a présentéles conclusions suivantes:

«Le Royaume de Belgique demande qu'il plaise à la Cour de reje-
ter la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires introduite
par la République démocratique du Congo dans I'affaire du Mandat
d'arrêt duIl avril 2000 (Rkpuhlique dkmocratique du Congo c. Bel-

gique) et de ne pas indiquer les mesures conservatoires faisant l'objet
de la demande de la République démocratique du Congo.
Le Royaume de Belgique demande qu'il plaise à la Cour de rayer
du rôle l'affaire du Murrdut d'ur.ïi?tdu // uvril 2000 (République
démocratique hl Congo c. Belgique) introduite par la République
démocratique du Congo contre la Belgique par requêteen date du

17 octobre 2000));

51. Considérant qu'au coursde la présenteprocédure la Cour a étéin-
forméepar la Belgique que, le 20 novembre 2000, un remaniement minis-
térielétait intervenu au Congo, à l'issue duquel M. Yerodia Ndombasi,
visépar le mandat d'arrêtdu 11 avril 2000, avait cesséd'exercer les fonc-
tions de ministre des affaires étrangères et s'étaitvu confier celles de mi-

nistre de l'éducationnationale; que cette information a été coilfirméepar
le Congo ;
52. Considérant que la Belgique a fait valoir que, de ce fait, la demande
en indication de mesures conservatoires du Congo, qui était entièrement
axéesur l'impossibilité pratique pour le ministre des affaires étrangères
«de sortir de cet Etat pour se rendre en tout autre Etat où sa mission
I'appel[ait] et, par conséquent, d'accomplir cette mission)),était devenue

sans objet et devait donc êtrerejetée; et considérant qu'elle a en outre
soutenu «qu'un tel changement fondamental de circonstances altér[ait]la
requête... au point d'hypothéquer l'ensemble des procédures à venir sur
base de cette requête))et a priéla Cour d'ordonner que I'affaire soit rayée
du rôle;
53. Considérant qu'anticipant l'argumentation de la Belgique sur le

défaut d'objet alléguéde la requête,le Congo a soulignéqu'en tout état
de cause la Belgique avait violéles immunités du ministre des affaires
étrangèresau moment où le mandat avait été lancé et que, compte tenu
de <(latechnicité et la complexification croissante des relations interna-
tionales)), «tout ministre envoyé par son Etat pour le représenter a l'exté-
rieur ..joui[ssait], sensu luto, ... [de telles] immunités));

54. Considérant qu'il échet,pour la Cour, de se pencher tout d'abord
sur la question de savoir si. du fait du remaniement ministérielopéré, la ARRE~T WARRANT (OKDER 8 XII 00) 196

"regret[ted] any impression, which might be created by these proceedings
before the Court, that [it was] in a situation of conflict with the Demo-
cratic Republic of the Congo"; and whereas it asserted that "there [was]
no risk of a deterioration of relations between the two countries";

50. Whereas, at the conclusion of its second round of oral argument,

Belgium made the following submissions:
"The Kingdom of Belgium asks that it may please the Court to
refuse the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted

by the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the case concerning the
Arrest W~irruntof II April2000 (Dernocrutic Republic of the Congo
v. Belgiun~)and not indicate the provisional measures which are the
subject of the request by the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The Kingdom of Belgium asks that it may please the Court to
remove from its List the case concerning the Arrest Wurrunt of

II April 2000 (Dernocrutic R~.puhlic of' the Congo v. Brlgium)
brought by the Democratic Republic of the Congo against Belgium
by Application dated 17 October 2000";

51. Whereas in the course of the present proceedings, the Court was
informed by Belgium that on 20 November 2000 a Cabinet reshuffle had
taken place in the Congo, as a result of which Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi,

the subject of the arrest warrant of IIApril 2000, had ceased to exercise
the functions of Minister for Foreign Affairs and had been charged with
those of Minister of Education; and whereas this information was con-
firmed by the Congo;
52. Whereas Belgium contended that, because of this, the Congo's
request for the indication of provisional measures, the entire basis of

which was the fact that it was effectively impossible for the Minister for
Foreign Affairs to "leav[e] that State in order to go to any other State
which his duties require him to visit and. hence, [to carry] out those
duties", had been rendered without object and should therefore be
refused; and whereas it further contended that "such a fundamental
change of circumstances affect[ed] the Application. . to such an extent

as to vitiate al1 future proceedings based on that Application", and it
requested the Court to order that the case be removed from its List;
53. Whereas, anticipating the argument by Belgium that the Applica-
tion is without object, the Congo emphasized that in any event Belgium
had violated the immunities of the Minister for Foreign Affairs at the
time of the issue of the warrant and that, in view of "the technical nature
and the growing complexity of international relations", "any minister

sent by his or her State to represent it abroad . . . enjoy[ed], .yensuloto,
. . . [such] immunities";
54. Whereas it falls to the Court first of al1to address the question of
whether, as a result of the said ministerial reshuffle, the Application of197 MANDAT D'ARRÈT (ORDONNANCE 8 XII 00)

requêtedu Congo a étéprivéed'objet et doit par suite êtrerayéedu rôle;
et qu'elle examinera ensuite, le cas échéant, la question différente de

savoir si, du fait dudit remaniement, la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires du Congo est devenue sans objet et doit dèslors êtrereje-
tée;
55. Considérant que la Cour possède le pouvoir de rayer in limine du
rôle «une affaire sur laquelle ilapparaît certain [qu'elle] ne pourra se
prononcer au fond)) (Licéitk de l'emploi de lu force (Yougoslavie c.
Espagne), mesures conservutoire.s, ordonnance du 2 juin 1999, C.I.J.

Recueil 1999, par. 35); considérant que
«[l]a Cour a déjà reconnu A plusieurs reprises par le passéque des
événements postérieursà l'introduction d'une requêtepeuvent «[pri-

ver] ensuite la requêtede son objet)) (Actions urméesfrontuli?res et
trunsfrontuli?res (Nicaraguu c. Honduras), compétence et rrcevabi-
lité,urrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1988,p. 95, par. 66) et «qu'il n'y a des lors
pas lieu à statuer)) ess sui.uclkaires (Austrulie c. Frunce). urrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 272, par. 62) (cf. Cumeroun septentrional,
urrct, C.I.J. Recueil 1963, p. 38))) (Questions d'interprétation et
d'upplicution de lu c.onvcntion de Montrkal de 1971 rP.sultant de

l'incident aérien de Lockerbie (Jamuhiriyu uruhe libyenne
c. Royuume- Uni), e.uc.eptionsprkliminuires. arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1998, p. 26, par. 46);

et considérant que le non-lieu à statuer sur la requête constitue l'un des
motifs pouvant amener la Cour à rayer une affaire du rôle sans autre exa-
men ;
56. Considérant qu'aux fins d'établir si la requêtedu Congo est deve-
nue sans objet, il échet d'identifier le contenu de la demande qui y est
formulée; qu'aux termes de la requête<< [il1est demandé A la Cour de dire
que [la]...Belgique devra annuler le mandat d'arrêt ..décernéle 11avril

2000 contre le ministre des affaires étrangère...du Congo, M. Abdulaye
Yerodia Ndombasi)); que ledit mandat n'a pas, à cejour, étérapporté et
qu'il vise toujours la mêmepersonne, nonobstant les nouvelles fonctions
ministérielles qu'elle exerce; et qu'au cours des audiences le Congo a
maintenu sa demande au fond ainsi que les divers moyens à l'appui de
celle-ci;

57. Considérant qu'au vu de ce qui précèdela Cour conclut que la
requêtedu Congo n'a pas, à l'heure actuelle, étéprivéed'objet; et qu'elle
ne saurait dès lors accéderà la demande de la Belgique tendant à ce que
l'affaire soit rayée du rôle à ce stade de la procédure;
58. Considérant que cette conclusion ne résoutcependant pas la ques-
tion différente de savoir si la demande en indication de mesures conser-

vatoires a ou non été privéed'objet après le 20 novembre 2000; que la
Belgique prétend que ladite demande est désormais sans objet;
59. Considérant que la demande en indication de mesure conservatoire
présentéepar le Congo après le dépôt de sa requête«tend à faire ordon-the Congo has been deprived of its object and must therefore be removed
from the List; and whereas the Court will then, if necessary, examine the
separate question of whether, as a result of this reshuffle, the request for
the indication of provisional measures by the Congo has been rendered
without object and must consequently be rejected;
55. Whereas the Court has the power to remove from its List in liminc

"a case upon which it appears certain [that it] will not be able to adjudi-
cate on the merits" (Legcrlityof Use of Force ( Yugoslaviu v. Spuin), Pro-
visional Meclsures, OrAr qf'2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999, para. 35);
whereas

"[tlhe Court has already acknowledged, on several occasions in the
past, that events subsequent to the filing of an application may
'render [the] application without object' (Border und Transborder
Armed Actions (Niccrraguuv. Hondurrrs), Jurisdiction unclAd~~zi.s.si-
bility, Judgment, I.C.J. R~~port.1~988, p. 95, para. 66) and 'therefore

the Court is not called upon to give a decision thereon' (Nucleur
TL~.F(~Asu~truliu v. France), Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 272,
para. 62) (cf. Northern Cumeroons, Judgment, 1. C.J. Reports 1963,
p. 38)" (Questions oj'Int~rpretution and Application of the 1971
Montreul Convention urising fioni the Aerial Incident crtLockohie
(Libyun Arab Jctmalziriyu v. United Kingdom), Preliriîinury Ohjec-

tion, Judgment. I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 26, para. 46);
and whereas mootness of the Application is one of the grounds which
may lead the Court to remove a case from its List without further con-

sideration ;
56. Whereas, in order to determine whether the Congo's Application
has been rendered without object, the clain~which itcontains has to be
ascertained; whereas, in the Application, "[tlhe Court is requested to
declare that . . . Belgium shall annul the international arrest warrant
issued on 1I April 2000 . . . against the Minister for Foreign Affairs in

office of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mr. Abdulaye Yerodia
Ndombasi"; whereas, to date, the aforesaid warrant has not been with-
drawn and still relates to the same individual, notwithstanding the new
ministerial duties that he is performing; and whereas at the hearings the
Congo maintained its claim on the merits, together with the various
grounds relied on in support thereof;

57. Whereas, in view of the foregoing, the Court concludes that the
Congo's Application has not at the present time been deprived of its
object; and whereas it cannot therefore accede to Belgium's request for
the case to be removed from the List at this stage of the proceedings;
58. Whereas this finding does not however resolve the separate ques-
tion of whether or not the request for the indication of provisional meas-
ures would have been deprived of its object after 20 November 2000: and

whereas Belgium claims that that request is now without object:
59. Whereas the request for the indication of a provisional measure
submitted by the Congo following the filing of its Application "seeks an198 MANDAT D'ARRET (ORDONNANC 8EXII 00)

ner la mainlevéeimmédiate du mandat d'arrêtlitigieux)); que, comme il
vient d'être observé(voir paragraphe 56 ci-dessus), ce mandat d'arrêt
continue de viser nommément M. Yerodia Ndombasi; qu'à l'audience le
Congo a maintenu sa demande originelle en la présentant comme suit:

«En conséquence,la Républiquedémocratique du Congo demande
à la Cour d'ordonner à la Belgique de se conformer au droit inter-
national; de cesser et de s'abstenir de tout comportement de nature
à accentuer le différend avecla République démocratique du Congo;

en particulier de procéder la mainlevéedu mandat d'arrêtinterna-
tional...contre le ministre Yerodia));
que le Congo estime que M. Yerodia Ndombasi continue jouir d'immu-
nitésrendant illicite le mandat d'arrêt;qu'il a en outre maintenu l'argu-

mentation fondée sur l'urgence et sur le risque de préjudice irréparable,
avancées à l'appui de sa demande;
60. Considérant que la Cour conclut de ce qui précèdeque la demande
en indication de mesures conservatoires du Congo n'a pas étéprivée
d'objet du fait de la nomination de M. Yerodia Ndombasi comme mi-
nistre de l'éducation nationale le 20 novembre 2000;

61. Considérant aue chacune des deux Parties a fait une déclaration
reconnaissant lajuridiction obligatoirde la Cour conformément au para-
graphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour; que la déclaration de la
Belgique, déposéeauprès du Secrétaire général del'organisation des
Nations Unies le 17juin 1958,est ainsi libellée:

«Au nom du Gouvernement belge, je déclare reconnaître comme
obligatoire de plein droit et sans convention spécialevis-à-vis detout
autre Etat acceptant la mème obligation, la juridiction de la Cour
internationale de Justice, conformément à l'article 36, paragraphe 2,

du Statut de la Cour, sur tous les différends d'ordre juridique nés
après le 13juillet 1948au sujet de situations ou de faits postérieurs à
cette date, sauf le cas où les parties auraient convenu ou convien-
draient d'avoir recoursà un autre mode de règlement pacifique.
La présente déclaration est faite sous réservede ratification. Elle
entrera en vigueur le jour du dépôt de l'instrument de ratification,

pour une période de cinq ans. A l'expiration de cette période, elle
restera en vigueur jusqu'à notification de son abrogation));
et que la déclaration du Congo (alors Zaïre), déposéeauprès du Secré-
taire généralle8 février 1989,se lit comme suit:

((conformément à l'article 36, paragraphe2, du Statut de la Cour
internationale de Justice:

Le Conseil exécutif de la République du Zaïre reconnaît comme
obligatoire de plein droit et sans convention spéciale,à l'égardde ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 198

order for the immediate discharge of the disputed arrest warrant";
whereas, as has just been pointed out (see paragraph 56 above), that
arrest warrant continues to be in the name of Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi;
whereas at the hearings the Congo maintained its original request,
presenting it as follows:

"Consequently, the Democratiç Republic of the Congo requests
the Court to order Belgium to comply with international law; to
cease and desist from any conduct which might exacerbate the dis-
pute with the Democratic Republic of the Congo; in particular, to

discharge the international arrest warrant issued against Minister
Yerodia" ;
whereas the Congo considers that Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi continues to

enjoy immunities which render the arrest warrant unlawful; and whereas
it furthermore maintained its argument, based on urgency and the risk of
irreparable prejudice, put forward in support of its request;
60. Whereas the Court concludes from the foregoing that the request
by the Congo for the indication of provisional measures has not been

deprived of its object by reason of Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi's appointment
as Minister of Education on 20 November 2000;

61. Whereas each of the Parties has made a declaration recognizing
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court in accordance with Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court; whereas Belgium's declaration,

deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations on 17 June
1958. is worded as follows:
"1declare on behalf of the Belgian Government that 1recognize as

compulsory ipsojucto and without special agreement, in relation to
any other State accepting the same obligation, the jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice, in conformity with Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute of the Court, in legal disputes arising after
13 July 1948 concerning situations or facts subsequent to that date,
except those in regard to which the parties have agreed or may agree

to have recourse to another method of pacific settlement.
This declaration is made subject to ratification. It shall take effect
on the day of deposit of the instrument of ratification for a period of
five years. Upon the expiry of that period, it shall continue to have
effect until notice of its termination is given";

and whereas the declaration of the Congo (then Zaire), deposited with
the Secretary-General on 8 February 1989. reads as follows:

"in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
International Court of Justice:
The Executive Council of the Republic of Zaire recognizes as

compulsory ipso,fucto and without special agreement, in relation to199 MANDAT D'ARRÊT (ORDONNANCE 8 XII 00)

tout autre Etat acceptant la mêmeobligation, la juridiction de la

Cour internationale de Justice pour tous les différends d'ordre juri-
dique ayant pour objet:
a) l'interprétation d'un traité;

b) tout point de droit international;
c) la réalitéde tout fait qui, s'il était établi, constituerait la viola-
tion d'un engagement international;
d) la nature ou l'étenduede la réparation due pour la rupture d'un
engagement international.

Il est entendu en outre que la présente déclaration restera en
vigueur aussi longtemps qu'avis de sa révocation n'aura pas été
donné »;

62. Considérant que, se fondant sur l'ordonnance rendue par la Cour
le 2juin 1999en l'affaire relativeà la Licéitéde l'emploi de laforce ( You-
gosluvie c. Belgique) (C.I.J. Recueil 1999, par. 44), la Belgique a soutenu
au cours de la présente procédure que, le Congo n'ayant expressément
invoqué que tardivement, lors du second tour de plaidoiries, les deux

déclarations suscitées,la Cour ne saurait prendre celles-ci en considéra-
tion aux fins de décidersi elle peut ou non indiquer des mesures conser-
vatoires dans le cas d'espèce(voir paragraphe 45 ci-dessus);
63. Considérant que, mêmesi le Congo n'a pas exposéde manière très
précise, dans sa requête, les bases sur lesquelles il entendait fonder la
compétence de la Cour, ladite requête n'en vise pas moins l'acceptation

de lajuridiction de la Cour par la Belgique; que, conformément au para-
graphe 2 de I'article 38 du Règlement, «[l]a requête indiqueuutant que
possible les moyens de droit sur lesquels le demandeur prétend fonder la
compétence de la Cour)) (les italiques sont de la Cour) et qu'il appartient
en tout état de cause à la Cour de rechercher dans chaque cas si elle a

compétence; que, comme ila été rappeléci-dessus (voir paragraphe 61),
les déclarationspar lesquelles la Belgique et le Congo ont reconnu la juri-
diction obligatoire de la Cour ont été dûmentdéposéesauprès du Secré-
taire généralde l'organisation des Nations Unies, et que celui-ci en a
transmis copie à la Cour ainsi qu'à tous les Etats parties au Statut, en
application du paragraphe 4 de I'article 36dudit Statut; que ces déclara-

tions ont été reproduitesdans I'Annuuire de lu Cour; que les déclarations
en question sont par suite connues tant de la Cour que des Parties à la
présente affaire, qui ne sont pas sans savoir que «la compétence de la
Cour ... repose sur le consentement des Etats, tel qu'il peut s'exprimer par
divers moyens, et notamment par des déclarations faites en application
de l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut» (Activités n~ilituireset puramili-

taires au Nicuruguu et contre celui-ci (Nicuruguu c. Etats-Unis d'Amé-
rique), fond urret, C.I.J. Recucil 1986, p. 32, par. 44); que, compte tenu
de la présentation adoptée dans la requêteet des conclusions présentées
par leCongo, la ~el~ique ne pouvaitpas ne pas s'attendre à ce que les
déclarations faites par les deux Parties entrent en ligne de compte pour

fonder la compétence de la Cour en l'espèce;que la Belgique a dès lors ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 199

any other State accepting the same obligation, the jurisdiction of the
Court in al1legal disputes concerning:

(u) the interpretation of a treaty;
(b) any question of international law;
(c) the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute
a breach of an international obligation;
(d) the nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach

of an international obligation.
It is understood further that this declaration will remain in force
until notice of its revocation is given";

62. Whereas, relying on the Order made by the Court on 2 June 1999
in the case concerning Legulity oj'Use of Force (Yugoslaviu v. Belgium)
(I. CJ. Reports IYYY,para. 44), Belgium contended in the course of the

present proceedings that, since the Congo had not expressly invoked both
of the above-mentioned declarations until a late stage, in the second
round of oral argument, the Court could not take them into considera-
tion for the purposes of deciding whether or not it could indicate provi-
sional measures in the present case (see paragraph 42 above);
63. Whereas, notwithstanding a certain lack of precision in the terms

whereby, in its Application, the Congo set out the bases on which it
sought to Sound the jurisdiction of the Court, the Application does none-
theless refer to the acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction by Belgium;
whereas, in accordance with Article 38. paragraph 2, of the Rules of
Court, "[tlhe application shall specify usfur us possible the legal grounds
upon which the jurisdiction of the Court is said to be based" (emphasis

added), and whereas it is in any event for the Court to ascertain in each
case whether it has jurisdiction; whereas, as recalled above (see para-
graph 61), the declarations whereby Belgium and the Congo recognized
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court were duly deposited with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations, who, in accordance with Ar-
ticle 36, paragraph 4, of the Statute, transmitted copies thereof to the

Court and to al1the States parties to the Statute; whereas these declara-
tions were reproduced in the Yeurbook of the Court; whereas the decla-
rations in question are therefore within the knowledge both of the Court
and of the Parties to the present case, who cannot but be aware that "the
Court's jurisdiction . . . is based on the consent of States, expressed in

a variety of ways including declarations made under Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute" (Militury und Purumilitaiy Activitie.~ in und
uguinst Nicaruguu (Nicuraguu v. United States oj' Americu), Merits,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 32, para. 44); whereas, having regard
to the terms in which the Application was formulated and to the submis-
sions presented by the Congo, Belgium could readily expect that the dec-

larations made by the two Parties would be taken into consideration as
a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court in the present case; whereas200 MANDAT D'ARRET (ORDONNANCE 8 XII 00)

étéen mesure de concevoir et de faire valoir toute argumentation qu'elle
eût estiméappropriée à cet égard; et que l'invocation, par le Congo, des-
dites déclarations lors du second tour de plaidoiries sur la demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires ne saurait Dartant avoir étéde
nature a mettre ((gravement en péril le principe du contradictoire et la
bonne administration de la justice)) (Liciitk de l'rmploi de luforce ( You-
goslavie L..Belgique), ine5ure.sconservutoires. ordonnance du 2 juin 1999,

C. I.J.Recueil 1999, par. 44);
64. Considérant qu'au vu de ce qui précèdela Cour estime que rien ne
s'oppose à ce qu'elle prenne en considération, aux fins de décidersi elle
peut ou non indiquer des mesures conservatoires dans le cas d'espèce,les
déclarations par lesquelles les Parties ont accepté sa juridiction obliga-
toire;

65. Considérant cependant que, dans le dernier étatde son argumenta-
tion en la présenteprocédure, la Belgique a en outre fait observer qu'aux
termes de sa déclaration elle avait exclu la juridiction obligatoire de la
Cour dans le cas «où les parties auraient convenu ou conviendraient
d'avoir recours à un autre mode de règlement pacifique)); et qu'elle a
indiqué qu'en l'occurrence des négociations au plus haut niveau concer-

nant le mandat d'arrêt décernéle II avril 2000 étaient en cours au
moment où le Congo avait saisi la Cour (voir paragraphe 46 ci-dessus);
66. Considérant que la Belgique n'a toutefois fourni a la Cour aucune
autre précision quant a ces négociations, notamment quant a la manière
dont elles ont été menées, à leur durée,a leur portéeou à leur étatd'avan-
cement au moment du dépôt de la requête congolaise; que la Cour n'est
pas en mesure de déterminer si, en l'espèce,les Parties étaient convenues

d'écarter temporairement toute saisine de la Cour du fait des négocia-
tions engagées et pendant la duréede celles-ci; qu'au surplus la Belgique
n'a pas fait connaître à la Cour les conséquences précises qu'elleenten-
dait tirer de la tenue desdites négociations, ou plus généralementde la
tenue de négociations, au regard de la compétence de la Cour, en parti-
culier pour indiquer des mesures conservatoires;

67. Considérant qu'en présenced'une demande en indication de me-
sures conservatoires la Cour n'a pas besoin, avant de déciderd'indiquer
ou non de telles mesures, de s'assurer de manière définitive qu'ellea com-
pétence quant au fond de l'affaire, mais qu'elle ne peut cependant indi-
quer ces mesures que si les dispositions invoquées semblent primu ,fucie
constituer une base sur laquelle sa compétence pourrait êtrefondée;
68. Considérant que la Cour conclut que les déclarations faites par les

Parties conformément au paragraphe 2 de l'articl36 de son Statut cons-
tituent primu jilcie une base sur laquelle sa compétence pourrait être
fondéeen l'espèce;et qu'une telle compétence ne saurait êtreexclue, à ce
stade de la procédure, du seul fait des négociations évoquéespar la Bel-
gique; ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 200

Belgium was therefore in a position to prepare and put forward any such
argument as it thought fit in this regard; and whereas the fact that the
Congo invoked those declarations in the second round of oral argument
on the request for the indication of provisional measures was not likely to
"seriously jeopardize the principle of procedural fairness and the sound

administration of justice" (Legulity q/' Use of Force (Yugosluvia v. Bel-
giurn), Proi~isionalMeusures, Order 01'2 June 1999, I. C.J. Reports 1999,
mira. 44):
64. ~hereas, in view of the foregoing, the Court considers that there is
nothing to prevent it, for purposes of deciding whether or not it can indi-
cate provisional measures in the present case, from taking account of the

declarations whereby the Parties have accepted its compulsory jurisdic-
tion ;
65. Whereas, however, in the final version of its argument in the
present proceedings, Belgium further observed that by the terms of its
declaration it had excluded the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court con-
cerning situations or facts "in regard to which the parties have agreed or

may agree to have recourse to another method of pacific settlement"; and
whereas it stated that negotiations at the highest level regarding the arrest
warrant issued on 11 April 2000 were in fact in progress when the Congo
seised the Court (see paragraph 46 above);
66. Whereas Belgium has not, however, provided the Court with any
further details of those negotiations, in particular with regard to the way in

which they have been carried out, or to their duration, scope or state of
progress at the time of filing of the Congo's Application; whereas the
Court is not in a position to determine whether. in the present case, the
Parties had agreed temporarily to exclude any recourse to the Court on
account of, and for the duration of, the ongoing negotiations; whereas Bel-
gium, moreover, has not explained to the Court the precise consequences

which it considered the holding of those negotiations, or the holding of
negotiations generally, would have in regard to the Court's jurisdiction,
and in particular its jurisdiction to indicate provisional measures;
67. Whereas, when the Court has before it a request for the indication
of provisional measures, it has no need, before deciding whether or not to
indicate such measures, to satisfy itself beyond doubt that it has jurisdic-

tion on the merits of the case, but whereas it cannot nevertheless indicate
those measures unless the provisions invoked appear prima facie to con-
stitute a basis on which its jurisdiction could be founded;
68. Whereas the Court concludes that the declarations made by the
Parties pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute constitute
prima facie a basis on which its jurisdiction could be founded in the
present case; and whereas such jurisdiction cannot be excluded, at the

present stage of the proceedings, solely by reason of the negotiations
referred to by Belgium ;20 1 MANDAT D'ARRET (ORDONNANCE 8 XII 00)

69. Considérant que le pouvoir d'indiquer des mesures conservatoires
que la Cour tient de l'article 41 de son Statut a pour objet de sauvegarder
le droit de chacune des Parties en attendant qu'elle rende sa décision,et
présuppose qu'un préjudice irréparable ne doit pas êtrecauséaux droits
en litige dans une procédure judiciaire; qu'il s'ensuit que la Cour doit se
préoccuper de sauvegarder par de telles mesures les droits que l'arrêt
qu'elle aura ultérieurement à rendre pourrait éventuellement reconnaître,

soit au demandeur, soit au défendeur; et considérant que de telles mesures
ne sont justifiéesque s'il y a urgence;
70. Considérant que, dans sa requête,le Congo demande à la Cour
l'annulation du mandat d'arrêt international délivrécontre M. Yerodia
Ndombasi par un juge d'instruction belge le 11 avril 2000; qu'il soutient
que ce mandat contrevient au droit international relatif la compétence
des juridictions pénales nationales et aux immunités des chefs d'Etat et

membres de gouvernements; qu'en sollicitant à titre de mesure conserva-
toire la mainlevée du mandat d'arrêt, le Congo entend préserver ses
droits à ce double titre;
71. Considérant que les circonstances alléguéespar le Congo, et qui
exigent, selon lui, I'indication d'une telle mainlevée,sont exposéescomme
suit dans la demande qu'il a présentéele 17 octobre 2000:

«[L]e mandat d'arrêtlitigieux interdit pratiquement au ministre
des affaires étrangèresde la République démocratique du Congode
sortir de cet Etat pour se rendre en tout autre Etat oùsa mission
l'appelle et, par conséquent, d'accomplir cette mission »;

72. Considérant qu'à la suite du remaniement ministérielintervenu le
20 novembre 2000, M. Yerodia Ndombasi a cesséd'exercer les fonctions

de ministre des affaires étrangères et s'est vuconfier celles de ministre de
l'éducation nationale, moins exposées à des déplacements fréquents A
l'étranger; et considérant qu'en conséquenceil n'est pas établi qu'un pré-
judice irréparable pourrait être causé dans l'immédiat aux droits du
Congo et que le degré d'urgence soit tel qu'ily ait lieu de protéger ces
droits par I'indication de mesures conservatoires;

73. Considérant qu'au vu de la conclusion alaquelle la Cour est ainsi
parvenue, point n'est besoin pour elle d'examiner chacun des arguments
présentéspar ailleurs par la Belgique en vue du rejet de la demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires, et notamment l'argumentation selon
laquelle la mesure tendant a la mainlevéedu mandat d'arrêtque le Congo
demande A titre conservatoireserait identique a celle que le Congo
réclameau fond;

74. Considérant que, lors de son second tour de plaidoiries, le Congo
a priéla Cour d'inviter les deux Parti<<A adopter un comportement qui
empêchela persistance, l'aggravation et l'extension du différend,notam-
ment en faisant disparaître la cause essentielle de ce différend));qu'il lui
a en outre demandé de tenir ((compte de l'assentiment des deux Partiea
régleréventuellement et diplomatiquement cette affaire à l'amiable et en ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 20 1

69. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
under Article 41 of the Statute of the Court has as its object to preserve
the respective rights of the parties pending thedecision of the Court, and
presupposes that irreparable prejudice should not be caused to rights
which are the subject of dispute in judicial proceedings; whereas it fol-
lows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such measures the

rights which may subsequently be adjudged by the Court to belong either
to the Applicant or to the Respondent; and whereas such measures are
justified solely if there is urgenc;
70. Whereas in its Application the Congo requested the Court to annul
the international arrest warrant issued against Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi by

a Belgian investigatingjudge on 11 April 2000; whereas it contended that
this warrant was in breach of international law in regard to the jurisdic-
tion of national criminal courts and to the immunity of Heads of State
and members of governments; whereas in requesting, as a provisional
measure, the discharge of the arrest warrant, the Congo seeks to preserve
its rights under both of those categories;

71. Whereas the circumstances relied on by the Congo, which in its
view require the indication of such discharge, are set out as follows in the
request submitted on 17 October 2000:

"[tlhe disputed arrest warrant effectively bars the Minister for For-
eign Affairs of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from leaving

that State in order to go to any other State which his duties require
him to visit and, hence, from carrying out those duties";

72. Whereas, following the Cabinet reshuffle of 20 November 2000,
Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi ceased to exercise the functions of Minister for

Foreign Affairs and was charged with those of Minister of Education,
involving less frequent foreign travel; and whereas it has accordingly not
been established that irreparable prejudice might be caused in the imme-
diate future to the Congo's rights nor that the degree of urgency is such
that those rights need to be protected by the indication of provisional
measures ;

73. Whereas, in view of the conclusion thus reached by the Court, it is
unnecessary for it to examineeach of the further arguments submitted by
Belgium seeking rejection of the request for provisional measures, and in
particular the argument that the measure relating to the discharge of the
arrest warrant, sought by the Congo on a provisional basis, is identical to

that sought by it on the merits;

74. Whereas in its second round of oral argument the Congo asked the
Court to cal1 upon the two Parties "to adopt a course of conduct which
will prevent the continuation, aggravation and extension of the dispute,
in particular by eliminating the main cause of this dispute"; whereas it

also asked the Court to "[have] regard to the readiness of both Parties to
seek a friendly settlement by diplomatie means, and . . . [persuade] the202 MANDAT D'ARRET (ORDONNANC 8EXII 00)

persuadant ... le juge belge Vandermeersch de retirer son mandat qu'il a

lancésur le plan international));
75. Considérant que la Belgique a, au cours de ses plaidoiries, indiqué
qu'elle n'aurait pas d'objection à ce que la Cour demande aux Parties
d'examiner conjointement, en toute bonne foi, les difficultés soulevées
par le mandat d'arrêten vue de trouver une solution conforme à leurs
obligations en droit international (voir paragraphes39 et49 ci-dessus);

76. Considérant que, si les Parties apparaissent disposéeA envisager
de régler ledifférendqui les opposeiil'amiable, les positions qu'elles ont
exposéesdevant la Cour quant à leurs droits respectifs demeurent fort
éloignées;que, si toute négociation bilatérale en vue de parvenir a un
règlement direct et amiable demeure la bienvenue, l'issue d'une telle
négociation ne saurait être préjugée;qu'il est souhaitable que les ques-

tions soumises à la Cour soient tranchées aussitôt que possible; que dès
lors, il convient de parvenirune décisionsur la requêtedu Congo dans
les plus brefs délais;

77. Considérant qu'une décision rendue en la présente procédure ne
préjuge en rien la compétence de la Cour pour connaître du fond de

l'affaire, ni aucune question relative à la recevabilitéde la requêteou au
fond lui-même,et qu'elle laisse intact le droit des Gouvernements du
Congo et de la Belgique de faire valoir leurs moyens en ces matières;

78. Par ces motifs,

1)A l'unanimité,

Rejette la demande du Royaume de Belgique tendant à ce que l'affaire
soit rayéedu rôle;

2) Par quinze voix contre deux,
Dit que les circonstances, telles qu'elles se présentent actuellement à la
Cour, ne sont pas de nature à exiger l'exercicede son pouvoir d'indiquer,

en vertu de l'article 41 du Statut, des mesures conservatoires.
POUR: M. Guillaume,pri..sident;M. Shi, vice-prrsirlfnt;MM. Oda, Bedjaoui,
Ranjeva, Herczegh, Fleischhauer,Koroma, Vereshchetin, Mn" Higgins,
MM. Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans, Al-Khasawneh, Buergenthal,juges;
Mn"Van den Wyngaert,juge ad hoc;
CONTRE: M. Rezek.juge; M. Bula-Bula,,jugead hoc.

Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix, à La Haye, le huit décembre deux mille, en trois exemplaires, ARREST WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00)
202

Belgian judge, Mr. Vandermeersch, to withdraw his international arrest
warrant" ;
75. Whereas in the course of its oral argument Belgium stated that it
would have no objection to the Court's requesting the Parties to examine

jointly, in good faith, the difficulties raised by the arrest warrant, with a
view to finding a solution that was consistent with their obligations under
international law (see paragraphs 39 and 49 above);
76. Whereas, while the Parties appear to be willing to consider seeking
a friendly settlement of their dispute, their positions as set out before the

Court regarding their respective rights are still a long way apart; whereas,
while any bilateral negotiations with a view to achieving a direct and
friendly settlement will continue to be welcomed, the outcome of such
negotiations cannot be foreseen; whereas it is desirable that the issues
before the Court should be determined as soon as possible; whereas it is

therefore appropriate to ensure that a decision on the Congo's Applica-
tion be reached with al1expedition;

77. Whereas the decision given in the present proceedings in no way
prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the

merits of the case or any questions relating to the admissibility of the
Application, or relating to the merits themselves; and whereas it leaves
unaffected the right of the Governments of the Congo and Belgium to
submit arguments in respect of those questions;

78. For these reasons,

(1) Unanimously,

Rejects the request of the Kingdom of Belgium that the case be
removed from the List;

(2) By fifteen votes to two,

Finds that the circumstances, as they now present themselves to
the Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its power under
Article 41 of the Statute to indicate provisional measures.

IN FAVOUR :President Guillaume ; Vice-President Shi;Judges Oda, Bedjaoui,
Ranjeva, Herczegh, Fleischhauer,Koroma, Vereshchetin,Higgins,Parra-
Aranguren, Kooijmans, Al-Khasawneh, Buergenthal;Judge ad hoc Van
den Wyngaert ;
AGAINST: Judge Rezek; Juclge ad hoc Bula-Bula.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at

the Peace Palace, The Hague, this eighth day of December, two thou-203 MANDAT D'ARRET (ORDONNAN8 CXII 00)

dont l'un restera déposéaux archives de la Cour et les autres seront
transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République démocra-
tique du Congo et au Gouvernement du Royaume de Belgique.

Le président,

(Signé) Gilbert GUILLAUME.
Le greffier,

(Signé) Philippe COUVREUR.

MM. ODAet RANJEVA ju,ges, joignent desdéclaratàI'ordonnance;
MM. KOROMA et PARRA-ARANGURjE uge,s, joignent a I'ordonnance les
exposésde leur opinion individuelle;REZEKj,uge, et M. BULA-BULA,

juge ad hoc,joignentà I'ordonnance les exposésde leur opinion dissi-
dente; MmeVAN DEN WYNGAERjT u,geud hoc,joint a l'ordonnance une
déclaration.

(Paraphé) G.G.
(Paraphé) Ph.C. ARRE~T WARRANT (ORDER 8 XII 00) 203

sand, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the
Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Democratic
Republic of the Congo and the Government of theingdom of Belgium,
respectively.

(Signrd) Gilbert GUILLAUME,
President.

(Signed) Philippe COUVREUR,
Registrar.

Judges ODAand RANJEVA append declarations to the Order of the
Court; Judges KOROMAand PARRA-ARANGURE append separate
opinions to the Order of the Court; Judge REZEKand Judge ad hoc
BULA-BUL append dissenting opinions to the Order of the Court; Judge
ad hoc VAN DEN WYNGAERaT ppends a declaration to the Order of the
Court.

(ZnitiulledG.G.

(Znitiallrd)Ph.C.

ICJ document subtitle

Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 8 December 2000

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