Order of 2 June 1999

Document Number
114-19990602-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRETS,
AVIS COlVSULTATlFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE À LA LICÉITÉ

DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE

(YOUGOSLAVIE c. ÉTATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU 2 JUI1999

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

R.EPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING
LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA 1UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER OF 2 JUNE1999 Mode officiel de :itation
Lickitk de l'emploi de /a force (Yougosluilie c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique),
niesuresC.1.J. Recueil 1916, p. 9ce du 2 juin 1999,

Officia1cit:tion

LegulitProilisionul Mcusures,2June 1999, of Atnericu),
1C.J.Reports 19p. 916

N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 1 Sales numb736 1
ISBN 92-1-070804-0 2 JUIN 1999

ORDONNANCE

LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE

(YOUGOSL.AVIE c. ÉTATS-UNIS D'AMERIQUE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLA\rIA v.UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)

REQUESr FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

2 JUNE 1999

ORDER INTERIVATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1999 1999
2 June
General List
2 June 1999 No. 114

CASE CONCERNING
LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA v.UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)

REQLEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER

Present : Vice-PresideWEERAMANTR Y,ting President ; President

SCHWEBEL ;udges ODA, BEDJAOUIG , UILLAUMER , ANJEVA,
HERCZEGH,SHI, FLEISCHHAUER ,OROMA,VERESHCHETIN,
HIGGINSP,ARRA-ARANGURK EO,OIJMAN Judge ad hoc KRECA;
RegistrarVALENCIA-OSPINA.

The Internationalourt of Justice,

Composed as above,
After deliberation,

Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to
Articles3 and 74 of the Rules of Court,
Having regard to the Application by the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia (hereinafter "Yugoslavia") filed in the Registry of the Court
on 29 April 1999, iristituting proceedings against the United States of
America (hereinafter "the United States") "for violation of the obligation
not to use force". LEGALIlrYOF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 917

Mukes the jbf/oi.llinOrder:
1. Whereas in that Application Yugoslavia defines the subject of the
dispute as follows:

"The subject-matter of the dispute are acts of the United States
of America by ~xhich it has violated its international obligation
bannirig the use of force against another State, the obligation not to
intervene in the interna1 affairs of another State, the obligation not
to violate the sovereignty of another State, the obligation to protect

the civilian population and civilian objects in wartime, the obligation
to protect the environment, the obligation relating to free navigation
on international iivers, the obligation regarding fundamental human
rights and freedoms, the obligation not to use prohibited weapons,
the obligation not to deliberately inflict conditions of life calculated
to cause the phyisicaldestruction of a national group";

2. Whereas in the said Application Yugoslavia refers, as a basis for the
jurisdiction of the Court. to ArticlIX of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted by the General Assem-

bly of the United Nations on 9 December 1948(hereinafter the "Genocide
Convention"), and to Article 38, paragraph 5,of the Rules of Court;

3. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia States that the claims sub-
mitted by it to the Court are based upon the following facts:

"The Governn~ent of the United States of America, together with
the Governments of other Member States of NATO, took part in
the acts of use of force against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
by taking part in.bombing targets in the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia. In bombiing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia military and
civilian targets were attacked. Great number of people were killed,
including a great many civilians. Residential houses came under

attack. Numerous dwellings were destroyed. Enormous damage was
caused to schools, hospitals, radio and television stations, cultural
and health institutions and to places of worship. A large number of
bridges. roads and railway lines were destroyed. Attacks on oil refin-
eries and chemical plants have had serious environmental effects on
cities, towns and villages in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The

use of weapons containing depleted uranium is having far-reaching
consequences foirhuman life. The above-mentioned acts are deliber-
ately creatingconditions calculated at the physical destruction of an
ethnic group, in whole or in part. The Government of the United
States of Amerioa is taking part in the training, arming, financing,
equipping and slupplying the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation Army'";and whereas it further States that the said claims are based on the follow-

ing legal grounds:

"The above acts of the Government of the United States of
America represent a gross violation of the obligation not to use force
against another State. By financing, arming, training and equipping
the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation Army', support is given to terrorist
groups and the secessionist movement in the territory of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of the obligation not to intervene

in the interna1 affiairsof another State. In addition, the provisions of
the Geneva Convention of 1949 and of the Additional Protocol
No. 1 of 1977 on the protection of civilians and civilian objects in
time of war have been violated. The obligation to protect the envi-
ronment has also been breached. The destruction of bridges on the

Danube is in contravention of the provisions of Article 1of the 1948
Convention on free navigation on the Danube. The provisions of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and of the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of
1966 have also been breached. Furthermore, the obligation con-

tained in the Conivention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocitle not to impose deliberately on a national group
conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction
of the group has been breached. Furthermore. the activities in
which the United States of America is taking part are contrary to

Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the United Nations";

4. Whereas the claims of Yugoslavia are formulated as follows in the
Application :

"The Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia requests
the International Court of Justice to adjudge and declare:

- by taking part in the bombing of the territory of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, the United States of America has acted
against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obli-
gation not to use force against another State;

- by taking part in the training. arming, financing, equipping and
supplying terrorist groups, i.e. the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation
Army', the United States of America has acted against the Fed-
eral Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
intervene in tlheaffairs of another State;

- by taking part in attacks on civilian targets, the United States of
America has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in
breach of its obligation to spare the civilian population, civilians
and civilian objects ; LEGALIlrYOF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 919

- by taking part in destroying or damaging monasteries, monu-
ments of culture, the United States of America has acted against
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation

not to comrriit any act of hostility directed against historical
monuments, works of art or places of worship which constitute
cultural or spiritual heritage of people;
- by taking part in the use of cluster bombs, the United States of

America has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
in breach of its obligation not to use prohibited weapons, i.e.
weapons calculated to cause unnecessary suffering;

by taking part in the bombing of oil refineries and chemical
plants, the United States of America has acted against the Fed-
eral Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
cause considerable environmental damage;

by iaking part in the use of weapons containing depleted
uranium, the United States of America has acted against the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
use prohibited weapons and not to cause far-reaching health

and environniental damaee: "
by taking part in killing civilians, destroying enterprises, commu-
nications, health and cultural institutions, the United States of
America has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in

breach of its obligation to respect the right to life, the right to
work, the right to information, the right to health care as well as
other basic human rights;

- by taking part in destroying bridges on international rivers, the
United States of America has acted against the Federal Republic
of Yugoslaviir in breach of its obligation to respect freedom of
navigation ori international rivers;

- by taking part in activities listed above, and in particular by
causing enorrnous environmental damage and by using depleted
uranium, the United States of America has acted against the

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
deliberately iinflicton a national group conditions of life calcu-
lated to bring about its physical destruction, in whole or in part;

- the United States of America is responsible for the violation of
the above international obligations;
- the United States of America is obliged to stop immediately the
violation of the above obligations vis-à-vis the Federal Republic

of Yugoslaviii;
- the United States of America is obliged to provide compensation
for the damage done to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and
to its citizens and juridical persons";and whereas, at the end of its Application, Yugoslavia reserves the right
to amend and suppleinent it;
5. Whereas on 29 April 1999, immediately after filing its Application,
Yugoslavia also subrnitted a request for the indication of provisional

measures pursuant to Article 73 of the Rules of Court; and whereas that
request was accompanied by a volume of photographic annexes pro-
duced as "evidence";
6. Whereas, in support of its request for the indication of provisional
measures, Yugoslavia contends inter uliu that, since the onset of the
bombing of its territory, and as a result thereof, about 1,000 civilians,

including 19 children, have been killed and more than 4,500 have sus-
tained serious injuries; that the lives of three million children are endan-
gered; that hundreds of thousands of citizens have been exposed to poi-
sonous gases; that about one million citizens are short of water supply;
that about 500,000 aorkers have become jobless; that two million citi-
zens have no means of livelihood and are unable to ensure minimum

means of sustenance; and that the road and railway network has suffered
extensive destruction: whereas, in its request for the indication of provi-
sional measiires. Yug,oslavia also lists the targets alleged to have come
under attack in the air strikes and describes in detail the damage alleged
to have been inflicted upon them (bridges, railway lines and stations,
roads and means of transport, airports, industry and trade, refineries and
warehouses storing liquid raw materials and chemicals, agriculture, hos-

pitals and health Cairecentres, schools, public buildings and housing
facilities, infrastructuretelecommunications, cultural-historical monu-
ments and religious shrines); and whereas Yugoslavia concludes from
this that:

"The acts described above caused death, physical and mental
harm to the popiilation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; huge
devastation; heavy pollution of the environment, so that the Yugo-
slav population is deliberately imposed conditions of life calculated
to bring about ~physicaldestruction of the group, in whole or in

part" ;

7.Whereas, at the end of its request for the indication of provisional

measures, Yugoslavia. states that
"If the proposed measure were not to be adopted, there will be
new losses of huinan life, further physical and mental harm inflicted
on the population of the FR of Yugoslavia, further destruction of

civilian targets, heavy environmental pollution and further physical
destruction of the people of Yugoslavia";

and whereas, while reserving the right to amend and supplement its
request, Yugoslavia rirquests the Court to indicate the following measure:
"The United States of America shall cease immediately its acts of LEGALIlrY OF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 921

use of force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of force
against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

8. Whereas the request for the indication of provisional measures was
accompanied by a letter from the Agent of Yugoslavia, addressed to the
President and Members of the Court, which read as follows:

"1 have the horiour to bring to the attention of the Court the latest
bombing of the central area of the town of Surdulica on 27 April
1999 at noon resulting in losses of lives of civilians, most of whom
were children anld women, and to remind of killings of peoples in
Kursumlija, Aleksinac and Cuprija, as well as bombing of a refugee

convoy and the Radio and Television of Serbia, just to mention
someof the well-known atrocities. Therefore, 1would like to caution
the Court that there is a highest probability of further civilian and
military casualties.
Considering the power conferred upon the Court by Article 75,
paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court and having in mind the greatest
urgency caused by the circumstances described in the Requests for
provisional measure of protection 1 kindly ask the Court to decide
on the submitted Requests proprio motu or to fixa date for a hearing
at earliest possible time";

9. Whereas on 29 ,4pril 1999, the day on which the Application and
the request for the indication of provisional measures were filed in the
Registry, the Registr,ar sent to the United States Government signed
copies of the Application and of the request, in accordance with Article 38,
paragraph 4. and Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; and
whereas he also sent t13that Government copies of the documents accom-
panying the Application and the request for the indication of provisional

measures ;
10. Whereas on 29 April 1999the Registrar informed the Parties that
the Court had decidecl, pursuant to Article 74, paragraph 3,of the Rules
of Court, to hold heairingson 10and 11May 1999,where they would be
able to present their observations on the request for the indication ofo-
visional measures;
11. Whereas, pend~ngthe notification under Article 40, paragraph 3,
of the Statute and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, by transmittal of the
printed bilingual text of the Application to the Members of the United
Nations and other States entitled to appear before the Court, the Regis-
trar on 29 April 1999informed those States of the filing of the Applica-
tion and of its subject-matter, and of the filing of the request for the
indication of provisional measures:
12. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the bench no judge of

Yugoslav nationality, the Yugoslav Government has availed itself of
the provisions of Article 31 of the Statute of the Court to choose
Mr. Milenko Kreéato sit as judge ud hoc in the case; and whereas noobjection to that choice was raised within the time-limit fixed for the
purpose pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court;
13. Whereas, at the public hearings held between 10and 12May 1999,
oral observations on the request for the indication of provisional meas-
ures were presented by the following:

Mr. Rodoljub Etinski, Agent.
Mr. Ian Brownlie,
Mr. Paul J. 1. M. de Waart,
Mr. Eric Suy,
Mr. Miodrag MitiC,
Mr. Olivier Corten;
On hehalf' of'the United Stutes:

Mr. David Andrews, Agent;
Mr. John Crook,
Mr. Michael Matheson;

14. Whereas, in this phase of the proceedings, the Parties presented the
following submission:; :
On hehalJ'oj' Yugo.rlcili~ia

"[Tlhe Court [is asked] to indicate the following provisional
measure :
[Tlhe United States of America . . .shall cease immediately the
acts of use of force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of
force against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

On belzulf'qfthe Uni,ed Stutes of America

"That the Court reject the request of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia for the indication of provisional measures";

15. Whereas the Court is deeply concerned with the human tragedy,
the loss of life. and the enormous suffering in Kosovo which form the
background of the present dispute, and with the continuing loss of life
and human suffering in al1parts of Yugoslavia;

16. Whereas the Court is profoundly concerned with the use of force
in Yugoslavia; whereas under the present circumstances such use raises
very serious issues of international law;
17. Whereas the Court is mindful of the purposes and principles of the
United Nations Charter and of its own responsibilities in the mainte-
nance of peace and security under the Charter and the Statute of the
Court; 18. Whereas the Court deems it necessary to emphasize that al1parties
appearing before it must act in conformity with their obligations under
the United Nations Charter and other rules of international law, includ-
ing humanitarian law;

19. Whereas the Court, under its Statute, does not automatically have
jurisdiction over legal disputes between States parties to that Statute or
between other States to whom access to the Court has been granted;
whereas the Court has repeatedly stated "that one of the fundamental
principles of its Statute is that it cannot decide a dispute between States

without the consent of those States to its jurisdiction" (Eusi Timor (Por-
tugul v. Ausirulia), Jtidgmrnt, I.C.J. Reporis 1995, p. 101, para. 26); and
whereas the Court can therefore exercisejurisdiction only between States
parties to a dispute who not only have access to the Court but also have
accepted the jurisdiction of the Court, either in general form or for the
individual dispute concerned;
20. Whereas on a request for provisional measures the Court need not,

before deciding whether or not to indicate them, finally satisfy itself that
it has jurisdiction on the merits of the case, yet it ought not to indicate
such measures unles!; the provisions invoked by the applicant appear,
prima facie, to afford a basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court might
be established ;

21. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims, in the first place, to
found the jurisdiction~of the Court upon Article IX of the Genocide Con-
vention, which provides:

"Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpre-
tation, application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including
those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any
of the other acts.enumerated in article III,shall be submitted to the
International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to

the dispute" ;
whereas it is not disputed that both Yugoslavia and the United States are
parties to the Genocide Convention; but whereas, when the United

States ratified theCclnvention on 25 November 1988, it made the follow-
ing reservation :
"That with reference to Article IX of the Convention, before any

dispute to whicl~the United States is a party may be submitted to
the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under this
Article, the specific consent of the United States is required in
each case" ; 22. Whereas the United States contends that "[its] reservation [to Ar-
ticleIX] is clear and unambiguous"; that "[tlhe United States has not
given the specific consent [that reservation] requires [and] . .. will not do
so"; and that Article IX of the Convention cannot in consequence found

the jurisdiction of the Court in this case. even prima facie; whereas the
United States also observed that reservations to the Genocide Conven-
tion are generally perinitted; that its reservation to Article IX is not con-
trary to the Convention's object and purpose; and that, "[slince . . .
Yugoslavia did not object to the . . . reservation, [it] is bound by it"; and
whereas the United States further contends that there is no "legally suf-

ficient . .. connection between the charges against the United States con-
tained in the Application and [the] supposed jurisdictional basis under
the GenocideConvention"; and whereas the United States further asserts
that Yugoslavia has failed to make any credible allegation of violation of
the Genocide Convention, by failing to demonstrate the existence of the
specific intent required by the Convention to "destroy, in whole or in
part. a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such". which intent

could not be inferred from the conduct of conventional military opera-
tions againsl another State.
23. Whereas Yugoslavia disputed the United States interpretation of
the Genocide Convention, but submitted no argument concerning the
United States reservation to Article IX of the Convention;

24. Whereas the Genocide Convention does not prohibit reservations;
whereas Yugoslavia did not object to the United States reservation to
Article IX; and whereas the said reservation had the effect of excluding
that Article from the provisions of the Convention in force between
the Parties;
25. Whereas in consequence Article IX of the Genocide Convention
cannot found the jurisdiction of the Court to entertain a dispute between

Yugoslavia and the United States alleged to fall within its provisions;
and whereas that Article manifestly does not constitute a basis of juris-
diction in the present case, even prima facie;

26. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims, in the second place,
to found the jurisdiction of the Court on Article 38. paragraph 5,of the
Rules of Court, which reads as follows:

"5. When the applicant State proposes to found the jurisdiction of
the Court upon a consent thereto yet to be given or manifested by
the State againijt which such application is made, the application

shall be transmitted to that State. It shall not however be entered in
the General List, nor any action be taken in the proceedings, unless
and until the State against which such application is made consents
to the Court's jurisdiction for the purposes of the case"; 27. Whereas the United States observes that it "has not consented to
jurisdiction under Article 38, paragraph 5, [of the Rules of Court] and
will not do so";
28. Whereas it is quite clear that, in the absence of consent by the
United States, given pursuant to Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules,
the Court cannot exercise jurisdiction in the present case, even prima
facie;

29. Whereas it follows from what has been said above that the Court
manifestly lacks jurisdiction to entertain Yugoslavia's Application;
whereas it cannot therefore indicate any provisional measure whatsoever
in order to protect the rights invoked therein; and whereas, within a sys-
tem of consensual jui-isdiction, to maintain on the General List a case
upon which it appears certain that the Court will not be able to adjudi-

cate on the merits would most assuredly not contribute to the sound
administration of justice;

30. Whereas there is a fundamental distinction between the question
of the acceptance by a State of the Court's jurisdiction and the compat-
ibility of particular acts with international law; the former requires con-

sent; the latter question can only be reached when the Court deals with
the merits after havirig established its jurisdiction and having heard full
legal arguments by both parties;
31. Whereas, whel.her or not States accept the jurisdiction of the
Court, they remain in.any event responsible for acts attributable to them
that violate international law, including humanitarian law; whereas any
disputes relating to tbe legality of such acts are required to be resolved
by peaceful means, the choice of which, pursuant to Article 33 of the
Charter, is left to the parties;
32. Whereas in this context the parties should take care not to aggra-
vate or extend the dispute;
33. Whereas, wheri such a dispute gives rise to a threat to the peace,
breach of the peace or act of aggression, the Security Council has special
responsibilitiesunder Chapter VI1of the Charter;

34. For these reaslons,

THECOURT,
(1) By twelve vote:sto three,

Rejects the request for the indication of provisional measures submit-
ted by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 29 April 1999; IN FAVOUK: C'ire-Presitlent Weeramantry, Acting President; Presitletzt
Schwebel: Judgc,s Oda, Bedjaoui. Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh.
Fleischhauer, Koroma, Higgins, Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans;

AC~AINST:JII~~~sShi, Vereshchetin; Judge ad hoc Kreca:
(2) By twelve votes to three,

Ordus that the case be removed from the List.

IN I.AVOLK: C'ice-Prc'siu'L't eeramantry, Acting President; Presidcmt
Schwebel; Judges Oda, Bedjaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi,
Fleischhauer, Koroma. Higgins, Kooijmans;

AGAINST: Ju(ige.~Vereshchetin. Parra-Aranguren; Judge ad hoc Kreéa

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this second day of June, one thousand nine
hundred and ninety-nine, in three copies, one of which will be placed in

the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government
of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Government of the
United States of America, respectively.

(Signed) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY,

Vice-President.

(Sigried) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.

Judges SHI, KOROMAand VERESHCHETIaN ppend declarations to the
Order of the Court.

Judges ODAand PARKA-ARANGURE apNpend separate opinions to the
Order of the Court.

Judge ad hoc KRECAappends a dissenting opinion to the Order of the
Court.

(Initiulled) C.G.W.

(lnitiulled) E.V.O.

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRETS,
AVIS COlVSULTATlFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE À LA LICÉITÉ

DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE

(YOUGOSLAVIE c. ÉTATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU 2 JUI1999

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

R.EPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING
LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA 1UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER OF 2 JUNE1999 Mode officiel de :itation
Lickitk de l'emploi de /a force (Yougosluilie c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique),
niesuresC.1.J. Recueil 1916, p. 9ce du 2 juin 1999,

Officia1cit:tion

LegulitProilisionul Mcusures,2June 1999, of Atnericu),
1C.J.Reports 19p. 916

N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 1 Sales numb736 1
ISBN 92-1-070804-0 2 JUIN 1999

ORDONNANCE

LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE

(YOUGOSL.AVIE c. ÉTATS-UNIS D'AMERIQUE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLA\rIA v.UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)

REQUESr FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

2 JUNE 1999

ORDER COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

1999 ANNEE 1999
2juin
Rôle général
no 114 2 juin 1999

AFFAIRE RELATIVE À LA LICÉITÉ

DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE

(YOUGOSLAVIE c. ÉTATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE

Présents: M. WEERAMANTRv Yi,e-présideentf,aisant fonction de pré-
sident enl'affaire; M. SCHWEBELp,ésident de la Cour;
MM. ODA, BEDJAOUI,GUILLAUMER , ANJEVA, ERCZEGH,
SHI,FLEISCHHAUEK RO, ROMAV, ERESHCHETIMN, e HIGGINS,
MM. PARRA-ARANGURK EO,OIJMANSj,uges; M. KRECA,
juge ad hoc; M. VALENCIA-OSPINgref,fier.

La Cour internationale de Justice,

Ainsi composée,
Après délibéen chambre du conseil,

Vu les articles 41 et 48 du Statut de la Cour et les articles 73 et 74 de
son Règlement,
Vu la requête déposéepar la République fédéralede Yougo-
slavie (ci-après dénomméea Yougoslavie))) au Greffe de la Cour le
29 avri1999,par laquelle elle a introduit une instance contre les Etats-
Unis d'Amérique(ci-aprèsdénommésles(Etats-Unis))) «pour violation
de l'obligation de ne pas recourirloi de la force)), INTERIVATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1999 1999
2 June
General List
2 June 1999 No. 114

CASE CONCERNING
LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA v.UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)

REQLEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER

Present : Vice-PresideWEERAMANTR Y,ting President ; President

SCHWEBEL ;udges ODA, BEDJAOUIG , UILLAUMER , ANJEVA,
HERCZEGH,SHI, FLEISCHHAUER ,OROMA,VERESHCHETIN,
HIGGINSP,ARRA-ARANGURK EO,OIJMAN Judge ad hoc KRECA;
RegistrarVALENCIA-OSPINA.

The Internationalourt of Justice,

Composed as above,
After deliberation,

Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to
Articles3 and 74 of the Rules of Court,
Having regard to the Application by the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia (hereinafter "Yugoslavia") filed in the Registry of the Court
on 29 April 1999, iristituting proceedings against the United States of
America (hereinafter "the United States") "for violation of the obligation
not to use force".917 LICEITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

Rend l'ordonnance suivante:

1. Considérant que, dans cette requête,la Yougoslavie définitl'objet
du différendainsi que suit:
((L'objet du différend porte sur les actes commis par les Etats-
Unis d'Amériqueen violation de leur obligation internationale de ne
pas recourirà l'emploi de la force contre un autre Etat, de I'obliga-
tion de ne pas s'immiscer dans les affaires intérieures d'un autre
Etat, de I'obligation de ne pas porter atteinte à la souverainetéd'un
autre Etat, de l'obligation de protéger les populations civiles et les
biens de caractère civil en temps de guerre, de l'obligation de pro-
tégerl'environnement, de I'obligation touchant a la libertéde navi-
gation sur les cours d'eau internationaux, de l'obligation concernant

lesdroits et libertésfondamentaux de la personne humaine, deI'obli-
gation de ne pas utiliser des armes interdites, de I'obligation de ne
pas soumettre intentionnellement un groupe national à des condi-
tions d'existence devant entraîner sa destruction physique));
2. Considérant que, dans ladite requête,la Yougoslavie, pour fonder
la compétencede la Cour, invoque l'article IX de la convention pour la
prévention et la répressiondu crime de génocide,adoptéepar I'Assem-
bléegénéraledes Nations Unies le 9 décembre1948(ci-aprèsdénommée
la «convention sur le génocide)))et le paragraphe 5 de l'article 38 du
Réglementde la Cour;
3. Considérant que, dans sa requête, la Yougoslavieexpose que les

demandes qu'elle soumet à la Cour sont fondéessur les faits ci-après:
«Le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amérique, conjointement
aveclesgouvernementsd'autres Etats membresde l'OTAN, a recouru
a l'emploi de la force contre la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie
en prenant part au bombardement de ciblesdans la Républiquefédé-
rale de Yougoslavie. Lors des bombardements de la Républiquefédé-
rale de Yougoslavie, des cibles militaires et civilesont étéattaquées.
Un grand nombre de personnes ont ététuées,dontde trèsnombreux
civils. Des immeubles d'habitation ont subi des attaques. Un grand
nombre d'habitations ont été détruites. D'énormes dégâts ont été
causésà des écoles,des hôpitaux, des stations de radiodiffusion et de

télévision, es structures culturelles et sanitaires, ainsi qu'a des lieux
de culte. Nombre de ponts, routes et voies de chemin de fer ont été
détruits. Les attaques contre des raffineries de pétroleet des usines
chimiques ont eu de graves effets dommageables pour I'environne-
ment de villes et de villages de la Républiquefédéralede Yougosla-
vie. L'emploi d'armes contenant de l'uranium appauvri a de lourdes
conséquencespour la vie humaine. Les actes susmentionnésont pour
effetde soumettre intentionnellement un groupe ethniqueàdescondi-
tions devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale ou partielle. Le
Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amérique prendpart à l'entraîne-
ment, a l'armement, au financement, ë l'équipementet A l'approvi-
sionnement de la prétendue«arméede libérationdu Kosovo»; LEGALIlrYOF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 917

Mukes the jbf/oi.llinOrder:
1. Whereas in that Application Yugoslavia defines the subject of the
dispute as follows:

"The subject-matter of the dispute are acts of the United States
of America by ~xhich it has violated its international obligation
bannirig the use of force against another State, the obligation not to
intervene in the interna1 affairs of another State, the obligation not
to violate the sovereignty of another State, the obligation to protect

the civilian population and civilian objects in wartime, the obligation
to protect the environment, the obligation relating to free navigation
on international iivers, the obligation regarding fundamental human
rights and freedoms, the obligation not to use prohibited weapons,
the obligation not to deliberately inflict conditions of life calculated
to cause the phyisicaldestruction of a national group";

2. Whereas in the said Application Yugoslavia refers, as a basis for the
jurisdiction of the Court. to ArticlIX of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted by the General Assem-

bly of the United Nations on 9 December 1948(hereinafter the "Genocide
Convention"), and to Article 38, paragraph 5,of the Rules of Court;

3. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia States that the claims sub-
mitted by it to the Court are based upon the following facts:

"The Governn~ent of the United States of America, together with
the Governments of other Member States of NATO, took part in
the acts of use of force against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
by taking part in.bombing targets in the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia. In bombiing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia military and
civilian targets were attacked. Great number of people were killed,
including a great many civilians. Residential houses came under

attack. Numerous dwellings were destroyed. Enormous damage was
caused to schools, hospitals, radio and television stations, cultural
and health institutions and to places of worship. A large number of
bridges. roads and railway lines were destroyed. Attacks on oil refin-
eries and chemical plants have had serious environmental effects on
cities, towns and villages in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The

use of weapons containing depleted uranium is having far-reaching
consequences foirhuman life. The above-mentioned acts are deliber-
ately creatingconditions calculated at the physical destruction of an
ethnic group, in whole or in part. The Government of the United
States of Amerioa is taking part in the training, arming, financing,
equipping and slupplying the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation Army'";918 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

et considérant qu'elle indique en outre que lesdites demandes reposent
sur les fondements juridiques suivants:

«Les actes susmentionnés du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis
d'Amériqueconstituent une violation flagrante de l'obligation de ne
pas recourir à l'emploi de la force contre un autre Etat. En finan-
çant, armant, entrainant et équipantla prétendue ((arméede libéra-

tion du Kosovo», le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amérique
apporte un appui à des groupes terroristes et au mouvement séces-
sionniste sur le territoire de la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie,
en violation de l'obligation de ne pas s'immiscer dans les affaires
intérieuresd'un autreEtat. De surcroît, lesdispositions de laconven-
tion de Genève de 1949 et du protocole additionnel no 1 de 1977
relativesà la protection des civils et des biens de caractère civil en
temps de guerre ont étéviolées.Il y a eu aussi violation de l'obliga-
tion de protéger l'environnement. La destruction de ponts sur le

Danube enfreint les dispositions de l'article 1 de la convention de
1948 relative à la libertéde navigation sur le Danube. Les dispo-
sitions du pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques
et d~ipacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociauxet
culturels de 1966 ont elles aussi étéviolées.En outre. l'obligaLion
énoncéedans la convention pour la prévention et la répressiondu
crime de génocidede ne pas soumettre intentionnellement un groupe
national a desconditions d'existencedevant entraîner sa destruction
physique a étéviolée.De plus, les activités auxquellesles Etats-Unis

d'Amériqueprennent part sont contraires au paragraphe 1 de l'ar-
ticle 53 de la Charte des Nations Unies));
4. Considérant que les demandes de la Yougoslavie sont ainsi formu-

léesdans la requête:
«Le Gouvernement de la Républiquefédérale de Yougoslavie prie
la Cour internationale de Justice de dire et juger:

- qu'en prenant part aux bombardements du territoire de la Répu-
blique fédéralede Yougoslavie, les Etats-Unis d'Amérique ont
agi contre la République fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation
de leur obligation de ne pas recourirà l'emploide la force contre
un autre Etat ;
- qu'en prenant part à l'entraînement, à l'armement, au finance-

ment, à l'équipement et à l'approvisionnement de groupes terro-
ristes,a savoir la prétendue «arméede libérationdu Kosovo)),
les Etats-Unis d'Amériqueont agi contre la Républiquefédérale
de Yougoslavie, en violation de leur obligation de ne pas s'im-
miscer dans les affaires d'un autre Etat;
- qu'en prenant part à des attaques contre des cibles civiles, les
Etats-Unis d'Amériqueont agi contre la Républiquefédéralede
Yougoslavie, en violation de leur obligation d'épargnerla popu-
lation civile, les civilset les biens de caractère civil;and whereas it further States that the said claims are based on the follow-

ing legal grounds:

"The above acts of the Government of the United States of
America represent a gross violation of the obligation not to use force
against another State. By financing, arming, training and equipping
the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation Army', support is given to terrorist
groups and the secessionist movement in the territory of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of the obligation not to intervene

in the interna1 affiairsof another State. In addition, the provisions of
the Geneva Convention of 1949 and of the Additional Protocol
No. 1 of 1977 on the protection of civilians and civilian objects in
time of war have been violated. The obligation to protect the envi-
ronment has also been breached. The destruction of bridges on the

Danube is in contravention of the provisions of Article 1of the 1948
Convention on free navigation on the Danube. The provisions of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and of the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of
1966 have also been breached. Furthermore, the obligation con-

tained in the Conivention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocitle not to impose deliberately on a national group
conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction
of the group has been breached. Furthermore. the activities in
which the United States of America is taking part are contrary to

Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the United Nations";

4. Whereas the claims of Yugoslavia are formulated as follows in the
Application :

"The Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia requests
the International Court of Justice to adjudge and declare:

- by taking part in the bombing of the territory of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, the United States of America has acted
against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obli-
gation not to use force against another State;

- by taking part in the training. arming, financing, equipping and
supplying terrorist groups, i.e. the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation
Army', the United States of America has acted against the Fed-
eral Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
intervene in tlheaffairs of another State;

- by taking part in attacks on civilian targets, the United States of
America has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in
breach of its obligation to spare the civilian population, civilians
and civilian objects ;919 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

qu'en prenant part à la destruction ou à l'endommagement de
monastères, d'édificesculturels, les Etats-Unis d'Amériqueont agi
contre la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de leur

obligation de ne pas commettre d'actes d'hostilitédirigéscontre
des monuments historiques, des Œuvres d'art ou des lieux de culte
constituant le patrimoine culturel ou spirituel d'un peuple;
qu'en prenant part à l'utilisation de bombes en grappe, les Etats-
Unis d'Amérique ont agi contre la République fédéralede You-
goslavie, en violation de leur obligation de ne pas utiliser des

armes interdites, c'est-à-dire des armes de nature à causer des
maux superflus;
qu'en prenant part aux bombardements de raffineries de pétrole et
d'usines chimiques, les Etats-Unis d'Amérique ont agi contre la
République fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de leur obliga-
tion de ne pas causer de dommages substantiels à l'environnement;

qu'en recourant à I'utilisation d'armes contenant de l'uranium
appauvri, les Etats-Unis d'Amérique ont agi contre la Répu-
blique fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de leur obligation de
ne pas utiliser des armes interdites et de ne pas causer de dom-
mages de grande ampleur à la santéet à l'environnement;
qu'en prenant part au meurtre de civils, à la destruction d'entre-

prises, de moyens de communication et de structures sanitaireset
culturelles, les Etats-Unis d'Amérique ont agi contre la Répu-
blique fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de leur obligation de
respecter le droit à la vie, ledroit au travail, le droit à I'informa-
tion, le droit aux soins de santéainsi que d'autres droits fonda-
mentaux de la personne humaine;

qu'en prenant part à la destruction de ponts situéssur des cours
d'eau internationaux, les Etats-Unis d'Amérique ont agi contre
la République fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de leur obli-
gation de respecter la liberté de navigation sur les cours d'eau
internationaux ;
qu'en prenant part aux activitésénuméréec si-dessus et en parti-

culier en causant desdommages énormes àl'environnement et en
utilisant de l'uranium appauvri, les Etats-Unis d'Amérique ont
agi contre la République fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation
de leur obligation de ne pas soumettre intentionnellement un
groupe national à des conditions d'existence devant entraîner sa
destruction physique totale ou partielle;

que les Etats-Unis d'Amérique portent la responsabilité de la
violation des obligations internationales susmentionnées;
que les Etats-Unis d'Amérique sont tenus de mettre fin immédia-
tement à la violation des obligations susmentionnées i l'égardde
la République fédéralede Yougoslavie;
que les Etats-Unis d'Amérique doivent réparation pour les pré-
judices causésà la République fédéralede Yougoslavie ainsi qu'à

ses citoyens et personnes morales)); LEGALIlrYOF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 919

- by taking part in destroying or damaging monasteries, monu-
ments of culture, the United States of America has acted against
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation

not to comrriit any act of hostility directed against historical
monuments, works of art or places of worship which constitute
cultural or spiritual heritage of people;
- by taking part in the use of cluster bombs, the United States of

America has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
in breach of its obligation not to use prohibited weapons, i.e.
weapons calculated to cause unnecessary suffering;

by taking part in the bombing of oil refineries and chemical
plants, the United States of America has acted against the Fed-
eral Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
cause considerable environmental damage;

by iaking part in the use of weapons containing depleted
uranium, the United States of America has acted against the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
use prohibited weapons and not to cause far-reaching health

and environniental damaee: "
by taking part in killing civilians, destroying enterprises, commu-
nications, health and cultural institutions, the United States of
America has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in

breach of its obligation to respect the right to life, the right to
work, the right to information, the right to health care as well as
other basic human rights;

- by taking part in destroying bridges on international rivers, the
United States of America has acted against the Federal Republic
of Yugoslaviir in breach of its obligation to respect freedom of
navigation ori international rivers;

- by taking part in activities listed above, and in particular by
causing enorrnous environmental damage and by using depleted
uranium, the United States of America has acted against the

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
deliberately iinflicton a national group conditions of life calcu-
lated to bring about its physical destruction, in whole or in part;

- the United States of America is responsible for the violation of
the above international obligations;
- the United States of America is obliged to stop immediately the
violation of the above obligations vis-à-vis the Federal Republic

of Yugoslaviii;
- the United States of America is obliged to provide compensation
for the damage done to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and
to its citizens and juridical persons";et considérant qu'au terme de sa requête la Yougoslavie se réserve le
droit de modifier et de compléter celle-ci;
5. Considérant que, le 29 avril 1999, immédiatement après le dépôtde
sa requête,la Yougoslavie a en outre présentéune demande en indication

de mesures conservatoires invoquant l'article 73 du Réglement de la
Cour; et que la demande était accompagnée d'un volume d'annexespho-
tographiques produites à titre de «preuves»;
6. Considérant que, a l'appui de sa demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, la Yougoslavie soutient notamment que, depuis le début
des bombardements contre son territoire, et du fait de ceux-ci, environ

mille civils, dont dix-neuf enfants, ont ététuéset plus dequatre mille cinq
cents grièvement blessés;que la vie de trois millions d'enfants est mena-
cée;que des centaines de milliers de personnes ont étéexposéesà des gaz
toxiques; qu'environ un million de personnes sont privéesd'approvision-
nement en eau; qu'environ cinq cent mille travailleurs ont perdu leur
emploi; que deux millions de personnes sont sans ressources et dans

l'impossibilitéde se procurer le minimum vital; et que les réseauxroutier
et ferroviaire ont subi d'importants dégâts; considérant que, dans sa de-
mande en indication de mesures conservatoires, la Yougoslavie énumère
par ailleurs les cibles qui auraient étéviséespar les attaques aériennes
et décrit en détail les dommages qui leur auraient étéinfligés(ponts,
gares et lignes de chemins de fer, réseauroutier et moyens de transport,

aéroports, commerce et industrie, raffineries et entrepôts de matières pre-
mières liquides et de produits chimiques, agriculture, hôpitaux et centres
médicaux,écoles, édifices publics et habitations, infrastructures, télécom-
munications, monuments historiques et culturels et édificesreligieux); et
considérant que la Yougoslavie en conclut ce qui suit:

«Les actes décrits ci-dessus ont causé des morts ainsi que des
atteintes à l'intégritéphysique et mentale de la population de la
République fédéralede Yougoslavie, de très importants dégâts, une
forte pollution de I'environnement, de sorte que la population you-
goslave se trouve soumise intentionnellement à des conditions d'exis-

tence devant entraîner la destruction physique totale ou partielle de
ce groupe» ;
7.Considérant que, au terme de sa demande en indication de mesures

conservatoires, la Yougoslavie préciseque
«Si les mesures demandées ne sont pas adoptées, il y aura de nou-
velles pertes en vies humaines, de nouvelles atteintes à I'intégrité
physique et mentale de la population de la République fédéralede

Yougoslavie, d'autres destructions de cibles civiles, une forte pollu-
tion de I'environnement et la poursuite de la destruction physique de
la population de Yougoslavie»;

et considérant que, tout en se réservant le droit de modifier et de com-
plétersa demande, elle prie la Cour d'indiquer la mesure suivante:
«Les Etats-Unis d'Amérique doivent cesser immédiatement deand whereas, at the end of its Application, Yugoslavia reserves the right
to amend and suppleinent it;
5. Whereas on 29 April 1999, immediately after filing its Application,
Yugoslavia also subrnitted a request for the indication of provisional

measures pursuant to Article 73 of the Rules of Court; and whereas that
request was accompanied by a volume of photographic annexes pro-
duced as "evidence";
6. Whereas, in support of its request for the indication of provisional
measures, Yugoslavia contends inter uliu that, since the onset of the
bombing of its territory, and as a result thereof, about 1,000 civilians,

including 19 children, have been killed and more than 4,500 have sus-
tained serious injuries; that the lives of three million children are endan-
gered; that hundreds of thousands of citizens have been exposed to poi-
sonous gases; that about one million citizens are short of water supply;
that about 500,000 aorkers have become jobless; that two million citi-
zens have no means of livelihood and are unable to ensure minimum

means of sustenance; and that the road and railway network has suffered
extensive destruction: whereas, in its request for the indication of provi-
sional measiires. Yug,oslavia also lists the targets alleged to have come
under attack in the air strikes and describes in detail the damage alleged
to have been inflicted upon them (bridges, railway lines and stations,
roads and means of transport, airports, industry and trade, refineries and
warehouses storing liquid raw materials and chemicals, agriculture, hos-

pitals and health Cairecentres, schools, public buildings and housing
facilities, infrastructuretelecommunications, cultural-historical monu-
ments and religious shrines); and whereas Yugoslavia concludes from
this that:

"The acts described above caused death, physical and mental
harm to the popiilation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; huge
devastation; heavy pollution of the environment, so that the Yugo-
slav population is deliberately imposed conditions of life calculated
to bring about ~physicaldestruction of the group, in whole or in

part" ;

7.Whereas, at the end of its request for the indication of provisional

measures, Yugoslavia. states that
"If the proposed measure were not to be adopted, there will be
new losses of huinan life, further physical and mental harm inflicted
on the population of the FR of Yugoslavia, further destruction of

civilian targets, heavy environmental pollution and further physical
destruction of the people of Yugoslavia";

and whereas, while reserving the right to amend and supplement its
request, Yugoslavia rirquests the Court to indicate the following measure:
"The United States of America shall cease immediately its acts of recourirà l'emploide la force et doivent s'abstenir detout acte cons-
tituant une menace de recours ou un recours à l'emploi de la force
contre la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie»;

8. Considérant que la demande en indication de mesures conser-
vatoires était accompagnéed'une lettre de l'agent de la Yougoslavie,
adresséeau présidentet aux membres de la Cour, qui étaitainsi libellée:

«J'ai l'honneur d'appeler l'attention de la Cour sur le dernier
bombardement qui a frappé le centre de la ville de Surdulica le
27 avril 1999à midi et entraînéla mort de civils,pour la plupart des
enfants et des femmes, et de vous rappeler les morts de Kursumlija,
Aleksinac et Cuprija, ainsi que le bombardement d'un convoi de
réfugiéset de l'immeuble abritant la radio et la télévisionserbes,
pour neciter que quelques exemples desatrocitésque chacun connaît.
Je tiens en conséquence à prévenirla Cour qu'il est fort probable
qu'il y aura encore d'autres victimes civileset militaires.

Considérant le pouvoir conféré à la Cour aux termes du para-
graphe 1de I'article75de son Règlement,et compte tenu de l'extrême
urgence de la situation néedes circonstances décrites dans les de-
mandes en indication de mesures conservatoires, je prie la Cour de
bien vouloir se prononcer d'officesur les demandes présentéesou de
fixer une datepour la tenue d'une audience dans lesmeilleursdélais»;

9. Considérant que, le 29 avril 1999, date à laquelle la requêteet la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires ont été déposéeasu
Greffe, le greffier a fait tenir au Gouvernement des Etats-Unis des copies
signéesde la requêteet de la demande,conformément au paragraphe 4 de
l'article 38 et au paragraphe 2 de I'article 73 du Règlementde la Cour; et
qu'il a égalementfait tenir audit gouvernement une copie des documents
qui accompagnaient la requête et lademande en indication de mesures
conservatoires;
10. Considérant que, le 29 avril 1999,le greffier a avisé lesParties que
la Cour avait décidé,conformément au paragraphe 3 de l'article 74 de
son Règlement, de tenir audience les 10 et 11 mai 1999 aux fins de les

entendre en leurs observations sur la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires ;
11. Considérantqu'en attendantque la communication prévueau para-
graphe 3 de l'article40 du Statutetà I'article 42du Règlementde la Cour
ait étéeffectuéepar transmission du texte bilingue impriméde la requête
aux Membres des Nations Unies et aux autres Etats admis à ester devant
la Cour, le greffier a, le 29 avril 1999,informéces Etats du dépôtde la
requête etde son objet, ainsi que du dépôtde la demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires;
12. Considérant que, la Cour ne comptant pas sur le siègede juge de
nationalité yougoslave,le Gouvernement yougoslave a invoquélesdispo-
sitions de l'article 31 du Statutde la Cour et a désigM. Milenko Kreca
pour siégeren qualitéde juge ad hoc en l'affaire; et qu'aucune objection LEGALIlrY OF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 921

use of force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of force
against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

8. Whereas the request for the indication of provisional measures was
accompanied by a letter from the Agent of Yugoslavia, addressed to the
President and Members of the Court, which read as follows:

"1 have the horiour to bring to the attention of the Court the latest
bombing of the central area of the town of Surdulica on 27 April
1999 at noon resulting in losses of lives of civilians, most of whom
were children anld women, and to remind of killings of peoples in
Kursumlija, Aleksinac and Cuprija, as well as bombing of a refugee

convoy and the Radio and Television of Serbia, just to mention
someof the well-known atrocities. Therefore, 1would like to caution
the Court that there is a highest probability of further civilian and
military casualties.
Considering the power conferred upon the Court by Article 75,
paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court and having in mind the greatest
urgency caused by the circumstances described in the Requests for
provisional measure of protection 1 kindly ask the Court to decide
on the submitted Requests proprio motu or to fixa date for a hearing
at earliest possible time";

9. Whereas on 29 ,4pril 1999, the day on which the Application and
the request for the indication of provisional measures were filed in the
Registry, the Registr,ar sent to the United States Government signed
copies of the Application and of the request, in accordance with Article 38,
paragraph 4. and Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; and
whereas he also sent t13that Government copies of the documents accom-
panying the Application and the request for the indication of provisional

measures ;
10. Whereas on 29 April 1999the Registrar informed the Parties that
the Court had decidecl, pursuant to Article 74, paragraph 3,of the Rules
of Court, to hold heairingson 10and 11May 1999,where they would be
able to present their observations on the request for the indication ofo-
visional measures;
11. Whereas, pend~ngthe notification under Article 40, paragraph 3,
of the Statute and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, by transmittal of the
printed bilingual text of the Application to the Members of the United
Nations and other States entitled to appear before the Court, the Regis-
trar on 29 April 1999informed those States of the filing of the Applica-
tion and of its subject-matter, and of the filing of the request for the
indication of provisional measures:
12. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the bench no judge of

Yugoslav nationality, the Yugoslav Government has availed itself of
the provisions of Article 31 of the Statute of the Court to choose
Mr. Milenko Kreéato sit as judge ud hoc in the case; and whereas no922 LICEITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

i cette désignation n'a étésoulevéedans le délaifixéa cet effet en vertu
du paragraphe 3 de l'article 35 du Règlementde la Cour;
13. Considérant que, aux audiences publiques qui ont ététenues entre
le 10et le 12mai 1999,des observations orales sur la demande en indica-

tion de mesures conservatoires ont étéprésentées:
LIUnom de lu Yougos1uvie

par M. Rodoljub Etinski, agent.
M. Ian Brownlie,
M. Paul J. 1.M. de Waart.
M. Eric Suy,
M. Miodrag MitiE,
M. Olivier Corten;

au nom des Etuts-Unis:
par M. David Andrews, ugeilt,
M. John Crook,
M. Michael Matheson;

14. Considérant que, dans cette phase de la procédure,les Parties ont
présentéles conclusions suivantes:
au nom rlr lu Yougoslu\~i~~

«[L]a Cour [est priée] d'indiquer la mesure conservatoire sui-
vante :
Les Etats-Unis d'Amérique ...doivent cesser immédiatement de
recourirà l'emploide la force et doivent s'abstenir de tout acte cons-

tituant une menace de recours ou un recours à l'emploi de la force
contre la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie»;
au nom des Etats-Unis

«[L]a Cour doit rejeter la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires de la République fédéralede Yougoslavie»;

15. Considérant que la Cour est profondément préoccupéepar le
drame humain, les pertes en vieshumaines et les terribles souffrances que
connaît le Kosovo et quiconstituent la toile de fond du présentdifférend,
ainsi quepar les victimes et les souffrances humaines que l'on déplorede
façon continue dans l'ensemblede la Yougoslavie;
16. Considérantque la Cour est fortement préoccupéepar l'emploi de
la force en Yougoslavie; que, dans les circonstances actuelles, cet emploi
soulèvedes problèmes très gravesde droit international;
17. Considérant que la Cour garde présents a l'esprit les buts et les
principes de la Charte des Nations Unies, ainsi que lesresponsabilitésqui
lui incombent, en vertu de ladite Charte et du Statut de la Cour, dans le

maintien de la paix et de la sécurité;objection to that choice was raised within the time-limit fixed for the
purpose pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court;
13. Whereas, at the public hearings held between 10and 12May 1999,
oral observations on the request for the indication of provisional meas-
ures were presented by the following:

Mr. Rodoljub Etinski, Agent.
Mr. Ian Brownlie,
Mr. Paul J. 1. M. de Waart,
Mr. Eric Suy,
Mr. Miodrag MitiC,
Mr. Olivier Corten;
On hehalf' of'the United Stutes:

Mr. David Andrews, Agent;
Mr. John Crook,
Mr. Michael Matheson;

14. Whereas, in this phase of the proceedings, the Parties presented the
following submission:; :
On hehalJ'oj' Yugo.rlcili~ia

"[Tlhe Court [is asked] to indicate the following provisional
measure :
[Tlhe United States of America . . .shall cease immediately the
acts of use of force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of
force against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

On belzulf'qfthe Uni,ed Stutes of America

"That the Court reject the request of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia for the indication of provisional measures";

15. Whereas the Court is deeply concerned with the human tragedy,
the loss of life. and the enormous suffering in Kosovo which form the
background of the present dispute, and with the continuing loss of life
and human suffering in al1parts of Yugoslavia;

16. Whereas the Court is profoundly concerned with the use of force
in Yugoslavia; whereas under the present circumstances such use raises
very serious issues of international law;
17. Whereas the Court is mindful of the purposes and principles of the
United Nations Charter and of its own responsibilities in the mainte-
nance of peace and security under the Charter and the Statute of the
Court;923 LICEITE DE L'EMPLOIDE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

18. Considérant que la Cour estime nécessairede souligner que toutes
lesparties qui seprésententdevant elledoivent agir conformément à leurs

obligations en vertu de la Charte des Nations Unies et des autres règles
du droit international,y compris du droit humanitaire;

19. Considérant qu'en vertu de son Statut la Cour n'a pas automati-
quement compétence pour connaître des différends juridiques entre les
Etats parties audit Statut ou entre les autres Etats qui ont été admis a
ester devant elle; que la Cour a déclaré à maintes reprises «que I'un des
principes fondamentaux de son Statut est qu'ellene peut trancher un dif-
férendentre des Etats sans que ceux-ci aient consenti à sa juridiction))
(Timor oriental (Portugul c. Australie),urrêt,C.I.J. Recueil1995, p. 101,

par. 26); et que la Cour ne peut donc exercer sa compétence à l'égard
d'Etats parties a un différendque si ces derniers ont non seulement accès
à la Cour, mais ont en outre accepté sa compétence,soit d'une manière
générale, soitpour le différend particulier dont il s'agit;
20. Considérant que, en présence d'une demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires, point n'est besoin pour la Cour, avant de décider
d'indiquer ou non de telles mesures, de s'assurer de manière définitive
qu'elle a compétencequant au fond de l'affaire. mais qu'ellene peut indi-
quer ces mesures que si les dispositions invoquéespar le demandeur sem-
blent prima fucie constituer une base sur laquelle la compétence de la

Cour pourrait être fondée;

21. Considérant que la Yougoslavie, dans sa requête, prétenden pre-
mier lieu fonder la compétencede la Cour sur l'article IX de la conven-
tion sur le génocide,aux termes duquel:

«Les différendsentre les Parties contractantes relatifà I'interpré-
tation, l'application ou l'exécutionde la présente convention,y com-
pris ceux relatifsla responsabilité d'unEtat en matièrede génocide
ou de I'unquelconque des autres actesénuméré s l'article III, seront
soumis à la Cour internationale de Justice,à la requête d'une partie
au différend» ;

qu'il n'est pas contestéque tant la Yougoslavie que les Etats-Unis sont
partiesà la convention sur le génocide; mais qu'en ratifiantla convention
le 25 novembre 1988,les Etats-Unis ont fait la réservesuivante:

«En ce qui concerne l'article IX de la Convention, pour qu'un dif-

férendauquel les Etats-Unis sont partie puisse êtresoumis a lajuri-
diction de la Cour internationale de Justice en vertu de cet article,
le consentement exprès des Etats-Unis est nécessairedans chaque
cas»; 18. Whereas the Court deems it necessary to emphasize that al1parties
appearing before it must act in conformity with their obligations under
the United Nations Charter and other rules of international law, includ-
ing humanitarian law;

19. Whereas the Court, under its Statute, does not automatically have
jurisdiction over legal disputes between States parties to that Statute or
between other States to whom access to the Court has been granted;
whereas the Court has repeatedly stated "that one of the fundamental
principles of its Statute is that it cannot decide a dispute between States

without the consent of those States to its jurisdiction" (Eusi Timor (Por-
tugul v. Ausirulia), Jtidgmrnt, I.C.J. Reporis 1995, p. 101, para. 26); and
whereas the Court can therefore exercisejurisdiction only between States
parties to a dispute who not only have access to the Court but also have
accepted the jurisdiction of the Court, either in general form or for the
individual dispute concerned;
20. Whereas on a request for provisional measures the Court need not,

before deciding whether or not to indicate them, finally satisfy itself that
it has jurisdiction on the merits of the case, yet it ought not to indicate
such measures unles!; the provisions invoked by the applicant appear,
prima facie, to afford a basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court might
be established ;

21. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims, in the first place, to
found the jurisdiction~of the Court upon Article IX of the Genocide Con-
vention, which provides:

"Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpre-
tation, application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including
those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any
of the other acts.enumerated in article III,shall be submitted to the
International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to

the dispute" ;
whereas it is not disputed that both Yugoslavia and the United States are
parties to the Genocide Convention; but whereas, when the United

States ratified theCclnvention on 25 November 1988, it made the follow-
ing reservation :
"That with reference to Article IX of the Convention, before any

dispute to whicl~the United States is a party may be submitted to
the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under this
Article, the specific consent of the United States is required in
each case" ; 22. Considérant que les Etats-Unis soutiennent que «[l]a réserve [qu'ils
ont faitea l'articlIX] est claire et sansambiguïté)); que «[Iles Etats-Unis
n'ont pas donné le consentement exprès qu'elle requiert [et] ne le donne-
ront pas)); et que I'article IX de la convention ne peut, en conséquence,
fonder la compétencede la Cour en l'espèce,mêmeprimu fucie; considé-

rant que les Etats-Unis précisent par ailleurs que la convention sur le
génocideadmet, d'une manière générale,les réserves;que la réservequ'ils
ont faite à I'article IX n'estpas contraire a l'objet et au but de la conven-
tion; et que, «la Yougoslavie n'a[yant] pas objecté à la[dite] réserve...,
[elle]est lié[e]par [celle-ci]»; et considérant que les Etats-Unis affirment
en outre qu'il n'existe pas de «lien juridique suffisant entre les accusa-
tions portées contre les Etats-Unis dans la requêteet la prétendue base de

compétenceen vertu de la convention sur le génocide));et qu'ils exposent
que la Yougoslavie n'a pas présenté d'allégation crédibd lee violation de
la convention sur le génocide car elle n'a pas démontré l'existence de
l'intention spécifique requise par la convention de ((détruire, en tout ou
en partie, un groupe national. ethnique, racial ou religieux, comme tel)),
intention qui ne peut se déduirepar inférencede la conduite d'opérations

militaires de type classique contre un autre Etat;
23. Considérant que la Yougoslavie a contesté l'interprétation donnée
par les Etats-Unis a la convention sur le génocide mais n'a présenté
aucune argumentation concernant la réservedes Etats-Unis a I'article IX
de la convention ;
24. Considérant que la convention sur le génocide n'interdit pas les
réserves; que la Yougoslavie n'a pas présenté d'objectionà la réserve

faite par les Etats-Unis à I'articl1X; et que cette réservea eu pour effet
d'exclure cet article des dispositions de la convention en vigueur entre les
Parties;
25. Considérant que I'article IX de la convention sur le génocide ne
saurait en conséquence fonder la compétence de la Cour pour connaître
d'un différend entre la Yougoslavie et les Etats-Unis qui entrerait dans

ses prévisions; et que cette disposition ne constitue manifestement pas
une base de compétence dans la présente affaire, mêmeprima jùcir;

26. Considérant que la Yougoslavie, dans sa requête,prétenden second
lieu fonder la compétence de la Cour sur le paragraphe 5 de l'article38
du Règlement, ainsi libellé:

((5. Lorsque le demandeur entend fonder la compétence de la
Cour sur un consentement non encore donné ou manifestépar 1'Etat
contre lequel la requête est formée, la requêteest transmise à cet
Etat. Toutefois elle n'est pas inscrite au rôle généralde la Cour et

aucun acte de procédure n'est effectuétant que I'Etat contre lequel
la requêteest forméen'a pas accepté la compétence de la Cour aux
fins de l'affaire)): 22. Whereas the United States contends that "[its] reservation [to Ar-
ticleIX] is clear and unambiguous"; that "[tlhe United States has not
given the specific consent [that reservation] requires [and] . .. will not do
so"; and that Article IX of the Convention cannot in consequence found

the jurisdiction of the Court in this case. even prima facie; whereas the
United States also observed that reservations to the Genocide Conven-
tion are generally perinitted; that its reservation to Article IX is not con-
trary to the Convention's object and purpose; and that, "[slince . . .
Yugoslavia did not object to the . . . reservation, [it] is bound by it"; and
whereas the United States further contends that there is no "legally suf-

ficient . .. connection between the charges against the United States con-
tained in the Application and [the] supposed jurisdictional basis under
the GenocideConvention"; and whereas the United States further asserts
that Yugoslavia has failed to make any credible allegation of violation of
the Genocide Convention, by failing to demonstrate the existence of the
specific intent required by the Convention to "destroy, in whole or in
part. a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such". which intent

could not be inferred from the conduct of conventional military opera-
tions againsl another State.
23. Whereas Yugoslavia disputed the United States interpretation of
the Genocide Convention, but submitted no argument concerning the
United States reservation to Article IX of the Convention;

24. Whereas the Genocide Convention does not prohibit reservations;
whereas Yugoslavia did not object to the United States reservation to
Article IX; and whereas the said reservation had the effect of excluding
that Article from the provisions of the Convention in force between
the Parties;
25. Whereas in consequence Article IX of the Genocide Convention
cannot found the jurisdiction of the Court to entertain a dispute between

Yugoslavia and the United States alleged to fall within its provisions;
and whereas that Article manifestly does not constitute a basis of juris-
diction in the present case, even prima facie;

26. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims, in the second place,
to found the jurisdiction of the Court on Article 38. paragraph 5,of the
Rules of Court, which reads as follows:

"5. When the applicant State proposes to found the jurisdiction of
the Court upon a consent thereto yet to be given or manifested by
the State againijt which such application is made, the application

shall be transmitted to that State. It shall not however be entered in
the General List, nor any action be taken in the proceedings, unless
and until the State against which such application is made consents
to the Court's jurisdiction for the purposes of the case";925 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

27. Considérantque lesEtats-Unis indiquent qu'ils«n'ont pas consenti
à la juridiction de la Cour au titre du paragraphe 5 de l'article 38 [du
Règlementde la Cour] et qu'ils n'y consentiront pas));

28. Considérant qu'il est manifeste que, en l'absence de consentement
des Etats-Unis donnéconformément au paragraphe 5 de l'article 38 du
Règlement,la Cour ne saurait avoir compétencedans la présente affaire,
même prima facie ;

29. Considérant qu'il résultede ce qui précèdeque la Cour n'a mani-
festement pas compétencepour connaître de la requêtede la Yougosla-
vie; qu'elle ne saurait dès lors indiquer quelque mesure conservatoire que
ce soita l'effetde protégerles droits qui y sont invoqués;et que, dans un
systèmedejuridiction consensuelle, maintenir au rôle général une affaire
sur laquelle il apparaît certain que la Cour ne pourra se prononcer au
fond ne participerait assurément pas d'une bonne administration de la
justice;

30. Considérantqu'il existeune distinction fondamentaleentre laques-
tion de l'acceptation par un Etat de la juridiction de la Cour et la com-
patibilitéde certains actes avec le droit international; la compétenceexige

le consentement; la compatibilité ne peut être appréciéq eue quand la
Cour examine le fond. , aAès avoir établi sacomdtence et entendu les
deux parties faire pleinement valoir leurs moyens en droit;
31. Considérant que les Etats, qu'ils acceptent ou non la juridiction
de la Cour, demeurent en tout état de cause responsables des actes
contraires au droit international, y compris au droit humanitaire, qui
leur seraient imputables; quetout différend relatif à la licéitde tels actes
doit êtreréglépar des moyens pacifiques dont le choix est laisséaux
parties conformément a l'article 33 de la Charte;
32. Considérant que dans ce cadre les parties doivent veiller à ne pas

aggraver ni étendrele différend;
33. Considérant que, lorsqu'un tel différend susciteune menace contre
la paix, une rupture de la paix ou un acte d'agression, le Conseil de sécu-
ritéest investi de responsabilités spéciales envertu du chapitre VI1de la
Charte:

34. Par ces motifs,

1) Par douze voix contre trois,
Rrjc>ttela demande en indication de mesures conservatoires présentée

par la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie le 29 avril 1999; 27. Whereas the United States observes that it "has not consented to
jurisdiction under Article 38, paragraph 5, [of the Rules of Court] and
will not do so";
28. Whereas it is quite clear that, in the absence of consent by the
United States, given pursuant to Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules,
the Court cannot exercise jurisdiction in the present case, even prima
facie;

29. Whereas it follows from what has been said above that the Court
manifestly lacks jurisdiction to entertain Yugoslavia's Application;
whereas it cannot therefore indicate any provisional measure whatsoever
in order to protect the rights invoked therein; and whereas, within a sys-
tem of consensual jui-isdiction, to maintain on the General List a case
upon which it appears certain that the Court will not be able to adjudi-

cate on the merits would most assuredly not contribute to the sound
administration of justice;

30. Whereas there is a fundamental distinction between the question
of the acceptance by a State of the Court's jurisdiction and the compat-
ibility of particular acts with international law; the former requires con-

sent; the latter question can only be reached when the Court deals with
the merits after havirig established its jurisdiction and having heard full
legal arguments by both parties;
31. Whereas, whel.her or not States accept the jurisdiction of the
Court, they remain in.any event responsible for acts attributable to them
that violate international law, including humanitarian law; whereas any
disputes relating to tbe legality of such acts are required to be resolved
by peaceful means, the choice of which, pursuant to Article 33 of the
Charter, is left to the parties;
32. Whereas in this context the parties should take care not to aggra-
vate or extend the dispute;
33. Whereas, wheri such a dispute gives rise to a threat to the peace,
breach of the peace or act of aggression, the Security Council has special
responsibilitiesunder Chapter VI1of the Charter;

34. For these reaslons,

THECOURT,
(1) By twelve vote:sto three,

Rejects the request for the indication of provisional measures submit-
ted by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 29 April 1999;926 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

POUR: M. Weeramantry, vice-président, fuisant ,fonctide président en
l'affaire; M. Schwebel, prksidrnt de la Cour; MM. Oda, Bedjaoui,
Guillaume, Ranjeva. Herczegh, Fleischhauer, Koroma, Mn" Higgins,
MM. Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans, jirgcs;

CONTRE: MM. Shi. Vereshchetin,juges; M. Kreca,juge ad hoc;
2) Par douze voix contre trois,

Ordonne que l'affaire soit rayée du rôle.

POUR: M. Weeramantry, vice-prisident, faisant ,fbnction de président rn
I'ujJuire; M. Schwebel, prfisident tle lu Cour, MM. Oda, Bedjaoui,
Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer,Koroma, MmeHiggins,
M. Kooijmans, juges;
CONTRE: MM. Vereshchetin,Parra-Aranguren, juges; M. Kreca,juge ad hoc.

Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix,à La Haye, le deux juin mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-dix-neuf,en
trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives de la Cour et les
autres seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la Répu-
blique fédérale de Yougoslavie et au Gouvernement des Etats-Unis
d'Amérique.

Le vice-président,
(Signé) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY.

Le greffier,

(Signé) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA.

MM. SHI,KOROMA et VERESHC~<E Tuge,, joignent des déclarations à
I'ordonnance.

MM. ODAet PARRA-ARANGURE jug,s, joignent a I'ordonnance les

exposésde leur opinion individuelle.

M. KRECA uge ad hoc, joint a I'ordonnance l'exposéde son opinion
dissidente.

(Pmuphk) C.G.W
(Paraphé) E.V.O. IN FAVOUK: C'ire-Presitlent Weeramantry, Acting President; Presitletzt
Schwebel: Judgc,s Oda, Bedjaoui. Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh.
Fleischhauer, Koroma, Higgins, Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans;

AC~AINST:JII~~~sShi, Vereshchetin; Judge ad hoc Kreca:
(2) By twelve votes to three,

Ordus that the case be removed from the List.

IN I.AVOLK: C'ice-Prc'siu'L't eeramantry, Acting President; Presidcmt
Schwebel; Judges Oda, Bedjaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi,
Fleischhauer, Koroma. Higgins, Kooijmans;

AGAINST: Ju(ige.~Vereshchetin. Parra-Aranguren; Judge ad hoc Kreéa

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this second day of June, one thousand nine
hundred and ninety-nine, in three copies, one of which will be placed in

the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government
of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Government of the
United States of America, respectively.

(Signed) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY,

Vice-President.

(Sigried) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.

Judges SHI, KOROMAand VERESHCHETIaN ppend declarations to the
Order of the Court.

Judges ODAand PARKA-ARANGURE apNpend separate opinions to the
Order of the Court.

Judge ad hoc KRECAappends a dissenting opinion to the Order of the
Court.

(Initiulled) C.G.W.

(lnitiulled) E.V.O.

ICJ document subtitle

Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures (Removal from List)

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 2 June 1999

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